Lower Appendicular Skeleton

Pelvic Girdle

• Composed of sacrum, coccyx, and 2 coxae (hipbones)

• Coxae have 3 distinct parts:– Ilium– Ischium– Pubis

• Coxae parts fuse together in the acetabulum(acetabul-), a cup-shaped area on the lateral surface of the hip that receives the head of the femur.

Ilium

• Largest and uppermost portion of the coxa• The upper edge is called the iliac crest• Joins the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint• Anterior superior iliac spine- the bony

prominence you feel as your “hipbone”

Ischium

• Forms the lowest portion of the coxa• Ischial tuberosity– Points posteriorly AND downward– Supports the weight of the body when sitting

• Ischial spine – a sharp projection above the ischial tuberosity, near the junction of the ischium and ilium

Pubis

• Anterior portion of the coxa• Two pubic bones join midline at the

symphysis pubis joint• Pubic arch – Angle formed by pubic bones below the

symphysis pubis– Arch is wider in females

Male vs. female

Lower Limb

• Femur• Tibia• Fibula• Tarsals• Metatarsals• Phalanges

Femur

• Longest and strongest bone in the body• Head at top fits into __________of coxa• Greater trochanter – superior, lateral process• Lesser trochanter – inferior, medial process• Distal end:– Two rounded processes posteriorly:

lateral condyle and medial condyle– Patella articulates anteriorly

Tibia

• aka, “shin bone”• Proximal end:– Medial and lateral condyles are concave and

articulate with condyles of the femur– Tibial tuberosity just below the condyles;

attachment point for patellar ligament• Distal end: medial malleolus forms

prominent bony point of inner ankle

Fibula

• Proximal: head– Articulates with tibia just below the lateral

condyle– DOES NOT enter into knee joint or bear any

weight• Distal: lateral malleolus forms outer

prominent bony part of ankle

Ankle “Tarsals”

• “Tiger Cubs Need MILC”• Talus

Calcaneus (“heel bone”) Navicular Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Cuboid

“MILC: Need The Calcium”

• 1=Medical Cuneiform• 2=Intermediate cuneiform• 3=Lateral cuneiform• 4= Cuboid• 5= Navicular• 6= Talus• 7= calcaneus

Foot

• 5 metatarsals – numbered 1-5 starting medially– Heads at distal ends form the ball of the foot

• Phalanges– Toes– Each toe has 3 phalanges, except the big toe– What are the phalanges of each toe called?

(HINT: Just like the fingers)– Which phalanx is the big toe missing?

• https://resources.oncourse.iu.edu/access/content/group/FA09-KO-OTHR-PRAC-18273/Helpful%20Websites/Nicole_s%20Website%20Pages/Bones/Foot-tarsals.JPG