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10/31/2013
1
Harmony
Planning Services Pvt Ltd
Low Carbon Footprint Urban Homes
At IGBC Congress, Chennai
26 October, 2013
Shreya-Kalpesh Dalwadi
Vadodara, Gujarat
© Harmony Planning Services Pvt. Ltd. 26 10 2013 IGBC, Chennai
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Order of presentation
I. Need of Sustainability / Green Design
II. Concept of Life Cycle Analysis
• Parameters of LCA
• Calculation of Carbon Footprint
III. Secrets of Low Carbon Footprint
• Climate Responsive Design
• Use of Natural Materials
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© Harmony Planning Services Pvt. Ltd. 26 10 2013 IGBC, Chennai
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Order of presentation
I. Need of Sustainability / Green Design
II. Concept of Life Cycle Analysis
• Parameters of LCA
• Calculation of Carbon Footprint
III. Secrets of Low Carbon Footprint
• Climate Responsive Design
• Use of Natural Materials
© Harmony Planning Services Pvt. Ltd. 26 10 2013 IGBC, Chennai
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4
Energy crisis
• Energy scenario
– Increase in energy consumption is of a greater concern for developing countries like India
– Building sector accounts for 30-40 % of global energy use [USAID, SBCI]
– The commercial building sector is expanding rapidly at over 9% annually [CEA]
– Crisis may multiply manifold, if not addressed
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Evolution of Sustainability
• Energy crisis – Demand and supply are a continuously evolving cycle
– Reduction in demands is advocated and accepted
worldwide
– As defined in concept of Sustainability
• Current Scenario – Human survival is 5000 years old
– Reduction in energy demand is a compulsion in order to
survive for another 5000 years
– Human civilization at crossroads, where Sustainability and
Green are well defined
– Sustainability should be adopted as mass movement
© Harmony Planning Services Pvt. Ltd. 26 10 2013 IGBC, Chennai
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Need of Green Design
• Green Rating – IGBC, USGBC, LEED, GRIHA
– conservation and optimization of all resources in building,
calibrated into numbers
• Historical ground
• Cultural ground
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Historical origin of Green
• History of human settlements (evolution)
can be viewed as 2 main phases
– Pre-industrial revolution era (3000 B.C. to 1800 A.D.)
[4,800 years]
– Post-industrial revolution era (1800 A.D. to till date)
[200 years]
© Harmony Planning Services Pvt. Ltd. 26 10 2013 IGBC, Chennai
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Historical origin of Green
• Pre - industrial revolution era
– Indus valley civilization
– Egyptian civilization
– Greek civilization
– Roman civilization
– Rennaissance period
– Gothic civilization
God, nature, climate
Geometry, proportions
Material exploration
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Historical origin of Green
• Post - industrial revolution era
– Modern
– Post modern
– Deconstruction
• Domination of technology
Revolution
Fundamentals
Abstractions
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Historical origin of Green
• Environment /Ecosystem influence living – Not new: Ruskin Bond, Mahatma Gandhi, others
– Handful thinkers, subtle
– Eventually an approach to design (late 1970s)
• Formal definition of Sustainability
• Current scenario – Information and technology govern design of buildings
– Balance between Environment, Economics and Technology
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Cultural origin of Green
• Vedic literature – Panch Mahabhutas ( Sun, Wind, Fire, Earth, Water)
• Thinkers – Mahatma Gandhi, Vivekananda, others
• Lifestyle – Reuse of water, food
– Recycling of clothes
– Waste minimization
– Climate oriented festivals, clothes and food
• Sustainability is deep-rooted in Indian culture
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Current Scenario
• Sustainability
• Sustainable Design
• Green Design
• Green Architecture
– All of above are well defined, need to be adopted as mass
movement
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Sustainability
• Definition of Sustainability – Sustainability is defined as a way to meet the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs…….
• Emphasis on ‘optimization’
• Concern for ecology – Entire system of which human existence is a small part and
‘development’ even a smaller part
• Concern for economics – We are 11 times denser to USA, if we use energy equivalent
to them, crisis will multiply manifold
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Sustainable Design
• Sustainability applies to many fields – Buildings
– Industries
– Manufacturing
– Processing etc.
• Buildings - Sustainable Design – to design and construct the building using optimum
resources, offering comfortable use, without economic
burden…..…concern for environment and economics
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Green Design
• Green Rating – IGBC, USGBC, LEED, GRIHA
– conservation and optimization of all resources in building,
calibrated into numbers
• Green Design – to design and construct the building using optimum
resources, offering comfortable use, without economic
burden…..…concern for environment and
economics………with an addition of rating system
– Building, groups, campus etc.
• Green Architecture – Attitude
© Harmony Planning Services Pvt. Ltd. 26 10 2013 IGBC, Chennai
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Order of presentation
I. Need of Sustainability / Green Design
II. Concept of Life Cycle Analysis
• Parameters of LCA
• Calculation of Carbon Footprint
III. Secrets of Low Carbon Footprint
• Climate Responsive Design
• Use of Natural Materials
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Low Carbon Footprint
• Concept of LCA
– Life Cycle Analysis is essential for the evaluation of the environmental
burdens and resources consumed along the life cycle of products; from
the extraction of raw materials, the manufacture of goods, their use by
final consumers or for the provision of a service, recycling, energy
recovery and ultimate demolition and disposal.
• Energy use in building – At several stages: extraction, manufacturing, construction,
and use during its entire life
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Carbon Footprint
• Parameters considered
– Construction materials (one time)
• Cradle to shop
• Construction equipment
– Transportation (one time)
• Type of vehicle, fuel cost
– Electrical consumption (life of building, 100 years)
• Use of electrical energy for normal living
• Refers to the actual cost of using the designed building
• Running cost (100 years)
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Carbon Footprint
• Formula for CF due to material use
Amount of CO2 emission (Kg) = V x D x C
V= Volume of Building Material Used (m3)
D=Density of Building Materials (Kg/m3)
C= Embodied Carbon Emission (Kg CO2 /Kg)
S.No Material
name
Quantity used
(m3)
Density
(kg/m3)
Quantity in kg Embodied energy
(kg CO2 /kg) or
(kg CO2 /m3)
CO2 emission
in kg
Eg 1 Mud
Eg.2 Steel
Source: Action research
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Carbon Footprint
• Process for CF due to transportation
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
No
of
trips
One trip
distance
(kms)
Total
distance
travelled
(km)
Average of
the vehicle
(kms/litre)
Fuel
consumption
(litre)
Fuel emission
conversion factor
(kg CO2/litre)
CO2 emission
in kg
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
S.No Material
name
Quantity
used
(m3)
Density
(kg/m3)
Quantity
(kg)
Fuel
type
One time carrying
capacity of vehicle
(kg) Eg 1 Mud
Eg.2 Steel
Source: Action research
Source: Action research
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Carbon Footprint
• Process for CF due to electric consumption
8 9 10 11
Total
consumption
365 days
(watt)
Total
consumption
(KWH)
CO2 emission factor in
India
(grams CO2/KWH)
CO2
emission
in kg
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
S.No Electric
equipment
Quantity
(nos)
No. of use
hours
(hr/day)
Unit power
consumption
(watts)
Power
consumed
(watts/hr)
No. of working
days
Eg 1 Tube light
Eg.2 Fan
(Summer season)
Source: Action research
Source: Action research
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Low Carbon Footprint
• Green Rating
– IGBC, USGBC, LEED, GRIHA
– conservation and optimization of all resources in building,
calibrated into numbers
– Low carbon footprint design ≈ High Green Rating
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© Harmony Planning Services Pvt. Ltd. 26 10 2013 IGBC, Chennai
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Order of presentation
I. Need of Sustainability / Green Design
II. Concept of Life Cycle Analysis
• Parameters of LCA
• Calculation of Carbon Footprint
III. Secrets of Low Carbon Footprint
• Climate Responsive Design
• Use of Natural Materials
© Harmony Planning Services Pvt. Ltd. 26 10 2013 IGBC, Chennai
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Case study
• Urban residence
Front view Back view
Side view
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VIEW FROM SOUTH EAST CORNER
VIEW FROM NORTH EAST CORNER
VIEW FROM SOUTH WEST CORNER
Case study
• Urban housing
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Low Carbon Footprint
• Principles of design
– Climate Responsive Design
• Reduction in radiation
• Cross Ventilation
– Natural Material use
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Climate Responsive Design
• Solar study – Horizontal surfaces receive maximum amount of solar
radiation
Data source: Koenisberger, Olgyay
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Climate Responsive Design
• Solar study – Even intensity of radiation is maximum on horizontal
surfaces
Data source: Koenisberger, Olgyay
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Climate Responsive Design
• Sun altitude – Maximum altitudes in summer months
Data source: Koenisberger, Olgyay
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Climate Responsive Design
• Wind – Southwest is the predominant wind direction
% of wind from different directions annually
Data source: Koenisberger, Olgyay
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Climate Responsive Design
• Principles
1) Reduction in radiation (horizontal surfaces)
2) Reduction in radiation (vertical surfaces)
3) Cross Ventilation
© Harmony Planning Services Pvt. Ltd. 26 10 2013 IGBC, Chennai
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Case study
• Urban residence
Front view Back view
Side view
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Techniques of CRD
• 1a - Heat radiation (GF plan)
– Garden in place of paving
FOYER
LIVING
DINING
FAMILY
SEATING
COURTYARD OTS
PUJA
KITCHEN
TOI
TOI
STORE
WASH
BEDROOM
VERANDAH
OTTA
PARKING
GARDEN
S
E W
N
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Techniques of CRD
• 1b - Heat insulation (FF Plan)
– Terrace Garden in south
STUDY
COURTYARD OTS
TOI
TOI
MASTER
BEDROOM
BALC
GARDEN
BALC
CHILD
BEDROOM
S
E W
N
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Techniques of CRD
• 1c - Heat insulation (SF plan)
– All terraces as gardens
STUDIO
COURTYARD OTS
TOI
GARDEN
GARDEN GARDEN
PANTRY
S
E W
N
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Techniques of CRD
• Heat ingress reduction
Gardens on final Terrace
GF Garden
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Techniques of CRD
• 2a - Orientation – East west shorter sides
FOYER
LIVING
DINING
FAMILY
SEATING
COURTYARD OTS
PUJA
KITCHEN
TOI
TOI
STORE
WASH
BEDROOM
VERANDAH
OTTA
PARKING
GARDEN
GF PLAN S
E W
N
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Techniques of CRD
• 2b - Buffer spaces (on south east & west, GF plan)
FOYER
LIVING
DINING
FAMILY
SEATING
COURTYARD OTS
PUJA
KITCHEN
TOI
TOI
STORE
WASH
BEDROOM
VERANDAH
OTTA
PARKING
GARDEN
S
E W
N
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Techniques of CRD
• 2c – Cavity walls (FF plan)
– East and West
E
S
W
N
STUDY
COURTYARD
OTS
TOI
TOI
MASTER
BEDROOM
BALC
GARDEN
BALC
CHILD
BEDROOM
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Techniques of CRD
• 2d – Overhangs (GF plan)
– Opening design
FOYER
LIVING
DINING
FAMILY
SEATING
COURTYARD
OTS
PUJA
KITCHEN
TOI
TOI
STORE
WASH
BEDROOM VERANDAH
OTTA
PARKING GARDEN
E
S
W
N
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Techniques of CRD
• 2e - Sun shaded openings
9 am 1 pm
3 pm 5 pm
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Techniques of CRD
9 am 1 pm 3 pm
MASTER BED FF
LIVING GF
• 2e - Sun shaded openings
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Techniques of CRD
• 3a - Courtyard – Open to sky courtyard centrally located
E W
N
GF
FF
S
© Harmony Planning Services Pvt. Ltd. 26 10 2013 IGBC, Chennai
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Techniques of CRD
• 3b – Opening design
GF PLAN
House (common wall)
Socie
ty R
oad
FOYER
LIVING
DINING
FAMILY
SEATING
COURTYARD OTS
PUJA
KITCHEN
TOI
TOI
STORE
WASH
BEDROOM
VERANDAH
OTTA
PARKING GARDEN
E
S
W
N
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Techniques of CRD
• 3a + 3b = Natural ventilation
SECTION (along north-south axis)
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Techniques of CRD
• Natural ventilation
Custom designed openings towards courtyard
O.T
.S.
Co
urt
ya
rd f
lan
ked
by l
ivin
g s
paces
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Benefits of CRD
• Thermal performance CONVENTIONAL RCC TERRACE TERRACE WITH GARDEN ABOVE
SLAB BOTTOM temp 34o
C SLAB BOTTOM temp 47o
C
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Benefits of CRD
• Running cost – Link between environment and economics
– Leading to low Carbon footprint • Can also be understood as link between environment and economics
S.No. Description Units
1 Size of residence in sq.ft. (900 GF + 1200 FF) 2100 sq.ft.
2 Cost of construction (Initial cost) of residence @ Rs.1200 per sq.ft. 25,20,000
Rs.
3 Annual saving in electricity bill enabled due to deletion of air-
conditioning requirement, conservative approach (from research)
63,000 Rs.
4 Annual saving as % of initial cost, enabled due to Climate
Responsive Design 2.5%
Economic saving in ownership cost as percentage of initial cost for case study residence
Source: Post occupancy evaluation studies and comparison to other residences with similar conditions
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Low Carbon Footprint
• Principles of design
– Climate Responsive Design
• Reduction in radiation
• Cross Ventilation
– Natural Material use
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Natural materials
• MUD – Used in Walls / Vertical surfaces
– Rammed earth technology
– Compressed Earth blocks
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Natural materials
• Rammed Earth in walls
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Natural materials
• Rammed Earth in walls
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Natural materials
• Compressed Earth blocks (CSEBs)
© Harmony Planning Services Pvt. Ltd. 26 10 2013 IGBC, Chennai
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Natural materials
• Mud – Used in
Horizontal
surfaces /
Slab
– Filler slab
Inverted
earthern
pans
- 8” diameter
- 3” depth
- @10” c/c
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Natural materials
• Filler Slab
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Natural materials
• Stone – Foundation for rammed earth walls
– Openings - Arches
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• Stone – Openings, arches
Natural materials
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Natural materials
• Stone
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Low Carbon Footprint
• Eco house design
LIVING ROOM
FOYER
COURTYARD
KITCHEN/ DINING
TOI.
BED ROOM UTILITY AREA
PARKING
EARTH MOUND
EARTH MOUND U
P
UP
EARTH MOUND
A
A
GF PLAN
BED ROOM
GARDEN
EARTH MOUND
BED ROOM
BED ROOM KITCHEN
TERRACE
SECTION-AA
BED ROOM
TERRACE
TOI.
BAL
UP DN
TOI.
BAL
A
A
BED ROOM
FRONT VIEW
PLOT AREA=3000 Sq. ft
GROUND FLOOR BUILT UP AREA=929 Sq. ft
FIRST FLOOR BUILT UP AREA=702 Sq. ft
TOTAL BUILTUP AREA=1631 Sq. ft FF PLAN
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Low carbon footprint
• Carbon emission due to electric consumption
– Total for all seasons
– Total for building life
– Low CF due to principle no 1 – Climate Responsive Design
S.No` Season Description Value in tonnes
1 SUMMER SEASON co2 emission in
tonnes 2.86
2 RAINY SEASON co2 emission in
tonnes
1.74
3 WINTER SEASON co2 emission in
tonnes 2.30
TOTAL CO2 EMISSION IN TONNES 6.90
TOTAL CO2 EMISSION IN TONNES FOR 100 yrs
(of building life) 690.90
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Low Carbon Footprint
• Carbon Emission due to use of materials
– Low CF due to principle no 2 – Natural Materials
S.No Material Entity Volume V Density D Embodied Carbon Emission C Amount of CO2 Emission due to materials (CEM)
value unit value unit value Unit value unit 1 P.C.C (1:3:6)
(split into)
cement 1.70 m3 1570 kg/m3 0.4120 kg CO2/kg 1097.482 Kg CO2
sand 5.09 m3 1450 kg/m3 2.8990 kg CO2/m3 14.75605 Kg CO2
aggregates 10.18 m3 2600 kg/m3 25.4800 kg CO2/m3 259.3888 Kg CO2
2 CSEB Walls 8.12 m3 46.8700 kg CO2/m3 380.5222 Kg CO2
3 Stone Masonry Random rubble 53.00 m3 2570 kg/m3 0.1160 kg CO2/kg 15799.52 Kg CO2
4 Stone Sections Sand stone
frames 3.84 m3 2500 kg/m3 0.1160 kg CO2/kg 1114.103 Kg CO2
5 Flooring Jaisalmer stone 14.40 m3 2500 kg/m3 0.1160 kg CO2/kg 4176.522 Kg CO2
6 Plaster (split into)
cement 0.28 m3 1570 kg/m3 0.4120 kg CO2/kg 182.9903 Kg CO2
sand 1.70 m3 1450 kg/m3 2.8990 kg CO2/m3 4.920743 Kg CO2
7 Ceramic tile Tile 0.75 m3 1750 kg/m3 0.2450 kg CO2/kg 320.5524 Kg CO2
8 Mild Steel Railing 0.02 m3 7860 kg/m3 4.1100 kg CO2/kg 695.5796 Kg CO2
9 Mud pans Filler for
R.C.C. Slab 1.66 m3 1700 kg/m3 1.0300 kg CO2/m3 1.709675 Kg CO2
10 Door shutter Timber 1.11 m3 480.00 kg/m3 0.7200 kg CO2/kg 382.0691 Kg CO2
TOTAL CO2 EMISSION DUE TO MATERIALS 40820.85
IN TONNES 40.82
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Low Carbon Footprint
• Carbon emission due to transportation
– Low CF due to principle no 2 – Natural Materials
Sr.
No
material qty m3 quantity
in kg
vehicle
type
fuel
type
on
e ti
me
carr
yin
g
capaci
ty
of
veh
icle
kg
no o
f tr
ips
on
e tr
ip
dis
tan
ce k
m
tota
l dis
tan
ce
(km
)
average of
vehicle
(kms/litre)
fuel
consumption
(litres)
fuel
emission
conversion
factor
(kg
co2/litre)
CO2
emission
(KgCO2)
1 PCC & RCC
Cement 11.49 18039.3 truck diesel 10000 2 543 1086 4.5 241.33 2.9 699.87
Sand 21.05 30522.5 truck diesel 10000 4 26 104 4.5 23.11 2.9 67.02
Aggregates 38.7 100620 truck diesel 10000 1
1
45 495 4.5 110.00 2.9 319.00
2 Steel - 1389 truck diesel 10000 1 100 100 4.5 22.22 2.9 64.44
3 Rammed
earth wall
54 91800 same plot - - - - - - - - -
4 CSEB 8.12 0 same plot - - - - - - - - -
5 Limkheda
stone
53.00 136210 truck diesel 10000 1
4
50 700 4.5 155.56 2.9 451.11
6 Other stone 18.24 45600 truck diesel 10000 5 600 3000 4.5 666.67 2.9 1933.33
7 Ceramic tile 0.75 1312.5 truck diesel 10000 1 100 100 4.5 22.22 2.9 64.44
8 Steel railing 0.02 157.2 truck diesel 10000 1 100 100 4.5 22.22 2.9 64.44
9 Mud pans 1.66 2822 truck diesel 10000 1 50 50 4.5 11.11 2.9 32.22
10 Timber 1.11 532.8 truck diesel 10000 1 1200 1200 4.5 266.67 2.9 773.33
TOTAL CO2 EMISSION DUE TO MATERIALS (kg CO2) 4469.22
IN TONNES 4.47
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Low carbon footprint
• Total carbon footprint
– Final value of C.F. is 0.5 tonnes/sq.ft.
– Much lower than international standards
S.No` Description Value Unit
1 CO2 emission due to building material use (1 time)
40.82 tonnes
2 CO2 emission due to transportation (1 time) 4.47 tonnes
3 CO2 emission due to electricity consumption (1 time X 100 years of building life)
690.90 tonnes
TOTAL CO2 EMISSION IN TONNES 736.19 tonnes
Built up area of design 1631 sq.ft
TOTAL CO2 EMISSION IN TONNES per sq ft of building (of building life)
0.45 tonnes / sq.ft.
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Ending note
• Low Carbon Footprint approach
– If replicated on city scale, large reduction in energy consumption
– If we want to continue our survival for next thousands of years,
Low Carbon Footprint is inevitable for futuristic homes
– Green Rating compliance tends towards low carbon footprint
– Lower the footprint, higher the Green Rating
• Ecosystem
– We are a very small part of the very large ecosystem of 40
million living species
• Equality
– Optimized resource consumption by ALL, as advocated by
Gandhi, Vivekananda and others
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Ending note
• Low Footprint secrets – Climate Responsive Designs
– Natural Materials
• Climate Responsive Design – Enables low electric consumption
– Hence low footprint due to electricity consumption in LCA
– Cost saving for 100 year life of building
– Hence low building ownership cost
• Natural Material use – Enables low footprint due to material use and transportation in LCA
– Cost saving during construction of building
• Economic benefits of low carbon footprint – Reduction in initial and ownership cost of home
– Strengthens the link between environment and economics
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Ending note
• Sustainable Materials – Sustainability of any material is relative
– LCA of any material, source to marketable form, must be made public
– Sustainability of any material, highly depends on its Embodied Energy
– Manual for embodied energy of building materials can help to adopt
uniform values for embodied energy calculations
• Vernacular architecture – Sustainability of materials is related to distance travelled
– India is rich in traditional construction systems and architecture
– Quest for low carbon footprint can be answered by vernacular
architectural styles
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© Harmony Planning Services Pvt. Ltd. 26 10 2013 IGBC, Chennai
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Ending note
• Green Homes
– There can be various shades of GREEN, manifested individually as per
personal capacity
– Technocrats need to propogate GREEN as related to economics, more,
because that is the language which everybody would understand
– Only then can concern for environment or GREEN can be translated
into a mass movement
– Seeds of change, if nourished, can get converted into a mass
movement
© Harmony Planning Services Pvt. Ltd. 26 10 2013 IGBC, Chennai
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…..It is only in close association to nature that real ‘comfort’, not only
physical but also psychological is experienced and we must show
respect to forces of nature, whether through manifestation of
Carbon Footprint or any other suitable approach……
……Thank you for patience
www.harmonyarchitect.com