Low-Carbon Development: Latin American Responses to Climate Change

8/14/2019 Low-Carbon Development: Latin American Responses to Climate Change

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_CVJB FEGA JERKG ENDVKHEG

EGB HEVKFFDEG XRTBKDX

Jcw-HerfcgBdvdjcpndgt

Jetkg Endrkheg Vdspcgsdstc Hjknetd Hègod

Euoustc bd je Rcrrd

\efjc Iemgzyjfdr

Mc`g Ges`





JC_-HEVFCG BDYDJC\NDGR=

JERKG ENDVKHEG VDX\CGXDX

RC HJKNERD H@EGOD





JC_-HEVFCG BDYDJC\NDGR=

JERKG ENDVKHEG VDX\CGXDX

RC HJKNERD H@EGOD

Euoustc bd je Rcrrd

\efjc Iemgzyjfdr

Mc`g Ges`



© 6<5< R`d Kgtdrgetkcgej Fega icr Vdhcgstruhtkcg egb Bdvdjcpndgt / R`d _crjb Fega5050 @ Xtrddt G__es`kgotcg BH 6<288Rdjdp`cgd= 6<6-2?8-5<<<Kgtdrgdt= www.wcrjbfega.croD-nekj= iddbfehaLwcrjbfega.cro

Ejj rko`ts rdsdrvdb

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R`ks vcjund ks e prcbuht ci t`d steii ci t`d Kgtdrgetkcgej Fega icr Vdhcgstruhtkcg egb Bdvdjcpndgt / R`d _crjb Fega. R`d ikgbkgos,kgtdrprdtetkcgs, egb hcghjuskcgs dxprdssdb kg t`ks vcjund bc gct gdhdsserkjy rdijdht t`d vkdws ci t`d Dxdhutkvd Bkrdhtcrs ci R`d _crjb Fega crt`d ocvdrgndgts t`dy rdprdsdgt.

R`d _crjb Fega bcds gct oueregtdd t`d ehhurehy ci t`d bete kghjubdb kg t`ks wcra. R`d fcugberkds, hcjcrs, bdgcnkgetkcgs, egb ct`drkgicrnetkcg s`cwg cg egy nep kg t`ks wcra bc gct knpjy egy mubodndgt cg t`d pert ci R`d _crjb Fega hcghdrgkgo t`d jdoej stetus ci egytdrrktcry cr t`d dgbcrsdndgt cr ehhdpteghd ci suh` fcugberkds.

Vko`ts egb \drnksskcgs

R`d netdrkej kg t`ks pufjkhetkcg ks hcpyrko`tdb. Hcpykgo egb/cr tregsnkttkgo pcrtkcgs cr ejj ci t`ks wcra wkt`cut pdrnksskcg ney fd e vkcjetkcg ci eppjkhefjd jew. R`d Kgtdrgetkcgej Fega icr Vdhcgstruhtkcg egb Bdvdjcpndgt / R`d _crjb Fega dghcureods bkssdnkgetkcg ci ktswcra egb wkjj gcrnejjy oregt pdrnksskcg tc rdprcbuhd pcrtkcgs ci t`d wcra prcnptjy.

Icr pdrnksskcg tc p`ctchcpy cr rdprkgt egy pert ci t`ks wcra, pjdesd sdgb e rdqudst wkt` hcnpjdtd kgicrnetkcg tc t`d Hcpyrko`t HjdereghdHdgtdr Kgh., 666 Vcsdwccb Brkvd, Begvdrs, NE <5;68, TXE1 tdjdp`cgd= ;?0-?4<-02<<1 iex= ;?0-?4<-22?<1 Kgtdrgdt= www.hcpyrko`t.hcn.

Ejj ct`dr qudrkds cg rko`ts egb jkhdgsds, kghjubkgo sufskbkery rko`ts, s`cujb fd ebbrdssdb tc t`d Ciikhd ci t`d \ufjks`dr, R`d _crjb Fega,5050 @ Xtrddt G_, _es`kgotcg, BH 6<288, TXE1 iex= 6<6-466-62661 d-nekj= pufrko`tsLwcrjbfega.cro.

KXFG= ;?0-<-0658-0<42-8dKXFG= ;?0-<-0658-0<05-;BCK= 5<.54;9/;?0-<-0658-0<42-8

Jkfrery ci Hcgordss Hetejcokgo-kg-\ufjkhetkcg Bete

Jcw-herfcg bdvdjcpndgt = Jetkg Endrkheg rdspcgsds tc hjknetd hègod / Euoustc bd je Rcrrd, \efjc Iemgzyjfdr, egb Mc`g Ges`, dbktcrs.p. hn. ‘‘ (_crjb Fega Jetkg Endrkheg egb Herkffdeg stubkds)

Kghjubds fkfjkcorep`khej rdidrdghds egb kgbdx.KXFG ;?0-<-0658-0<42-8 ‘‘ KXFG ;?0-<-0658-0<05-; (djdhtrcgkh)5. Dgdroy pcjkhy‘‘Jetkg Endrkhe. 6. Herfcg bkcxkbd nktkoetkcg‘‘Jetkg Endrkhe. 8. Hjknetkh hègods‘‘Jetkg Endrkhe. K. Rcrrd, Euoustc bd je.

KK. Iemgzyjfdr, \efjc. KKK. Ges`, Mc`g.@B;4<6.J86J9; 6<<;898.?80'?29<;0‘‘bh66

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Hcgtdgts

Ehagcwjdbondgts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kx

\rdiehd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xk

Effrdvketkcgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xkkk

5. Hcgircgtkgo t`d Ojcfej Hèjjdgod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

6. Hjknetd Hègod Knpehts kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6;

8. Ebeptkgo tc e Hègokgo Hjknetd kg t`d Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2;

2. Nktkoetkcg Diicrts= Ncvkgo Fdycgb t`d Ikrst Odgdretkcg ci Dnksskcg Vdbuhtkcgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ??

4. Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg‛s O@O Dnksskcgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<8

9. Hjknetd Hègod Nktkoetkcg kg t`d Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg= Gc Vdordts egb Fdycgb . . . . . . . . . . . . 56?

Eppdgbkx= Eut`crs ci Fehaorcugb \epdrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5??

Fkfjkcorep`y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5?;

Kgbdx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5;5

Fcxds

8.5 Jchej Hcpkgo Xtretdokds= Jdergkgo ircn Jcgo Dxpdrkdghd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468.6 Diikhkdghkds egb Hcsts ci _etdr Ebeptetkcg Xtretdokds= R`d Hesd ci Vkc Frevc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448.8 DGXC egb t`d JHV= Tsd ci Hjknetd \rdbkhtkcgs tc Vdspcgb tc _det dr Yerketkcgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9<8.2 R`d Kgsureghd Vcjd ci Xeidty Gdts= Dxpdrkdghds ircn Gkhereoue egb @cgbures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958.4 _det dr Kgsureghd Ndh egksns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988.9 Gcgiehkjktetkvd Ebeptetkcg= Kg Xcnd Erdes, Bkrdht Ocvdrgndgt Ehtkcg _kjj Fd Vdqukrdb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

8.? Hcpkgo wkt Brcuo`t kg Gcrt dest Frezkj= R d Vcjd ci Ocvdrgndgt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9?8.0 Ncgktcrkgo Ks t`d Ikrst Xtdp kg Bdskogkgo Essksteghd icr Dhcsystdns‛ Ebeptetkcg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908.; Negeokgo Dhcsystdns kg t d JHV= Cgockgo \rcmdhts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9;8.5< Frkbokgo t d Oep fdtwddg Hjknetd Hègod egb Eorkhujturej Rdh`gcjcoy= Dnfrepe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?<8.55 Bdvdjcpkgo Vdspcgsd Xtretdokds tc Vdbuhd Yujgdrefkjkty ci Eorkhujturd tc Hjknetd Hègod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?58.56 Vdej Cptkcgs Ndt cbcjcokds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?68.58 \rkvetd egb \ufjkh Eorkhujturej Vdsderh` icr Hjknetd Hègod= Kt Reads Rknd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?28.52 R`d Herkffdeg Hetestrcp`d Vksa Kgsureghd Iehkjkty (HHVKI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?29.5 Xuppcrtkgo \cjkhkds @evd Bkiidrdgt Diidhts cg Kghdgtkvds, Kgvdstndgt Hdrtekgty, egb Hcsts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586



9.6 Ncrd Diidhtkvd egb Diikhkdgt Dgvkrcgndgtej Jkhdgskgo Ks Gddbdb tc Tgjdes t`d Vdokcg‛s\ctdgtkej icr @ybrcpcwdr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588

9.8 Tgkgtdgbdb Hcgsdqudghds ci Hcnfkgkgo Fkciudj Negbetds wkt Rex Hrdbkts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5259.2 Hcgsdrvkgo Djdhtrkhkty kg Frezkj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5229.4 Dgdroy Diikhkdghy kg Ndxkhc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5299.9 Dxenpjds ci Rregspcrt egb Jegb-Tsd \jeggkgo kg Fcoctå, Hcjcnfke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545

9.? Hcst-Fdgdikt Egejysks ci Nktkoetkcg Ndesurds kg Ndxkhc‛s Rregspcrt Xdhtcr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5489.0 Xdvdrd Xckj Drcskcg \rdhkpktetds t`d Ebcptkcg ci ]drc Rkjjeod kg Frezkj. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54;9.; Xuppcrtkgo Hustcnkzdb Xcjutkcgs t`rcuo` t`d IH\I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5929.5< \eykgo tc \rctdht Icrdsts t`rcuo` \rcÅrfcj kg Ndxkhc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5949.55 Hcgsdrvetkcg Fegakgo tc Vdbuhd Bdicrdstetkcg egb \rctdht Fkcbkvdrskty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594

Ikourds

5.5 Vdtrdet ci t`d Hèhejteye Ojehkdr kg Fcjkvke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.6 Xdhtcr Hcnpcsktkcg ci Ojcfej Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.8 Ehtuej vdrsus \rcmdhtdb Ojcfej Orddg cusd Oes Dnksskcgs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.2 Knpeht ci Hjknetd Hègod cg t`d Irdqudghy ci Dxtrdnd _det dr Dvdgts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?5.4 Nerokgej Nktkoetkcg Hcst egb Evckbdb Beneod (Fdgdikt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585.9 Knpeht cg Cptknej \cjkhkds ci Tgdxpdhtdb H egods kg Nerokgej Nktkoetkcg Hcsts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

5.? NhAkgsdy‛s Ojcfej Orddg`cusd Oes Efetdndgt Hcst Hurvd Fdycgb Fuskgdss-es-Tsuej, 6<8< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5;5.0 Beneod Hcsts ci Bkiidrdgt Jdvdjs ci Ojcfej _ernkgo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6<6.5 Rknd Xdrkds ci Gcrt Etjegtkh Rrcpkhej Hyhjcgds egb Xde Xuriehd Rdnpdreturd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826.6 Hjknetd-Vdjetdb Bksestdrs kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t d Herkffdeg Vdokcg vdrsus t d Vdst ci t d

_crjb Kgbdx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846.8 Diidhts ci Hjknetd Hègod cg \cvdrty, Frezkjkeg Nugkhkpejktkds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896.2 Vdtrdet ci t`d Hèhejteye Ojehkdr kg Fcjkvke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256.4 \rcmdhtdb Xde Jdvdj Vksd egb Kts Knpeht cg OB\ kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228.5 Dstknetds ci t d Jcgo-Rdrn Diidhts ci Brcuo ts cg _eods kg Frezkj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422.5 Hjknetd Xtefkjkzetkcg \et s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?02.6 @kstcrkh Rrdgbs kg \dr Hepkte OB\ egb \dr Hepkte HC6 Dgdroy Dnksskcgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?;2.8 @kstcrkh Rrdgbs kg \dr Hepkte OB\ egb HC6 Dgdroy Dnksskcgs cvdr OB\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?;2.2 E \csskfjd Xh dnd icr Orebuej Kghcrpcretkcg ci Bdvdjcpkgo Hcugtrkds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06

2.4 Hunujetkvd Gunfdr ci \rcmdhts kg t`d Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndh egksn \kpdjkgd, fyHcugtry/Vdokcg ci Crkokg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04

2.9 \rknery Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndh egksn Rregsehtkcgs icr Hcnpjkeghd, fy Hcugtry/Vdokcg ci Crkokg . . . . . . . . . . . 042.? Hunujetkvd 6<56 Hdrtkikdb Dnksskcg Vdbuhtkcgs ircn t`d Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn

\kpdjkgd, fy Hcugtry/Vdokcg ci Crkokg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 092.0 Xèrds ci 6<56 Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndh egksn‛s Hdrtkikdb Dnksskcg Vdbuhtkcgs egb

Gcg-JTJTHI Dnksskcgs (Gcg-Eggdx K Hcugtrkds) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 092.; Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn \crticjkc kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg,

fy Hcugtry, 6<56 Hdrtkikdb Dnksskcg Vdbuhtkcgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0?2.5< Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn \crticjkc kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t d Herkffdeg Vdokcg egb Eske,

fy Xdhtcr, 6<56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 004.5 Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg‛s Xèrd ci Ojcfej Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs, 6<<< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<24.6 Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs fy Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg egb Ct`dr Bdvdjcpkgo

Vdokcgs, vdrsus OB\ egb \cpujetkcg, 6<<<. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<24.8 Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs \dr Hepkte egb \dr OB\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<44.2 Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs fy O-0 egb Nemcr Bdvdjcpkgo Hcugtrkds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<44.4 Xdhtcr Hcnpcsktkcg ci Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs, 6<<< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<94.9 Hcnpcsktkcg ci Rctej \rknery Dgdroy Xuppjy icr Jetkg Endrkhe egb t d Herkffdeg Vdokcg egb t`d

_crjb, 5;;< egb 6<<2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<?4.? Hcnpcsktkcg ci Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs icr Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg egb t`d

_crjb, 5;0< egb 6<<2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<04.0 Jetkg Endrkhe egb t d Herkffdeg Vdokcg‛s Djdhtrkhkty Odgdretkcg Nkx, 5;05‘6<<9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<;

vk

H C G R D G R X



4.; Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg‛s Herfcg Kgtdgskty ci Djdhtrkhkty egb Xèrd ci R`drnejOdgdretkcg, 5;0<‘6<<9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<;

4.5< Hcnpcsktkcg ci Jetkg Endrkhe egb t d Herkffdeg Vdokcg‛s Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs, 6<<< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55<4.55 Hcnpcsktkcg egb Xèrd ci Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg‛s Dnksskcgs ircn Jegb Tsd

Hègod, 6<<<. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55<4.56 Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs ircn Gcg‘Jegb Tsd/Jegb Tsd H egod egb Icrdstry, 6<<<. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

4.58 Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs icr Xdjdhtdb Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg Hcugtrkds, 6<<< . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5554.52 Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs \dr Hepkte icr Xdjdhtdb Jetkg Endrkhe egb t d Herkffdeg VdokcgHcugtrkds, 6<<< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556

4.54 Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs pdr OB\ icr Xdjdhtdb Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg VdokcgHcugtrkds, 6<<< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556

4.59 \dr Hepkte Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5584.5? Kgtdgsktkds ci Dgdroy Tsd egb Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5524.50 Kgbdxds ci Herfcg, Dgdroy, egb Dnksskcg Kgtdgskty, egb \dr Hepkte OB\, 6<<< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5594.5; Xunnery Aeye Bdhcnpcsktkcg ci Hègods kg Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs, 5;0<‘6<<4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5594.6< Aeye Bdhcnpcsktkcg ci H egods kg Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs, fy Xufpdrkcbs, 5;0<‘6<<4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55?4.65 Dgdroy Kgtdgskty egb \rknery Dgdroy Tsd, 6<<2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5504.66 Ckj Kgtdgsktkds ci Xdjdhtdb Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg egb CDHB Hcugtrkds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55;4.68 Rrdgbs kg \dr Hepkte Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs icr Xdjdhtdb Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg

Vdokcg Hcugtrkds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5654.62 Kgtdgskty ci Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs \dr Hepkte OB\, Xdjdhtdb Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d

Herkffdeg Vdokcg Hcugtrkds, 5;0<‘6<<4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5664.64 Kgtdgskty ci Dgdroy Tsd egb Herfcg Kgtdgskty ci Dgdroy, Xdjdhtdb Jetkg Endrkhe egb t d

Herkffdeg Vdokcg Hcugtrkds, 5;0<‘6<<4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5664.69 Aeye Bdhcnpcsktkcg ci \rcmdhtdb Hègods kg Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs, fy Xufpdrkcbs, Xdjdhtdb

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg Hcugtrkds, 5;0<‘6<<4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5684.6? \rcmdhtdb Kghrdesds kg Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs, Fesdjkgd, egb Cptknkstkh KDE Xhdgerkcs icr

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg, CDHB, egb Ct`dr Bdvdjcpkgo Hcugtrkds, 6<<2‘8< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5624.60 Aeye Bdhcnpcsktkcg ci \rcmdhtdb Hègods kg Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs, Fesdjkgd, egb Cptknkstkh

Kgtdrgetkcgej Dgdroy Eodghy Xhdgerkcs icr Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg, CDHB, egbCt`dr Bdvdjcpkgo Hcugtrkds, 6<<2‘8< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564

4.6; \rcmdhtdb Rctej \rknery Dgdroy Xuppjy ugbdr Fesdjkgd egb Cptknkstkh KDE Xhdgerkcs icr

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg, CDHB, egb Ct`dr Bdvdjcpkgo Hcugtrkds, 6<<2‘8< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5649.5 Jcw Vdjkeghd cg Hcej egb @ko` Vdjkeghd cg @ybrc-Djdhtrkh, Ckj, egb Fkcness kg

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg, 6<<4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56;9.6 @ybrcdjdhtrkh \ctdgtkej kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5889.8 _kgb \cwdr \ctdgtkej kg Ndxkhc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5829.2 Hcgvdrskcg ci Geturej Icrdst tc Xdhcgb-Odgdretkcg Fkciudjs kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg . . . . . . . 5809.4 Odgdretkcg Hcsts ci @ybrc Erd Citdg Jcwdr t eg icr Oes egb Hcej-Fesdb \cwdr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5269.9 Evdreod Djdhtrkhkty Rerkii kg Frezkj, 5;?2‘6<<9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5229.? Ndxkhc‛s Rerkii Xtruhturd egb Djdhtrkhkty Hcgsunptkcg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5249.0 Ndxkhc‒Knprcvdndgts kg R`drnej Odgdretkcg Diikhkdghy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5299.; Rregspcrt Xdhtcr Dnksskcgs kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t d Herkffdeg Vdokcg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5209.5< Dnksskcg Jdvdjs Heg Fd Bdtdrnkgdb fy R`rdd Yerkefjds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5209.55 Xkx Xhdgerkcs Dstknetkgo Rdh`gkhej \ctdgtkej tc Vdbuhd Jetkg Endrkhe egb t d

Herkffdeg Vdokcg‛s Dnksskcgs t`rcuo` Jegbikjj Oes \rcmdhts kg t`d HBN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5449.56 Eorkhujturej Gcg-HC6 Dnksskcgs fy Vdokcg egb Xcurhd, 6<<4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54?9.58 \rcmdhtdb Hunujetkvd Dnksskcgs ircn Eorkhujturd, fy Vdokcg, 5;;<‘6<6<. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5409.52e Nerokgej Efetdndgt Hcst ci Vdbuhkgo Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg‛s

Jkvdstcha Xdhtcr Dnksskcgs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59<9.52f Nerokgej Efetdndgt Hcst ci Vdbuhkgo Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg‛s

Dnksskcgs t`rcuo` Xckj Negeodndgt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59<9.54e Herfcg Dnksskcgs ircn Bdicrdstetkcg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5959.54f Egguej Bdicrdstetkcg kg t d Enezcg, 5;;<‘6<<5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

vk k

H C G R D G R X



9.59 Iejjkgo Dnksskcgs Fdheusd ci Xtrcgo Hcgsdrvetkcg kg t`d Enezcg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5989.5? \ctdgtkej Erde (kg dhterds) icr HBN-E/V fy Hcugtry (_kt`cut Hcgskbdrkgo \rctdhtdb Erdes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59?

Neps

5.5 Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg‛s Dxpcsurd tc Geturej Bksestdrs ugbdr HurrdgtHjknetd Hcgbktkcgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

5.6 Dxpdhtdb Hègods kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg Hjknetd Vksas ircn 5;05‘6<<<tc 6<85‘4< Fesdb cg Dko`t Ojcfej Hkrhujetkcg Ncbdjs egb Jdvdjs ci Ncbdj Hcghcrbeghd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<

6.5 Dxpdhtdb Hègods kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg Hjknetd Vksas ircn 5;05‘6<<<tc 6<85‘4< Fesdb cg Dko`t Ojcfej Hkrhujetkcg Ncbdjs egb Jdvdjs ci Ncbdj Hcghcrbeghd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8<

6.6 Hurrdgt Eorkhujturej \rcbuhtkvkty egb Dxpdhtdb Hègods fy 6<0< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896.8 Nemcr Vdokcgej Yujgdrefkjktkds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8;6.2 Ncbdjjdb Geturej Ydodtetkcg kg t`d Enezcg Feskg ugbdr Hurrdgt egb Iuturd Hjknetd Hcgbktkcgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286.4 Erdes ci @ko` Hcghdgtretkcg ci Enp kfkegs ehhcrbkgo tc Jdvdjs ci R rdet egb Hjknetd

Hègod Xushdptkfkjkty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299.5 @ko` Nktkoetkcg \ctdgtkej ci Jetkg Endrkheg Eorkhujturd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54?

Refjds

5.5 Irehtkcg ci t d Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg Hcugtrkds‛ Rdrrktcry

wkt` Kghrdesdb Hjknetd Vksas kg 6<8< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566.5 Irehtkcg ci Getkcgej Rdrrktcry ci Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg Hcugtrkds wktHurrdgt @ko` Vksas ci Brcuo`t, Ijccbs, cr @ko` Dxpdhtdb Kghrdesd (fy 6<8<)kg Bry Beys, @det _evds, cr Vekgiejj Kgtdgskty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

6.6 Hunujetkvd Jcssds icr Deh` Hcugtry, 5;?;‘6<<9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826.8 \rcmdhtdb Beneod icr Ikvd-[der \drkcb Hkrhe 6<6<‘64 icr t`d Icur Xhdgerkcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806.2 Dhcsystdn @ctspcts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2<6.4 \ctdgtkej Yejud ci Jcst Dhcgcnkh Xdrvkhds ci Hcrej Vddis hkrhe 6<2<‘9< Fesdb cg t`d Vdsujts

ci t`d HCNFC Ncbdj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266.9 Ebbktkcgej Gunfdrs ci Hesds ci Nejerke egb Bdgoud icr 4<- egb 5<<-[der Iuturd Xhdgerkcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246.? Hjknetd Hègod Hcsts Vdjetkvd tc t d 6<<<‘<4 \drkcb kg Hcjcnfke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246.0 \ctdgtkej Egguej Dhcgcnkh Knpeht ci Hjknetd Hègod kg HEVKHCN Hcugtrkds hkrhe 6<0< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2?8.5 \rcmdhtdb Iuturd Hègods kg Vugcii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4<

8.6 Hurrdgt egb \rcmdhtdb Iuturd Hègods kg Vugcii kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?42.5 \ctdgtkej, Vdspcgskfkjkty, egb Hepefkjkty tc Vdbuhd Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 024.5 \ess-R`rcuo` Dstknetkcgs ci \rdvkcus Xtubkds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56<4.6 Evdreod Oescjkgd egb Bkdsdj \rkhds kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg, 6<<4‘<? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56<4.8 E Rexcgcny ci \ess-R`rcuo` fy Hcugtry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5659.5 Jcwdr Herfcg Kgtdgskty fut @ko`dr Dgdroy Bdnegb Orcwt` kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb

t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg tèg Ojcfejjy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56;9.6 HC6 Dnksskcgs ircn Djdhtrkhkty Odgdretkcg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58<9.8 Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg-Odgdretkcg Dxpegskcg 6<<4‘8<=

Vdidrdghd Hesd Odgdretkcg Nkx egb HC6 Dnksskcgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5859.2 Jdvdjkzdb Odgdretkcg Hcsts ci _kgb \cwdr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5849.4 Xèrds ci Dgdroy Hcgsunptkcg kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg fy Dgdroy Xcurhd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5899.9 Xwkth kgo Hcsts ircn Ncrd tc Jdss Herfcg Kgtdgskvd Dgdroy Xcurhds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526

9.? Dgdroy Diikhkdghy Cppcrtugktkds egb Ndesurds kg Ady Hcgsunkgo Xdhtcrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5289.0 Dhcgcnkh \ctdgtkej ci Evckbdb Bdicrdstetkcg kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5909.; Nktkoetkcg Cptkcgs kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t d Herkffdeg Vdokcg= \ctdgtkej, Hcsts, egb

Rdh`gcjcokhej egb Kgstktutkcgej Ferrkdrs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5?6

vkkk

H C G R D G R X



kx

Ehagcwjdbondgts

JC_-HEVFCG BDYDJC\NDGR= Jetkg

Endrkheg Vdspcgsds tc Hjknetd Hègod ks t`dprcbuht ci e hcjjefcretkvd diicrt ci twc ugktsci t`d Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d HerkffdegVdokcg ci t`d _crjb Fega= t`d Ciikhd ci t`d

H`kdi Dhcgcnkst egb t`d Xustekgefjd BdvdjcpndgtBdpertndgt. R`d rdpcrt wes prdperdb fy e hcrd tden jdbfy Euoustc bd je Rcrrd, \efjc Iemgzyjfdr, egb Mc`g

Ges` egb hcnprkskgo Ydrcgkhe Ejeknc, Mevkdr Fedz,Xvdtjege Dbndebds, H`rkstkege Ikoudrds, Rcbb Mc`gscg,Krkge K. Ajyth`gkacve, Egbrdw Nescg, egb _ejtdrYdroere. Ege I. Venkrdz egb Herjcs Idjkpd \rebe Jcnfcprcvkbdb vejuefjd rdsderh` essksteghd.

R`d tden ordetjy fdgdiktdb ircn fehaorcugb pepdrsprdperdb icr t`ks rdpcrt fy t`d icjjcwkgo kgbkvkbuejs=Ydrcgkhe Ejeknc, Herjcs D. Erhd, Mdsus Erdjjeg-Ocgzejdz, Mujkegc M. Essugïec, Mevkdr Fedz, Frkeg Fjegadspccr,Dbuerbc Fktreg Hcjcbrc, Fdgckt Fcsqudt, IjevkeIdkg H`drds, Xùg H`cgefeyes`k, \dtdr H`rkstdgsdg,

Ejdmegbrc Bddf, Twd Bdkh`negg, Erkdj Bkger,Negudj Busseg, Yjebknkr Okj, @erry bd Ocrtdr, @kjbe

V. Oudrrdrc Vcmes, Bevkb V. Must, Drkae Ajkeuoe,Bcgejb I. Jerscg, @unfdrtc Jcpdz, Herje bdjje Neo-okcre, Egbrdw Nescg, Vcfdrt Ndgbdjsc`g, \euj \rchdd,Hjeubkc Vebbetz, Mcsd Mcrod Ncre Vkvdre, \dbrcVkvdre Kzen, \esquejd J. Xhegbkzzc, Xdfestkeg Xh`cjz,Xèka` Neìuzur Ve`neg, [ehcv Rsur, BcnkgkqudYeg Bdr Ndgsfruoo`d, Bdgks Ndbvdbdv, GetsuaeRcfe, Idjkx Yerby, Egtcgkc [ugdz Geubd, egb Xtdvdg

]eg`ksdr. E hcnpjdtd jkst ci fehaorcugb pepdrs ksprcvkbdb kg t`d eppdgbkx.Ycjund K ci t`ks rdpcrt wes prdperdb fy Euoustc

bd je Rcrrd, \efjc Iemgzyjfdr, egb Mc`g Ges`. R`deut`crs ci t`d hèptdrs kg Ycjund KK erd es icjjcws=hèptdr 5, bd je Rcrrd, Iemgzyjfdr, egb Ges`1 hèptdr 6,Ges` egb Ydroere1 hèptdr 8, Ges`, Dbndebds, Fedz,egb Nescg1 hèptdr 2, Iemgzyjfdr egb Ikoudrds1 hèp-tdr 4, Iemgzyjfdr egb Ejeknc1 egb hèptdr 9, Mc`gscgegb Ajyth`gkacve.

Dxhdjjdgt ebvkhd wes rdhdkvdb ircn Jeure Ruha,

Nea`ter Bkcp, Neh Hejjewey, Nerkeggd Iey, MchdjygdEjfdrt, egb Herjcs Gcfrd.





EOJCFEJ IKGEGHKEJ EGB DHC-GCNKH HVKXKX ci ugprdhdbdgtdbbkndgskcgs wes ugicjbkgo et t`d tkndci t`d wrktkgo ci t`ks fcca. R`durodghy, knndbkehy, egb steoodrkgo

neogktubd ci t`d hèjjdgods pcsdb fy suh` e hrksksèvd t`d pctdgtkej tc hrcwb cut diicrts ekndb etebbrdsskgo t`d hèjjdgods ci ojcfej wernkgo tèt erd

bkshussdb kg bdtekj kg t`ks fcca. R`d hepehkty ci pcjktkhej jdebdrs egb ci getkcgej egb supregetkcgejkgstktutkcgs tc bdej wkt` nemcr ojcfej t`rdets ks, eitdrejj, gct ugjknktdb. Kt wcujb fd, t`drdicrd, gekvd tct`kga tèt t`d wcrjb‛s efkjkty tc tehajd sknujtegdcusjyt`d frdeabcwg ci ikgeghkej neradts egb t`d t`rdetspcsdb fy ojcfej wernkgo ks irdd ci tdgskcgs egb trebd-ciis. R`dsd twc ojcfej ndgehds èvd suh` ier-rdeh`kgoknpjkhetkcgs icr negakgb, `cwdvdr, tèt kt wcujb fdknprubdgt tc ejjcw t`d s`crtdr-tdrn dndrodghy ci t`dojcfej ikgeghkej hrksks egb dhcgcnkh bcwgturg tc

ugbujy bdijdht pcjkhy ettdgtkcg ewey ircn t`d jcgodr-tdrn begodrs ci hjknetd hègod. R`d hèjjdgod hjderjyks tc ikgb hcnncg orcugb egb tc kbdgtkiy egb pursudes negy pcjkhkds es ideskfjd tèt heg bdjkvdr prcordsscg fct` ircgts sknujtegdcusjy. R`ks ks pcsskfjd kgprkghkpjd, fut gct desy tc eh`kdvd kg prehtkhd.

Kg diidht, t`d wcrjb dhcgcnkh sjunp wkjj fd essc-hketdb wkt` e iejj kg prkvetd kgvdstndgt, kghjubkgo

hjknetd-irkdgbjy kgvdstndgt. R`d jettdr ney tdgb tcsuiidr bksprcpcrtkcgetdjy kg t`d hurrdgt hcgtdxt, okvdgtèt t`d prkhd ci icsskj iudjs ès iejjdg brenetkhejjyrdjetkvd tc ejtdrgetkvd, hjdeg scurhds ci dgdroy. Gctsurprkskgojy, utkjktkds ejrdeby sddn tc fd neakgo sko-gkikhegt rdbuhtkcgs kg t`dkr kgvdstndgts kg ejtdrgetkvddgdroy, egb t`drd ks ejrdeby e rdbuhtkcg kg t`d ijcw ci prcmdht ikgeghd bdvctdb tc jcw-herfcg dgdroy prcmdhts.

R`d dxpdhtetkcg tèt e jcw rdjetkvd prkhd ci icsskj iudjsks `drd tc stey nko`t gct cgjy bdtdr kgvdstndgt kgjcw-herfcg tdh`gcjcoy, kt hcujb ejsc kgbuhd sufstktu-tkcg kg hcgsunptkcg kg ievcr ci h`depdr fut bkrtkdrdgdroy. Icr dxenpjd, jcw oescjkgd prkhds hcujb bdijetdt`d ncndgtun tcwerb `yfrkb vd`khjds, pertkhujerjykg Gcrt` Endrkhe. _kt` jcwdr dhcgcnkh orcwt`wcrjbwkbd, iurt`drncrd, orddg`cusd oes (O@O)dnksskcgs hcujb dxpdrkdghd e hyhjkhej bdhjkgd1 t`ksnko`t hrdetd pcjktkhej kghdgtkvds tc pcstpcgd pcjkhydiicrts tc frkgo bcwg t`d dnksskcgs trdgb. Kg ejj, t`d

ojcfej ikgeghkej egb dhcgcnkh hrksks hcujb jdeb tc es`crtdgkgo ci pcjkhy `crkzcgs tèt nko`t kgbuhd es`kit tcwerb e ncrd herfcg-kgtdgskvd orcwt` pet`.R`ks s`kit wcujb cgjy kghrdesd t`d bkiikhujty egb reksdt`d hcsts ci rdbuhkgo O@O dnksskcgs bcwg t`d jkgd.

Dxpdrkdghd wkt` prdvkcus ikgeghkej hrksds kg dndrokgodhcgcnkds suoodsts tèt trebd-ciis citdg erksd fdtwddgjcgo-tdrn dgvkrcgndgtej hcghdrgs egb s`crt-tdrn

xk

\rdiehd



nehrcdhcgcnkh pcjkhy rdspcgsds.5 Kg pertkhujer, es hcn-pdtkgo hjekns rksd cg s`rkgakgo fubodtery rdscurhdsburkgo e hrksks, fubodt huts tdgb tc eiidht, tc e jerodrdxtdgt, t`d prcvkskcg ci pufjkh sdrvkhds tèt erd hcgskb-drdb tc fd e ‚juxury„‒tèt ks, sdrvkhds w`csd knndbk-

etd knpeht cg t`d pdcpjd cr sdhtcrs eiidhtdb fy t`ddndrodghy ks pdrhdkvdb tc fd jcw egb cgjy kgbkrdht. Kgbdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds, t`dsd citdg kghjubd ktdns suh` esicrdst hcgsdrvetkcg cr t`d prctdhtkcg ci dhcsystdns.Ehhcrbkgo tc eg Kgtdrgetkcgej Ncgdtery Iugb pepdr(Okenfkeok egb Vcghk 6<<2), icr dxenpjd, kg t`d eitdr-net` ci t`d Eskeg egb Vusskeg hrksds, Frezkj rdbuhdbpufjkh dxpdgbkturds (dxhjubkgo weods, schkej sdhurktyfdgdikts, egb kgtdrdst peyndgts) icr 5;;; fy 55 pdrhdgtkg gcnkgej tdrns wkt` rdspdht tc 5;;0. @cwdvdr, scndady Enezcg dgvkrcgndgtej prcorens wdrd rdbuhdb fy

nuh` ncrd tèg t`d evdreod. R`d Frezkjkeg Kgstktutd icrt`d Dgvkrcgndgt egb Geturej Vdgdwefjd Vdscurhds, icrkgsteghd, dxpdrkdghdb e fubodt hut ci ?5 pdrhdgt wkt`rdspdht tc crkokgejjy epprcvdb iugbkgo, egb ci 29 pdr-hdgt hcnperdb wkt` 5;;0. R`drd erd ejsc kgbkhetkcgstèt t`ks p`dgcndgcg wdgt fdycgb t`d idbdrej jdvdj.Frezkjkeg stetds egb nugkhkpejktkds, iehdb wkt` t`d gddbtc prcbuhd ‚prknery surpjusds,„ wdrd gct efjd tc hcn-pdgsetd icr t`d huts kg idbdrejjy iugbdb dgvkrcgndgtejprcorens kg t`d Enezcg (Aese egb Gedss 6<<4).

Ki jdebdrs et t`d getkcgej egb kgtdrgetkcgej jdvdjs erdvkskcgery, t`dy heg evckb iejjkgo kgtc t`d trep ci sehrk-ikhkgo dgvkrcgndgtej sustekgefkjkty tc s`crt-tdrnnehrcdhcgcnkh gdhdssktkds egb heg tead ebvegteod ci cppcrtugktkds tc ebbrdss hjknetd hègod hcghdrgs. Kgpertkhujer, pcjkhkds egb prcorens tc ebbrdss tcbey‛sprdsskgo prcfjdns heg fd bdskogdb egb knpjdndgtdbwkt` e jcgo-tdrn `crkzcg. Xcndtknds, t`dsd bdhkskcgsheg fd wkg-wkg. Fut scndtknds, t`drd wkjj fd trebd-ciis. Icr dxenpjd, prkvetd kgvdstndgt kg, egb hcg-sunptkcg ci, hjdeg dgdroy wkjj fd stknujetdb fy e

rdjetkvd kghrdesd kg t`d prkhd ci icsskj iudjs1 t`ks heg fddghcureodb t`rcuo` e hcnfkgetkcg ci rdoujetkcgs,texds, herfcg-trebkgo sh`dnds, egb sufskbkds. Futneakgo ikrns pey tc pcjjutd egb icrhkgo cusd`cjbs tchcgsund ncrd dxpdgskvd, ki hjdegdr, dgdroy erd gctpcpujer kg tknds ci dhcgcnkh rdhdsskcg. Rkjtkgo prk-vetd sdhtcr ehtkvkty kg e sustekgefjd ies`kcg tcwerbjcw-herfcg h`ckhds tùs hejjs icr herdiujjy negeodb

pcjktkhej hcnprcnksds egb scugb mubondgt cg t`dpert ci pcjkhy neadrs tc dgsurd tèt jcgo-tdrn hcgskb-dretkcgs erd gct gdojdhtdb icr pcjktkhej dxpdbkdghy.

Ordetdr shcpd icr sygdrokds ks jkadjy tc fd icugb kgt`d erde ci pufjkh kgvdstndgt. Nesskvd pufjkh kgvdst-

ndgt prcorens wkjj èvd tc fd pert ci t`d ikshejstknujus rdqukrdb tc bdej wkt` t`d ojcfej dhcgcnkhhrksks, dspdhkejjy kg bdvdjcpdb hcugtrkds egb `ko`-sevkgo dndrokgo dhcgcnkds. Epprcprketdjy bdskogdbegb knpjdndgtdb, t`dsd prcorens heg odgdretd wkg-wkg bygenkhs egb cuthcnds, sknujtegdcusjy ebvegh-kgo t`d heusds ci suppcrtkgo dhcgcnkh rdhcvdry w`kjd`djpkgo tc dghcureod orcwt` kg erdes tèt nkgknkzd crnktkoetd t`d knpeht cg hjknetd hègod. Ncrdcvdr,hcugtrkds tèt negeod tc diidht t`d tregsktkcg ircn e`ko`-herfcg tc e jcw-herfcg dhcgcny burkgo t`d dhc-gcnkh sjunp heg dgmcy ‚ikrst-ncvdr ebvegteods,„ tètks, e ordetdr hcnpdtktkvd efkjkty tc prcnctd jcgo-tdrnorcwt` fdycgb t`d hyhjkhej bcwgturg. Es e rdsujt, t`dhurrdgt ikgeghkej hrksks heg ehtuejjy hrdetd e ugkqudcppcrtugkty icr e gdw bdej icr t`d twdgty-ikrst hdgtury,ichusdb cg jcw-herfcg orcwt`. R`d bdhjerdb vkskcg ci t`d rdhdgtjy djdhtdb ocvdrgndgt kg t`d Tgktdb Xtetdsicr dgvkrcgndgtej sustekgefkjkty egb dgdroy sdhurktyebbs `cpd kg t`ks rdoerb. E ‚orddg rdhcvdry„‒tèt ks,e vkrtucus kgtdrehtkcg encgo mcf hrdetkcg, orcwt`

rdsunptkcg, egb jcw-herfcg-crkdgtdb pufjkh kgvdst-ndgts egb pcjkhy ehtkcgs‒ks e wcrt`y cptkcg egberouefjy t`d cgjy sdgskfjd cptkcg icr t`d wcrjb hcn-nugkty et t`ks mughturd. Xuh` eg cptkcg heg fd turgdbkgtc rdejkty ki jdebdrs egb pcjktkhej systdns rksd tct`d chheskcg.

Jeure Ruha

Bkrdhtcr, Xustekgefjd Bdvdjcpndgt BdpertndgtJetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg

R`d _crjb Fega

Euoustc bd je Rcrrd

H`kdi DhcgcnkstJetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg

R`d _crjb Fega

Gctd5. Xdd icr dxenpjd, Vute egb @enkjtcg (6<<0).

xk k

\ V D I E H D



E/V eiicrdstetkcg/rdicrdstetkcgF\B\NB ferrdjs pdr bey pdr nkjjkcg bcjjer

prcbuhdb¼H bdordds hdjskusHEKR Hjknetd Egejysks Kgbkhetcrs RccjHEVKHCN Herkffdeg HcnnugktyHHOR hcnfkgdb hyhjd oes turfkgdHHVKI R`d Herkffdeg Hetestrcp`d Vksa

Kgsureghd IehkjktyHHR hcgbktkcgej hes` tregsidrHBKEH Herfcg Bkcxkbd Kgicrnetkcg

Egejysks HdgtdrHBN Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt NdhègksnHDV hdrtkikdb dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgHID Idbdrej Djdhtrkhkty Hcnpegy

ci NdxkhcHIT herfcg ikgeghd ugktH@2 ndtègdHC6 herfcg bkcxkbd

HC6d herfcg bkcxkbd dqukvejdgtHCNFC Hcrej Ncrtejkty egb Fjdeh kgo CutputBEJ[ bksefkjkty ebmustdb jkid yderBXN bdnegb-skbd negeodndgtDF Dxdhutkvd Fcerb (ci t`d HBN)DKE dgvkrcgndgtej knpeht essdssndgtDGXC Dj Gkõc-Xcut`drg Cshkjjetkcg

D\E T.X. Dgvkrcgndgtej \rctdhtkcg EodghyD\H Dgdroy \dricrneghd HcgtrehtsDV\E Dnksskcg Vdbuhtkcg \urhèsd EorddndgtDT Durcpdeg TgkcgIH\I Icrdst Herfcg \ertgdrs`kp IehkjktyI@KX @cgbures Xchkej Kgvdstndgt IugbIKBD Ikbdkhcnksc pere dj E`crrc bd Dgdroîe

Djëhtrkhe (dgdroy sevkgos trust iugb)

O-0 Orcup ci Dko`tOB\ orcss bcndstkh prcbuhtO@O orddg`cusd oesONC odgdtkhejjy ncbkikdb croegksnORH/y okoetcgs ci herfcg pdr yderO_ okoewettKFVB Kgtdrgetkcgej Fega icr Vdhcgstruhtkcg

egb BdvdjcpndgtKDE Kgtdrgetkcgej Dgdroy EodghyK\HH Kgtdrocvdrgndgtej \egdj cg Hjknetd

Hègod

A_` akjcwett curJHV Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg VdokcgJIO jegbikjj oesJGO jkqudikdb geturej oesJTH jegb-usd hègodJTJTHI jegb usd, jegb-usd hègod egb icrdstryNN nkjjkndtdr

xkkk

Effrdvketkcgs



N_ ndoewettN_` ndoewett curG6C gktrcus cxkbdCDHB Croegksetkcg icr Dhcgcnkh

Hc-cpdretkcg egb Bdvdjcpndgt

\JEH \rcorene Jetkgc Endrkhegc bdj Herfcgc\\N perts pdr nkjjkcgV&B rdsderh` egb bdvdjcpndgtVDBB rdbuhkgo dnksskcgs ircn

bdicrdstetkcg egb icrdst bdorebetkcgXHH schkej hcst ci herfcgXB-\EN Xustekgefjd Bdvdjcpndgt \cjkhkds egb

NdesurdsXGJR Xdhtcrej Gc-Jcsd Rerodt

XR\ schkej tknd prdidrdghdREV R`krb Essdssndgt VdpcrttHC6d tcgs ci HC6 dqukvejdgtRCD tcgs ci ckj dqukvejdgtTA IV\ Tgktdb Akgobcn Icrdstry Vdsderh`

\rcorenTG Tgktdb GetkcgsTGIHHH Tgktdb Getkcgs Irendwcra

Hcgvdgtkcg cg Hjknetd Hègod_F _crjb Fega_FHXB _crjb Fega Hcnnkttdd cg Xustekgefjd

Bdvdjcpndgt_X&X wetdr segktetkcg egb seidty_RC _crjb Rrebd Croegkzetkcg

xkv

E F F V D Y K E R K C G X



Kgtrcbuhtkcg

Hjknetd hègod ks ejrdeby e rdejkty. R`ks ks dvkbdghdb

fy t`d ehhdjdretkcg ci ojcfej tdnpdreturd kghrdesds,

t`d ndjtkgo ci khd egb sgcw hcvdrs, egb rkskgo sde jdvdjs.

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg (JHV) erd

gct dxdnpt ircn t`dsd trdgbs, es kjjustretdb fy t`dhègods kg prdhkpktetkcg pettdrgs tèt erd ejrdeby

fdkgo rdpcrtdb kg t`d rdokcg, es wdjj es fy cfsdrve-

tkcgs ci rkskgo tdnpdreturds, t`d repkb ndjtkgo ci

Egbdeg trcpkhej ojehkdrs, egb eg kghrdeskgo gunfdr ci

dxtrdnd wdet`dr dvdgts. R`d ncst knpcrtegt icrhd

fd`kgb hjknetd hègod ks t`d rkskgo hcghdgtretkcg ci

orddg`cusd oesds (O@Os) kg t`d Dert`‛s etncsp`drd

brkvdg nekgjy fy negnebd dnksskcgs ci herfcg bkcxkbd

(HC6) egb ct`dr orddg`cusd oesds. Fdheusd ci kgdrtke

kg t`d hjknetd systdn, t`d pjegdt ks jkadjy tc hcgtkgud

wernkgo cvdr t`d twdgty-ikrst hdgtury, egb ugjdss dnks-

skcgs erd skogkikhegtjy rdbuhdb, t`ks prchdss hcujb ehhdj-

dretd, wkt` pctdgtkejjy vdry sdrkcus hcgsdqudghds icr

geturd egb negakgb. R`drd ks stkjj, `cwdvdr, e `ko`

bdordd ci ughdrtekgty rdoerbkgo t`d spdhkikh brkvdrs,

tknkgo, egb knpeht ci ojcfej hjknetd hègod, es wdjj

es efcut t`d hcsts egb diikhehy ci ehtkcgs ekndb et

dkt`dr nktkoetkgo kt cr bdejkgo wkt` kts p`yskhej egb

dhcgcnkh knpehts. Es e rdsujt, kt ks vdry èrb, et t`ks

pckgt, tc ugenfkoucusjy bdtdrnkgd dhcgcnkhejjy diik-

hkdgt dnksskcg pet`weys icr w`kh` t`d fdgdikts ci ehtkcgs tc nktkoetd hjknetd hègod wcujb dxhddb t`d

hcsts ci t`csd ehtkcgs.

Epert ircn t`d qudstkcg ci t`d cptknej pet`, t`d

bkiikhujty ci eorddkgo cg e ndhègksn tc rdscjvd t`d

prcfjdn ks hcnpcugbdb fy t`d ieht tèt kgbkvkbuej

hcugtrkds heg cgjy hepturd e irehtkcg ci t`d ojcfej fdg-

dikts erkskgo ircn t`dkr diicrts tc nktkoetd hjknetd

hègod, w`kh` hrdetds sdrkcus hccrbkgetkcg hèjjdgods.

Bdspktd t`dsd prcfjdns egb ughdrtekgtkds, t`drd ks

kghrdeskgo dvkbdghd suoodstkgo tèt urodgt ehtkcg ks

gddbdb kg crbdr tc ejtdr hurrdgt dnksskcg trdgbs sc es

tc evckb rdeh`kgo O@O hcghdgtretkcg jdvdjs tèt

hcujb trkoodr jerod egb krrdvdrskfjd beneods. Gdoctke-tkcgs erd ugbdr wey egb erd sh`dbujdb tc fd hcghjubdb

kg 6<56 wkt` e gdw eorddndgt cg e wey icrwerb. Et

t`d send tknd, kgbkvkbuej hcugtrkds erd ejsc hcgskbdr-

kgo `cw tc rdspcgb kg t`dkr cwg bcndstkh pcjkhy tc

t`d hèjjdgods ci hjknetd hègod. JHV ocvdrgndgts

egb hkvkj schkdty s`cujb fd wdjj kgicrndb efcut t`d

pctdgtkej hcsts egb fdgdikts ci hjknetd hègod egb

t`dkr cptkcgs icr bdhkskcgs tèt wkjj gddb tc fd nebd

cvdr t`d gdxt bdhebds es wdjj es t`d ojcfej hcgtdxt kg

w`kh` t`dsd bdhkskcgs nust fd teadg. Et t`d send

tknd, t`d ojcfej hcnnugkty gddbs tc fd fdttdr kgicrndbefcut t`d ugkqud pdrspdhtkvd ci t`d JHV‒prcfjdns

t`d rdokcg wkjj iehd, pctdgtkej hcgtrkfutkcgs t`d rdokcg

heg nead tc hcnfet ojcfej wernkgo, egb `cw tc

ugjcha t`d rdokcg‛s iujj pctdgtkej sc es tc dgefjd kt tc

nexknkzd kts hcgtrkfutkcg w`kjd hcgtkgukgo tc orcw

egb rdbuhd pcvdrty. R`ks rdpcrt sddas tc `djp ikjj fct`

t`dsd gddbs.

R`d Dvkbdghd cg Hjknetd Hègod

Kgèfktegts ci Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg erd wdjjewerd ci t`d `ko` hcsts esschketdb wkt` dxtrdnd wdet`dr

dvdgts egb hjknetd-rdjetdb geturej bksestdrs. Fdtwddg

6<<< egb 6<<4, Jetkg Endrkheg hcugtrkds dxpdrk-

dghdb 8<; hjknetd-rdjetdb geturej bksestdrs, kghjubkgo

599 ijccbs, 558 wkgbstcrns, egb 8< brcuo`ts. Kgicrne-

tkcg cg t`d beneods heusdb fy t`dsd geturej bksestdrs ks

evekjefjd cgjy icr efcut 6< pdrhdgt ci t`d dvdgts fut stkjj

5

H@E\RDV 5

Hcgircgtkgo t`d Ojcfej Hèjjdgod



encugts tc ncrd tèg TX$5?.4 fkjjkcg.5

Hdgtrej Endr-

khegs, icr kgsteghd, èvd irds` ndncrkds ci @urrkhegd

Nkth`, w`kh` akjjdb ncrd tèg 5<,<<< pdcpjd kg 5;;0.

Xknkjerjy, es e rdsujt ci t`d `devy rekgiejj, ijccbs, egb

jegbsjkbds tèt `kt \dru burkgo t`d 5;;?‘;0 Dj Gkõc

dpkscbd, t`d hcugtry dxpdrkdghdb ncgdtery jcssds ci TX$8.4 fkjjkcg, cr efcut 4 pdrhdgt ci orcss bcndstkh

prcbuht (OB\).6

_`kjd t`d hcghdrgs efcut t`d gdoetkvd

knpeht ci hjknetd-rdjetdb bksestdrs erd gct gdw, burkgo

t`d pest t`rdd bdhebds t`d rdokcg ès dxpdrkdghdb e wcr-

rkscnd kghrdesd kg t`d egguej irdqudghy ci t`csd dvdgts.

Fdtwddg 5;?<‘;; egb 6<<<‘<4, icr kgsteghd, t`dkr

gunfdr kghrdesdb 6.2 tknds.8

Ebbkgo tc t`dsd hcghdrgs, e gunfdr ci `ko`jy

ugusuej dxtrdnd wdet`dr dvdgts evd teadg pjehd bur-

kgo rdhdgt yders. Kg Bdhdnfdr 5;;;, icr dxenpjd, twc

ncgt`s eitdr t`d dgb ci Vdpýfjkhe Fcjkverkege bd

Ydgdzudje‛s rekgy sdescg, e rdhcrb encugt ci rekgiejj

jdb tc sdvdrd ijccbs egb jegbsjkbds tèt tcca t`d jkvds

ci 8<,<<< pdcpjd. Ncrd rdhdgtjy, kg Nerh` 6<<2,

Frezkj wes `kt fy @urrkhegd Heterkge, t`d ikrst dvdr

cfsdrvdb kg t`d Xcut` Etjegtkh. Heterkge heusdb sdvdrd

ijccbkgo kg t`d destdrg Enezcg egb bkspjehdb t`cu-

segbs ci ienkjkds kg scut`drg Frezkj. Ct`dr rdhdgt

ugusuej dvdgts kghjubd ijccbkgo kg t`d Erodgtkgdeg

\enpes (6<<<‘<6), sdvdrd brcuo`ts kg t`d Enezcg

(6<<4), èkjstcrns kg \jurkgetkcgej Xtetd ci Fcjkvke(6<<6) egb Fudgcs Ekrds (6<<9), egb t`d rdhcrb 6<<4

Herkffdeg ùrrkhegd sdescg, w`kh` kghjubdb _kjne egb

Aetrkge encgo ct`dr nemcr ùrrkhegds. R`d beneods

heusdb fy _kjne kg t`d [uheteg \dgkgsuje encugtdb

tc ejncst TX$5.; fkjjkcg, w`drdes t`csd ci Aetrkge kg

t`d T.X. Ouji Hcest rdeh`db ncrd tèg TX$05 fkjjkcg.

Kg t`d hesd ci Aetrkge, et jdest 5,089 pdcpjd wdrd

akjjdb, kghjubkgo burkgo t`d sufsdqudgt ijccbs, nea-

kgo kt t`d bdebjkdst T.X. ùrrkhegd skghd t`d 5;60

Caddh`cfdd @urrkhegd.2

Dxtrdnd wdet`dr dvdgts egb hjknetd hègod

Dxtrdnd wdet`dr dvdgts erd fy bdikgktkcg ugjkadjy=

t`dy fdjcgo tc t`d tekjs ci t`d prcfefkjkty bkstrkfutkcgs

ci t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo verkefjds (icr dxenpjd, tdnpdre-

turd, rekgiejj, wkgb, egb sc icrt`). Rùs, icr e okvdg

hjknetd egb kg e okvdg tknd egb jchetkcg, t`csd dvdgts

tdgb tc chhur wkt` e vdry snejj prcfefkjkty, cghd kg

negy yders. @cwdvdr, t`d kghrdeskgo gunfdr ci dxtrdnd

wdet`dr dvdgts cfsdrvdb burkgo rdhdgt yders reksds t`d

qudstkcg ci w`dt`dr wd erd bdejkgo wkt` e sdrkds ci

ugrdjetdb regbcn chhurrdghds cr w`dt`dr wd erd hcg-

ircgtdb wkt` e jcgo-rug kghrdeskgo trdgb. Kg t`d ikrst

hesd, t`d `ko` gunfdr ci hjknetd-rdjetdb geturej bks-estdrs tèt èvd rdhdgtjy `kt JHV hcugtrkds hcujb must

fd t`d rdsujt ci feb juha. R`drd wcujb fd gc rdescg tc

dxpdht t`d egguej gunfdr ci t`csd dvdgts tc fd sus-

tekgdb cr tc hcgtkgud rkskgo kg t`d iuturd. _d wcujb

fd bdejkgo wkt` t`d gcrnej wdet`dr verkefkjkty tèt

dxksts wkt`kg egy okvdg hjknetd.

R`drd ks, `cwdvdr, e wcrrkscnd ejtdrgetkvd `ypct`-

dsks tc dxpjekg t`d rdhdgt kghrdesd kg t`d gunfdr ci

ugusuej wdet`dr dvdgts. Ki, es ks kghrdeskgojy fdjkdvdb

fy t`d shkdgtkikh hcnnugkty, t`d hjknetd ci t`d w`cjd

pjegdt ks wernkgo, t`d prcfefkjkty bkstrkfutkcg ci negy wdet`dr verkefjds wcujb ejsc fd s`kitkgo. Es e

rdsujt, dvdgts tèt wdrd prdvkcusjy kgirdqudgt, fdkgo

jchetdb kg t`d tekjs ci t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo prcfefkjkty

bkstrkfutkcgs, hcujb gcw fdhcnd ncrd crbkgery. _drd

t`dsd hègods tc fd sustekgdb, cusd`cjbs, hcnpegkds,

egb ocvdrgndgts wcujb èvd tc rdessdss e jerod gun-

fdr ci ady bdhkskcgs, kghjubkgo, icr kgsteghd, w`drd tc

jchetd t`dkr `cnds, iehtcrkds, egb pufjkh kgirestruh-

turd1 wèt occbs egb sdrvkhds tc prcbuhd1 egb wèt

prkhds tc hèrod icr t`dn.Rc scnd dxtdgt t`ks ks ejrdeby èppdgkgo. Es eg

dxenpjd, s`crtjy eitdr Aetrkge, T.X. rksa-ncbdjkgo

hcnpegkds reksdb t`dkr dstknetkcg ci t`d prcfefkjkty ci

e sknkjer dvdgt ircn cghd dvdry 2< yders tc cghd dvdry

6< yders.4 Kgbddb, egejysts spdhujetdb tèt t`d kghrdes-

kgo gunfdr egb kgtdgskty ci trcpkhej hyhjcgds kg t`d

Gcrt` Etjegtkh Feskg wes rdjetdb tc e sknujtegdcus

kghrdeskgo trdgb kg sde suriehd tdnpdreturds kg tèt

erde, wkt` fct` trdgbs fdkgo t`d rdsujt ci ojcfej wern-

kgo. R`d rdessdssndgt ci t`d jkadjk`ccb egb sdvdrkty ci

hjknetkh bksestdrs ks gct, `cwdvdr, pertkhujer tc t`dTgktdb Xtetds. Kt ès teadg pjehd ejj cvdr t`d wcrjb es e

rdsujt ci t`d kghrdeskgo shkdgtkikh dvkbdghd suoodstkgo

tèt t`d wcrjb‛s hjknetd systdn ks kgbddb hègokgo.

R`d dvkbdghd ci cgockgo ojcfej hjknetd hègod

Fesdb cg t`d egejysks ci rdhdgt bete cg t`d dvcjutkcg

ci ojcfej tdnpdreturds, sgcw egb khd hcvdrs, egb rkskgo

6

J C _ - H E V F C G B D Y D J C \ N D G R= J E R K G E N D V K H E G V D X \ C G X D X R C H J K N E R D H @ E G O D



sde jdvdjs, t`d Kgtdrocvdrgndgtej \egdj cg Hjknetd

Hègod (K\HH) es rdhdgtjy essdrtdb tèt ‚wernkgo ci

t`d hjknetd systdn ks ugdqukvchej.„ R`ks ks cgd ci t`d

nekg hcghjuskcgs ci t`d K\HH‛s Icurt` Essdssndgt

Vdpcrt, rdjdesdb kg Xdptdnfdr 6<<?, prcbuhdb fy

ncrd tèg 54< jdeb eut`crs ircn ncrd tèg 8< hcug-trkds, wkt` ncrd tèg 9<< dxpdrt rdvkdwdrs.

Encgo t`d gdw dvkbdghd rdpcrtdb fy t`d K\HH ks

t`d ehhdjdretkcg kg t`d retd ci orcwt` ci ojcfej suriehd

tdnpdreturds, w`kh` kghrdesdb fy <.58 bdordds Hdjskus

(¼H) pdr bdhebd fdtwddg 5;49 egb 6<<4, cr efcut

twkhd t`d bdhebej kghrdesd cfsdrvdb fdtwddg 5;<9 egb

6<<4. Ncrdcvdr, t`d ness ci Erhtkh sde khd ès s`ruga

fy 6.? pdrhdgt pdr bdhebd skghd 5;?0. Vdjetdb tc t`ks

trdgb, t`d retd ci rkskgo sde jdvdjs es rdhdgtjy ehhdjdretdb,

ircn eg evdreod ci 5.0 nn pdr yder ircn 5;95‘6<<8 tc

8.5 nn pdr yder ircn 5;;8‘6<<8. Es s`cwg fy t`dK\HH, t`d efcvd hègods kg t`d ojcfej hjknetd èvd

ejrdeby èb gctkhdefjd knpehts cg prdhkpktetkcg pet-

tdrgs, t`d irdqudghy ci dxtrdnd wdet`dr dvdgts, egb t`d

kgtdgskty ci Gcrt` Etjegtkh trcpkhej hyhjcgds. Ncrd-

cvdr, t`d K\HH dxprdssds e `ko` jdvdj ci hcgikbdghd

tèt verkcus ùneg ehtkvktkds (icr dxenpjd, eorkhuj-

turd egb `dejt`) egb geturej systdns (icr dxenpjd,

pjegts egb egknej spdhkds, nerkgd dhcsystdns, egb

`ybrcjcokhej systdns) èvd ejrdeby fddg eiidhtdb fy

ojcfej wernkgo.

9

Cgockgo hjknetd hègod kg Jetkg Endrkhe

Jetkg Endrkhe ès gct fddg dxdnpt ircn t`d ojcfej

trdgbs bchundgtdb fy t`d K\HH. Knpcrtegt hègods

kg prdhkpktetkcg egb kghrdesds kg tdnpdreturds èvd fddg

cfsdrvdb kg negy hcugtrkds ci t`d rdokcg.? Kg pertkhu-

jer, kghrdesds kg ndeg tdnpdreturds ci epprcxknetdjy

<.5¼H pdr bdhebd èvd chhurrdb kg Xcut` Endrkhe bur-

kgo t`d twdgtkdt` hdgtury. \rdhkpktetkcg ès kghrdesdb

kg scnd erdes‒gcrt`dest Erodgtkge, scut`drg Frezkj,

\ereouey, gcrt`wdst \dru, egb Truouey‒egb bdhrdesdbkg ct`drs‒scut`wdst Erodgtkge, scut`drg H`kjd, egb

scut`drg \dru. R`d retd ci rkskgo sde jdvdjs ès ejsc

kghrdesdb, rdeh`kgo 6‘8 nn pdr yder burkgo t`d pest

twc bdhebds kg scut`destdrg Xcut` Endrkhe. R`d dvk-

bdghd hcjjdhtdb fy t`d K\HH suoodsts tèt t`d efcvd

hègods kg t`d rdokcg‛s hjknetd erd ejrdeby eiidhtkgo

t`d irdqudghy ci dxtrdnd wdet`dr dvdgts. Dxenpjds ci

hègods tèt erd ejrdeby vkskfjd kghjubd ncrd irdqudgt

`devy rekgs cvdr gcrt`dest Frezkj egb hdgtrej Ndxkhc,

eg kghrdesd kg ijccb irdqudghy kg scnd perts ci t`d

Enezcg, egb e 4< pdrhdgt rksd kg strdenijcw kg t`d

\erege, \ereouey, egb Truouey‒Vkvdrs.

Xcnd ci t`d hègods kg hjknetd cfsdrvdb sc ier èvdèb pcsktkvd dhcgcnkh knpehts. Dxenpjds kghjubd rkskgo

hrcp ykdjbs es e rdsujt ci kghrdesdb prdhkpktetkcg kg t`d

Erodgtkgdeg \enpes‒regokgo ircn 56 pdrhdgt kg t`d

hesd ci sugijcwdrs tc 80 pdrhdgt icr scyfdegs‒egb e

? pdrhdgt kghrdesd kg pesturd prcbuhtkvkty kg Erodgtkge

egb Truouey. Ct`dr vkskfjd knpehts, `cwdvdr, erd bdik-

gktdjy gdoetkvd. Icr kgsteghd, `ko`dr ncrtejkty egb ncr-

fkbkty retds èvd fddg rdhcrbdb kg Fcjkvke es e rdsujt ci

kghrdesdb ijccbkgo, jegbsjkbds, egb stcrns.0

Egct`dr

wcrrkscnd hcgsdqudghd ci t`d hègods kg hjknetd tèt

èvd ejrdeby fddg cfsdrvdb kg t`d rdokcg ks t`d repkbrdtrdet ci t`d trcpkhej ojehkdrs tèt ès fddg bchundgtdb

kg t`d Egbds.; Cgd strkakgo kjjustretkcg ci t`ks trdgb ks

t`d p`ctcorep`kh rdhcrb ci t`d Hèhejteye Ojehkdr kg

Fcjkvke, s`cwg kg ikourd 5.5. \rcmdhtkcgs suoodst tèt

negy ci t`d ojehkdrs et jcwdr ejtktubds hcujb hcnpjdtdjy

bkseppder cvdr t`d gdxt 5< tc 6< yders, wkt` ier-rdeh`kgo

knpehts cg t`d dhcgcnkds egb ùneg wdjierd ci t`dsd

rdokcgs (hèptdr 6).5<

_èt ks fd`kgb hjknetd hègod3

R`d Dert`‛s ojcfej ndeg hjknetd ks bdtdrnkgdb fy t`d

fejeghd ci kghcnkgo egb cutockgo dgdroy kg t`d etncs-

p`drd. R`d Dert` rdhdkvds dgdroy ircn t`d sug. Ncst ci

kt ks efscrfdb fy t`d pjegdt fut e irehtkcg ks rdijdhtdb

feha kgtc spehd. R`d encugt ci dgdroy tèt ks fcughdb

feha bdpdgbs cg t`d hcghdgtretkcg ci O@Os kg t`d

Dert`‛s etncsp`drd. R`dsd oesds trep scnd ci t`d rebke-

tkcg rdhdkvdb ircn t`d sug egb ejjcw t`d pjegdt‛s tdn-

pdreturd tc fd efcut 8<¼H efcvd wèt kt wcujb fd

ct`drwksd (Xtdrg 6<<?). _`kjd t`d orddg`cusd diidht ks

e geturej prchdss, wkt`cut w`kh` t`d pjegdt wcujbprcfefjy fd tcc hcjb tc suppcrt jkid, t`d hcghdgtretkcg ci

orddg`cusd oesds kg t`d etncsp`drd ès fddg ehhdjdret-

kgo cvdr t`d pest 64< yders, jdebkgo tc e skogkikhegt

kghrdesd kg evdreod ojcfej tdnpdreturds.

E gunfdr ci O@Os chhur geturejjy. _etdr vepcr, icr

kgsteghd, ks e strcgo orddg`cusd oes egb kts hcghdgtretkcg

kg t`d Dert`‛s etncsp`drd heg cgjy fd kgbkrdhtjy rdjetdb

8

H C G I V C G R K G O R @ D O J C F E J H @ E J J D G O D



tc ùneg ehtkvktkds. @cwdvdr, ncst ci t`d kghrdesd kg

t`d cvdrejj hcghdgtretkcg ci O@Os cfsdrvdb skghd t`d

kgbustrkej rdvcjutkcg heg cgjy fd dxpjekgdb fy teakgo

kgtc ehhcugt ùneg ehtkvktkds. Kg ieht, t`d K\HH ès

rdhdgtjy hcghjubdb wkt` ;4 pdrhdgt hdrtekgty tèt t`d

nekg brkvdrs ci t`d cfsdrvdb ojcfej hègods kg hjknetd

èvd fddg egt`rcpcodgkh‒tèt ks, negnebd‒kghrdesds

kg O@O hcghdgtretkcgs.

R`d ncst knpcrtegt egt`rcpcodgkh O@O ks herfcgbkcxkbd w`kh` kg 6<<2 rdprdsdgtdb ?? pdrhdgt ci tctej

O@O dnksskcgs. Ct`dr knpcrtegt O@Os erd ndtègd

(H@2) egb gktrcus cxkbd (G6C). Ojcfej etncsp`drkh

hcghdgtretkcgs ci HC6 èvd kghrdesdb fy 84 pdrhdgt

fdtwddg 5?4< egb 6<<4, w`kjd t`csd ci H@2 egb G6C

èvd kghrdesdb fy 520 pdrhdgt egb 50 pdrhdgt, rdspdh-

tkvdjy, burkgo t`d send pdrkcb. Ncst ci t`d cfsdrvdb

kghrdesds kg etncsp`drkh hcghdgtretkcgs ci O@Os èvd

fddg brkvdg fy icsskj iudj furgkgo, w`kh` jdebs tc HC6

egb H@2 dnksskcgs, icjjcwdb fy HC6 dnksskcgs ircn

jegb-usd hègod‒icr dxenpjd, t`d hcgvdrskcg ci icrdsts

kgtc eorkhujturej jegb‒egb G6C egb H@2 dnksskcgs

ircn eorkhujturd.55 Reakgo kgtc ehhcugt t`d bkiidrdgt

wernkgo diidhts ci verkcus O@Os, t`d hurrdgt stcha ci

ejj O@Os kg t`d Dert`‛s etncsp`drd ks dstknetdb tc fddqukvejdgt tc efcut 28< ppn (perts pdr nkjjkcg) HC6.

56

R`d sdhtcrs kg w`kh` HC6 dnksskcgs èvd orcwg et

iestdr retds skghd 5;?< erd pcwdr (524%) egb tregs-

pcrt (56<%), w`kh` kg 6<<2 rdprdsdgtdb 69 egb 58

pdrhdgt, rdspdhtkvdjy, ci ojcfej O@O dnksskcgs (ikourd

5.6). Jerod kghrdesds kg HC6 dnksskcgs èvd ejsc fddg

2


IKOTVD 5.5

Vdtrdet ci t`d Hèhejteye Ojehkdr kg Fcjkvke

Xcurhd= \`ctcorep`s fy F. Ireghcu, D. Venkrdz, egb _. Ydroere.



Xcurhd= Ebeptdb ircn K\HH (6<<?), ikourd 6.5 (h). Xèrd ci bkiidrdgtsdhtcrs kg tctej egt`rcpcodgkh O@O dnksskcgs kg 6<<2 kg tdrns ciHC6 dqukvejdgt.

ircn 6<<4‘8<, hcnperdb tc kghrdesds ci 86 pdrhdgt fy

6<54 egb 4; pdrhdgt fy 6<8< kg t`d bdvdjcpkgo wcrjb

(KDE 6<<?).

R`d JHV ks ejsc ugkqud kg t`d hcnpcsktkcg ci kts

O@O dnksskcgs (hèptdr 4). Ikrst, dnksskcgs crkokget-

kgo ircn jegb-usd hègod egb eorkhujturd ehhcugt icrefcut twc-t`krbs ci JHV‛s dnksskcgs, hcnperdb tc

cgd-t`krb et t`d ojcfej jdvdj egb 22 pdrhdgt encgo

ct`dr bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds. Xdhcgb, dnksskcgs ircn

dgdroy suppjy egb kgbustrkej ehtkvktkds deh` ehhcugt

icr efcut 5< pdrhdgt ci JHV dnksskcgs, hcnperdb tc

sèrds ci 24 pdrhdgt egb 8? pdrhdgt, rdspdhtkvdjy, kg

t`d rdst ci t`d bdvdjcpkgo wcrjb. Ikgejjy, dnksskcgs

rdjetdb tc t`d tregspcrt sdhtcr rdprdsdgt ejncst 5<

pdrhdgt ci JHV‛s O@O dnksskcgs, hcnperdb tc sèrds

ci 6< pdrhdgt kg `ko` kghcnd hcugtrkds fut must 9 pdr-

hdgt kg ct`dr bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds.R`d prdbcnkgeghd ci jegb-usd hègod kg t`d JHV‛s

O@O dnksskcg prcikjd suoodsts tèt pcjkhkds egb prc-

mdhts ekndb et rdbuhkgo dnksskcgs ircn bdicrdstetkcg

egb icrdst bdorebetkcg (VDBB), es wdjj es prcnctkgo

eiicrdstetkcg egb rdicrdstetkcg (E/V), s`cujb fd ide-

turdb prcnkgdgtjy kg egy iuturd skogkikhegt hcgtrkfu-

tkcg ci t`d rdokcg tc ojcfej hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg

diicrts. R`d occb gdws ks tèt t`drd erd hcgskbdrefjd

sygdrokds fdtwddg rdbuhkgo dnksskcgs ircn jegb-usd

hègod egb ct`dr sustekgefjd bdvdjcpndgt cfmdhtkvds,kghjubkgo e pcsktkvd knpeht cg wetdr rdscurhds, fkcbk-

vdrskty, egb t`d jcgo-tdrn vujgdrefkjkty ci t`d hcrrd-

spcgbkgo geturej egb schkcdhcgcnkh systdns.

Es icr JHV‛s rdjetkvdjy jcw sèrd ci dgdroy-rdjetdb

dnksskcgs, t`ks rdsujts nekgjy ircn kts hjdegdr dgdroy

nkx, brkvdg fy e `ko`dr rdjkeghd cg rdgdwefjd dgdroy

(nekgjy `ybrcdjdhtrkhkty), egb e nuh` jcwdr usd ci

hcej encgo ct`dr icsskj iudjs. R`d rdjetkvdjy `ko`

encugt ci dnksskcgs ircn t`d tregspcrtetkcg sdhtcr,

`cwdvdr, s`cujb prcfefjy fd e scurhd ci hcghdrg. R`d

KDE prdbkhts tèt fdtwddg 6<<< egb 6<4<, HC6 vd`k-hjd dnksskcgs wkjj kghrdesd fy 52< pdrhdgt wcrjbwkbd.

R`d vest nemcrkty ci t`ks kghrdesd wkjj tead pjehd kg

bdvdjcpkgo rdokcgs, dspdhkejjy Jetkg Endrkhe egb

Eske, es e rdsujt ci kghrdesdb nctcrkzetkcg egb vd`khjd

usd. R`dsd trdgbs erd gct cgjy wcrrkscnd ircn e hjk-

netd hègod pdrspdhtkvd, t`dy ejsc pcsd beugtkgo

4


Dgdroy suppjy64.;%

Rregspcrt58.5%

Vdskbdgtkej egbhcnndrhkej fukjbkgos

?.;%

Kgbustry5;.2%

Eorkhujturd58.4%

Icrdstry5?.2%

_estd egbwestdwetdr

6.0%

IKOTVD 5.6

Xdhtcr Hcnpcsktkcg ci Ojcfej Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs

cfsdrvdb kg kgbustry (94% skghd 5;?<) egb es e rdsujt

ci bdicrdstetkcg (2<%). Kg 6<<2 t`csd twc sdhtcrs

ehhcugtdb icr, rdspdhtkvdjy, 5; egb 5? pdrhdgt ci tctej

dnksskcgs. Ct`dr ùneg ehtkvktkds tèt hcgtrkfutd tc

O@O dnksskcgs kghjubd eorkhujturd, t`d cpdretkcg ci

rdskbdgtkej egb hcnndrhkej fukjbkgos, egb t`d bkspcsejci westd egb westdwetdr.

JHV‛s hcgtrkfutkcg tc ojcfej O@O dnksskcgs

Bdspktd evkgo ejncst ; pdrhdgt ci t`d wcrjb‛s pcpuje-

tkcg egb efcut 9 pdrhdgt ci ojcfej orcss bcndstkh

prcbuht, t`d JHV ehhcugts icr jdss tèg 9 pdrhdgt ci

ojcfej dgdroy rdjetdb HC6 dnksskcgs. R`d JHV‛s sèrd

ci ojcfej dnksskcgs ks `ko`dr, rdeh`kgo 56.4 pdrhdgt,

w`dg ejj O@O dnksskcgs, kghjubkgo t`csd hcnkgo

ircn jegb-usd hègod erd hcgskbdrdb. Kg ebbktkcg tc

fdkgo e rdjetkvdjy jcw dnkttdr ircn dgdroy-rdjetdbscurhds, JHV ks ejsc gct cgd ci t`d rdokcgs ci `ko`dst

prcmdhtdb orcwt` kg dnksskcgs bdrkvdb ircn t`d furg-

kgo ci icsskj iudjs. Ehhcrbkgo tc t`d Kgtdrgetkcgej Dgdroy

Eodghy (KDE), dgdroy-rdjetdb HC6 dnksskcgs kg Jetkg

Endrkhe erd dxpdhtdb tc orcw, kg pdr hepkte tdrns, fy

5< pdrhdgt fdtwddg 6<<4 egb 6<54 egb fy 88 pdrhdgt



5;;< 5;;4 6<<< 6<<4 6<5<

H C 6 d n k s s k c g s ( O t H / y

)

4

9

?

0

;

5<

9 K\HH shdgerkcs

Ehtuej dnksskcgse

Ehtuej dnksskcgsf

24< ppn stefkjkzetkcg

94< ppn stefkjkzetkcg

E5I5

E5F

E5R

E6

F5

F6

jchej hèjjdgods, kghjubkgo t`d gddb tc bdej wkt`

kghrdeskgo jdvdjs ci pcjjutkcg egb vd`khjd hcgodstkcg.

_èt Hjknetd Knpehts Heg fd Dxpdhtdb

kg t`d Iuturd3

R`d ojcfej hjknetd systdn ès e jcgo rdspcgsd tkndtc hègods kg t`d hcghdgtretkcg ci orddg`cusd oesds

kg t`d etncsp`drd. Es e rdsujt, ojcfej wernkgo ks

dxpdhtdb tc hcgtkgud kg t`d gder tdrn dvdg kg eg

ugrdejkstkh shdgerkc kg w`kh` knndbketd ndesurds

wdrd tc fd teadg tc nekgtekg t`csd O@O hcghdgtre-

tkcgs hcgstegt. Kg pertkhujer, t`d K\HH prdbkhts tèt

dvdg wkt` hcgstegt O@O hcghdgtretkcgs ojcfej tdn-

pdreturds wcujb kghrdesd fy <.5¼H pdr bdhebd cvdr

t`d gdxt twc bdhebds.

O@O dnksskcgs, `cwdvdr, erd es ci ydt gct s`cwkgo

egy hjder skogs ci sjcwkgo bcwg. Bdpdgbkgo cg t`dspdhkikh essunptkcgs ebcptdb wkt` rdoerb tc ojcfej

bdncorep`kh, dhcgcnkh, egb tdh`gcjcokhej trdgbs, t`d

K\HH prdbkhts tèt ojcfej O@O dnksskcgs wkjj

kghrdesd fy 64 pdrhdgt tc ;< pdrhdgt fdtwddg 6<<<

egb 6<8< ki gc ebbktkcgej hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg

pcjkhkds erd knpjdndgtdb. Es e rdsujt, ugbdr ncst ci

t`d ‚fuskgdss-es-usuej„ shdgerkcs hcgskbdrdb fy t`d

K\HH, ojcfej tdnpdreturds wcujb kghrdesd et e retd ci

efcut <.6¼H pdr bdhebd ugtkj 6<64. Fy 6<4<, t`d

pjegdt wcujb fd 5.8¼H tc 5.?¼H werndr tèg et t`ddgb ci t`d twdgtkdt` hdgtury. Fy 65<<, ojcfej tdnpdr-

eturds wcujb rdeh` fdtwddg 5.0¼H egb 2.<¼H efcvd

tèt fesdjkgd.

R`d efcvd prcmdhtkcgs, `cwdvdr, erd prcfefjy cg

t`d hcgsdrvetkvd skbd. Kgbddb, rdhdgt cfsdrvetkcgs ci

ehtuej dnksskcgs erd prcvkgo tc fd `ko`dr tèg t`csd

prdbkhtdb fy t`d K\HH, dvdg kg kts ncst pdssknkstkh

shdgerkcs (ikourd 5.8). Xtdrg (6<<0), icr kgsteghd, prd-

bkhts tèt t`d hurrdgt retd ci kghrdesd kg t`d stcha ci

O@Os kg t`d etncsp`drd, ci efcut 6.4 ppn HC6d

(herfcg bkcxkbd dqukvejdgt) pdr yder, hcujb kghrdesd tcfdtwddg 8 ppn egb 2 ppn pdr yder cvdr t`d hurrdgt

hdgtury. Es e rdsujt, ugbdr hurrdgt dnksskcg trdgbs t`d

stcha ci O@Os kg t`d Dert`‛s etncsp`drd hcujb rdeh`

?4< ppn fy 65<<, w`kh` wcujb knpjy tèt ojcfej

wernkgo wcujb dxhddb 2¼H wkt` eg 06 pdrhdgt prcf-

efkjkty egb kt wcujb rksd efcvd 4¼H wkt` e 2? pdrhdgt

prcfefkjkty.

Ojcfej knpehts

R`d kgtdgskty egb diidhts ci ojcfej wernkgo erd

dxpdhtdb tc very hcgskbdrefjy ehrcss rdokcgs ci t`d

wcrjb. Odgdrejjy, ncrd wernkgo ks dxpdhtdb kg `ko`dr

jetktubds egb hcgtkgdgtej rdokcgs. Icr kgsteghd, Xtdrg

(6<<?) prdbkhts tèt ki ojcfej wernkgo wdrd tc ettekg

2¼H, chdegs egb hcests wcujb wern fy 8¼H, nkb jetk-

tubds fy ncrd tèg 4¼H, egb pcjds fy 0¼H. Ncrdcvdr,

w`kjd t`d K\HH dxpdhts `det wevds ejj cvdr t`d wcrjb

tc fdhcnd ncrd kgtdgsd, jcgodr jestkgo, egb ncrd ird-

qudgt, t`d prcfefkjkty ci dxtrdnd wern sdescgs ks prc-mdhtdb tc rksd efcvd ;< pdrhdgt kg negy trcpkhej erdes,

hcnperdb tc efcut 2< pdrhdgt djsdw`drd. Dxpdhtdb

ojcfej hègods kg rekgiejj pettdrgs erd ejsc bkiidrdgtk-

etdb ehrcss rdokcgs. Icr kgsteghd, ncrd rekg ks dxpdhtdb

kg `ko`dr jetktubds egb jdss kg t`d trcpkhs, wkt` t`d jet-

tdr prdbkhtkcg fdkgo ncrd ughdrtekg. Rrcpkhej hyhjcgds

erd jkadjy tc fdhcnd ncrd kgtdgsd, icr kgsteghd kg t`d

9


Xcurhds= Veupeh` dt ej. (6<<?) egb _crjb Fega steii hejhujetkcgs.Dnksskcg tremdhtcrkds hcrrdspcgbkgo tc t`d nekg shdgerkcs stubkdb fyt`d K\HH‛s Xpdhkej Vdpcrt cg Dnksskcg Xhdgerkcs (6<<5).Gctd= R`d iuturd dnksskcgs hcgtkguun ks hcgtekgdb kg icur shdgerkcienkjkds= E5, E6, F5, egb F6. E5I5 (kgtdgsd bdpdgbdghd cg icsskjiudj)1 E5F (fejeghd dgdroy suppjy fdtwddg icsskj iudjs egb ejtdrge-tkvds)1 egb E5R (ejtdrgetkvd dgdrokds jerodjy rdpjehd icsskj iudjs) erdpert ci E5. OtH/y > okoetcgs pdr yder1 ppn > perts pdr nkjjkcg1K\HH > Kgtdrocvdrgndgtej \egdj cg Hjknetd Hègod. Bdtekjs cg deh`shdgerkc erd kg dgbgctd 58.e. ehhcrbkgo tc Herfcg Bkcxkbd Kgicrnetkcg Egejysks Hdgtdrf. ehhcrbkgo tc Dgvkrcgndgtej Knpeht Essdssndgt

IKOTVD 5.8

Ehtuej vdrsus \rcmdhtdb Ojcfej Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs



Herkffdeg, wkt` `ko`dr pdea wkgbs egb `devkdr prd-

hkpktetkcg. Ncrd odgdrejjy, tc t`d dxtdgt tèt ojcfej

wernkgo jdebs tc s`kits kg t`d bkstrkfutkcg ci wdet`dr

verkefjds, prdvkcusjy ‚dxtrdnd„ dvdgts jchetdb kg cgd ci

t`dkr ‚tekjs„ hcujb fdhcnd ncrd irdqudgt‒icr dxenpjd,

eg kghrdesdb gunfdr ci rdhcrb `ct wdet`dr‒w`kjd t`dirdqudghy ci dxtrdnd dvdgts et t`d ct`dr dgb ci t`d

bkstrkfutkcg wcujb iejj‒icr dxenpjd, idwdr dxtrdndjy

hcjb beys (ikourd 5.2).

Bdpdgbkgo upcg t`d retd egb neogktubd ci hjknetd

hègod, scnd ci kts knpehts èvd t`d pctdgtkej tc fd

vdry jerod, efrupt, egb/cr krrdvdrskfjd. Kg pertkhujer, t`d

K\HH dstknetds tèt t`drd ks 4< pdrhdgt hèghd‒

‚ndbkun hcgikbdghd„‒tèt icr ojcfej evdreod tdn-

pdreturd kghrdesds ci 5¼H tc 2 ¼H (5;;<‘6<<< tc

rdjetkvd), e wkbdsprdeb bdojehketkcg ci _dst Egterhtkh

egb Orddgjegb khd s`ddts hcujb tead pjehd. R`ks, kgturg, wcujb knpjy tèt sde jdvdjs hcujb rksd fy sdvdrej

ndtdrs, jdebkgo tc nemcr hègods kg hcestjkgds egb

dhcsystdns egb t`d kgugbetkcg ci jcw jykgo erdes, dspd-

hkejjy kg rkvdr bdjtes. _`kjd t`ks prchdss ks dxpdhtdb tc

chhur cvdr vdry jcgo tknd shejds (nkjjdggke), t`d K\HH

bcds gct dxhjubd t`d pcsskfkjkty tèt kt hcujb tead pjehd

cvdr s`crtdr tknd pdrkcbs (icr dxenpjd, hdgturkds), wkt`

vdry sdrkcus hcgsdqudghds cg t`d rdjchetkcg ci pcpuje-

tkcgs, dhcgcnkh ehtkvkty, egb kgirestruhturd. Kg ebbktkcg,

icr tdnpdreturd kghrdesds ci 5.4¼H tc 6.4¼H (rdjetkvd tc5;0<‘;;), e jerod gunfdr ci spdhkds‒6< tc 8< pdrhdgt

ci t`csd essdssdb‒wcujb fd et kghrdesdb rksa ci dxtkgh-

tkcg. Icr `ko`dr retds ci wernkgo, efcvd 8.4¼H, es nuh`

es 2< tc ?< pdrhdgt ci spdhkds wcujb fd et rksa.

Hurrdgt hjknetd rksas kg t`d JHV

Fdicrd rdvkdwkgo t`d dxpdhtdb iuturd hègods kg t`d

JHV‛s hjknetd, kt ks usdiuj tc kbdgtkiy t`d dxtdgt egb

jchetkcg ci hurrdgt hjknetd rdjetdb rksas. Es s`cwg

kg nep 5.5, dvdg ugbdr hurrdgt hjknetd hcgbktkcgs

rdjetkvdjy jerod pcrtkcgs ci t`d JHV erd dxpcsdb tcverkcus typds ci hjknetd-rdjetdb èzerbs. Kg Ndxkhc

egb Frezkj, icr kgsteghd, sdvdrd brcuo`ts erd hcnncg

kg gcrt`drg rdokcgs, w`kjd kg t`d Xcut` t`drd ks e `ko`

dxpcsurd tc dxtrdnd ijccbs, jegbsjkbds, egb, kg t`d hesd

ci Ndxkhc, ejsc hyhjcgds. Xknkjerjy, Hdgtrej Endrkheg

egb Herkffdeg hcugtrkds èvd e `ko` dxpcsurd tc

fct` ijccbs egb hyhjcgds, wkt` t`d icrndr orcup ejsc

fdkgo prcgd tc brcuo`ts (gctefjy Dj Xejvebcr egb

Ouetdneje). Egbdeg hcugtrkds èvd e `ko` dxpcsurd

tc brcuo`ts (dspdhkejjy hdgtrej H`kjd egb Dhuebcr),

ijccbs, egb jegbsjkbds, w`kjd ijccbs erd t`d ncstknpcrtegt ezerb kg gcrt`destdrg Erodgtkge, \ereouey,

egb Truouey.

Kt ks knpcrtegt tc gctd tèt t`d rksas ci bdet` egb

dhcgcnkh jcssds esschketdb wkt` geturej bksestdrs

bdpdgb gct cgjy cg e okvdg hcugtry‛s dxpcsurd tc t`csd

èzerbs, fut ejsc tc t`d hcugtry‛s jdvdj ci ireokjkty cr

schkej vujgdrefkjkty, w`kh` kg turg erd e vdry hcnpjdx

iughtkcg ci schkej, dhcgcnkh, pcjktkhej, egb hujturej

verkefjds.52

Rùs, icr kgsteghd, ncrtejkty retds esschk-

etdb wkt` hyhjcgds erd efcut 5< tknds `ko`dr kg t`djcw egb jcwdr-nkbbjd-kghcnd hcugtrkds ci t`d rdokcg

tèg kg t`dkr uppdr-nkbbjd-kghcnd gdko`fcrs. @cw-

dvdr, ncrtejkty retds ircn ijccbs egb jegbsjkbds erd

`ko`dst, rdspdhtkvdjy, encgo uppdr-nkbbjd-kghcnd egb

jcwdr-nkbbjd-kghcnd JHV hcugtrkds. Xknkjerjy, w`kjd

t`d dhcgcnkh jcssds esschketdb wkt` hyhjcgds egb

brcuo`ts tdgb tc bdhrdesd wkt` kghcnd pdr hepkte,

t`csd ircn ijccbs egb jegbsjkbds erd jcwdst encgo jcw

kghcnd hcugtrkds, prcfefjy fdheusd t`csd eiidhtdb èvd

idwdr essdts et rksa.

Kbdgtkiykgo t`d erdes tèt erd et e ko`dr rksa ci get-urej bksestdrs, dkt`dr fdheusd ci e `ko` prcfefkjkty ci

èzerb dvdgts cr bud tc t`d ko` jcssds esschketdb wkt`

e okvdg èzerb, ks knpcrtegt icr bdvdjcpkgo ocvdrg-

ndgt pcjkhkds kg t`d erde ci bksestdr prdvdgtkcg egb

prdperdbgdss. Kg pertkhujer, eg ehhuretd neppkgo ci

hurrdgt egb iuturd rksas hcujb `djp knprcvd t`d prkcr-

ktkzetkcg egb terodtkgo ci t`d rdscurhds ejjchetdb tc

?


\ r c f e f k j k t y c i c h h u r r d g h d

\rdvkcushjknetd

Kghrdesd kg ndeg

Ncrd`ct

wdet`dr

Ncrd

rdhcrb `ct

wdet`dr

@ctEvdreod

Gdwhjknetd

Jdsshcjb

wdet`dr

Hcjb

IKOTVD 5.2

Knpeht ci Hjknetd Hègod cg t`d Irdqudghy ci

Dxtrdnd _det`dr Dvdgts

Xcurhd= Kgtdrocvdrgndgtej \egdj cg Hjknetd Hègod.



rksa-rdbuhtkcg diicrts, kghjubkgo icr ehtkcgs ekndb et

rdbuhkgo t`d vujgdrefkjkty egb dxpcsurd ci kgirestruh-

turd egb knprcvkgo t`d efkjkty ci hcugtrkds tc negeod

bksestdr rksas.54 Dspdhkejjy kg ko`-rksas erdes kg w`kh`

rdhurrdgt geturej bksestdrs hrdetd icrnkbefjd cfstehjds

icr orcwt` egb pcvdrty rdbuhtkcg, t`d knprcvdndgt

ci hcugtrkds‛ pcjkhy egb kgstktutkcgej irendwcras icr

bksestdr negeodndgt s`cujb kbdejjy fd eg kgtdorej

pert ci bdvdjcpndgt stretdokds.

Knpehts ci hjknetd hègod kg t`d JHV

Es ndgtkcgdb efcvd, t`d bksestdr rksas iehdb fy t`d

JHV ugbdr hurrdgt hjknetd hcgbktkcgs erd jkadjy tc

fd enpjkikdb ki hurrdgt trdgbs kg O@O dnksskcgs erd

0


Brcuo`ts (5;0<‘6<<<) Ijccbs (5;04‘6<<8)

Jegbsjkbds (6<<4) Hyhjcgds (5;0<‘6<<<)

NE\ 5.5

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg‛s Dxpcsurd tc Geturej Bksestdrs ugbdr Hurrdgt Hjknetd Hcgbktkcgs

Xcurhd= Hcgstruhtdb fy _crjb Fega Xteii uskgo bete ircn Bkjjdy dt ej. (6<<4).



nekgtekgdb. R`d K\HH‛s Icurt` Essdssndgt Vdpcrt

prdbkhts tèt ugbdr fuskgdss-es-usuej shdgerkcs tdnpdr-

eturd kghrdesds kg t`d JHV wkt` rdspdht tc 5;95‘;<

hcujb regod ircn <.2¼H tc 5.0¼H fy 6<6< egb ircn

5¼H tc 2¼H fy 6<4< (Neorîg dt ej. 6<<?). Dvdg t`cuo`

JHV‛s sèrd kg ojcfej O@O dnksskcgs ks rdjetkvdjysnejj, kg ncst ci t`d rdokcg t`d dxpdhtdb egguej ndeg

wernkgo ks jkadjy tc fd `ko`dr tèg t`d ojcfej ndeg,

t`d dxhdptkcg fdkgo t`d scut`drg pert ci Xcut` Endrkhe

(H`rkstdgsdg dt ej. 6<<?). R`dsd prcmdhtkcgs, bdrkvdb

ircn ojcfej hkrhujetkcg ncbdjs, ejsc pckgt tc hègo-

kgo prdhkpktetkcg pettdrgs ehrcss t`d rdokcg, wkt`

kghrdesdb wkgtdr rekgiejj kg Rkdrre bdj Iudoc, `ko`dr

sunndr prdhkpktetkcg kg scut`destdrg Xcut` Endrkhe,

egb brkdr hcgbktkcgs kg Hdgtrej Endrkhe egb t`d

scut`drg Egbds.

Bdspktd t`d `ko` ughdrtekgty rdoerbkgo iuturd rekg-iejj pettdrgs kg scnd perts ci t`d rdokcg, dspdhkejjy kg

gcrt`drg Xcut` Endrkhe, kghjubkgo t`d Enezcg rdokcg,

t`drd erd strcgo kgbkhetkcgs tèt hjknetd hègod ney

neogkiy dxtrdnds ejrdeby cfsdrvdb ehrcss t`d rdokcg.

Rùs, ugbdr hurrdgt hjknetd trdgbs, scnd ci t`d hur-

rdgt hjknetd ‚`ct spcts„ hcujb fdhcnd dvdg cttdr. R`ks

heg fd sddg t`rcuo` e hcnperkscg ci nep 5.5 wkt` t`d

pegdjs ci nep 5.6. (cg p. 5<). Kgbddb, kt eppders tèt

negy erdes wkt` e hurrdgt `ko` dxpcsurd tc brcuo`t cr

ijccb rksas wcujb èvd tc bdej wkt` rdspdhtkvdjy dvdgbrkdr hcgbktkcgs egb ncrd kgtdgsd rekgiejj kg t`d iuturd.

Es s`cwg kg tefjd 5.5, t`ks wcujb t`d hesd ci ejj t`d

`ko`-rksa brcuo`t erdes ci H`kjd, Dj Xejvebcr,

Ouetdneje, egb Ndxkhc, icr w`kh` t`d prdbkhtkcgs ci

et jdest ikvd cut ci dko`t ojcfej hjknetd ncbdjs erd tèt

fy 6<8< t`d gunfdr ci hcgsdhutkvd bry beys wkjj

kghrdesd egb `det wevds wkjj fdhcnd jcgodr. Xknkjerjy,

fdtwddg 2? egb 5<< pdrhdgt ci t`d `ko`-rksa ijccb

erdes ci Erodgtkge, \dru, egb Truouey erd dxpdhtdb tc

fdhcnd dvdg ncrd dxpcsdb tc kgtdgsd rekgiejj. Rrud,

t`drd erd stkjj hcgskbdrefjd bkiidrdghds kg t`d spdhkikhrdokcgej prcmdhtkcgs bdrkvdb ircn verkcus ojcfej hjk-

netd ncbdjs. @cwdvdr, icr ncst ci t`d prdvkcus

dxenpjds t`d jdvdj ci ncbdj hcghcrbeghd ks quktd ko`,

es heg fd sddg kg t`d pegdjs ci nep 5.6. (cg p. 55).

R`d hègods kg tdnpdreturd egb prdhkpktetkcg

pettdrgs tèt erd hurrdgtjy prcmdhtdb icr t`d JHV

s`cujb evd wkbd-regokgo knpehts cg geturej systdns

egb ùneg ehtkvktkds.59 R`dsd knpehts erd dxenkgdb

kg bdtekj kg hèptdr 6 ci t`ks fcca, kghjubkgo eg

egejysks ci t`d hègods kg eorkhujturej egb jkvdstcha

prcbuhtkvkty tèt erd prcmdhtdb tc chhur kg ncst hcug-

trkds ci t`d rdokcg.

Hcsts egb Fdgdikts ci Nktkoetkgo Hjknetd Hègod_d èvd rdvkdwdb t`d jerod errey ci pctdgtkejjy gdoe-

tkvd knpehts esschketdb wkt` t`d ojcfej egb rdokcgej

hègods kg hjknetd tèt erd prdbkhtdb ugbdr hurrdgt

trdgbs kg ojcfej O@O dnksskcgs. Vdvdrskgo t`csd

trdgbs kg crbdr tc nktkoetd t`d gdoetkvd knpehts ci hjk-

netd hègod wcujb èvd gcgskogkikhegt hcsts esschk-

etdb wkt` rdbuhkgo t`d encugt ci O@O dnksskcgs

bdrkvdb ircn t`d prcbuhtkcg egb hcgsunptkcg ci e

jerod errey ci occbs egb sdrvkhds. Kg crbdr tc bdtdr-

nkgd `cw nuh` nktkoetkcg s`cujb kbdejjy fd ugbdr-

teadg et t`d ojcfej jdvdj, t`csd hcsts gddb tc fdhcnperdb tc t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo fdgdikts tèt wcujb fd

bdrkvdb fy ndegs ci evckbkgo hjknetd beneods egb

rdbuhkgo t`d dxpdgbkturds gddbdb icr ebeptkgo tc

hègokgo hjknetd hcgbktkcgs.

_èt ks t`d cptknej encugt ci nktkoetkcg3 E

sknpjd hcghdptuej irendwcra

Fct` t`d nerokgej hcsts egb t`d nerokgej fdgdikts ci

nktkoetkgo hjknetd hègod bdpdgb cg t`d shejd ci t`d

dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs tc fd ugbdrteadg. R`d hcsts ci ebbktkcgej nktkoetkcg diicrts tdgb tc kghrdesd wkt` t`d

jdvdj ci dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs tèt ks dgvkseodb. _`kjd

scnd kgdxpdgskvd cptkcgs icr rdbuhkgo O@O dnksskcgs

erd evekjefjd kg scnd sdhtcrs‒icr dxenpjd, scnd

knprcvdndgts kg dgdroy diikhkdghy heg ehtuejjy sevd

ncgdy w`kjd rdbuhkgo O@O dnksskcgs‒enfktkcus

hjknetd nktkoetkcg ocejs erd jkadjy tc rdqukrd t`d ebcp-

tkcg ci dgdroy tdh`gcjcokds tèt erd jdss herfcg kgtdg-

skvd fut ejsc rdjetkvdjy ncrd dxpdgskvd tèg t`csd

hurrdgtjy kg usd. Xknkjerjy, kg scnd kscjetdb erdes ci t`d

Enezcg, t`d cppcrtugkty hcsts ci evckbkgo bdicrdste-tkcg egb icrdst bdorebetkcg ks prcfefjy vdry snejj

egb sc wcujb fd t`d hcsts ci hrdetkgo ncgdtery kghdg-

tkvds icr icrdst hcgsdrvetkcg. @cwdvdr, kg crbdr tc

eh`kdvd ncrd enfktkcus ocejs kg tdrns ci rdbuhdb dnks-

skcgs ircn bdicrdstetkcg, t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo prcorens

wcujb fd icrhdb tc ejsc hcvdr erdes wkt` nuh` `ko`dr

jegb prcbuhtkvkty, w`kh` wcujb kghrdesd t`d hcsts ci

ebbktkcgej icrdst hcgsdrvetkcg diicrts.

;




5<


NE\ 5.6

Dxpdhtdb Hègods kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg Hjknetd Vksas ircn 5;05‘6<<< tc 6<85‘4< Fesdb cg Dko`t Ojcfej Hkrhujetkcg

Ncbdjs (p. 5<) egb Jdvdjs ci Ncbdj Hcghcrbeghd (p. 55)

(Nep hcgtkguds cg gdxt peod.)

Ncrd bry beys Jcgodr `det wevds

@ko`dr rekg kgtdgskty @ko`dr nexknun rekgiejj



55


Xcurhd= _crjb Fega steii hejhujetkcgs uskgo dko`t ojcfej hkrhujetkcg ncbdjs (sdd tefjd 5.5).

Gctd= XBK > Xknpjd bekjy kgtdgskty.

NE\ 5.6

(hcgtkgudb)

Bry beys= hcghcrbeghd @det wevds= hcghcrbeghd

Vekg kgtdgskty= hcghcrbeghd Nexknun rekgiejj= hcghcrbeghd



R`d nerokgej fdgdikts ci nktkoetkgo hjknetd hègod,

cg t`d ct`dr ègb, tdgb tc iejj wkt` t`d shejd ci dnksskcgrdbuhtkcg diicrts. Hcnperd icr kgsteghd e fuskgdss-es-

usuej shdgerkc kg w`kh` vdry jknktdb dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg

erd knpjdndgtdb, wkt` eg ejtdrgetkvd `ypct`dtkhej sktu-

etkcg kg w`kh` dnksskcgs erd brestkhejjy rdbuhdb sc es tc

nekgtekg hcgstegt t`d hurrdgt hcghdgtretkcg ci O@Os

kg t`d Dert`‛s etncsp`drd. Es ndgtkcgdb prdvkcusjy, kg

t`d ikrst shdgerkc uskgo Xtdrg‛s (6<<0) prdbkhtkcgs wd

hcujb dvdgtuejjy iehd e 4< pdrhdgt hèghd ci ojcfej

wernkgo kg dxhdss ci 4¼H, w`kh` kg turg wcujb knpjy ejerod prcfefkjkty ci hetestrcp`kh beneods. R`d peycii ci

rdbuhkgo dnksskcgs kg t`ks shdgerkc wcujb fd jerod. Kg

hcgtrest, kg t`d ejtdrgetkvd shdgerkc, kg w`kh` t`d stcha

ci O@Os ks stefkjkzdb et hurrdgt jdvdjs, ojcfej wernkgo

kg t`d gder tdrn wcujb fd kg t`d crbdr ci cgjy <.5¼H pdr

bdhebd. Es e rdsujt, t`d nerokgej fdgdikt ci ebbktkcgej

dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs wcujb prcfefjy fd snejjdr.

56


REFJD 5.5

Irehtkcg ci t`d Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg Hcugtrkds‛ Rdrrktcry wkt` Kghrdesdb Hjknetd Vksas kg 6<8<

pdrhdgt

Kghrdesd kg nexk-

nun hcgsdhutkvdbry beys (HHV)= et

jdest 6 ncrd beys

(6<8<)

Kghrdesd kg `det-wevd buretkcg

(@_B)= et jdest 0

ncrd beys (6<8<)

Xèrd ci erdes

wkt` ko` hurrdgt

brcuo`t prcfefkj-kty tèt ejsc èvd

`ko` HHV cr ko`

@_B kg 6<8< (%)

Kghrdesd kg sknpjd

bekjy rekgiejjkgtdgskty kgbdx

(XBK)= et jdest 2%

(6<8<)

Kghrdesd kg nexk-

nun encugt cirekgiejj kg 4-bey

pdrkcb (V4B)= et

jdest 5<% (6<8<)

Xèrd ci erdes

wkt` ko` hurrdgt

brcuo`t prcfefkj-kty tèt ejsc èvd

`ko` XBK cr ko`

V4B kg 6<8< (%)

Erodgtkge 46 80 ?? 60 6 2?

Fdjkzd 5<< 0? g.e. < < <

Fcjkvke ;8 5<< 5<< 59 59 60

Frezkj ?5 ?; 5<< 8; 8 66

H`kjd 4; 69 5<< 64 5; <

Hcjcnfke 6 2 49 69 5; 65

Hcste Vkhe < < < < < <

Hufe 5<< < g.e. < < <

BcnkgkhegVdpufjkh ;0 < g.e. < < <

Dhuebcr < < < 56 < 52

Dj Xejvebcr 5<< 5? 5<< < < <

Ouetdneje 5<< ;9 5<< < < <

Ouyege ?9 ;9 g.e. < < g.e.

Ouyegd 9 9 g.e. 9 2; g.e.

@ektk 5<< < g.e. < < <

@cgbures ;? 49 g.e. < < <

Menekhe 5<< < g.e. < < <

Ndxkhc ;? 0? 5<< < < <

Gkhereoue 99 < ?8 < < <

\egene < < g.e. < < <

\ereouey 5<< 5<< 5<< < 5 6

\dru 65 5< < 96 89 90

\udrtc Vkhc 5<< < g.e. < < <

Xurkgend 9; 0< g.e. 20 5? g.e.

Rrkgkbeb egb Rcfeoc < < g.e. < < <

Truouey < < g.e. 5<< < 5<<

Ydgdzudje, V. F. bd 5< 05 5<< ; < <

Xcurhd= _crjb Fega steii hejhujetkcgs uskgo t`d icjjcwkgo ncbdjs= hgrn= hgrn-hn8, Ndtdc Ireghd1 oibj= oibj-hn6.<, Odcp`yskhej

Ijukb Bygenkhs Jef/GCEE1 kgnh= kgn-hn8.<, Kgstktutd Gundrkhej Net`, Vusske1 kpsj= kpsj-hn2, Kgstktutd \kdrrd Xkncg Jepjehd, Ireghd1

nkr`= nkrch8.6(`krds), Tgkvdrskty ci Rcayc, MENXRDH, Mepeg1 nkrn= nkrch8.6(ndbrds), Tgkvdrskty ci Rcayc, MENXRDH, Mepeg1 nrk=nrk-hohn6.8.6, Ndtdcrcjcokhej Vdsderh` Kgstktutd, Mepeg1 hhsn= hhsn8, Getkcgej Hdgtdr icr Etncsp`drkh Vdsderh` TXE. Brcuo`t

egb ijccb irdqudghy kgbdxds ircn Bkjjdy dt ej. (6<<4).

Gctd= HHV, @_B, XBK, V4B rdpcrt pdrhdgt ci tdrrktcry w`drd hjknetd dvdgts erd prdbkhtdb fy 4 cr ncrd ojcfej hkrhujetkcg ncbdjs. E`ko` prcfefkjkty ci brcuo`t ks bdikgdb cg t`d fesks ci e brcuo`t irdqudghy kgbdx ci 0 cr ncrd1 e `ko` prcfefkjkty ci ijccbs ks

bdikgdb es e ijccb irdqudghy kgbdx ci et jdest 8. g.e. > gct eppjkhefjd.



Essunkgo tèt wd agcw t`d hurvds rdprdsdgtkgo

t`d nerokgej hcsts egb fdgdikts (evckbdb beneods) ci

nktkoetkgo hjknetd hègod icr bkiidrdgt jdvdjs ci dnks-

skcg rdbuhtkcgs‒w`kh`, es eroudb efcvd egb kjjus-

tretdb kg ikourd 5.4, erd rdspdhtkvdjy upwerb egb

bcwgwerb sjcpkgo‒knpjdndgtkgo eg cptknej jdvdjci nktkoetkcg diicrt wcujb eppder tc fd quktd streko`t-

icrwerb. Kt wcujb encugt tc ikgbkgo t`d kgtdrsdhtkcg

fdtwddg t`csd hurvds egb t`dg uskgo cgd ci twc pcjkhy

ejtdrgetkvds tc odt t`drd. R`d ikrst wcujb fd e ‚hep-

egb-trebd„ systdn kg w`kh` ocvdrgndgts wcujb bks-

trkfutd‒cr euhtkcg‒pdrnkts tc dnkt, tùs puttkgo e

hdkjkgo cg tctej O@O dnksskcgs hcgskstdgt wkt` t`d

cptknej encugt ci dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs CU* bdpkhtdb

kg ikourd 5.4. R`d dgtktkds hcvdrdb fy t`d sh`dnd‒icr

dxenpjd, ikrns, kgbkvkbuejs, cr hcugtrkds‒wcujb fd

irdd tc dkt`dr rdbuhd t`dkr cwg dnksskcgs up tc t`dkrhcrrdspcgbkgo heps cr tc fuy cr sdjj pdrnkts tc dnkt

ircn ct`dr pertkhkpegts. Es e rdsujt, dnksskcgs rdbuh-

tkcgs wcujb fd knpjdndgtdb fy t`csd w`c iehd t`d

jcwdst nktkoetkcg hcsts egb trebkgo wcujb jdeb t`d

prkhd ci herfcg tc hcgvdrod tc t`d jdvdj ci t`d nerokgej

nktkoetkcg hcst C\*.

E sdhcgb ejtdrgetkvd tc eh`kdvd t`d diikhkdgt jdvdj ci

nktkoetkcg CU* wcujb fd tc bkrdhtjy dstefjks` e prkhd

cg O@O dnksskcgs fy hrdetkgo e ‚herfcg tex„ sdt et

t`d jdvdj C\*. R`d cfmdhtkvd ci t`ks tex‒cr tèt ci

t`d euhtkcgkgo ci dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg pdrnkts kg e hep

egb trebd systdn‒wcujb gct fd tc kghrdesd ocvdrg-

ndgt rdvdguds, fut ret`dr tc kgtdrgejkzd t`d dxtdrgej-

kty hrdetdb fy O@O dnksskcgs. Kg pertkhujer, t`d ocej

wcujb fd tèt ci neakgo dnkttdrs pey e prkhd dquej tct`d nerokgej beneod heusdb tc ct`drs. Kgbddb, knpjd-

ndgtkgo nktkoetkcg diicrts efcvd egb fdycgb t`d

pckgt okvdg fy t`d kgtdrsdhtkcg ci t`d nerokgej nktk-

oetkcg egb beneod hcst hurvds (D*)‒dkt`dr fy sdttkgo

e quegtkty hcgtrcj efcvd CU* cr e herfcg tex efcvd

C\*‒wcujb hcst ncrd tèg t`d vejud ci t`d ebbk-

tkcgej beneods tèt wcujb fd evckbdb. Xknkjerjy, sdt-

tkgo e herfcg tex fdjcw C\* cr e hep cg dnksskcgs

fdjcw CU* wcujb encugt tc westkgo t`d cppcrtu-

gkty ci evckbkgo gdoetkvd knpehts ci hjknetd hègod

et e hcst tèt wcujb èvd fddg jcwdr tèg tèt ci t`dhcrrdspcgbkgo hjknetd beneods.

Herfcg texds vdrsus ‚hep egb trebd„

Kg t`dcry, kg e wcrjb ci pdridht kgicrnetkcg wdjj-

bdskogdb herfcg texds cr hep-egb-trebd sh`dnds hcujb

eh`kdvd t`d cptknej jdvdj ci hjknetd nktkoetkcg. Kg

prehtkhd, `cwdvdr, pcjkhy neadrs gddb tc bdej wkt` t`d

ieht tèt t`d pcsktkcg egb sjcpd ci t`d nerokgej hcsts

egb fdgdikts ci hjknetd nktkoetkcg erd jkadjy tc very

cvdr tknd, fct` wkt` t`d jdvdj ci O@O dnksskcgs egbwkt` t`d dvcjvkgo sdt ci evekjefjd nktkoetkcg tdh`gcjc-

okds. Ncrdcvdr, dvdg et e okvdg pckgt kg tknd, t`d prd-

hksd dstknetkcg ci nerokgej nktkoetkcg egb beneod

hcsts ks ènpdrdb fy t`d jerod bdordd ci ughdrtekgty

esschketdb wkt` t`d brkvdrs, tknkgo, egb knpeht ci

ojcfej hjknetd hègod, es wdjj es wkt` t`d hcst egb

diikhehy ci verkcus nktkoetkcg egb ebeptetkcg ejtdrge-

tkvds. Icr dxenpjd, dstknetds ci t`d sc-hejjdb hjknetd

sdgsktkvkty perendtdr, bdikgdb es t`d hègod kg evdreod

ojcfej tdnpdreturds rdsujtkgo ircn e bcufjkgo ci

t`d stcha ci O@Os kg t`d etncsp`drd, very ircn 6¼Htc 2.4¼H (Xcjcncg dt ej. 6<<?). Kg ebbktkcg, w`kjd wd

èvd e occb kbde ci t`d typds ci hjknetd knpehts tèt

wcujb fd esschketdb wkt` bkiidrdgt jdvdjs ci wernkgo,

beneod dstknetds et t`d rdokcgej jdvdj erd stkjj quktd

knprdhksd es ks cur agcwjdbod ci t`d tknkgo ci scnd ci

t`d ojcfej knpehts ci wernkgo. Icr kgsteghd, kg t`d

hesd ci t`d hetestrcp`kh dvdgts esschketdb wkt` `ko`

58


IKOTVD 5.4

Nerokgej Nktkoetkcg Hcst egb Evckbdb Beneod (Fdgdikt)

Xcurhd= Eut`crs.

H c s t

s ( $ / t H C 6 d )

D*

U*C

\*

Dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg (tHC6d)

Nerokgej evckbdb beneodhcsts (kghjubkgo ebeptetkcg)

Nerokgej nktkoetkcg hcsts



retds ci ojcfej wernkgo, wd agcw tèt t`dy hcujb

chhur wkt`kg e tknd shejd ci hdgturkds cr nkjjdggke.

Ikgejjy, t`drd ks stkjj hcgskbdrefjd ughdrtekgty rdoerb-

kgo t`d hcsts ci scnd ci t`d dgdroy tdh`gcjcokds tèt

wcujb gddb tc fd bdpjcydb kg crbdr tc eh`kdvd jerod-

shejd dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs.R`d prdsdghd ci knpdridht kgicrnetkcg ès knpcr-

tegt knpjkhetkcgs cg t`d h`ckhd ci herfcg texds vdrsus

hep-egb-trebd sh`dnds. Kgbddb, pcjkhy neadrs gddb tc

h`ccsd w`dt`dr t`dy prdidr tc bdej wkt` surprksds kg

t`d jdvdjs ci O@O dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs w`dg uskgo e

herfcg tex cr wkt` vcjetkjd herfcg prkhds w`dg cptkgo

icr uskgo quegtkty hcgtrcjs cg dnksskcgs ret`dr tèg e

herfcg tex. Kgbddb, kg e hep-egb-trebd (herfcg tex)

sh`dnd, pcjkhy neadrs hcgtrcj t`d quegtkty (prkhd) ci

dnksskcgs rdbuhtkcgs, fut t`d neradt bdtdrnkgds t`d

hcrrdspcgbkgo prkhd (quegtkty). Es suoodstdb fy_dktzneg (5;?2), herfcg texds erd prdidrefjd tc queg-

tkty hcgtrcjs w`dg t`d sjcpd ci t`d nerokgej hcsts

hurvd ks jerodr tèg tèt ci t`d nerokgej beneod hurvd

fdheusd kg t`ks sktuetkcg t`d hcst ci kghcrrdhtjy dstk-

netkgo t`d pcsktkcg ci t`d nktkoetkcg hcst hurvd ks

jcwdr uskgo e tex tèg w`dg uskgo e hep. R`ks ks kjjus-

tretdb kg ikourd 5.9, kg w`kh` pcjkhy neadrs fdjkdvd

t`d hcst hurvd tc fd NN5 egb t`d cptknej nktkoetkcg

jdvdj tc fd et pckgt D5, fut t`dy jetdr ikgb cut tèt t`d

trud nktkoetkcg hcst hurvd ks NN6 kgstdeb ci NN5, sctèt diikhkdgt nktkoetkcg wcujb chhur et pckgt D6.

@eb t`dy h`csdg tc ikx e hep CU5, t`dy wcujb ehtu-

ejjy dgb up et pckgt D5‶. Ki kgstdeb t`dy èb h`csdg e

herfcg tex C\5, t`dy wcujb dgb up et pckgt D5‸ . Kg

t`d uppdr pegdj, t`d sjcpd ci t`d beneod hcst hurvd ks

rdjetkvdjy snejjdr egb t`d herfcg tex ks prdidrefjd, es

s`cwg fy t`d ieht tèt D6 ks nuh` hjcsdr tc D5‸ tèg

tc D5‶. R`d rdvdrsd chhurs kg t`d jcwdr pegdj, w`drd

t`d hcst ci t`d nkstead ks nuh` `ko`dr w`dg uskgo e

tex tèg e hep-egb-trebd sh`dnd, w`kh` ks kjjustretdb

fy t`d ieht tèt D5‸ ks gcw nuh` iert`dr ewey ircnD6 tèg ks D5‶.5?

Nerokgej nktkoetkcg hcst hurvds erd jkadjy tc fd

stddpdr w`dg bdhkskcgs erd nebd wkt` e s`crtdr tknd

`crkzcg, w`drdes t`d cppcsktd ks trud icr t`d nerokgej

beneod hcst hurvd (Xtdrg 6<<?). Kgbddb, fdheusd kg

t`d s`crt tdrn hepktej stchas egb t`d sdt ci evekjefjd

tdh`gcjcokds erd ikxdb, nktkoetkcg hcsts heg kghrdesd

qukhajy es jerodr dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs erd dgvkskcgdb.

R`dsd rdstrkhtkcgs, cwdvdr, erd rdjexdb kg t`d jcgo rug,

w`kh` wcujb nead t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo hurvds ijettdr. Kg

hcgtrest, w`kjd kg t`d jcgo-tdrn pcjkhy neadrs heg

dgvkskcg ejtdrkgo t`d stcha ci O@Os kg t`d etncsp`drd,

t`dkr s`crt-rug pcjkhy jdvdr ks cgjy t`d ijcw ci O@O

dnksskcgs, w`kh` ès cgjy e jknktdb egb kgbkrdht kgiju-dghd cg nerokgej beneods. Es e rdsujt, hègods kg jcgo-

rug pcjkhy terodts icr dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs heg èvd e

nuh` jerodr knpeht cg dxpdhtdb nerokgej beneods,

tùs neakgo t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo hurvd stddpdr w`dg

jcgodr tknd `crkzcgs erd hcgskbdrdb.

Kg t`ks hcgtdxt, es eroudb fy Xtdrg (6<<?), pcjkhy

neadrs s`cujb kbdejjy hcgskbdr hcnfkgkgo jcgo-tdrn

52


U5

\5

Nerokgej beneod hcsts(kghjubkgo ebeptetkcg)

Nerokgejnktkoetkcg

hcsts Nerokgejnktkoetkcg

hcsts


H c s t s ( $ / t H C 6 d )

C U6

\6

NN6

NN5\5‛

U5‛

D5D6

D5‛

D5‛‛

U5

\5

Nerokgej beneod hcsts(kghjubkgo ebeptetkcg)

Nerokgejnktkoetkcg

hcsts

Nerokgejnktkoetkcg

hcsts


H c s t s ( $ / t H C 6 d )

C

U6

\6

NN6

NN5

\5‛

U5‛

D5

D6

D5‛‛

D5‛

IKOTVD 5.9

Knpeht cg Cptknej \cjkhkds ci Tgdxpdhtdb Hègods kg Nerokgej

Nktkoetkcg Hcsts

Xcurhd= _crjb Fega steii.



quegtkty hcgtrcjs‒icr dxenpjd, O@O stefkjkzetkcg

terodts‒wkt` s`crt-tdrn ijdxkfjd pcjkhy kgstrundgts.

R`d jettdr s`cujb kbdejjy gct fd rkokb wkt` rdspdht tc

s`crt-tdrn dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs, fut t`dy s`cujb odg-

dretd e herfcg prkhd tèt ks hcgskstdgt wkt` jcgo-tdrn

pcjkhy ocejs. Kg cur sknpjkikdb hcghdptuej irendwcra,t`d nekg cptkcg kg t`ks rdspdht wcujb fd t`d usd ci e

herfcg tex. Es bkshussdb jetdr, `cwdvdr, ct`dr pcsskfjd

ejtdrgetkvds kghjubd ijdxkfjd hep-egb-trebd sh`dnds

egb, tc e jdssdr dxtdgt, rdoujetkcgs tèt knpjkhktjy

prkhd herfcg et t`d bdskrdb jdvdj. Es suoodstdb fy

Xtdrg (6<<?), eg egejcoy heg fd nebd kg t`ks rdspdht

wkt` kgijetkcg terodtkgo irendwcras, kg w`kh` s`crt-

tdrn ebmustndgts erd nebd kg s`crt-tdrn pcjkhy

jdvdrs, gendjy kgtdrdst retds, kg crbdr tc dgsurd hcg-

vdrodghd wkt` jcgo-tdrn kgijetkcg ocejs.

Xdvdrej hevdets gddb tc fd ndgtkcgdb, `cwdvdr,w`kh` ney gueghd t`d eicrndgtkcgdb hcghjuskcgs.

Ikrst, kg e `ypct`dtkhej sktuetkcg kg w`kh` t`d shkdg-

tkikh dvkbdghd suoodstdb tèt t`d wcrjb ks hjcsd tc e

‚tkppkgo pckgt„‒tèt ks, e hrktkhej hcghdgtretkcg ci

O@Os kg t`d etncsp`drd tèt sdts kg nctkcg subbdg

egb hetestrcp`kh hjknetd hègod‒pcjkhy neadrs

wcujb èvd occb rdescgs tc prkcrktkzd quegtkty hcg-

trcjs cvdr texds, dvdg kg t`d s`crt rug. Kg tèt hesd, t`d

fcttcn pegdj ci ikourd 5.9 hcujb kg ieht fd e fdttdr

rdprdsdgtetkcg ci t`d s`crt tèg ci t`d jcgo tdrn.Xdhcgb, es ndgtkcgdb prdvkcusjy, e ijdxkfjd hep-

egb-trebd systdn hcujb kg t`dcry fd usdb kgstdeb ci e

herfcg tex kg crbdr tc odgdretd e hcnncg herfcg prkhd

ehrcss sdhtcrs egb/cr hcugtrkds wkt`cut efbkhetkcg ci

t`d gdhdssery s`crt-tdrn ijdxkfkjkty wkt` rdspdht tc t`d

quegtkty ci dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs egb tc nkgknkzd t`d

dxtdgt ci prkhd vcjetkjkty geturejjy esschketdb wkt` e

pcjkhy tèt ichusds cg odgdretkgo hdrtekgty cg quegtk-

tkds ret`dr tèg prkhds. Ejjcwkgo icr kgtdrtdnpcrej

trebd kg ejjcweghds, icr dxenpjd, hcujb `djp sncct`

herfcg prkhds. Ejjcwkgo heps tc fd ebmustdb pdrkcbk-hejjy es gdw kgicrnetkcg erksds cg t`d jdvdj ci nktkoe-

tkcg hcsts hcujb ejsc `djp prcvkbd t`d gdhdssery pcjkhy

ijdxkfkjkty egb rdbuhd prkhd vcjetkjkty, ejt`cuo` rdvk-

skcgs s`cujb gct fd tcc irdqudgt fdheusd t`ks hcujb

ejsc bkshcureod kgvdstndgt. Ejtdrgetkvdjy, kt wcujb fd

pcsskfjd tc bdej wkt` t`d kgdvktefjd prkhd vcjetkjkty

esschketdb wkt` hep-egb-trebd systdns t`rcuo` t`d

hrdetkcg ci e ‚Hjknetd Idb,„ w`kh` wcujb kgtdrvdgd kg

t`d ejjcweghds neradt kg crbdr tc stefkjkzd t`dkr prkhd

(Ejby dt ej. 6<<0). Eutcnetkh prkhd hdkjkgos egb ijccrs

hcujb ejsc fd kgtrcbuhdb, rdspdhtkvdjy, fy kghrdeskgo

qucte ejjchetkcgs w`dg herfcg prkhds surpess e hdrtekg

prdbdtdrnkgdb jdvdj egb fy ndegs ci e `yfrkb ndhè-gksn kg w`kh` e herfcg tex wcujb akha kg ki prkhds iejj

fdjcw e hdrtekg ijccr. Kt ks wcrt` gctkgo, `cwdvdr, tèt

sdvdrej ci t`dsd sh`dnds wcujb ejsc hrdetd ebbktkcgej

bkiikhujtkds icr eh`kdvkgo kgtdrgetkcgej pcjkhy sygh`rc-

gkzetkcg (Xtdrg 6<<?).

R`krb, bdpdgbkgo cg `cw deh` systdn ks knpjd-

ndgtdb, herfcg texds ney odgdretd idwdr dhcgcnkh bks-

tcrtkcgs tèg hep-egb-trebd sh`dnds. Kg pertkhujer, ki

dnksskcg pdrnkts erd bkstrkfutdb irddjy‒es cppcsdb tc

fdkgo euhtkcgdb‒t`dy heg odgdretd t`d send jdvdj ci

prkhkgo cg herfcg wkt`cut odgdretkgo egy rdvdguds icrocvdrgndgts. Rùs, w`kjd kg fct` hesds herfcg prkhds

erd jkadjy tc fd pessdb cg tc hcgsundrs, wkt` e gdoetkvd

dhcgcnkh knpeht bdrkvdb ircn jcwdr rdturgs tc jefcr

egb hepktej, tèt diidht heg fd pertkejjy hcnpdgsetdb kg

t`d hesd ci herfcg texds. Icr tèt tc èppdg herfcg texds

gddb tc fd rdvdgud-gdutrej egb t`dkr prchddbs gddb tc fd

rdhyhjdb kgtc t`d dhcgcny kg e wey tèt rdbuhds ct`dr

tex bkstcrtkcgs‒icr dxenpjd, fy jcwdrkgo tex retds cg

pdrscgej cr hepktej kghcnd (Ejby dt ej. 6<<0). R`ks bks-

ebvegteod ci hep-egb-trebd sh`dnds heg, ci hcursd, fdrdbuhdb ki euhtkcgs ci dnksskcg pdrnkts erd knpjd-

ndgtdb egb t`d rdvdguds erd ejsc usdb ‚mubkhkcusjy.„

Icurt`, kt ks knpcrtegt tc gctd tèt texds‒cr icr

tèt nettdr egy ct`dr ndhègksn tèt okvds rksd tc e

prkhd cg herfcg‒heg cgjy jdeb tc diikhkdgt jdvdjs ci

dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs w`dg t`d send prkhd cg herfcg

eppjkds tc ejj dnkttdrs. R`ks ks t`d cgjy wey tc dgsurd

tèt t`d jdest dxpdgskvd nktkoetkcg ejtdrgetkvds, wkt`

nerokgej hcsts fdjcw t`d hcnncg herfcg prkhd, erd

knpjdndgtdb. Eh`kdvkgo e hcnncg herfcg prkhd

wkt`kg getkcgej fcugberkds knpjkds èrncgkzkgo verk-cus bcndstkh ocvdrgndgt pcjkhkds ehrcss sdhtcrs, sc tèt

t`d hcnfkgdb knpeht ci dnksskcg heps, herfcg texds,

egb rdoujetkcgs erd t`d send icr ejj dnkttdrs. _`kjd t`ks

ks hdrtekgjy gct trkvkej, eh`kdvkgo t`d send ocej et t`d

ojcfej jdvdj ks nuh` ncrd hèjjdgokgo, dspdhkejjy ki cgd

dxpdhts t`d eorddndgt tc fct` odgdretd diikhkdgt dnks-

skcg rdbuhtkcgs egb setksiy dqukty hcgskbdretkcgs.

54




Kg t`ks hcgtdxt, herfcg texds egb hep-egb-trebd sys-

tdns fct` èvd ebvegteods egb bksebvegteods. Ki her-

fcg texds erd wkbdjy ebcptdb, icr dxenpjd, diikhkdghy

wcujb hejj icr e hcnncg tex retd (ebmustdb icr

knpjkhkt diidhts ci ct`dr pcjkhkds) ehrcss hcugtrkds.

Xknujetkcgs uskgo hcnputefjd odgdrej dqukjkfrkunncbdjs heg fd usdb tc dvejuetd t`d ojcfej hcsts ci

eh`kdvkgo e okvdg dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg ugbdr twc shd-

gerkcs, cgd kg w`kh` e ugkicrn tex ks jdvkdb kg ejj

hcugtrkds, egb egct`dr kg w`kh` e tex kg deh` hcugtry

ks jdvkdb et e retd tèt wcujb eh`kdvd t`d send pdrhdgt-

eod rdbuhtkcg kg deh`. R`d ojcfej hcsts ci t`d icrndr

pcjkhy wcujb fd cgjy e irehtkcg ci t`d hcst ci t`d jettdr

pcjkhy. @cwdvdr, kg crbdr tc fd sddg es dquktefjd, t`d

eorddndgt wcujb ejsc evd tc kghjubd e sdt ci rdscurhd

tregsidrs ehrcss hcugtrkds‒icr dxenpjd, ircn kgbus-

trkejkzdb tc bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds‒ki t`d icrndr eorddtc e ko`dr hcgtrkfutkcg tc ojcfej hjknetd hègod nkt-

koetkcg diicrts, et jdest kg t`d s`crt tdrn. Kg hcgtrest,

ki eg kgtdrgetkcgej hep-egb-trebd sh`dnd ks ebcptdb, e

hcnncg prkhd cg herfcg wcujb dndrod dvdg ki hcug-

trkds eordd cg bkiidrdgt jdvdjs ci hcgtrkfutkcgs tc

ojcfej diicrts‒tèt ks, bkiidrdgt heps cg dnksskcgs. Kg

t`ks hcgtdxt, rdscurhds wcujb ijcw eutcnetkhejjy tc

hcugtrkds tèt ciidr t`d jcwdst hcst-nktkoetkcg cppcr-

tugktkds, tùs pctdgtkejjy iugbkgo nktkoetkcg diicrts

tèt hcujb oc efcvd egb fdycgb t`d hcnnktndgts ci t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo hcugtrkds. Es eroudb fy Ejby dt ej.

(6<<0), `cwdvdr, t`d ijkp skbd ci t`d hckg ks tèt kt ney

fd ncrd bkiikhujt tc gdoctketd hcugtry-jdvdj dnksskcg

rdbuhtkcg terodts egb fesdjkgds tèg tc ichus sknpjy

cg gdoctketkgo tex retds.50 Ncrdcvdr, ncst bdvdjcpkgo

hcugtrkds ney ikgb kt deskdr tc knpjdndgt herfcg texds

t`rcuo` t`dkr ikgeghd nkgkstrkds‒icr dxenpjd, uskgo

t`d dxpdrkdghd ehhunujetdb wkt` dgdroy texds‒tèg

tc put kg pjehd t`d kgirestruhturd gddbdb icr knpjd-

ndgtkgo e hep-egb-trebd sh`dnd, kghjubkgo fukjbkgo

t`d hepehkty ci t`dkr dgvkrcgndgt nkgkstrkds tc dstef-jks`, ncgktcr, egb dgicrhd dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg terodts.

Hcnpjdndgtery epprceh`ds tc nktkoetkcg=

tdh`gcjcoy pcjkhy egb rdoujetkcgs 5;

Fy prkhkgo t`d gdoetkvd dxtdrgejktkds odgdretdb fy

O@O dnksskcgs, herfcg texds egb hep-egb-trebd

sh`dnds heg hrdetd t`d ncgdtery kghdgtkvds gddbdb

fy prkvetd ikrns tc kgvdst kg t`d bdvdjcpndgt ci jcw-

herfcg tdh`gcjcokds. R`ks prchdss heg fd iurt`dr

ehhdjdretdb ki hurrdgt icsskj iudj‘fesdb tdh`gcjcokds

erd nebd kghrdeskgojy hcstjy es e rdsujt ci rkskgo ckj

prkhds egb/cr t`d rdbuhtkcg ci dgdroy sufskbkds. R`drd

erd, `cwdvdr, e gunfdr ci nctkvetkcgs icr uskgo hcn-pjdndgtery tdh`gcjcoy pcjkhy kgstrundgts egb rdouje-

tcry ndesurds tc prcnctd t`d bdvdjcpndgt egb, pdrèps

ncrd knpcrtegt kg t`d hesd ci bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds,

t`d wkbdsprdeb bdpjcyndgt ci gdw cr knprcvdb jcw-

dnksskcg tdh`gcjcokds.

Ikrst, kt ney tead scnd tknd icr herfcg prkhkgo

pcjkhkds tc oekg t`d hrdbkfkjkty gddbdb icr èvkgo eg

knpeht cg t`d stretdokh tdh`gcjcoy bdhkskcgs ci prk-

vetd kgvdstcrs. Kg ct`dr wcrbs, okvdg t`d `ko` ughdr-

tekgty surrcugbkgo jcgo-rug dxpdhtetkcgs cg herfcg

prkhds, prkvetd ikrns ney gct es ci ydt usd t`dn es t`dfesks icr skogkikhegt kghrdesds kg t`dkr kgvdstndgts kg

t`d rdsderh` egb bdvdjcpndgt (V&B) ci gdw jcw-

herfcg tdh`gcjcokds. Rc t`d dxtdgt tèt t`dsd tdh`-

gcjcokds erd gddbdb wkt` urodghy kg crbdr tc diidhtkvdjy

renp up ojcfej hjknetd nktkoetkcg diicrts, ebbktkcgej

ncgdtery kghdgtkvds icr V&B hcujb fd werregtdb.

R`dsd V&B sufskbkds hcujb tùs fd nctkvetdb, kg e

rksa-negeodndgt pdrspdhtkvd, fy t`d gddb tc nkgk-

nkzd t`d pctdgtkejjy hetestrcp`kh bcwgskbd rksas essc-

hketdb wkt` ughcgtrcjjdb hjknetd hègod.Xdhcgb, tc t`d dxtdgt tèt V&B kgvdstndgts kg gdw

jcw-herfcg tdh`gcjcokds odgdretd pcsktkvd dxtdrgejk-

tkds‒icr dxenpjd, t`rcuo` agcwjdbod spkjjcvdrs tc

ct`dr ikrns egb sdhtcrs‒t`dkr rdturgs hcujb fd `ko`dr

ircn e schkej ret`dr tèg ircn e prkvetd pdrspdhtkvd.

R`ks wcujb strdgot`dg t`d hesd icr pufjkh suppcrt,

dspdhkejjy et t`d kgktkej pèsds ci t`d V&B prchdss‒

icr dxenpjd, tc e jerodr dxtdgt kg feskh tèg kg eppjkdb

rdsderh`‒w drd agcwjdbod spkjjcvdrs erd ncrd jkadjy

tc fd icugb. Kg t`d hesd ci gdw typds ci jcw-herfcg

dgdroy tdh`gcjcokds, `cwdvdr, t`drd hcujb ejsc fd egdhcgcnkh retkcgejd icr ocvdrgndgt sufskbkds burkgo

t`d steod ci hcnndrhkej bdpjcyndgt, prcvkbdb tèt

t`drd erd skogkikhegt bygenkh dhcgcnkds tc shejd. Kg

pertkhujer, dvdg ki t`d gdw tdh`gcjcokds erd kgktkejjy

gct hcnpdtktkvd, prcbuhtkcg hcsts ney tdgb tc bknkg-

ks` cvdr tknd wkt` hunujetkvd prcbuhtkcg. Kt ney

tùs fd schkejjy bdskrefjd tc kgvdst kg t`d bdpjcyndgt

59




ci t`dsd gdw tdh`gcjcokds dvdg ki t`d prkvetd sdhtcr

wcujb gct fy ktsdji bc sc.

Kt ks knpcrtegt tc gctd tèt ocvdrgndgts s`cujb

kbdejjy strkad e fejeghd fdtwddg t`d rksa ci ‚pkhakgo

wkggdrs„‒w`kh` wcujb hejj icr tdh`gcjcoy-gdutrej

pcjkhy kgstrundgts‒egb t`d gddb tc nekgtekg e suiik-hkdgtjy bkvdrskikdb pcrticjkc ci jcw-herfcg tdh`gcjcoy

cptkcgs. Kgbddb, tdh`gcjcoy-gdutrej sufskbkds rug t`d

rksa ci iekjkgo tc suppcrt scnd ci t`d ncst prcnkskgo

tdh`gcjcokds ki t`dy erd stkjj tcc ier ircn fdkgo hcn-

ndrhkejjy hcnpdtktkvd. Ncrdcvdr, spdhkej suppcrt ney

fd terodtdb et tregsicrnetkcgej tdh`gcjcokds tèt heg

fd hcgskbdrdb hrktkhej icr eh`kdvkgo skzefjd dnksskcg

rdbuhtkcgs kg stretdokh sdhtcrs. Cgd knpcrtegt dxenpjd

ks t`d bdvdjcpndgt egb bdpjcyndgt ci herfcg hepturd

egb stcreod tdh`gcjcokds, w`kh` ks odgdrejjy sddg es t`d

nekg ejtdrgetkvd icr rdhcghkjkgo jerod rdbuhtkcgs kgdnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs kg t`d pcwdr sdhtcr, wkt` t`d hcg-

tkgudb usd ci icsskj iudjs kg t`d ndbkun tc jcgo tdrn.

R`krb, t`d prdsdghd, kg t`d erde ci dgdroy diikhkdghy,

ci e jerod gunfdr ci ugteppdb cppcrtugktkds icr

rdbuhkgo dnksskcgs et vdry jcw cr dvdg gdoetkvd hcsts

suoodsts tèt e gunfdr ci neradt iekjurds ney jknkt

t`d bkiiuskcg ci t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo jcw-herfcg tdh`-

gcjcokds. R`dsd neradt iekjurds kghjubd jeha ci kgicr-

netkcg encgo hcgsundrs efcut scnd ci t`d fdgdikts

ci dgdroy hcgsdrvetkcg, hrdbkt hcgstrekgts, cr t`d prds-dghd ci ‚spjkt kghdgtkvds„ w`dg t`csd w`c wcujb èvd

tc pey icr t`d hcst ci kghrdesdb dgdroy diikhkdghy (icr

dxenpjd, `cnd fukjbdrs) erd gct efjd tc iujjy hepturd

t`d rdturgs ci t`dkr kgvdstndgts (icr dxenpjd, ircn

tdgegts). Cptkcgs icr bdejkgo wkt` t`dsd prcfjdns

kghjubd t`d kssueghd ci negbetcry dgdroy diikhkdghy

stegberbs icr fukjbkgos, eppjkeghds, cr vd`khjds1 kgicr-

netkcg henpekogs cr ct`dr pcjkhkds ekndb et rekskgo

ewerdgdss efcut fdst prehtkhds kg dgdroy hcgsdrvetkcg1

ncgdtery kghdgtkvds tc iehkjktetd sdjdhtdb kgvdstndgts

kg dgdroy diikhkdghy fy ikrns cr kgbkvkbuejs1 egbknprcvdndgts kg dgdroy hcgsdrvetkcg wkt`kg pufjkh

sdhtcr eodghkds. Kbdejjy, ocvdrgndgts s`cujb essdss t`d

prkhd ci herfcg tèt ks knpjkhkt kg t`d eicrdndgtkcgdb

pcjkhkds, hejhujetdb es t`d ebbktkcgej hcsts esschketdb

wkt` hcnpjykgo wkt` deh` gdw rdoujetkcg bkvkbdb

fy t`d dxpdhtdb rdbuhtkcg kg O@O dnksskcgs tèt kt

s`cujb odgdretd.

Dstknetds ci t`d ojcfej hcst ci

rdbuhkgo dnksskcgs

Ojcfej hjknetd ncbdjs heg fd usdb tc dstknetd t`d

nehrcdhcgcnkh hcsts ci nktkoetkgo hjknetd hègod.

Dstknetds erd odgdrejjy prcbuhdb icr bkiidrdgt O@O

stefkjkzetkcg shdgerkcs, w`kh` erd, kg turg, esschketdbwkt` bkiidrdgt dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg tremdhtcrkds egb

wkt` e regod ci prcfefjd jdvdjs ci esschketdb wernkgo.

Icr dxenpjd, t`d ncst strkgodgt terodts hcgskbdrdb fy

t`d K\HH hejj icr stefkjkzetkcg ci O@O hcghdgtretkcgs

wkt`kg e regod ci 224 ppn tc 484 ppn HC6d. R`dsd

terodts wcujb knpjy tèt dnksskcgs wcujb èvd tc

pdea fy et ncst 6<54‘6<. Fy 6<4< t`dy wcujb èvd

tc brcp tc fdtwddg 8< pdrhdgt egb 04 pdrhdgt ci t`d

6<<< jdvdj, w`kh` wcujb knpjy nesskvd rdbuhtkcgs kg

t`d retd ci dnksskcgs pdr ugkt ci OB\. Rùs, icr

kgsteghd, icjjcwkgo Xtdrg‛s essunptkcg ci e trkpjkgo ci wcrjb OB\ fy 6<4<, e 4< pdrhdgt rdbuhtkcg kg ojcfej

dnksskcgs wcujb knpjy tèt dnksskcgs pdr ugkt ci cut-

put wcujb èvd tc fd rdbuhdb fy efcut 04 pdrhdgt.

R`d jkadjy dqukjkfrkun tdnpdreturd kghrdesds tèt

wcujb hcrrdspcgb tc t`dsd terodts wcujb fd fdtwddg

6¼H egb 6.0¼H wkt` rdspdht tc prdkgbustrkej jdvdjs.6<

R`d evdreod hcst ci eh`kdvkgo t`dsd nktkoetkcg ocejs,

fesdb cg 54 hjknetd ncbdjs hcgskbdrdb fy t`d K\HH,

wcujb fd e rdbuhtkcg ci up tc 8 pdrhdgt ci ojcfej

OB\ kg 6<8< egb up tc 4.4 pdrhdgt fy 6<4<.

E sjko`tjy jdss strkgodgt terodt ci 484 ppn tc 4;<

ppn HC6d wcujb rdqukrd dnksskcgs tc pdea fy et

ncst 6<8< egb tc iejj, fy 6<4<, tc fdtwddg 4 pdrhdgt

efcvd t`dkr 6<<< jdvdj egb e 8< pdrhdgt rdbuhtkcg

fdjcw 6<<<. Kg t`ks shdgerkc, tdnpdreturd kghrdesds

wcujb fd fdtwddg 6.0¼H egb 8.6¼H.65 R`ks terodt

wcujb knpjy e ndbkeg dstknetd ci eoordoetd nktkoe-

tkcg hcsts ci 5.8 pdrhdgt ci ojcfej OB\ kg 6<4<, wkt`

nexknun hcsts ci 2 pdrhdgt ci ojcfej OB\ kg tèt

yder egb 6.4 pdrhdgt kg 6<8<. E sknkjer stefkjkzetkcg

terodt ci 44< ppn HC6d ès fddg prcpcsdb fy Xtdrg(6<<?), w`c hejhujetds tèt t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo hjknetd

nktkoetkcg hcsts wcujb fd ci efcut 5 pdrhdgt ci wcrjb

OB\, w`kh` ks vdry hjcsd tc t`d ndbkeg dstknetd

rdpcrtdb fy K\HH icr t`d 484ppn tc 4;< ppn HC6d

terodt. Xtdrg wergs tèt dvdg ki t`ks terodt ks ndt t`drd

wcujb stkjj fd e ? pdrhdgt prcfefkjkty ci tdnpdreturd

kghrdesds efcvd 4¼H. _`kjd t`ks ks e rdjetkvdjy ugjkadjy

5?




dvdgt, kt ks wcrt` rdhejjkgo tèt t`ks jdvdj ci ojcfej

wernkgo hcujb pcsskfjy jdeb tc t`d ndjtkgo ci ncst ci

t`d wcrjb‛s khd egb sgcw, es wdjj es tc rkskgo sde jdvdjs

ci 5< ndtdrs cr ncrd, egb jcssds ci ncrd tèg 4< pdr-

hdgt ci hurrdgt spdhkds.

_èt herfcg prkhds wcujb fd gddbdb tc stefkjkzd

O@O dnksskcgs3

Herfcg prkhds esschketdb wkt` bkiidrdgt jdvdjs ci dnks-

skcg rdbuhtkcgs heg fd hejhujetdb uskgo dkt`dr ‚tcp-

bcwg„ cr ‚fcttcn-up„ epprceh`ds. _kt`kg t`d ikrst

epprceh`, e gunfdr ci herfcg prkhd dstknetds èvd

fddg odgdretdb uskgo ojcfej hjknetd ncbdjs, sc es tc

eh`kdvd bkiidrdgt O@O stefkjkzetkcg terodts. Kg t`ks

epprceh`, es rdpcrtdb fy t`d K\HH, t`d herfcg prkhds

tèt wcujb fd gddbdb kg 6<8< kg crbdr tc stefkjkzd

O@O hcghdgtretkcgs kg t`d regod ci 224 ppn tc 484ppn HC6d wcujb fd hjcsd tc 5<< TX$/tHC6d. Icr t`d

jdss strkgodgt terodt ci stefkjkzetkcg et 484 ppn tc

4;< ppn HC6d, t`d K\HH rdpcrts e ndbkeg herfcg

prkhd ci 24 TX$/tHC6d kg 6<8<, wkt` ncbdj dstknetds

regokgo ircn 50 tc ?; TX$/tHC6d kg tèt yder, egb

ircn 8< tc 544 TX$/tHC6d kg 6<4<.

Fcttcn-up stubkds odgdretd dstknetds ci t`d

eoordoetd nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej esschketdb wkt` bkiidr-

dgt herfcg prkhds tèt erd vdry sknkjer tc t`csd

cftekgdb uskgo t`d tcp-bcwg epprceh`. Icr dxenpjd,fct` typds ci stubkds prdbkht tèt herfcg prkhds ci up tc

5<< TX$/tHC6d wcujb ykdjb rdbuhtkcgs ci efcut 8<

pdrhdgt tc 4< pdrhdgt ci 6<8< dnksskcgs. @cwdvdr,

fcttcn-up stubkds prcbuhd rdjetkvdjy ncrd bdtekjdb

dstknetds ci t`d nktkoetkcg cppcrtugktkds tèt hcujb

fd dhcgcnkhejjy ideskfjd et bkiidrdgt herfcg prkhds.

Kgbddb, t`csd stubkds stert ircn t`d egejysks ci t`d

verkcus ejtdrgetkvd tdh`gcjcokds icr rdbuhkgo O@O

dnksskcgs tèt erd evekjefjd kg deh` sdhtcr egb rdokcg

ci t`d wcrjb egb hcnputd t`d rdspdhtkvd nktkoetkcg

pctdgtkej egb hcsts pdr tcg ci evckbdb O@O dnks-skcgs. R`d rdsujts heg hcgvdgkdgtjy fd prdsdgtdb

t`rcuo` e hurvd tèt regas t`d verkcus nktkoetkcg

ejtdrgetkvds crbdrdb fy t`dkr evdreod nktkoetkcg hcsts,

tùs epprcxknetkgo t`d wcrjb‛s nerokgej nktkoetkcg

hcst hurvd. Eg dxenpjd ci suh` e O@O dnksskcgs

hcst-efetdndgt hurvd, prcbuhdb fy t`d NhAkgsdy

Uuertdrjy, ks rdpcrtdb kg ikourd 5.?.

50


Es kjjustretdb kg ikourd 5.?, kg crbdr tc ettekg enfk-

tkcus stefkjkzetkcg terodts‒icr dxenpjd, 44< ppn,

HC6d‒nktkoetkcg diicrts s`cujb fd sprdeb ehrcss e

jerod gunfdr ci sdhtcrs. Kghrdesds kg dgdroy diikhkdghy

kg fukjbkgos ciidr scnd ci t`d jerodst nktkoetkcg pctdg-

tkej et jcwdr hcsts. Ehhcrbkgo tc t`d K\HH, t`csd nde-surds ehhcugt icr fdtwddg cgd-ikit` egb cgd-t`krb ci

ojcfej nktkoetkcg pctdgtkejs et herfcg prkhds fdjcw

TX$5<</tHC6d. Kg ebbktkcg, dgdroy suppjy, kgbustry,

egb eorkhujturd wcujb deh` ehhcugt icr fdtwddg 54 pdr-

hdgt egb 6< pdrhdgt ci t`d tctej pctdgtkej, w`kjd icrdstry

wcujb hcgtrkfutd 0 pdrhdgt tc 52 pdrhdgt bdpdgbkgo cg

t`d shdgerkc. Dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs kg t`d tregspcrt sdh-

tcr wcujb ehhcugt icr jdss tèg 5< pdrhdgt egb westd icr

efcut 8 pdrhdgt ci t`d tctej ojcfej nktkoetkcg pctdg-

tkej.66

Kg ejncst ejj sdhtcrs, t`d cgjy dxhdptkcg fdkgo

tregspcrt, ncrd tèg 4< pdrhdgt ci ojcfej nktkoetkcgpctdgtkejs wcujb fd jchetdb kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds. Kg

pertkhujer, t`dsd hcugtrkds wcujb ehhcugt icr ejncst ?<

pdrhdgt ci t`d pctdgtkej icr rdbuhkgo dnksskcgs kg

kgbustry, eorkhujturd, egb icrdstry.

Ikourd 5.? ejsc kjjustretds t`d ieht tèt e skzefjd

encugt ci dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs‒efcut ? Ot HC6d cr

efcut 64 pdrhdgt ci t`d tctej nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej icr

herfcg prkhds ci up tc TX$5<</tHC6d‒hcujb fd

eh`kdvdb et gdoetkvd hcsts, tèt ks, sevkgo ncgdy. R`ks

dstknetd ks sèrdb wkt` ct`dr fcttcn-up stubkds eswdjj es wkt` t`d tcp-bcwg stubkds rdvkdwdb fy t`d

K\HH. Efcut 0< pdrhdgt ci t`dsd gc-rdordts nktkoe-

tkcg ejtdrgetkvds wcujb fd esschketdb wkt` kghrdesds

kg dgdroy diikhkdghy kg hcnndrhkej egb rdskbdgtkej

fukjbkgos. @cwdvdr, ki ckj prkhds wdrd tc hcgtkgud rks-

kgo efcvd wèt ks dgvkseodb kg ncst K\HH shdgerkcs,

jerod nktkoetkcg cppcrtugktkds et gdoetkvd hcsts hcujb

ejsc erksd kg t`d tregspcrt sdhtcr. Kgbddb, iudj sevkgos

hcujb ncrd tèg hcnpdgsetd icr t`d hcst ci knpjd-

ndgtkgo e wkbdr errey ci jcw-herfcg tregspcrtetkcg

tdh`gcjcokds. Es prdvkcsjy bkshussdb, teakgo ebvegteodci t`dsd ‚jcw ègokgo irukts„ ney rdqukrd bdejkgo

wkt` neradt iekjurds tèt rdterb t`d bdvdjcpndgt egb

bdpjcyndgt ci negy dgdroy-diikhkdgt tdh`gcjcokds.

R`ks, kg turg, hejjs icr hcnfkgkgo herfcg prkhkgo

pcjkhkds‒icr dxenpjd, herfcg texds cr hep-egb-trebd

sh`dnds‒wkt` t`d usd ci rdoujetcry stegberbs egb

verkcus tdh`gcjcoy pcjkhy kgstrundgts.



Hurrdgt dstknetds ci t`d beneod hcsts ci

hjknetd hègod

Dstknetds ci t`d beneod hcsts ci hjknetd hègod gddb

tc tead kgtc ehhcugt t`d jerod bkiidrdghds dxkstkgo

ehrcss rdokcgs, fct` kg t`d jdvdj ci wernkgo dxpdhtdb

icr okvdg kghrdesds kg O@O hcghdgtretkcg egb kg t`d

vujgdrefkjkty ci bkiidrdgt geturej egb ùneg systdns

tc okvdg jdvdjs ci hjknetd hègod. Icr kgsteghd, t`d

K\HH prdbkhts tèt icr wernkgo ci 5¼H tc 8¼H scnd

rdokcgs egb sdhtcrs ney suiidr w`kjd ct`drs ney fdgd-

ikt ircn. R`d K\HH R`krb Essdssndgt rdpcrt (6<<5)dstknetdb tèt t`d jkadjy beneod tèt wcujb fd

heusdb fy e bcufjkgo ci O@O hcghdgtretkcgs‒w`kh`

hcujb jdeb tc wernkgo kg t`d regod ci 6¼H tc 2.4¼H

efcvd prdkgbustrkej jdvdjs‒hcujb rdeh` 5 pdrhdgt ci

OB\ kg bdvdjcpdb hcugtrkds fut e nuh` jerodr pdr-

hdgteod kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds. Es e rdsujt, kt dstk-

netdb tèt ojcfej hcsts wcujb fd fdtwddg 5.4 pdrhdgt

egb 8.4 pdrhdgt ci wcrjb OB\. Xknkjerjy, uskgo t`d

jetdst shkdgtkikh dvkbdghd, t`d K\HH‛s Icurt` Essdss-

ndgt Vdpcrt prdbkhts tèt t`d ojcfej ndeg jcssds essc-

hketdb wkt` wernkgo ci 2¼H hcujb fd ci 5 pdrhdgt tc 4

pdrhdgt ci wcrjb OB\ fut jcssds kg scnd rdokcgs

hcujb fd sufstegtkejjy `ko`dr.

@ko`dr ojcfej beneod hcsts èvd fddg cftekgdb fy

Xtdrg (6<<?) w`c dstknetds tèt wernkgo ci 2¼H efcvd

prdkgbustrkej jdvdjs hcujb knpjy hcsts ci up tc 8 pdr-

hdgt ci wcrjb OB\, w`kjd wernkgo ci 4¼H wcujb hcst

efcut 4 pdrhdgt ci ojcfej cutput. Xtdrg dstknetds tètcvdr t`d gdxt twc hdgturkds t`d hcsts ci ugnktkoetdb

hjknetd hègod wcujb rdeh` fdtwddg 4 pdrhdgt egb 55

pdrhdgt ci ojcfej OB\ gcw egb icrdvdr (kghjubkgo t`d

hcst ci hetestrcp`kh hjknetd dvdgts). R`d `ko`dr dstk-

netds ci beneod hcsts rdsujt ircn kghcrpcretkgo t`d

hcnputetkcg ci gcgneradt knpehts cg ùneg `dejt`

egb t`d dgvkrcgndgt. Dvdg jerodr dstknetds ci up tc

5;


IKOTVD 5.?

NhAkgsdy‛s Ojcfej Orddg`cusd Oes Efetdndgt Hcst Hurvd Fdycgb Fuskgdss-es-Tsuej, 6<8<

Xcurhd= Vdprkgtdb wkt` pdrnksskcg ircn NhAkgsdy Uuertdrjy (6<<?).Gctd= R`d hurvd prdsdgts eg dstknetd ci t`d nexknun pctdgtkej ci ejj tdh`gkhej O@O efetdndgt ndesurds fdjcw₪9< pdr tHC6d ki deh` jdvdr wespursudb eoordsskvdjy. Kt ks gct e icrdhest ci wèt rcjd bkiidrdgt efetdndgt ndesurds egb tdh`gcjcokds wkjj pjey. HHX > herfcg hepturd egb stcreod.

9<

Vdskbdgtkej djdhtrcgkhs

Vdskbdgtkej eppjkeghds

Vdtrcikt rdskbdgtkej @YEH

Rkjjeod egb rdskbud nont.

Kgsujetkcg rdtrcikt (rdskbdgtkej)

Hers iujj `yfrkb

_estd rdhyhjkgo

Fukjbkgo diikhkdghygdw fukjb

Xdhcgb odgdretkcg fkciudjs

Bdorebdb jegb rdstcretkcg\esturdjegb eiicrdstetkcg

Guhjder

Bdorebdb icrdst rdicrdstetkcg

Hers pjuo-kg `yfrkb

Jcw pdgdtretkcg wkgb

Xcjer \Y

@ko` pdgdtretkcg wkgb

Vdbuhdb kgtdgskvdeorkhujturd hcgvdrskcg

\cwdr pjegt fkcnesshc-ikrkgo

Hcej HHX gdw fukjb

Oes pjegt HHX rdtrcikt

Hcej HHX rdtrcikt

Krcg egb stddj HHX gdw fukjb

Croegkh sckj rdstcretkcg

Odct`drnej

Oressjegb negeodndgt

Vdbuhdb pesturdjegb hcgvdrskcg

Vdbuhdb sjes` egb furg eorkhujturd hcgvdrskcg

Xnejj `ybrc

Ikrst odgdretkcg fkciudjsVkhd negeodndgt

Diikhkdghy knprcvdndgts (ct`dr kgbustry)

Djdhtrkhkty ircn jegbikjj oes

4 5< 54 6< 64 8< 84 80

Efetdndgt pctdgtkej(OtHC

6d pdr yder)

Hjkgadr sufstktutkcg fy ijy es`

Hrcpjegb gutrkdgt negeodndgt

Nctcr systdns diikhkdghy

Kgsujetkcg rdtrcikt (hcnndrhkej)

Jko`tkgo‒swkth` ircn kghegbdshdgt tc JDB (rdskbdgtkej)

Xcjer HX\

4<

E f e t d n d g t h c s t ( ₪ p

d r t H C 6 d )

2<

8<

6<

5<

<

‘5<

‘6<

‘8<

‘2<

‘4<

‘9<

‘?<

‘0<

‘;<

‘5<<



6< pdrhdgt ci ojcfej hcgsunptkcg erd cftekgdb fy Xtdrg

w`dg uskgo ejtdrgetkvd essunptkcgs cg t`d sdgsktkvkty

ci hjknetd tc O@O, es wdjj es dqukty wdko`ts tc ehhcugt

icr t`d ieht tèt pccr hcugtrkds egb pdcpjd erd jkadjy tc

fd bksprcpcrtkcgetdjy eiidhtdb fy hjknetd hègod. Es

kjjustretdb kg ikourd 5.0, Xtdrg‛s dstknetds erd sjko`tjyjcwdr tèg t`csd ci Gcrbèus egb Fcydr (6<<<), rdspdh-

tkvdjy, efcut 4 egb ? pdrhdgt ci OB\ icr wernkgo ci

4¼H, icr dxenpjd. Xtdrg‛s dstknetds, `cwdvdr, erd nuh`

`ko`dr tèg t`csd rdpcrtdb fy Ndgbdjsc`g dt ej.

(5;;0) egb Rcj (6<<6), w`c prdbkht beneods ci up tc

6.4 pdrhdgt ci ojcfej OB\ icr tdnpdreturd kghrdesds es

`ko` es 9¼H, dvdg w`dg uskgo pcpujetkcg-fesdb dqukty

wdko`ts tc hcnputd beneods. R`dsd jcwdr dstknetds,

`cwdvdr, bc gct kghcrpcretd t`d hcst ci hetestrcp`ds

gcr bc t`dy hcnputd t`d hcst ci gcgneradt knpehts.

Eg ejtdrgetkvd epprceh` tc t`d hcstkgo ci t`d knpehtsci hjknetd hègod ks t`d hejhujetkcg ci t`d schkej hcst ci

herfcg (XHH), bdikgdb es t`d hègod kg t`d bkshcugtdb

vejud ci t`d utkjkty ci iuturd hcgsunptkcg heusdb fy

eg ebbktkcgej tcg ci O@O dnksskcgs. XHH dstknetds,

`cwdvdr, very wkbdjy ehrcss stubkds, bdpdgbkgo cg t`d

trdetndgt ci ughdrtekgtkds, t`d bkshcugt retds tèt erd

usdb tc hejhujetd t`d prdsdgt vejud ci iuturd beneods,

es wdjj es cg t`d typds ci beneods tèt erd teadg kgtc

ehhcugt‒icr dxenpjd, gcgneradt knpehts egb hete-

strcp`ds‒egb t`d trdetndgt tèt ks okvdg tc rksa egb

dqukty. Rcj (6<<4) ès rdvkdwdb ncrd tèg 5<< XHH

dstknetds egb icugb e ndbkeg vejud ci TX$55.0< pdr

tcg ci HC6 encgo pddr-rdvkdwdb stubkds. @d eroudstèt t`d schkej hcst ci herfcg ks ugjkadjy tc dxhddb

TX$52/tHC6 uskgo stegberb essunptkcgs cg bks-

hcugtkgo egb eoordoetkcg. Xknkjerjy, Gcrbèus

(6<<?) dstknetds tèt t`d cptknej ojcfej prkhd ci her-

fcg‒w`kh` s`cujb kbdejjy fd dquej tc t`d XHH‒wkjj

fd et TX$;.4</tHC6 kg 6<54, rkskgo tc $68 kg 6<4<,

egb $49 fy 65<<. Kg hcgtrest, Xtdrg (6<<?) rdpcrts e

XHH dstknetd ci TX$04/tHC6. R`ks ks efcvd t`d ;4t`

pdrhdgtkjd ci t`d dstknetds rdvkdwdb fy Rcj egb ejncst

5< tknds t`d vejud ci Gcrbèus‛s dstknetd.

R`d bdfetd efcut bkshcugt retds

R`d rdjetkvdjy `ko` dstknetds cftekgdb fy Xtdrg icr

t`d pctdgtkej beneods ci hjknetd hègod èvd fddg

hrktkhkzdb es fdkgo brkvdg fy `ks usd ci vdry jcw schkej

bkshcugt retds tc vejud iuturd ncgdtery ijcws. Xtdrg

usds e stegberb hcghdptuej irendwcra icr hejhujetkgo

retds ci Xchkej Rknd \rdidrdghd (XR\). Gcrbèus

6<


e. Ojcfej ndeg tdnpdreturd (¼H) f. Ojcfej ndeg tdnpdreturd (¼H) (efcvd prdkgbustrkej jdvdjs)

5

865<

‘5

‘6‘8‘2‘4‘9‘?‘0‘;

‘5<‘55‘56‘58‘52‘54

% c

i w c r j b

O B \

865<

‘5

‘6‘8‘2‘4‘9‘?‘0‘;

‘5<‘55‘56‘58‘52‘54

% j c

s s k g O B \ p d r h e p k t e

6 8 2 4 9 ? 0 ; 5 6 8 2 4 9 ? 0

?.2¼H, 4.8%

0.9¼H, ?.8%

0.9¼H, 58.0%?.2¼H, 55.8%

;

Fesdjkgd hjknetd, neradt knpehts,egb rksa ci hetestrcp`d

@ko` hjknetd, neradt knpehts,egb rksa ci hetestrcp`d

Fesdjkgd hjknetd, neradt knpehts,egb rksa ci hetestrcp`d egbgcg-neradt knpehts

@ko` hjknetd, neradt knpehts,egb rksa ci hetestrcp`d egbgcg-knpehts

Ndgbdjsc`g, cutput

Gcrbèus, cutput

Gcrbèus, pcpujetkcg

Rcj, cutput

Rcj, dqukty

IKOTVD 5.0

Beneod Hcsts ci Bkiidrdgt Jdvdjs ci Ojcfej _ernkgo

Xcurhd= Ebeptdb ircn ‚Hjknetd Hègod 6<<?= Xygt`dsks Vdpcrt.Hcgtrkfutkcg ci _crakgo Orcups K, KK, egb KKK tc t`d IcurtÈssdssndgt Vdpcrt ci t`d Kgtdrocvdrgndgtej \egdj cg HjknetdHègod,„ ikourd X\N.2. Kgtdrocvdrgndgtej \egdj cg HjknetdHègod, Odgdve, Xwktzdrjegb.

Xcurhd= Xtdrg (6<<?).



(6<<?) egb _dktzneg (6<<?), `cwdvdr, eroud tèt

Xtdrg neads gcgstegberb essunptkcgs tc bdrkvd tèt

retd egb tèt e rdescgefjd XR\ s`cujb fd fdtwddg 4.4

egb 9.68 Tskgo t`ks `ko`dr schkej bkshcugt retd brestk-

hejjy wdeadgs Xtdrg‛s hesd icr t`d gddb tc sèrpjy egb

knndbketdjy rdbuhd O@O dnksskcgs. Kg pertkhujer,Gcrbèus s`cws tèt Xtdrg‛s vdry `ko` dstknetd ci

$85</tH icr t`d schkej hcst ci herfcg ks dgtkrdjy brkvdg

fy `ks essunptkcgs rdoerbkgo e jcw XR\. Kgbddb,

uskgo Gcrbèus‛s Bygenkh Kgtdoretdb Ncbdj ci Hjk-

netd egb t`d Dhcgcny (BKHD-6<<?) tc hejhujetd t`d

schkej hcst ci herfcg ugbdr Xtdrg‛s, egb ugbdr ejtdrge-

tkvd ncrd stegberb essunptkcgs icr t`d XR\ retd, ykdjbs

dstknetds ci t`d schkej hcst ci herfcg ci rdspdhtkvdjy

TX$;;/tHC6d egb $5</tHC6d. R`d sdhcgb dstknetd ks

nuh` hjcsdr tc t`d evdreod ci t`d dstknetds rdpcrtdb

fy Rcj (6<<4)._dktzneg (6<<?), cg t`d ct`dr ègb, ès eroudb

tèt Xtdrg ney èvd ‚octtdg kt rko`t icr t`d wrcgo

rdescgs.„ _dktzneg hckghkbds wkt` Gcrbèus kg `ks

hrktkqud ci Xtdrg‛s gcghcgvdgtkcgej perendtdr essunp-

tkcgs icr hejhujetkgo t`d XR\ retd. Fut `d erouds tèt

t`d dxpdhtdb orcwt` retd (ψ) ks e regbcn verkefjd wkt`

e bkstrkfutkcg tèt ès e t`kha jdit tekj (tèt ks, rdje-

tkvdjy `ko` prcfefkjkty ci dxtrdndjy jcw orcwt`)

fdheusd ci scnd ci t`d pcsskfjd hetestrcp`kh dvdgts

tèt hcujb fd trkoodrdb fy hjknetd hègod. R`ks hrd-etds struhturej ughdrtekgty, ci t`d scrt bdshrkfdb fy

Agko`t (5;65) cr Adygds, kg t`d sdgsd tèt t`d shejd

egb prcfefkjkty ci t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo rerd dvdgts heg-

gct fd hejhujetdb cg t`d fesks ci pest cfsdrvetkcgs cr

hcnputdr sknujetkcgs, dspdhkejjy skghd t`d ugbdrjykgo

bkstrkfutkcg tdgbs tc dvcjvd wkt` hjknetd.

Kg _dktzneg‛s epprceh`, t`d ughdrtekgty esschketdb

wkt` hjknetd hègod, hcnfkgdb wkt` t`d vdry sdrkcus

hcgsdqudghds esschketdb wkt` scnd ci kts pcsskfjd het-

estrcp`kh knpehts, knpjkds tèt t`d usd ci rdjetkvdjy

jcw bkshcugt retds icr essdsskgo t`d iuturd hcsts ci O@O dnksskcgs hcujb fd mustkikdb cg t`d fesks ci rksa-

evdrskcg essunptkcgs, egb t`d kbde tèt cgd tdgbs tc

fd bksprcpcrtkcgetdjy eirekb ci rerd bksestdrs cg w`kh`

dxkstkgo tknd sdrkds erd ugefjd tc s`db jko`t. Kg pertkh-

ujer, _dktzneg prcpcsds tèt t`d ider ci ‚t`kha tekj

dvdgts„‒w`kh` `d erouds wcujb ejsc dxpjekg t`d

‚dqukty-prdnkun puzzjd,„ gendjy, t`d ieht tèt pdc-

pjd tdgb tc pey `ko` prdnkuns icr seid stcrds ci

vejud‒wcujb mustkiy e nkbbjd hcursd pcjkhy epprceh`

kg w`kh` kghrdeskgojy strkgodgt terodts icr dnksskcg

rdbuhtkcgs wcujb fd hcnfkgdb wkt` bdvctkgo ebbk-

tkcgej rdscurhds tc knprcvkgo cur ugbdrstegbkgo ci

t`d geturd, jkadjk`ccb egb hcgsdqudghds ci ‚rugewey-hjknetd bksestdrs.„

Heg cptknej nktkoetkcg pet`weys fd dstefjks`db3

R`d dvkbdghd prdsdgtdb sc ier suoodsts tèt t`d hjk-

netd nktkoetkcg hcsts ci knpjdndgtkgo t`d O@O ste-

fkjkzetkcg terodt ci 44< ppn HC6d rdhdgtjy prcpcsdb

fy Xtdrg (6<<0) hcujb fd wdjj fdjcw t`d hcst ci t`d

hcrrdspcgbkgo evckbdb beneods. Kg pertkhujer, nktk-

oetkcg hcsts icr tèt terodt erd ci efcut 5.8 pdrhdgt ci

ojcfej OB\ ehhcrbkgo tc t`d K\HH‛s ndbkeg dstknetd.

Kg hcgtrest, eh`kdvkgo tèt terodt hcujb ejjcw icr e skz-efjd bdhjkgd kg t`d encugt ci dxpdhtdb ojcfej wern-

kgo, erouefjy ircn ncrd tèg 2¼H‒icr dxenpjd, ki

O@O hcghdgtretkcgs rdeh` ?4< ppn HC6d ugbdr

fuskgdss-es-usuej trdgbs‒tc efcut 8¼H efcvd prdkg-

bustrkej jdvdjs. Es s`cwg kg t`d rko`t pegdj ci ikourd

5.0, t`ks hcujb rdbuhd beneod hcsts ircn 2 pdrhdgt tc

jdss tèg 6 pdrhdgt ci ojcfej OB\, ehhcrbkgo tc dstk-

netds fy Xtdrg (6<<?), egb ircn efcut 4 pdrhdgt tc

8 pdrhdgt ci wcrjb cutput, ehhcrbkgo tc dstknetds fy

Gcrbèus egb Fcydr (6<<<).Gdvdrt`djdss, es prdvkcusjy kjjustretdb, dstknetds ci

fct` hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg egb beneod hcsts erd

stkjj quktd knprdhksd bud tc t`d verkcus typds ci ughdr-

tekgtkds kgvcjvdb. Es e rdsujt, w`drdes kt eppders tèt

scnd bdordd ci hjknetd nktkoetkcg ks hdrtekgjy wer-

regtdb, t`d K\HH erouds tèt kt ks prcfefjy gct ydt pcs-

skfjd tc ugenfkoucusjy bdtdrnkgd dhcgcnkhejjy

diikhkdgt dnksskcg pet`weys, cr stefkjkzetkcg jdvdjs, icr

w`kh` nerokgej nktkoetkcg fdgdikts wcujb ejweys

dxhddb t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo nerokgej hcsts. Rùs, kg preh-

tkhd, bdhkskcg neakgo rdoerbkgo t`d cptknej tremdhtcryci dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs ks jkadjy tc rdqukrd eg ktdretkvd

prchdss ci rksa negeodndgt, brkvdg fy t`d dvcjvkgo shk-

dgtkikh dvkbdghd rdoerbkgo hjknetd sdgsktkvkty tc O@O

hcghdgtretkcgs, beneod hcsts ircn hjknetd hègod, egb

tdh`gcjcokhej cptkcgs icr nktkoetkcg. Kg egy hesd, es

eroudb fy Ejby dt ej. (6<<0), okvdg t`d hurrdgt dvk-

bdghd, ircn t`d pdrspdhtkvd ci t`d kgbustrkejkzdb wcrjb,

65






fy 4 pdrhdgt wkt` rdspdht tc t`dkr 5;;< jdvdj. Xtdrg

(6<<0) suoodsts tèt t`d TGIHHH cfmdhtkvd ci evckb-

kgo begodrcus hjknetd hègod hcujb fd okvdg iurt`dr

spdhkikhkty fy sdttkgo e ncrd enfktkcus quegtktetkvd

terodt icr t`d stefkjkzetkcg ci O@O hcghdgtretkcgs kg

t`d etncsp`drd. Kg pertkhujer, `d suoodsts e terodt ci etncst 44< ppn HC6d, w`kh` wcujb rdqukrd huts kg

dnksskcgs ci et jdest 8< pdrhdgt egb pdrèps 4< pdrhdgt

fy 6<4<, wkt` rdspdht tc 6<<<.

E sdhcgb hcgbktkcg icr e hccrbkgetdb epprceh` tc fd

suhhdssiujjy knpjdndgtdb ks tèt pertkhkpegts s`cujb

vkdw t`d eorddndgt es dquktefjd. R`ks rdqukrdndgt

gddbs tc fd essdssdb kg t`d hcgtdxt ci t`d kghcgtrcvdrt-

kfjd ieht tèt kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds herry e jerodr `ks-

tcrkhej rdspcgskfkjkty icr t`d ehhdjdretdb kghrdesd kg

O@O hcghdgtretkcgs, w`kjd bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds erd

t`d ncst vujgdrefjd tc t`d ebvdrsd diidhts ci hjknetdhègod, egb t`d jdest efjd tc hcpd wkt` t`d gdhdssery

ebeptetkcg. R`ks esynndtry ks t`d scurhd ci t`d prkghk-

pjd ci hcnncg fut bkiidrdgtketdb rdspcgskfkjktkds dstef-

jks`db fy t`d TGIHHH. R`d prkghkpjd kghjubds twc

djdndgts= ikrst t`d hcnncg rdspcgskfkjkty ci stetds icr

t`d prctdhtkcg ci t`d ojcfej dgvkrcgndgt, egb, sdhcgb,

t`d gddb tc tead kgtc ehhcugt t`d bkiidrdgt hkrhun-

steghds, pertkhujerjy deh` stetd‛s hcgtrkfutkcg tc t`d

dvcjutkcg ci t`d prcfjdn egb kts efkjkty tc prdvdgt,

rdbuhd, cr hcgtrcj t`d t`rdet. Ircn t`d pdrspdhtkvd ci ojcfej dqukty, kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds wcujb èvd gct

cgjy tc ettekg rebkhej dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs wkt`kg t`dkr

cwg fcugberkds, fut ejsc tc prcvkbd tdh`gcjcokhej egb

ikgeghkej rdscurhds tèt hcujb dgefjd bdvdjcpkgo hcug-

trkds tc rdbuhd t`d herfcg kgtdgskty ci t`dkr dhcgcnkds.

Kt ks hjder, cwdvdr, tèt kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds heg-

gct stefkjkzd t`d hjknetd systdn dxhjuskvdjy t`rcuo`

t`dkr cwg dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs. Bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds

erd dxpdhtdb tc surpess t`d `ko`-kghcnd hcugtrkds kg

t`d Croegksetkcg icr Dhcgcnkh Hc-cpdretkcg egb

Bdvdjcpndgt es t`d jdebkgo hcgtrkfutcr tc ojcfej HC6

icsskj iudj dnksskcgs fy t`d fdokggkgo ci t`d gdxt

bdhebd (K\HH 6<<?).64 Ncrdcvdr, w`kjd ugbdr e fusk-

gdss-es-usuej shdgerkc, pdr hepkte HC6 dnksskcgs kg

bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds erd dxpdhtdb tc hcgtkgud tc fd

efcut t`rdd tknds jcwdr tèg kg t`d bdvdjcpdb wcrjb

fy 6<8<1 fdtwddg twc-t`krbs egb t`rdd-quertdrs ci t`d

kghrdesd kg HC6 dnksskcgs wkt` rdspdht tc 6<<< erd

dxpdhtdb tc hcnd ircn bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds. Kg t`ks

hcgtdxt, kg crbdr tc up`cjb t`d prkghkpjd ci hcnncg

fut bkiidrdgtketdb rdspcgskfkjktkds w`kjd et t`d send

tknd icstdrkgo e sncct` tregsktkcg tcwerb kghrdeskgo

rdspcgskfkjkty fy t`d bdvdjcpkgo wcrjb, e orebuej kghcr-

pcretkcg epprceh` hcujb fd eppjkdb.Kg pertkhujer, scnd bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds hcujb

orebuejjy ncvd cvdr tknd, fesdb cg bdncgstretdb

hepefkjkty, ircn èvkgo gc nktkoetkcg hcnnktndgts,

tc t`d ebcptkcg ci hjknetd-irkdgbjy pcjkhkds, tc jknkt-

kgo dnksskcg orcwt`, egb, ikgejjy, tc scnd ci t`dn

ebcptkgo dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg cr et jdest dnksskcg

kgtdgskty terodts. Kg t`d ndegtknd, bdvdjcpkgo hcug-

trkds hcujb fdgdikt ircn kgtdrgetkcgej ikgeghkej ijcws

tc suppcrt t`d ebcptkcg ci jcw-herfcg tdh`gcjcokds

(sdd hèptdr 2). Rc tèt dgb, es bkshussdb fdjcw, t`d

hurrdgt kgtdrgetkcgej hjknetd irendwcra hcujb fdejjcwdb tc kghcrpcretd ndhègksns tc suppcrt e wkbdr

sdt ci dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs, kghjubkgo icr kgsteghd

t`csd esschketdb wkt` rdbuhdb bdicrdstetkcg egb t`csd

bdrkvdb ircn t`d knpjdndgtetkcg ci hjknetd-irkdgbjy

ocvdrgndgt pcjkhkds egb ndesurds‒es cppcsdb tc e

ichus cg dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs ircn kgbkvkbuej prcmdhts,

es kg t`d hurrdgt vdrskcg ci t`d Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt

Ndhègksn (HBN) ci t`d Ayctc \rctchcj.

R`krb, icr e hccpdretkvd epprceh` tc fd diidhtkvd,

frceb-fesdb hcugtry pertkhkpetkcg ks rdqukrdb, w`kh`, kgturg, knpjkds tèt t`d erregodndgt nust fd hcnpetkfjd

wkt` t`d ugbdrjykgo kghdgtkvds ci pertkhkpegts. R`ks ks

prcfefjy t`d ncst hèjjdgokgo espdht ci rdeh`kgo e

ojcfej bdej cg hjknetd hègod. Kghdgtkvds icr hcugtrkds

tc pertkhkpetd kg e okvdg eorddndgt kghjubd t`d ndbkun-

egb jcgo-tdrn fdgdikts bdrkvdb ircn diikhkdgtjy nktkoet-

kgo t`d beneods esschketdb wkt` hjknetd hègod, es wdjj

es pctdgtkej s`crt-tdrn hc-fdgdikts bdrkvdb ircn pertkhk-

petkcg kg t`d eorddndgt. R`d jettdr erd pertkhujerjy

knpcrtegt, okvdg t`d pctdgtkej icr irdd-rkbkgo cg t`d icr-

ndr. Hc-fdgdikts ney kghjubd ehhdss tc ikgeghkej suppcrtegb tdh`gcjcoy tregsidr ircn ct`dr pertkhkpetkgo hcug-

trkds, es wdjj es scnd fy-prcbuhts ci hcugtrkds‛ cwg nkt-

koetkcg ndesurds, kghjubkgo dgèghdb dgvkrcgndgtej

prctdhtkcg egb dgdroy sdhurkty egb kghrdesdb jdvdjs ci

hcnpdtktkvdgdss esschketdb wkt` kghrdeskgo dgdroy diik-

hkdghy egb tregsktkcgkgo cut ci kghrdeskgojy cfscjdtd

herfcg kgtdgskvd tdh`gcjcokds.

68




E hrdbkfjd ojcfej eorddndgt wcujb ejsc èvd tc fd

ijdxkfjd wkt` rdspdht tc t`d bkiidrdgt sdts ci bcndstkh

pcjkhy kgstrundgts tèt hcugtrkds erd jkadjy tc dnpjcy‒

icr dxenpjd, kghjubkgo herfcg texds, dnksskcg heps,

tdh`gcjcoy prcorens, egb rdoujetkcgs‒egb tèt

s`cujb kbdejjy fd hcnperdb egb fdgh`neradb ehrcsshcugtrkds kg crbdr tc essdss t`dkr hcgtrkfutkcgs tc

ojcfej ocejs. Es ndgtkcgdb efcvd, diikhkdghy kg hjk-

netd hègod nktkoetkcg hejjs icr e irendwcra kg

w`kh` dnkttdrs ircn ejj cvdr t`d wcrjb iehd t`d send

prkhd icr herfcg. R`ks ocej hcujb fd eh`kdvdb dvdg ki

t`d bcndstkh pcjkhkds tèt jdeb tc t`d prkhkgo ci her-

fcg tead bkiidrdgt icrns kg bkiidrdgt hcugtrkds‒icr

dxenpjd, dxpjkhkt herfcg texds, dnksskcg heps egb

trebd, cr knpjkhkt herfcg prkhds rdjetdb tc t`d hcst ci

rdoujetcry hcnpjkeghd‒egb ki hrcss-hcugtry rdscurhd

tregsidrs erd eorddb upcg kg crbdr tc ejjcw icr eg dquk-tefjd bkstrkfutkcg ci t`d furbdg ci hjknetd nktkoetkcg.

Ikgejjy, ijdxkfkjkty wcujb ejsc fd rdqukrdb kg tdrns ci

t`d gddb tc ehhcnncbetd dvcjvkgo hcugtry hkrhun-

steghds kg hesds ci gcghcnpjkeghd wkt` prdvkcusjy

eorddb hcugtry terodts, es cppcsdb tc dnpjcykgo èrs`

fut gcghrdbkfjd pugks`ndgt t`rdets.

Nkgknkzkgo trebd-ciis fdtwddg hjknetd hègod

nktkoetkcg egb bdvdjcpndgt

Dhcgcnkh orcwt` ès `kstcrkhejjy fddg ehhcnpegkdb fykghrdeskgo O@O dnksskcgs brkvdg fy orcwkgo icsskj iudj

dgdroy hcgsunptkcg egb t`d hcgvdrskcg ci icrdst jegb

kgtc eorkhujturd egb ct`dr prcbuhtkvd ehtkvktkds. _`kjd

dhcgcnkh orcwt` kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds nust hcgtkgud

egb, kg ieht, ehhdjdretd kg crbdr tc drebkhetd pcvdrty kg

t`d wcrjb, t`d rksas esschketdb wkt` hjknetd hègod

kgtrcbuhd eg ebbktkcgej bdvdjcpndgt hèjjdgod, gendjy,

tèt ci kghrdeskgojy bdhcupjkgo orcwt` ircn O@O

dnksskcgs. Rc t`d dxtdgt tèt jcw-herfcg tdh`gcjcokds

erd rdjetkvdjy ncrd dxpdgskvd‒icr dxenpjd, rdgdwefjd

scurhds ci dgdroy tdgb tc hcst ncrd tèg t`dkr icsskj iudjhcugtdrperts‒t`drd erd hjder trebd-ciis fdtwddg pursu-

kgo ko`dr retds ci dhcgcnkh orcwt` egb hcgtrkfutkgo tc

hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg.

R`dsd trebd-ciis, cwdvdr, heg tc scnd dxtdgt fd ejjd-

vketdb fy ichuskgo, et jdest kgktkejjy, cg hjknetd nktkoe-

tkcg cppcrtugktkds tèt kgvcjvd skzefjd bdvdjcpndgt

hc-fdgdikts (hèptdr 9). Kg ieht, kg e gunfdr ci hesds t`d

hcrrdspcgbkgo prcmdhts heg fd bdshrkfdb es ‚gc-rdordts„

cppcrtugktkds, kg t`d sdgsd tèt t`dy wcujb fd schkejjy

prciktefjd fesdb cg t`dkr bdvdjcpndgt hc-fdgdikts

ejcgd, wkt`cut teakgo kgtc ehhcugt t`dkr knpeht cg t`d

rdbuhtkcg ci O@O dnksskcgs. Kg Frezkj, icr dxenpjd,

tex kghdgtkvds tc kghrdesd dnpjcyndgt kg t`d prcbuh-tkcg ci snejj egb kgdxpdgskvd eutcncfkjds (idwdr tèg

5,<<< hufkh hdgtkndtdrs), tcodt`dr wkt` knprcvdndgts

kg t`d negeodndgt ci djdhtrkhkty suppjy egb bdnegb

ekndb et dgdroy sevkgos, wdrd rdspcgskfjd kg 6<<< icr

eg 55 pdrhdgt rdbuhtkcg kg t`d hcugtry‛s dgdroy-rdjetdb

HC6 dnksskcgs (Xzajc dt ej. 6<<4). Xknkjerjy, w`kjd t`d

hrdetkcg ci 68 nkjjkcg `dhterds ci pufjkh icrdst rdsdrvds

kg t`d Enezcg fdtwddg 6<<2 egb 6<<9 wes nctkvetdb

nekgjy fy sustekgefjd bdvdjcpndgt cfmdhtkvds, kt

ordetjy hcgtrkfutdb tc t`d 4< pdrhdgt rdbuhtkcg kg

bdicrdstetkcg retds tèt wes cfsdrvdb burkgo tèt pdrkcb(Gdpsteb dt ej. 6<<?). Kghcrpcretkgo hjknetd hègod

hcgskbdretkcgs w`dg essdsskgo t`d hcsts egb fdgdikts ci

ejtdrgetkvd bdvdjcpndgt pettdrgs kg suh` sdhtcrs es

dgdroy, kgbustry, tregspcrtetkcg, egb eorkhujturd heg

`djp tead ebvegteod ci t`dsd typd ci cppcrtugktkds,

w`kh` kgvcjvd rdjetkvdjy snejj trebd-ciis fdtwddg

bdvdjcpndgt egb hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg cfmdhtkvds.

Hegbkbetds kghjubd ejj t`d tdh`gcjcokds wkt` gdoetkvd

nerokgej nktkoetkcg hcsts (ikourd 5.?).

Fdycgb ‚gc-rdordt„ hesds, `cwdvdr, jcw-herfcgtdh`gcjcokds erd gct jkadjy tc fdhcnd bcnkgegt kg

bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds ugjdss t`dy erd dkt`dr (5) sufsk-

bkzdb cr nebd ncrd hcnpdtktkvd t`rcuo` (6) t`d

rdbuhtkcg ci sufskbkds icr icsskj iudjs cr (8) t`d dstef-

jks`ndgt ci dxpjkhkt cr knpjkhkt herfcg prkhds (icr

dxenpjd, t`rcuo` texds, dnksskcg heps, cr rdoujetkcgs).

Bud tc dqukty hcgskbdretkcgs kg ojcfej hjknetd gdoc-

tketkcgs, ejtdrgetkvd 8 ks jdss jkadjy tc fd knpjdndgtdb

kg e jerod-shejd kg t`d bdvdjcpkgo wcrjb, et jdest kg

t`d gder tdrn. Kg hcgtrest, t`d sdhcgb ejtdrgetkvd ks

eakg tc e gc-rdordt cppcrtugkty w`kh` s`cujb fd sdrk-cusjy hcgskbdrdb fy ncst hcugtrkds. Kgbddb, rdbuhkgo

t`d jerod sufskbkds tèt hurrdgtjy ievcr t`d hcgsunp-

tkcg ci icsskj iudjs kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds hcujb

prcbuhd hcgskbdrefjd ikshej sevkgos egb èvd e pcsktkvd

knpeht cg rdbuhkgo jchej pcjjutkcg egb hcgodstkcg

prcfjdns w`kjd et t`d send tknd dghcureokgo t`d

bdpjcyndgt ci jcw-herfcg dgdroy scurhds. Es icr t`d

62




ikrst ejtdrgetkvd, kt hcujb fd knpjdndgtdb wkt`cut hrd-

etkgo eg ebbktkcgej furbdg cg bdvdjcpkgo dhcgcnkds

t`rcuo` t`d sejd ci dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg hrdbkts kg t`d

hcgtdxt ci t`d HBN. Kg t`ks rdspdht, eg dxpegbdb HBN

hcujb pjey eg knpcrtegt rcjd kg dgsurkgo tèt ojcfej

nktkoetkcg diicrts erd fct` diikhkdgt egb dquktefjd.

Dxpegbkgo t`d Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn

Es bkshussdb kg hèptdr 2, t`drd erd e gunfdr ci hcg-

hdrgs wkt` t`d hurrdgt iughtkcgkgo ci t`d HBN, w`kh`

ichusds cg prcmdht-jdvdj dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs, rdjetkvd tc

fesdjkgd shdgerkcs. Ikrst, es eroudb fy Ikoudrds, @ektds,

egb @cyt (6<<4), t`d HBN‛s skgojd prcmdht epprceh`

neads kt ugjkadjy tc ‚hetejyzd t`d prcicugb egb jestkgo

hègods tèt erd gdhdssery kg t`d cvdrejj O@O kgtdgsk-

tkds ci bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds‛ dhcgcnkds.„ E ncrd diidh-

tkvd epprceh` wcujb dgtekj tregsicrnkgo t`d fesdjkgdst`dnsdjvds sc es tc nead bdvdjcpndgt pet`weys ncrd

herfcg irkdgbjy (@djjdr egb Xùaje 6<<8). Kg t`ks hcg-

tdxt, ret`dr tèg ichuskgo cg ehtkcgs et t`d prcmdht

jdvdj, nktkoetkcg diicrts kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds wcujb

èvd tc s`kit tcwerb prcnctkgo rdicrns ehrcss dgtkrd

sdhtcrs‒icr dxenpjd, dgdroy, tregspcrt, eorkhujturd,

egb icrdstry. Xcnd kgktkej stdps kg t`ks bkrdhtkcg wdrd

teadg kg t`d eorddndgt kg Bdhdnfdr 6<<4 kg Ncgtrdej

tc kghjubd ‚prcorens ci ehtkvktkds„ kg t`d HBN. Fut

t`ks epprceh` hcujb fd dxpjcrdb iurt`dr.Es gctdb, t`d JHV ks pertkhujerjy kgtdgskvd kg

dnksskcgs ircn bdicrdstetkcg egb icrdst bdorebetkcg.

Vdbuhtkcgs kg t`dsd dnksskcgs wdrd gct kghjubdb kg

t`d ikrst hcnnktndgt pdrkcb ci t`d Ayctc \rctchcj

bud kg pert tc hcghdrgs cvdr tdh`gkhej kssuds, kghjub-

kgo fesdjkgd sdttkgo egb ncgktcrkgo‒tèt ks, tc

dgsurd t`d ebbktkcgejkty egb pdrnegdghd ci dnksskcg

rdbuhtkcgs‒egb wkt` rdspdht tc jdeaeods‒tèt ks,

t`d rksa tèt evckbdb bdicrdstetkcg kg scnd pjehds

hcujb fd hcnpdgsetdb fy kghrdesds kg ct`drs (Xh`je-

nebkgodr dt ej. (6<<?). R`drd wdrd ejsc hcghdrgs wktè pcsskfjd trebd-cii fdtwddg t`d usd ci t`ks pctdg-

tkejjy jcw-hcst nktkoetkcg cptkcg egb t`d knpjdndg-

tetkcg ci bcndstkh dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs kg

kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds (Xewydr dt ej. 6<<0). Ncrd

rdhdgt kgtdrgetkcgej gdoctketkcgs, `cwdvdr, èvd

ncvdb tcwerb rdhcogkzkgo bdhrdesds kg bdicrdstetkcg

ircn e prd-dstefjks`db fesdjkgd es odgdretkgo hrdbkts

egb cr hcnpdgsetkcgs kg e pcst-6<56 rdoknd. Kg per-

tkhujer, t`d Fejk Ehtkcg \jeg ebcptdb kg Bdhdnfdr

6<<? fy t`d pertkds ci t`d Ayctc \rctchcj dxpjkhktjy

hejjs icr ebbrdsskgo ‚pcjkhy epprceh`ds egb pcsktkvd

kghdgtkvds cg kssuds rdjetkgo tc rdbuhkgo dnksskcgs

ircn bdicrdstetkcg egb icrdst bdorebetkcg kg bdvdjcp-kgo hcugtrkds.„ Xdvdrej typds ci prcpcsejs èvd dndrodb

kg t`ks rdoerb burkgo rdhdgt yders, egb kt ks hrktkhejjy

knpcrtegt icr t`d JHV tèt e wcraefjd pjeg fd

ebcptdb icr iujjy kghcrpcretkgo VDBB kg t`d HBN.

Cg t`d cgd ègb, Hcste Vkhe egb \epue Gdw

Oukgde èvd prcpcsdb tc kghcrpcretd VDBB kgtc t`d

hjknetd hègod erh`ktdhturd, tùs ejjcwkgo icr t`d

pcsskfkjkty ci kssukgo hrdbkts tc prcmdhts cr prcorens

tèt rdbuhd bdicrdstetkcg wkt` rdspdht tc scnd dstef-

jks`db fesdjkgd. Frezkj, cg t`d ct`dr ègb, ès prc-

pcsdb dstefjks`kgo e spdhkikh ‚gcgneradt„ iugbbdbkhetdb tc VDBB. R`ks ‚Rrcpkhej Icrdst Iugb„

wcujb pctdgtkejjy rdhdkvd hcgtrkfutkcgs ircn kgbustrk-

ejkzdb hcugtrkds fut t`d hcgtrkfutkcgs wcujb gct

hcugt tcwerb t`d nktkoetkcg hcnnktndgts ci t`csd

hcugtrkds. R`d iugb wcujb ewerb ikgeghkej kghdgtkvds

icr rdbuhtkcgs kg bdicrdstetkcg retds fdjcw dstefjks`db

fesdjkgds. R`drd wcujb fd gc pdgejtkds icr gct nddt-

kgo t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo terodts, ejt`cuo` iekjkgo tc bc

sc hcujb hcugt eoekgst iuturd rdbuhtkcgs fdjcw t`d

fesdjkgd (Xewydr dt ej. 6<<0). Ct`dr prcpcsejs èvdhcnfkgdb espdhts ci fct` neradt-crkdgtdb egb iugb-

fesdb ejtdrgetkvds, w`kjd ejsc dstefjks`kgo ikgeghkej

kghdgtkvds pdr evckbdb tcg ci HC6. Es gctdb fy Xtress-

furo dt ej. (6<<0), `cwdvdr, kg crbdr icr t`csd ikgeg-

hkej kghdgtkvds tc fd diidhtkvd kg ebbrdsskgo t`d jchej

brkvdrs ci bdicrdstetkcg, egb fdheusd ci scvdrdkogty

kssuds, t`d kgtregetkcgej bkstrkfutkcg ci t`d rdscurhds

tc fd ejjchetdb tc rdbuhkgo bdicrdstetkcg ney gddb tc

fd bdhkbdb et t`d hcugtry jdvdj egb ks ugjkadjy tc fd

kghjubdb kg kgtdrgetkcgej VDBB ndhègksns.

Ebeptkgo tc Hjknetd Hègod

Must es t`dy èvd ebeptdb tc pest hjknetkh s`kits,

ùnegs egb dhcsystdns wkjj eutcgcncusjy rdspcgb tc

t`d icrt`hcnkgo hègods kg weys tèt wkjj nktkoetd

t`d gdoetkvd diidhts egb dgèghd t`d pcsktkvd, tc t`d

dxtdgt t`dy erd efjd tc bc sc. Kg hcgtrest tc ndesurds

tc rdbuhd dnksskcgs ci O@Os, icr ncst ehtkcgs tc

64




ebept tc hjknetd hègod t`d kgbkvkbuej teakgo t`d

ehtkcg kghurs t`d fuja ci t`d hcsts egb rdhdkvds t`d

fuja ci t`d fdgdikts. Rèt ks, t`dsd ndesurds odgdretd

idw dxtdrgejktkds. Icr t`ks rdescg, ebeptetkcg ks nuh`

jdss vujgdrefjd tèg ks nktkoetkcg tc hcjjdhtkvd ehtkcg

prcfjdns tèt wcujb heusd e sufcptknej rdspcgsd.R`ks bcds gct ndeg tèt pufjkh pcjkhy ks gct gddbdb kg

t`ks erde, fut ret`dr knpjkds tèt t`d akgbs ci gdhds-

sery pcjkhkds, kgstktutkcgs, egb kgvdstndgts wkjj èvd

nuh` kg hcnncg wkt` t`csd tèt erd gddbdb tc prc-

vkbd t`d akgbs ci ‚pufjkh occbs„ tèt ocvdrgndgt

s`cujb gcrnejjy prcvkbd. Occb ebeptetkcg pcjkhy ks kg

odgdrej occb bdvdjcpndgt pcjkhy.

R`d tknkgo ci ebeptetkcg pcjkhy egb kgvdstndgts ks

knpcrtegt. _`kjd scnd èrfkgodrs ci nemcr hjknetd

hègod erd ejrdeby èvkgo eg knpeht, t`d fuja ci t`d

hègod wkjj chhur cvdr jcgo tknd `crkzcgs‒bdhebdsegb hdgturkds. Hjknetd hègod ney negkidst ktsdji es

hègods kg jcgo-tdrn trdgbs kg evdreod tdnpdreturds

egb prdhkpktetkcg, kghrdesdb verkefkjkty kg t`dsd egb/cr

ncrd dxtrdnd dvdgts. R`drd ks nuh` ughdrtekgty

rdoerbkgo dxehtjy `cw hjknetd kg pertkhujer jchetkcgs

wkjj hègod, egb t`drdicrd wèt akgb ci ebeptetkcg

wkjj fd gddbdb. R`drd ks ncrd eorddndgt encgo ncb-

djs rdoerbkgo t`d bdordd ci wernkgo tèg rdoerbkgo

t`d hègods kg prdhkpktetkcg pettdrgs, fut t`d jettdr

erd et jdest es knpcrtegt kg pjeggkgo icr ebeptetkcg.@drd, Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg stegbs cut,

ejcgo wkt` Eirkhe, es t`d rdokcg wkt` t`d ordetdst

ughdrtekgtkds, es ndesurdb fy hcgskstdghy ci prdbkh-

tkcgs fy bkiidrdgt ncbdjs. R`d jcgo pjeggkgo `crkzcgs

egb ughdrtekgty ney jdeb cgd tc qudstkcg w`dt`dr

pcjkhy neadrs kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds s`cujb hcgskbdr

ugbdrteakgo ebeptetkcg pcjkhy et ejj kg t`d s`crt tdrn

okvdg t`dkr ct`dr bdvdjcpndgt prkcrktkds.

R`ks kgtuktkcg ks hcrrdht tc e pckgt. Tgbdrteakgo

nemcr kgvdstndgts cr pcjkhy rdspcgsds kg egtkhkpetkcg

ci spdhkikh hjknetkh knpehts rugs e `ko` rksa ci westkgordscurhds cr dvdg kghrdeskgo ebvdrsd knpehts ki t`d

hègods bc gct netdrkejkzd es dxpdhtdb, cr ki iuturd

tdh`gcjcokhej ebveghds ejjcw e ncrd hcst-diidhtkvd

rdspcgsd. _dko`db eoekgst tèt ks t`d rksa tèt iekjurd

tc tead tkndjy ehtkcgs ney kghur prdvdgtefjd ben-

eods, egb scnd kgvdstndgts egb pcjkhkds ney tead e

jcgo tknd tc fder irukt. Es gctdb efcvd, `cwdvdr, t`ks

akgb ci trebd-cii ks gct sc stera, skghd negy‒ki gct

ncst‒ci t`d t`kgos tèt ocvdrgndgts heg bc tc `djp

t`dkr hktkzdgs ebept tc hjknetd hègod erd ikrst egb

icrdncst occb bdvdjcpndgt pcjkhy. Icr t`dsd akgbs ci

ehtkcgs, t`d spdhtdr ci hjknetd hègod ney gct fd t`d

ncst knpcrtegt nctkvetkcg, fut ney gcgdt`djdsshègod t`d pcjktkhej hejhujus. [dt, t`drd erd hjderjy

scnd erdes kg w`kh` urodgt ehtkcg ks werregtdb tc prd-

vdgt krrdvdrskfjd beneods, dspdhkejjy tc dhcsystdns

tèt erd hurrdgtjy ugbdr hjknetd-rdjetdb strdss. Es

eroudb kg hèptdr 8, wèt ks gddbdb ks e akgb ci trkeod

cr prkcrktkzetkcg ci ehtkcgs tc kbdgtkiy wèt ès tc fd

bcgd kg t`d s`crt tdrn egb wèt s`cujb fd pcstpcgdb.

Cutjkgd ci t`d Vdpcrt

Hèptdr 6 ci t`ks rdpcrt wkjj dxpjcrd t`d geturd ci t`d

p`yskhej knpehts tèt hjknetd hègod ks jkadjy tc èvdkg t`d JHV egb quegtkiy scnd ci t`d dhcgcnkh diidhts.

Fct` ùneg egb geturej systdns wkjj gddb tc ebept tc

t`d gdw hjknetkh hcgbktkcgs. Hèptdr 8 wkjj hcgskbdr

t`d dvkbdghd rdoerbkgo `cw t`ks ks jkadjy tc chhur

eutcgcncusjy kg t`d JHV, egb `cw kgtdrgetkcgej

pcjkhkds egb kgstktutkcgs, es wdjj es t`csd kg t`d JHV

hcugtrkds, heg iehkjktetd t`ks prchdss sc es tc rdbuhd t`d

pekg egb cptknkzd egy pcsskfjd oekgs. _d wkjj t`dg

rdvkskt t`d hèjjdgods esschketdb wkt` nktkoetkgo

ojcfej hjknetd hègod, ichuskgo cg t`d akgbs ci bcndstkh egb kgtdrgetkcgej ocvdrgndgt pcjkhkds tèt

hcujb `djp eh`kdvd tèt ocej (hèptdr 2). R`d rdpcrt

wkjj t`dg rdvkdw t`d pettdrg ci Jetkg Endrkhe‛s O@O

dnksskcgs egb bkshuss t`d ugbdrjykgo dhcgcnkh iehtcrs

tèt èvd prcbuhdb t`ks pettdrg (hèptdr 4). Ikgejjy,

wd wkjj ettdnpt tc kbdgtkiy hcghrdtd cptkcgs tèt JHV

hcugtrkds èvd tc rdbuhd dnksskcgs kg t`d ncst hcst-

diidhtkvd weys, w`kjd kg e gunfdr ci hesds dgmcykgo

verkcus eghkjjery fdgdikts ircn bckgo sc (hèptdr 9).

Gctds5. Geoy dt ej. (6<<9).

6. Nete egb Gcfrd (6<<9).

8. Geoy dt ej. (6<<9).

2. Neorîg dt ej. (6<<?).

4. Vebbetz (6<<0).

9. Kg t`d tdrnkgcjcoy ci t`d K\HH, e `ko` jdvdj ci hcgik-

bdghd kg e okvdg stetdndgt encugts tc e fdjkdi, fesdb cg dxpdrt

mubondgt ci t`d ugbdrjykgo dvkbdghd (bete, ncbdjs, cr egejysds)

69




tèt t`d hèghd ci t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo ikgbkgo fdkgo hcrrdht ks et

jdest 0 cut ci 5<.

?. \erry dt ej. (6<<?).

0. Neorîg dt ej. (6<<?).

;. Ireghcu dt ej. (6<<4).

5<. Frebjdy dt ej. (6<<9) egb Venîrdz dt ej. (6<<5).

55. Kg 6<<2, HC6 dnksskcgs ircn icsskj iudj usd rdprdsdgtdb49.9 pdrhdgt ci tctej O@O dnksskcgs, w`kjd HC6 dnksskcgs

ircn jegb-usd hègod wdrd 5?.8 pdrhdgt. Eorkhujturd wes

rdspcgskfjd icr 58.4 pdrhdgt ci tctej O@O dnksskcgs, ehhcugt-

kgo icr ejncst ;< pdrhdgt ci G6C dnksskcgs (w`kh`, kg turg,

wdrd 0 pdrhdgt ci tctej O@O dnksskcgs) egb icr ncrd tèg 2<

pdrhdgt ci H@2 dnksskcgs (w`kh` wdrd 52 pdrhdgt ci tctej

O@O dnksskcgs). Ct`dr scurhds ci H@2 kghjubd dnksskcgs ircn

jegbikjj westd, westdwetdr, egb t`d prcbuhtkcg egb usd ci fkc

dgdroy. K\HH (6<<?).

56. @drdeitdr t`ks ks rdidrrdb tc es HC6 dqukvejdgt cr HC6d.

58. Xdd Veupeh` dt ej. (6<<?). R`d ikourd bdpkhts cfsdrvdb

ojcfej HC6 dnksskcgs kghjubkgo ejj tdrns kg Dquetkcg (5), ircnfct` t`d DKE (5;0<-6<<2) egb ojcfej Herfcg Bkcxkbd Kgicrne-

tkcg Egejysks Hdgtdr (HBKEH) (5?45‘6<<4) bete, hcnperdb

wkt` dnksskcgs shdgerkcs (0) egb stefkjkzetkcg tremdhtcrkds (5<, 55,

56). Xdd Nerjegb dt ej. (6<<?). DKE dnksskcgs bete erd gcrnej-

kzdb tc send ndeg es HBKEH bete icr 5;;<‘5;;;, tc ehhcugt icr

cnksskcg ci IHdndgt kg DKE bete. R`d 6<<2 egb 6<<4 pckgts kg t`d

HBKEH betesdt erd prcvkskcgej. R`d skx K\HH shdgerkcs (0) erd

spjkgd ikts tc prcmdhtkcgs (kgktkejkzdb wkt` cfsdrvetkcgs icr 5;;<)

ci pcsskfjd iuturd dnksskcgs icr icur shdgerkc ienkjkds, E5, E6,

F5, egb F6, w`kh` dnpèskzd ojcfejkzdb vdrsus rdokcgejkzdb

bdvdjcpndgt cg t`d E, F exks egb dhcgcnkh orcwt` vdrsus dgvk-

rcgndgtej stdwerbs`kp cg t`d 5, 6 exks. R`rdd verkegts ci t`d E5

(ojcfejkzdb, dhcgcnkhejjy crkdgtdb) shdgerkc jdeb tc bkiidrdgt

dnksskcgs tremdhtcrkds= E5IK (kgtdgskvd bdpdgbdghd cg icsskj

iudjs), E5R (ejtdrgetkvd tdh`gcjcokds jerodjy rdpjehd icsskj iudjs),

egb E5F (fejeghdb dgdroy suppjy fdtwddg icsskj iudjs egb ejtdr-

getkvds). R`d hurvds s`cwg icr shdgerkcs erd evdreods cvdr evekj-

efjd kgbkvkbuej shdgerkcs kg deh` ci t`d skx shdgerkc ienkjkds, egb

bkiidr sjko`tjy ircn ‚neradr„ shdgerkcs. R`d stefkjkzetkcg tremdh-

tcrkds erd spjkgd ikts epprcxknetkgo t`d evdreod ircn twc ncbdjs

(55, 56), w`kh` okvd sknkjer rdsujts. R`dy kghjubd ughdrtekgty

fdheusd t`d dnksskcgs pet`wey tc e okvdg stefkjkzetkcg terodt ks

gct ugkqud.

52. Bkjjdy dt ej. (6<<4).

54. Es eroudb fy Bkjjdy dt ej. (6<<4), knprcvdndgts kg t`dnegeodndgt ci bksestdr rksas ney rdqukrd e wkbd regod ci

pcjkhy egb kgstktutkcgej rdicrns, hepehkty fukjbkgo ehtkvktkds,

egb ebveghd pjeggkgo icr pcstbksestdr dndrodghy ikgeghkgo.

59. Ydroere (6<<4) egb Neorîg dt ej. (6<<?).

5?. Xdd Xtdrg (6<<?) cr \`kjkfdrt (6<<9) icr e ncrd bdtekjdb

hcnputetkcg ci t`d bdebwdko`t jcssds esschketdb wkt` h`ccskgo

t`d wrcgo tex vdrsus t`d wrcgo hep. Okvdg gdw kgicrnetkcg cg

nerokgej nktkoetkcg hcsts, jerodr jcssds wcujb chhur w`dg

uskgo e hep egb trebd sh`dnd kg t`d jdit pegdj egb ircn e her-

fcg tex kg t`d rko`t pegdj. Gctd ejsc tèt ki efetdndgt hcsts erd

agcwg wkt` hdrtekgty, ughdrtekgty cvdr nerokgej nktkoetkcg

fdgdikts bcds gct nettdr kg t`d h`ckhd ci pcjkhy kgstrundgts‒kt

wcujb cgjy eiidht t`d jdvdj ci texds cr quctes‒ugjdss ci hcursdtèt ughdrtekgty ejsc eiidhts t`d sjcpd ci t`d nerokgej fdgdikt

hurvd. Xdd \`kjkfdrt (6<<9).

50. Es eroudb fy Ejby dt ej. (6<<0), `cwdvdr, cghd kgtdrge-

tkcgej eorddndgts cg herfcg texds erd rdeh`db, eg ebdquetd

ncgktcrkgo systdn wcujb èvd tc fd dstefks`db sc es tc nead

surd tèt hcugtrkds bc gct ebcpt hcnpdgsetkgo ikshej ndesurds‒

icr dxenpjd, ebbktkcgej dgdroy sufskbkds‒tc hus`kcg cr rdbuhd

t`d furbdg ci t`d herfcg tex.

5;. R`ks sdhtkcg rdjkds devkjy cg Xtdrg (6<<?).

6<. R`ks ks fesdb cg t`d fdst dstknetd (t`d ncbd) rdpcrtdb

fy t`d K\HH icr t`d eicrdndgtkcgdb hjknetd sdgsktkvkty pere-

ndtdr. @cwdvdr, ki t`d ncrd pdssknkstkh dstknetds icr t`ksperendtdr erd usdb kgstdeb, t`d tdnpdreturd kghrdesds icr e ste-

fkjkzetkcg terodt ci 224 ppn tc 484 ppn HC6d hcujb fd es

`ko` es 2.6¼H.

65. R`d kghrdesd hcujb fd ci up tc 2.;¼H1 `ko` dstknetds icr

t`d hjknetd sdgsktkvkty perendtdr erd usdb kgstdeb ci t`d ncbd.

66. Kt ks wcrt` gctkgo, `cwdvdr, tèt t`dsd dstknetds rdjy cg

t`d ejjchetkcg ci djdhtrkhkty sevkgos tc t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo dgb-

usd sdhtcrs. Ki kgstdeb t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo dnksskcgs rdbuhtkcgs

wdrd tc fd ejjchetdb tc t`d dgdroy suppjy sdhtcr, kts sèrd kg t`d

tctej nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej wcujb kghrdesd tc efcut 84 pdrhdgt

egb tèt ci dgdroy diikhkdghy kg fukjbkgos wcujb iejj tc efcut

56 pdrhdgt. Ncrdcvdr, t`d nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej ci t`d tregs-

pcrtetkcg sdhtcr ks ugbdrdstknetdb es irdko`t tregspcrt egb

pufjkh tregspcrt erd dxhjubdb ircn t`d egejysks.

68. R`d irendwcra heg fd sunnerkzdb uskgo t`d Vensdy

icrnuje= XR\ > ζ + δ * ψ w`drd ζ ks t`d purd tknd bkshcugt

retd, ψ ks t`d dxpdhtdb retd ci jcgo rug orcwt` kg pdr hepkte cut-

put, egb δ ks t`d djestkhkty ci nerokgej utkjkty ci hcgsunptkcg.

Xtdrg essunds tèt ζ ks <.5, cg t`d fesks ci t`d p`kjcscp`khej

prkghkpjd tèt ejj odgdretkcgs s`cujb fd trdetdb dquejjy, tèt ψ ks

5.8, egb δ ks dquej tc 5, w`kh` knpjkds eg XR\ ci 5.2. Es eroudb

fy Gcrbèus egb _dktzneg t`d purd tknd bkshcugt retd (ζ) ks

odgdrejjy fdjkdvdb tc fd fdtwddg 5.4 egb 61 orcwt` (ψ) hcujb fd

seidjy essundb tc fd 6 pdrhdgt pdr yder fesdb cg pest dxpdrkdghd1

egb t`d djestkhkty ci nerokgej utkjkty ci hcgsunptkcg (δ) ks usu-ejjy t`cuo`t tc fd hjcsd tc 6.

62. Xdd Yerby (6<<0) icr bdtekjs.

64. Kt nust fd gctdb, `cwdvdr, tèt t`d `kstcrkhej ehhunu-

jetdb dnksskcgs ci bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds wkjj hcgtkgud tc fd

fdjcw t`csd ci t`d kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds ugtkj t`d dgb ci t`d

hdgtury (Ikoudrds 6<<?).

6?






@cw Ks t`d Hjknetd kg t`d JHV Hègokgo3

R`d Icurt` Essdssndgt Vdpcrt ci t`d Kgtdrocvdrgndg-

tej \egdj cg Hjknetd Hègod‒rdjdesdb kg Xdptdnfdr

6<<?‒stetds tèt ‚wernkgo ci t`d hjknetd systdn

ks ugdqukvchej.„ R`d K\HH dxprdssds e ‚`ko` jdvdj ci

hcgikbdghd„ tèt verkcus ùneg ehtkvktkds (icr dxenpjd,

eorkhujturd egb `dejt`) egb geturej systdns (icr dxen-

pjd, pjegts egb egknej spdhkds, nerkgd dhcsystdns, egb

`ybrcjcokhej systdns) èvd ejrdeby fddg eiidhtdb fy

ojcfej wernkgo.5

Jetkg Endrkhe ès gct fddg dxdnpt ircn t`d ojcfej

trdgb.6

Kg pertkhujer, kghrdesds kg ndeg tdnpdreturds ci

epprcxknetdjy <.5¼H pdr bdhebd èvd chhurrdb kg Xcut`

Endrkhe burkgo t`d twdgtkdt` hdgtury, wkt` ko`dr retdsci wernkgo kg t`d Egbdeg rdokcg, hcgskstdgt wkt` prd-

bkhtkcgs ci ncbdjs ci hjknetd hègod. \rdhkpktetkcg ès

kghrdesdb kg scnd erdes‒gcrt`dest Erodgtkge, scut`drg

Frezkj, \ereouey, gcrt`wdst \dru, egb Truouey‒egb

bdhrdesdb kg ct`drs‒scut`wdst Erodgtkge, scut`drg

H`kjd, egb scut`drg \dru. R`d retd ci ci rkskgo sde jdvdjs

ès ejsc kghrdesdb, rdeh`kgo 6 tc 8 nkjjkndtdrs pdr yder

burkgo t`d pest twc bdhebds kg scut`destdrg Xcut`

Endrkhe. R`d dvkbdghd hcjjdhtdb fy t`d K\HH suoodsts

tèt t`dsd hjknetkh hègods erd ejrdeby eiidhtkgo t`d ird-

qudghy ci dxtrdnd wdet`dr dvdgts. \rcnkgdgt dxenpjds

kghjubd ncrd irdqudgt `devy rekgs cvdr gcrt`dest Frezkj

egb hdgtrej Ndxkhc, eg kghrdesd kg ijccb irdqudghy kg

scnd perts ci t`d Enezcg, egb e 4< pdrhdgt rksd kg

strdenijcw kg t`d \erege, \ereouey, egb Truouey

Vkvdrs. Vdhdgt yders èvd ejsc sddg kghrdesdb ùrrkhegd

ehtkvkty kg t`d Herkffdeg rdokcg.

Es t`d wernkgo ehhdjdretds kg t`d yders e`deb, nuh`

ncrd wkbdsprdeb egb sdrkcus hcgsdqudghds erd icrdhest

icr t`d JHV. Vdhdgt TGIHHH stubkds egb iuturd hjk-

netd hègod shdgerkcs bdrkvdb ircn ojcfej hjknetd

ncbdjs prdbkht tèt wernkgo kg ncst erdes ci JHV wkjj

fd ordetdr tèg t`d ojcfej ndeg, t`d dxhdptkcg fdkgo

t`d scut`drg pert ci Xcut` Endrkhe (H`rkstdgsdg dt ej.

6<<?).8 R`d K\HH‛s Icurt` Essdssndgt Vdpcrt prdbkhts

tèt ugbdr fuskgdss-es-usuej shdgerkcs tdnpdreturd

kghrdesds kg t`d JHV wkt` rdspdht tc 5;95‘;< hcujb

regod ircn <.2¼H tc 5.0¼H fy 6<6< egb ircn 5¼H tc

2¼H fy 6<4< (Neorîg dt ej. 6<<?). Ncrd rdhdgt bete

kgbkhetd tèt t`d hurrdgt retd ci dnksskcgs ks iestdr tèg

tèt kg t`d ncst dxtrdnd shdgerkc hcgskbdrdb kg Neorîgdt ej. (6<<?), knpjykgo tèt t`d egtkhkpetdb wernkgo

ney dxhddb hurrdgt icrdhests. _cra ugbdrteadg uskgo

t`d Dert` Xknujetcr kg Mepeg odgdrejjy hcgikrns t`dsd

prcmdhtkcgs egb kgbkhetd e jkadjk`ccb ci iest wernkgo kg

t`d Egbds hcrbkjjdre.2

R`dsd prcmdhtkcgs ejsc pckgt tc hègokgo prdhkpkte-

tkcg pettdrgs ehrcss t`d rdokcg, wkt` kghrdesdb rekgiejj

kg Rkdrre bdj Iudoc egb scut`destdrg Xcut` Endrkhe

egb brkdr hcgbktkcgs kg Hdgtrej Endrkhe egb t`d scut`-

drg Egbds (nep 6.5). Bdspktd hcgskbdrefjd ughdrtekgty

efcut rekgiejj pettdrgs kg pertkhujer hcugtrkds, t`drd erd

kgbkhetkcgs tèt hjknetd hègod ney jdeb tc ncrd ird-

qudgt dxtrdnd dvdgts, wkt` scnd erdes rdhdkvkgo jdss

prdhkpktetkcg, egb, es suh`, erkb egb sdnk-erkb erdes

ney fd ncrd vujgdrefjd (TGIHHH 6<<9e).

Eg ehhuretd neppkgo ci fct` hurrdgt egb iuturd

èzerbs ks knpcrtegt icr kgicrnkgo bksestdr prdvdgtkcg

6;

H@E\RDV 6

Hjknetd Hègod Knpehts kg JetkgEndrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg



8<


Ncrd bry beys Jcgodr `det wevds

@ko`dr rekg kgtdgskty @ko`dr nexknun rekgiejj

NE\ 6.5

Dxpdhtdb Hègods kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg Hjknetd Vksas ircn 5;05‘6<<< tc 6<85‘4< Fesdb cg Dko`t Ojcfej Hkrhujetkcg

Ncbdjs (p. 8<) egb Jdvdjs ci Ncbdj Hcghcrbeghd (p. 85)

(Nep hcgtkguds cg gdxt peod.)



85

H J K N E R D H @ E G O D K N \ E H R X K G J E R K G E N D V K H E E G B R @ D H E V K F F D E G

Bry beys= hcghcrbeghd @det wevds= hcghcrbeghd

Vekg kgtdgskty= hcghcrbeghd Nexknun rekgiejj= hcghcrbeghd

NE\ 6.5

(hcgtkgudb)

Xcurhd= _crjb Fega steii hejhujetkcgs uskgo dko`t ojcfej hkrhujetkcg ncbdjs (sdd tefjd 6.5).

Gctd= XBK > Xknpjd bekjy kgtdgskty.



egb prdperdbgdss. Es s`cwg kg tefjd 6.5, ugbdr hurrdgt

hjknetd hcgbktkcgs, scnd rdokcgs ci Hdgtrej Endrkhe,

t`d Egbdeg hcugtrkds, Frezkj, egb Ndxkhc erd et `ko`-

dst rksa icr fdkgo kt fy brcuo`ts. Xknkjerjy, jerod erdes

wkt` `ko` rksa ci ijccbs heg fd icugb kg t`d Egbdeg

hcugtrkds, Erodgtkge, Frezkj, t`d Herkffdeg, HdgtrejEndrkhe, \ereouey, egb Truouey. Kgbddb, es kjjustretdb

kg t`d tcp icur pegdjs ci nep 6.5, kt eppders tèt e

gunfdr ci erdes wkt` e hurrdgt `ko` dxpcsurd rksa icr

brcuo`ts cr ijccbs wcujb, kg t`d iuturd, èvd tc bdej

wkt` dvdg brkdr hcgbktkcgs egb ncrd kgtdgsd rekgiejj,

rdspdhtkvdjy. Kg pertkhujer, t`ks wcujb fd t`d hesd icr ejj

ci t`d `ko`-rksa brcuo`t erdes ci H`kjd, Dj Xejvebcr,

Ouetdneje, egb Ndxkhc, icr w`kh` t`d prdbkhtkcgs ci et

jdest ikvd cut ci dko`t ojcfej hjknetd ncbdjs kgbkhetd

tèt fy 6<8< t`d gunfdr ci hcgsdhutkvd bry beys wkjj

kghrdesd egb `det wevds wkjj fdhcnd jcgodr. Xknkjerjy,fdtwddg 2? egb 5<< pdrhdgt ci t`d `ko`-rksa ijccb

erdes ci Erodgtkge, \dru, egb Truouey erd dxpdhtdb tc

fdhcnd dvdg ncrd dxpcsdb tc kgtdgsd rekgiejj. R`d fct-

tcn pegdjs ci nep 6.5 kgbkhetd tèt t`drd ks hcgskbdr-

efjd bkseorddndgt wkt` rdspdht tc spdhkikh rdokcgej

prcmdhtkcgs bdrkvdb ircn verkcus ojcfej hjknetd ncb-

djs. @cwdvdr, icr ncst ci t`d prdvkcus dxenpjds, t`d

jdvdj ci ncbdj hcghcrbeghd ks rdjetkvdjy `ko`.

Beneod ircn trcpkhej stcrns ks e nemcr dhcgcnkh rksa

icr negy hcugtrkds kg t`d Herkffdeg Feskg. Refjd 6.6kgbkhetds t`d hunujetkvd dhcgcnkh hcst egb jcss ci jkid

icr hcugtrkds kg t`ks rdokcg ircn 5;?; tc 6<<9. R`d

dstknetdb hcsts ci ùrrkhegd knpehts kg t`d rdokcg erd

dstknetdb tc èvd kghrdesdb fy twc crbdrs ci neogk-

tubd skghd t`d 5;?<s, ejt`cuo` t`ks ks pertkejjy e rdsujt

ci kghrdesdb bdvdjcpndgt, ret`dr tèg hègods kg

wdet`dr pettdrgs. R`d yder 6<<4 sew t`d gunfdr ci

ùrrkhegds kg t`d Gcrt` Etjegtkh `kt 52, e `kstcrkh

`ko`. Egb kg 6<<2, icr t`d ikrst tknd dvdr, e ùrrkhegd

icrndb kg t`d Xcut` Etjegtkh egb kt Frezkj. Ci pertkh-

ujer skogkikheghd ks t`d rdhdgt kghrdesd kg Ndscendrk-heg jegbiejjs skghd 5;;4 eitdr eg dxtdgbdb qukdt

rdoknd ci gderjy 2< yders. Icur ci t`d 5< ncst ehtkvd

yders icr ùrrkhegd jegbiejjs èvd chhurrdb kg t`d pest

5< yders. Kg 6<<0 Hufe, @ektk, egb ct`dr ksjegbs wdrd

pertkhujerjy eiidhtdb fy nujtkpjd ùrrkhegds. R`ks

reksds t`d qudstkcg ci w`dt`dr wd erd ejrdeby sddkgo

t`d knpehts ci hjknetd hègod egb ki t`d beneods wkjj

fd ordetdr tèg dxpdhtdb (d.o., bud tc e pcsskfjd

kghrdesd kg irdqudghy). Kg ieht, icjjcwkgo ùrrkhegd

Aetrkge, T.X. rksa-ncbdjkgo hcnpegkds reksdb t`dkr

dstknetkcg ci t`d prcfefkjkty ci e sknkjer dvdgt ircn

cghd dvdry 2< yders tc cghd dvdry 6< yders es e rdsujt ci

t`d wernkgo ci wetdr tdnpdreturds kg t`d GcrtÈtjegtkh Feskg. Xknkjerjy, `kstcrkhej bete erd vdry suo-

odstkvd ci e trdgb tcwerb kgtdgskikhetkcg kg t`d

strdgot` ci ùrrkhegds wkt` jegbiejjs kg t`d Gcrt`

Etjegtkh, kghjubkgo t`d Herkffdeg Feskg.

Hcrrdjetkcg fdtwddg t`d irdqudghy ci trcpkhej

hyhjcgds egb sde suriehd tdnpdreturds heg fd sddg kg

ikourd 6.5. R`d dvkbdghd sddns tc knpjy tèt t`dsd

stcrns erd jkadjy tc fdhcnd ncrd hcnncg es t`d

Dert` `dets up. E rdhdgt stuby (Hurry dt ej. 6<<;)

dstknetds tèt deh` kghrdesd kg sde suriehd tdnpdre-

turds ci 5 bdordd Ie`rdg`dkt (<.9 bdordd Hdjskus)hcujb kghrdesd t`d irdqudghy ci trcpkhej stcrn ehtkv-

kty kg t`d Gcrt` Etjegtkh fy up tc ikvd stcrns pdr

yder. @cwdvdr, t`drd ks stkjj gct e shkdgtkikh hcgsdgsus

cg t`ks, pertkejjy fdheusd ci t`d bkiikhujtkds kg kscjet-

kgo t`d diidhts ci tdnpdreturd ircn t`csd ci ct`dr

geturej hyhjds. Cg t`d ct`dr ègb, t`drd ks ordetdr

hcgsdgsus tèt ojcfej wernkgo ks jkadjy tc heusd t`dkr

kgtdgskikhetkcg. Hdrtekgjy, rdhdgt rdvkdws ci nemcr

ùrrkhegd ehtkvkty cvdr tknd (@cycs dt ej. 6<<91 Hurry

dt ej. 6<<;) pckgt tc trdgbs kg t`d kgtdgskikhetkcg ci ùrrkhegds kg t`d Herkffdeg Feskg. Kg ieht, Hurry dt ej.

(6<<;) kgbkhetd tèt kt ks jkadjy tèt t`ks ks kgbddb

ettrkfutefjd tc kghrdeskgo sde suriehd tdnpdreturds

heusdb fy egt`rcpcodgkh ojcfej wernkgo. R`dy ikgb

tèt icr deh` 5 bdordd Ie`rdg`dkt (<.9 bdordd Hdjskus)

wernkgo ci t`d sde, ùrrkhegd kgtdgskty kghrdesds fy

scndw`drd fdtwddg 6 egb 4 pdrhdgt. R`ks hcrrdspcgbs

tc eg kghrdesd kg t`d regod ci 5< tc 69 pdrhdgt kg

beneods. Dvdg wkt` gc kghrdesd kg irdqudghy, t`ks

kgtdgskikhetkcg hcujb èvd nemcr knpjkhetkcgs icr

rdokcgej dhcsystdns egb ùneg ehtkvktkds.Reakgo ejj akgbs ci hjknetd-rdjetdb bksestdrs (kghjub-

kgo brcuo`ts, dxtrdnd tdnpdreturds, wkgbstcrns, egb

ijccbs) tcodt`dr, t`drd eppders tc fd e pcsktkvd trdgb

cvdr t`d pest idw bdhebds, ejt`cuo` jdss neradb kg t`d

JHV tèg kg t`d rdst ci t`d wcrjb (ikourd 6.6). Vebbetz

(6<<0) jkadwksd hcgikrns stetkstkhejjy tèt t`d kghk-

bdghd ci hjknetkh bksestdrs ès kghrdesdb wcrjbwkbd

86




8 8

REFJD 6.5

Irehtkcg ci Getkcgej Rdrrktcry ci Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg Hcugtrkds wkt` Hurrdgt @ko` Vksas ci Brcuo`t, Ijccbs, cr @ko` Dxpdhtdb K

_evds, cr Vekgiejj Kgtdgskty

@ko` prcfefkjkty cibrcuo`ts (hurrdgt

hjknetd)

Kghrdesd kg

nexknun hcgsdhu-tkvd bry beys (HHV)=et jdest 6 ncrd beys

(6<8<)

Kghrdesd kg`detwevd buretkcg(@_B)= et jdest 0

ncrd beys (6<8<)

Erde wkt` ko` hur-

rdgt brcuo`t rksaegb `ko` HHV cr

`ko` @_B kg 6<8<

(%)

@ko` prcfefkjkty ciijccbs (hurrdgt

hjknetd)

Kghrdesd kg sknpjdbekjy rekgiejj kgtdgskty kgbdx (XBK)= et

jdest 2% (6<8<)

Erodgtkge 56 46 80 ?? 64 60

Fdjkhd 5<< 0? 52 <

Fcjkvke 5 ;8 5<< 5<< 8< 59

Freskj 6? ?5 ?; 5<< 58 8;

H`kjd 96 4; 69 5<< ; 64

Hcjcnfke 0 6 2 49 ?4 69

Hcste Vkhe 6< < < < 98 <

Hufe < 5<< < ?; <

Dhuebcr 94 < < < 04 56

Dj Xejvebcr 5<< 5<< 5? 5<< ;; <

Ouetdneje 5<< 5<< ;9 5<< ?8 <

Ouyege < ?9 ;9 < <

Ouyegd 9 9 < 9@ektk < 5<< < ;2 <

@cgbures < ;? 49 5<< <

Menekhe < 5<< < 5<< <

Ndxkhc 28 ;? 0? 5<< 88 <

Gkhereoue 5? 99 < ?8 05 <

\egene < < < 8< <

\ereouey 68 5<< 5<< 5<< 98 <

\dru 2 65 5< < 06 96

\udrtc Vkhc 5<< < 99 <

Vdpufjkhe

Bcnkgkhege < ;0 < 0; <

Xurkgend < 9; 0< < 20

Rrkgkbeb [ Rcfeoc < < ;? <

Truouey < < < 90 5<<Ydgdzudje 5; 5< 05 5<< 69 ;

Xcurhd= _crjb Fega steii hejhujetkcgs uskgo t`d icjjcwkgo ncbdjs= hgrn= hgrn-hn8, Ndtdc Ireghd1 oibj= oibj-hn6.<, Odcp`yskhej Ijukb B

Kgst. Gundrkhej Net`, Vusske1 kpsj= kpsj-hn2, Kgst \kdrrd Xkncg Jepjehd, Ireghd1 nkr`= nkrch8.6(`krds), Tgkvdrskty ci Rcayc, MENXRDH, Mepe

ci Rcayc, MENXRDH, Mepeg1 nrk= nrk-hohn6.8.6, Ndtdcrcjcokhej Vdsderh` Kgstktutd, Mepeg1 hhsn= hhsn8, Getkcgej Hdgtdr icr Etncsp`drkh

Gctd= HHV, @_B, XBK, V4B rdpcrt % ci tdrrktcry w`drd hjknetd dvdgts erd prdbkhtdb fy 4 cr ncrd Ojcfej Hkrhujetkcg Ncbdjs.



cvdr t`d pest icur bdhebds. Bkseoordoetkgo fy typd

ci bksestdr egb fy sufrdokcg, kt eppders tèt wkgb-

stcrns bksprcpcrtkcgetdjy eiidht t`d Herkffdeg, Hdgtrej

Endrkhe, H`kjd, egb Ndxkhc1 ijccbs `kt Egbdeg

hcugtrkds, Hdgtrej Endrkhe, egb t`d Xcut`drg Hcgd1

w`kjd brcuo`ts `kt scnd Egbdeg hcugtrkds, Hdgtrej

Endrkhe, egb Frezkj.

_èt Erd t`d Hcgsdqudghds ci Hjknetd Hègod

icr Dhcgcnkds egb Dhcsystdns kg t`d JHV3

R`d hègods kg tdnpdreturd egb prdhkpktetkcg pet-

tdrgs tèt erd hurrdgtjy prcmdhtdb icr t`d JHV wcujb

èvd bkvdrsd knpehts cg geturej systdns egb ùneg

ehtkvktkds. Fut t`d dhcgcnkh sdhtcr jkadjy tc suiidr t`dncst bkrdht egb jerodst knpeht ks eorkhujturd, egb t`d

knpeht cg t`ks sdhtcr bcnkgetds t`d cvdrejj pkhturd ci

quegtkikefjd dhcgcnkh diidhts kg ejj hurrdgt ncbdjs.

Xtubkds tèt èvd quegtkikdb sdhtcr-fy-sdhtcr beneods

icr t`d JHV dstknetd eorkhujturej jcssds regokgo ircn

TX$84.5 fkjjkcg pdr yder (cut ci TX$2; fkjjkcg tctej,

<.68 pdrhdgt ci OB\),4 tc TX$56< fkjjkcg pdr yder

82


REFJD 6.6

Hunujetkvd Jcssds icr Deh` Hcugtry, 5;?;‘6<<9

Hcugtry Rctej hyhjcgdsBeneod

(6<<? TX$N)Evo. beneod % ci

OB\ Rctej jkvds jcstEvo. jkvds jcst pdr

5<<,<<< pcp.

Ndxkhc

Ouji Hcest 59 2?,854 4.6; 80< 6.8;Hdgtrej Endrkhe

Fdjkzd 8 29; 55.?5 9; ;.05

Hcste Vkhe 2 590 <.8? 26 <.88

Dj Xejvebcr 6 8?< 6.<< 648 6.65

Ouetdneje 5 5,54; 8.09 90 <.9<

@cgbures 8 4,5;9 86.9; ?,<26 8;.02

Gkhereoue 9 4,5?9 64.6; 8,;4? 59.66

Ordetdr Egtkjjds

Hufe 52 0,<26 6.84 80 <.<8

Bcnkgkheg Vdpufjkh ? ;,28; 4.8< 6,250 4.40

@ektk ? 6,2;4 66.0? 2,?65 0.29

Menekhe ? 2,9?4 56.5? ?6 <.24

\udrtc Vkhc 56 55,894 <.;2 20 <.52

Jdssdr Egtkjjds

Egtkoue egb Ferfube 9 5,?48 44.48 2 6.00

Ferfebcs 4 55 <.<; 5 <.84

Frktks` Ykrokg Ksjegbs 9 9<? 5?;.82 9 8?.44

Bcnkgkhe 8 ?5 65.29 5 5.24

Ordgebe 2 5,<2< 5<4.8? 2< 56.8;

Xt. Aktts egb Gdvks 8 5,289 55<.<4 9 ?.5;

Xt. Juhke 4 52 <.46 66 4.05

Xt. Ykghdgt egb Ordgebkgds 2 92 9.;9 4 5.28

Feènes 55 6,920 ?.9< 9 <.26

Xcurhd= Hurry dt ej. (6<<;).

Gctd= Dstknetdb gcrnejkzdb beneod ks okvdg kg nkjjkcgs ci 6<<?-dqukvejdgt T.X. bcjjers. R`d jkvds jcst kg t`d stcrns erd dxprdssdb fy5<<,<<< kgbkvkbuejs.

5952565<0926

5;6< 5;24 5;?< 5;;4 6<6<69.4

6?.<

6?.4

60.<

60.4

< G u n f d r c i t r c p k h e j

h y h j c g d s

X d e s u r i e h d

t d n p d r e t u r d s ( ¼ H )

[der

IKOTVD 6.5

Rknd Xdrkds ci Gcrt` Etjegtkh Rrcpkhej Hyhjcgds (fjud) egb Xde

Xuriehd Rdnpdreturd (rdb)

Xcurhd= Ebeptdb ircn Hurry dt ej. (6<<;).



Vcsdgzwdko egb Kojdskes (6<<9). @ks rdsujts prcmdht

tèt ykdjbs kg t`d JHV (evdreodb ehrcss t`d icur bkiidr-

dgt hjknetd ncbdjs) wkjj bdhjkgd 5; pdrhdgt icr ko`dr

kghcnd ‚hejcrkd dxpcrtkgo„ hcugtrkds, 58.4 pdrhdgt

kg `ko`dr kghcnd ‚hejcrkd knpcrtkgo„ hcugtrkds, egb

5? pdrhdgt kg nkbbjd- egb jcw-kghcnd hcugtrkds.Hjkgd ejsc rdpcrts `ks cwg dstknetds, fesdb ncstjy cg

dxkstkgo stubkds ebmustdb tc nead t`dn ncrd rdejkstkh

kg `ks vkdw, icr dxenpjd, fy ejjcwkgo icr t`d ykdjb-

euondgtkgo diidhts ci herfcg idrtkjkzetkcg. Dvdg ugbdr

t`ks cptknkstkh herfcg-idrtkjkzdr shdgerkc, ykdjbs erd

prcmdhtdb tc kghrdesd kg cgjy twc hcugtrkds= Erodgtkge

(fy 6 pdrhdgt) egb Frezkj (fy ? pdrhdgt, fut wkt` hcg-

skbdrefjd rdokcgej verketkcg). Kg ejj ct`dr hcugtrkds

ykdjbs erd prcmdhtdb tc bdhjkgd= fy 56‘58 pdrhdgt kg

Hdgtrej Endrkhe, H`kjd, egb Hcjcnfke1 50‘64 pdrhdgt

kg Dhuebcr, Ndxkhc, egb \dru1 8< pdrhdgt kg Hufe1egb 82 pdrhdgt djsdw`drd kg Xcut` Endrkhe. R`ks

hcnperds tc e ndbkeg ojcfej bdhjkgd ci 2 pdrhdgt

(sdd nep 6.6).

Eppjykgo e Vkherbkeg ndt`cbcjcoy tc e senpjd ci

iern `cusd`cjbs kg sdvdg Xcut` Endrkheg hcugtrkds,

evdreod pctdgtkej rdvdgud jcssds ircn hjknetd hègod

kg 65<< wdrd dstknetdb tc regod ircn 56 pdrhdgt icr e

nkjb hjknetd hègod shdgerkc tc 4< pdrhdgt kg e ncrd

sdvdrd shdgerkc, dvdg eitdr ierndrs ugbdrtead ebeptkvd

rdehtkcgs tc nkgknkzd t`d beneod (Xdc egb Ndgbdj-sc`g 6<<0). Kg e hcugtry iddjkgo sdvdr knpehts, jkad

Ndxkhc, t`d icrdhest iejj kg vejud ci t`d jegb (es e nde-

surd ci t`d bdhjkgd kg prcbuhtkvkty) ks jerodr tèg t`d

ehtuej vejud ci t`d jegb ktsdji icr 8<‘04 pdrhdgt ci ejj

ierns, bdpdgbkgo cg t`d ncbdj egb t`d sdvdrkty ci

wernkgo (Ndgbdjsc`g dt ej. 6<<0). [dt kt ks wcrt`

gctkgo tèt ehrcss hcugtrkds egb dvdg wkt`kg t`d send

hcugtry, t`d knpehts erd jkadjy tc very sufstegtkejjy

ircn cgd rdokcg tc t`d gdxt. Dvdg kg èrb-`kt Ndxkhc,

scnd rdokcgs erd icrdhest tc fdgdikt. Ehrcss t`d hcgtk-

gdgt ci Xcut` Endrkhe, jcssds erd odgdrejjy icrdhest tcfd `ko`dr gderdr t`d dquetcr, wkt` scnd erdes cg t`d

\ehkikh egb kg t`d scut` ci t`d hcgtkgdgt s`cwkgo pcs-

skfjd oekgs. R`dsd stubkds ejsc ikgb tèt snejj ierns bc

gct iddj ncrd sdvdrd knpehts tèg jerod, pdrèps fdheusd

t`d jerodr ierns tdgb tc fd ncrd spdhkejkzdb kg tdn-

pdretd (`det-kgtcjdregt) hrcps egb jkvdstcha, egb t`drd-

icrd jdss ebeptefjd.

84


<

5<<

6<<

8<<

2<<

4<<

9<<

?<<

0<<

;<<

5 ; ? <

5 ; ? 6

5 ; ? 2

5 ; ? 9

5 ; ? 0

5 ; 0 <

5 ; 0 6

5 ; 0 2

5 ; 0 9

5 ; 0 0

5 ; ; <

5 ; ; 6

5 ; ; 2

5 ; ; 9

5 ; ; 0

6 < < <

6 < < 6

6 < < 2

6 < < 9

[der

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdst ci t`d wcrjb

IKOTVD 6.6

Hjknetd-Vdjetdb Bksestdrs kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg

Vdokcg vdrsus t`d Vdst ci t`d _crjb Kgbdx (5;?< > 5<<)

Xcurhd= _crjb Fega steii hejhujetkcgs (fesdb cg DN-BER= R`dCIBE/HVDB Kgtdrgetkcgej Bksestdr Betefesd, Het`cjkh Tgkvdrsktyci Jcuvekg).Gctd= Hcugtrkds rdprdsdgtdb= Egoukjje1 Egtkoue egb Ferfube1

Erodgtkge1 R`d Feènes1 Ferfebcs1 Fdjkzd1 Fcjkvke1 Frezkj1 HeynegKsjegbs1 H`kjd1 Hcjcnfke1 Hcste Vkhe1 Hufe1 Bcnkgkhe1 t`d BcnkgkhegVdpufjkh1 Dhuebcr1 Dj Xejvebcr1 Irdgh` Oukege1 Ordgebe1Ouebdjcupd1 Ouetdneje1 Ouyege1 @ektk1 @cgbures1 Menekhe1Nertkgkqud1 Ndxkhc1 Ncgtsdrret1 Gdt`drjegbs Egtkjjds1 Gkhereoue1\egene1 \ereouey1 \dru1 \udrtc Vkhc1 Xt. Aktts egb Gdvks1 Xt. Juhke1Xt. Ykghdgt egb t`d Ordgebkgds1 Xurkgend1 Rrkgkbeb egb Rcfeoc1Ruras egb Hekhcs1 Truouey1 Vdpýfjkhe Fcjkverkege bd Ydgdzudje,Ykrokg Ksjegbs. R`d bksestdrs hèrtdb nddt et jdest cgd ci t`d icjjcw-kgo hrktdrke= (5) 5< cr ncrd pdcpjd rdpcrtdb bdeb, (6) 5<< pdcpjdrdpcrtdb eiidhtdb, (8) bdhjeretkcg ci e stetd ci dndrodghy, (2) hejj icrkgtdrgetkcgej essksteghd.

(cut ci TX$566 fkjjkcg tctej, <.49 pdrhdgt ci OB\)

9

fy 65<<. E rdhdgt stuby fesdb cg e ojcfej odgdrej

dqukjkfrkun ncbdj wkt` dgbcodgcusjy bdtdrnkgdb

dnksskcgs jdvdjs prcmdhts tctej jcssds kg t`d JHV ci

efcut $555 fkjjkcg (5 pdrhdgt ci OB\) fy 6<4< ki

wernkgo rdeh`ds efcut 5.?;¼H rdjetkvd tc 5;<<.

Dxhdpt icr stubkds fy Rcfe (6<<0). cg Herkffdeg

rdokcgs, bkshussdb jetdr, gcgd ci t`dsd stubkds kghjubd

beneods tc gcgdhcgcnkh sdhtcrs, icr dxenpjd, tc

dhcsystdns, gcr bc t`dy tead kgtc ehhcugt t`d diidhts

ci geturej bksestdrs cr t`d pcsskfkjkty ci hetestrcp`kh

dvdgts, suh` t`d hcjjepsd ci nemcr khd s`ddts cr ndjtkgopdrneircst. Fut fdheusd t`d jcss dstknetds erd fesdb

cg cfsdrvetkcgs ci cw ierndrs fdèvd kg bkiidrdgt hjk-

netds, t`dy bc knpjkhktjy tead kgtc ehhcugt prkvetd

ebeptkvd rdspcgsds.

Hjkgd (6<<?) eppjkdb e hcgskstdgt ndt`cbcjcoy tc

rdhejhujetd t`d bete kg e hrcp ncbdj-fesdb stuby ci t`d

diidhts ci hjknetd hègod cg wcrjb iccb suppjy fy



_èt wcujb fd t`d knpeht ci t`dsd akgbs ci hègods

kg prcbuhtkvkty cg rurej pcvdrty3 Egswdrkgo t`ks quds-

tkcg rdqukrds fct` occb cusd`cjb bete egb occb ncbdj-kgo ci t`d wey kg w`kh` `cusd`cjbs wcujb rdspcgb. Cgd

rdhdgt stuby ci t`ks kssud kg Frezkj (Essughec egb Idrds

6<<0) hcghjubds tèt t`drd wcujb fd fko bkiidrdghds kg

knpeht, bdpdgbkgo cg t`d bdordd ci `cusd`cjbs‛ dhc-

gcnkh ncfkjkty. Ki jefcr ncfkjkty ks hcgstrekgdb, cvdrejj

rurej pcvdrty wcujb kghrdesd fy 8.6 pdrhdgteod pckgts. Ki

`cusd`cjbs erd ejjcwdb tc nkoretd, t`d knpeht iejjs tc

6 pdrhdgteod pckgts. Kg dkt`dr hesd, t`d diidht ci hjknetd

hègod ks `ko`jy rdokcg-spdhkikh, bdpdgbkgo cg t`d

rdokcgej hègods kg t`d hjknetd pdr sd, es wdjj es t`d verk-

etkcg kg prcbuhtkvkty rdspcgsds egb cii-iern dhcgcnkhcppcrtugktkds (ikourd 6.8).

R`d iujj dhcgcnkh egb schkej hcsts ci hjknetd

hègod oc fdycgb t`d akgbs ci hcsts kghjubdb kg t`dsd

dstknetds. Cgd typd ci kghrdndgtej hcst ks t`d beneod

pctdgtkejjy heusdb fy kghrdeskgo irdqudghy cr kgtdg-

skty ci dxtrdnd dvdgts (hjknetkh bksestdrs) tèt ney

rdsujt ircn ojcfej wernkgo. Hdrtekgjy, dxtrdnd wdet`dr

dvdgts ejrdeby tead e `ko` tcjj kg t`d rdokcg. Kg 5;;;,

icr dxenpjd, 24,<<< pdcpjd wdrd akjjdb kg ijccbs egb

nubsjkbds kg Vdpýfjkhe Fcjkverkege bd Ydgdzudje, w`kjd

5<,<<< pdcpjd jcst t`dkr jkvds bud tc t`d bdvestetkgo

knpeht ci ùrrkhegd Nkth` kg 5;;0 (TGIHHH 6<<?f).

89


NE\ 6.6

Hurrdgt Eorkhujturej \rcbuhtkvkty egb Dxpdhtdb Hègods fy 6<0<

Xcurhd= Hcgstruhtdb cg t`d fesks ci dstknetds fy Hjkgd (6<<?).Gctd= Hjkgd (6<<?) dstknetds cgd vejud icr Hdgtrej Endrkheg hcugtrkds egb cgd vejud icr ‚Ct`dr Xcut` Endrkheg hcugtrkds.„ _d eppjkdb t`d vejudci Hdgtrej Endrkheg hcugtrkds tc Fdjkzd, Hcste Vkhe, Dj Xejvebcr, Ouetdneje, @cgbures, Gkhereoue, egb \egene, egb t`d vejud ci ‚Ct`dr XcutÈndrkheg hcugtrkds„ tc Fcjkvke, Irdgh` Oukege, Ouyege, \ereouey, Xurkgend, egb Truouey.

IKOTVD 6.8

Diidhts ci Hjknetd Hègod cg \cvdrty, Frezkjkeg Nugkhkpejktkds

Xcurhd= Essugïec egb Idrds (6<<0).



E sdrkds ci icur stcrns egb ùrrkhegds‒Iey, Oustev,

@egge, egb Kad‒swdpt ehrcss perts ci @ektk burkgo

Euoust‘Xdptdnfdr 6<<0, egb `kt ct`dr ksjegbs es wdjj,

wkt` bdvestetkgo knpeht. Ejrdeby t`d pccrdst pjehd kg

t`d _dstdrg @dnksp`drd, @ektk, ès fdhcnd dvdg ncrd

bdstktutd. R`dsd dvdgts ejsc bkspjehd jerod pcpujetkcgs,es bdncgstretdb fy t`d jerod gunfdrs ci ‚dgvkrcgndg-

tej rdiuodds„ kg Hdgtrej Endrkhe ircn @urrkhegd Nkth`

(Ojegtz egb Menkdscg 6<<<). R`drd ks, es wd gctdb,

scnd ughdrtekgty es tc w`dt`dr wernkgo wkjj nead

t`dsd akgbs ci bksestdrs ncrd irdqudgt‒t`cuo` rdhdgt

trdgbs sddn tc kgbkhetd kt wkjj‒fut kt ks jkadjy tc et

jdest nead t`dn ncrd kgtdgsd.

_crjbwkbd, Vebbetz (6<<0) quegtkikds t`d knpehts

ircn bkiidrdgt typds ci bksestdrs, ikgbkgo tèt hjknetkh

bksestdrs rdbuhd pdr hepkte OB\ fy <.9 pdrhdgt cg

evdreod. Brcuo`ts egb dxtrdnd tdnpdreturds s`cw t`dcgjy skogkikhegt diidhts kg `ks egejysks? (egb t`d jettdr

fesdb cg e snejj senpjd), suoodstkgo eoekg tèt eork-

hujturd ks e nemcr hèggdj t`rcuo` w`kh` t`d diidhts

erd tregsnkttdb tc t`d dhcgcny et jerod. @d hcghjubds

tèt ki t`d trdgb hcgtkguds, t`d kghrdesdb kghkbdghd ci

bksestdrs icugb kg t`d bete cvdr t`d pest icur bdhebds

hcujb rdbuhd pdr hepkte OB\ fy 6 pdrhdgt cvdr e

bdhebd. R`ks wcujb rdprdsdgt e pdrnegdgt brcp kg t`d

jdvdj (gct t`d orcwt` retd) ci OB\.

JHV-spdhkikh rdsderh` quegtkiykgo t`d dhcgcnkhknpehts ci kghrdeskgo irdqudghy egb vkrujdghd ci hjk-

netkh bksestdrs ks rdjetkvdjy sherhd. Cgd ci t`d idw

icrdhests ci t`ks akgb kgbkhetds tèt ki hjknetd hègod

ocds ugefetdb, hjknetd-rdjetdb bksestdrs hcujb hcst

t`d JHV TX$8<< fkjjkcg pdr yder kg t`d gdxt bdhebds

(HD\EJ 6<<61 Xwkss Vd 6<<6). Kg egct`dr ncrd

rdhdgt stuby, Hurry dt ej. (6<<;), dstknetd t`d dhc-

gcnkh jcssds ircn trcpkhej stcrns kg t`d Herkffdeg

Feskg icr icur shdgerkcs. R`dsd regod ircn e ‚jcw„

shdgerkc (E5) hcrrdspcgbkgo tc gc kghrdesd kg ird-

qudghy egb e 6 pdrhdgt kghrdesd kg kgtdgskty ci stcrnstc e ‚`ko`„ shdgerkc (F6) wkt` eg kghrdesd kg ird-

qudghy ci 84 pdrhdgt egb eg kghrdesd kg kgtdgskty ci

4 pdrhdgt. R`d hunujetkvd beneods icr t`d ikvd-yder

pdrkcb ci 6<6<‘64 erd s`cwg kg tefjd 6.8. Jcssds tc

t`d Ouji Hcest ci Ndxkhc, icr dxenpjd, regod ircn

TX$0< fkjjkcg tc TX$5<8 fkjjkcg kg 6<<?. R`d hcj-

ung NHD kgbkhetds t`d beneods ci t`d ‚nexknun

hcvdrdb dvdgt,„ e ndesurd ci t`d ordetdst beneod

dxpdhtdb ircn e skgojd stcrn. Rcfe (6<<0) dstknetdb

tèt egguej OB\ jcss ci Herkffdeg Hcnnugkty

hcugtrkds bud tc hjknetd hègod‘rdjetdb bksestdrs

wcujb fd TX$4 fkjjkcg hkrhe 6<0< kg 6<<? prkhds kg

ncrd hcgsdrvetkvd dstknetds (sdd tefjd 6.0).

Dhcsystdn knpehts

R`d diidhts ci skogkikhegt wernkgo egb hcgsdqudgt hjk-

netkh hègods wcujb, cwdvdr, dxtdgb ier fdycgb eork-

hujturd egb ier fdycgb t`d nehrcdhcgcnkh knpehts.

Xcnd ci t`d JHV‛s ncst ugkqud ideturds egb sufrdokcgs

erd t`rdetdgdb fy hjknetd hègod, kghjubkgo Egbdeg

ojehkdrs, ct`dr `ko` ncugtekg èfktets, t`d hcrej rddi

fkcnd kg t`d Herkffdeg, t`d Enezcg, egb rdokcgs tèt

erd pertkhujerjy vujgdrefjd tc dxtrdnd hjknetkh dvdgts,

suh` es t`d Dj Gkõc Xcut`drg Cshkjjetkcg p`dgcndgcg(TGIHHH 6<<?e1 Ydroere 6<<4). Xcnd ci t`d nemcr

rdokcgej vujgdrefkjktkds erd sunnerkzdb fy t`d K\HH

(Neorîg dt ej. 6<<?) kg nep 6.8.

Fesdb cg t`dkr krrdvdrskfkjkty, t`dkr knpcrteghd tc

t`d dhcsystdn, egb t`dkr dhcgcnkh hcst, icur knpehts

rdjetdb tc dhcsystdns stegb cut es fdkgo ci spdhkej

hcghdrg (sdd tefjd 6.2). R`dsd erd (e) t`d wernkgo egb

dvdgtuej bksefjkgo ci ncugtekg dhcsystdns kg t`d

Egbds1 (f) t`d fjdeh`kgo ci hcrej rddis jdebkgo tc eg

egtkhkpetdb tctej hcjjepsd ci t`d hcrej fkcnd kg t`dHerkffdeg Feskg1 (h) t`d sufskbdghd ci vest strdth`ds ci

wdtjegbs egb esschketdb hcestej systdns kg t`d Ouji ci

Ndxkhc1 egb (b) t`d rksa ci icrdst bkdfeha kg t`d Enezcg

Feskg. R`d ikrst t`rdd ci t`dsd erd cgockgo prchdssds,

w`drdes t`d icurt` ks e iuturd t`rdet.

Egbdeg ojehkdr rdtrdet

Ojcfej hkrhujetkcg ncbdjs prcmdht tèt t`d Egbds wkjj

dxpdrkdghd nuh` ordetdr tdnpdreturd kghrdesds tèg

gdko`fcrkgo jcwjegbs egb e retd ci wernkgo et jdest

twc tknds ordetdr tèg t`d evdreod. R`d ncst knndbk-etd knpehts ci t`ks wernkgo wkjj fd cg trcpkhej ojehkdrs

egb `ko` ncugtekg dhcsystdns. Ikdjb cfsdrvetkcgs egb

`kstcrkhej rdhcrbs ejrdeby bchundgt repkb ojehkdr rdtrdet

kg t`d Egbds (Ireghcu dt ej. 6<<4). Cgd strkakgo kjjus-

tretkcg ci t`ks trdgb ks t`d p`ctcorep`kh rdhcrb ci t`d

Hèhejteye Ojehkdr kg Fcjkvke, s`cwg kg ikourd 6.2. \rc-

mdhtkcgs suoodst tèt negy ci t`d ojehkdrs et jcwdr

8?




ejtktubds hcujb hcnpjdtdjy bkseppder cvdr t`d gdxt 5<

tc 6< yders (Frebjdy dt ej. 6<<91 Venîrdz dt ej. 6<<5).

R`d bkseppdereghd ci knpcrtegt ojehkdrs kg Fcjkvke,0

Hcjcnfke, Dhuebcr, \dru, egb Vdpýfjkhe Fcjkverkege bd

Ydgdzudje hcujb sdrkcusjy eiidht sdescgej wetdr ijcws

egb t`d evekjefkjkty ci wetdr icr ùneg hcgsunptkcg,

`ybrcpcwdr, eorkhujturd, segktetkcg, egb dhcsystdn

kgtdorkty, pcsskfjy rdsujtkgo kg sdvdrd dhcgcnkhknpehts egb dgvkrcgndgtej bdorebetkcg. Vdbuhdb

ojehkej rugcii kg t`d Egbds ks jkadjy tc heusd sdvdrd

wetdr strdss icr up tc ?? nkjjkcg pdcpjd fy 6<6<

(Neorîg dt ej. 6<<?). Egbdeg hcugtrkds erd `ko`jy

bdpdgbdgt cg `ybrcpcwdr (ncrd tèg 4< pdrhdgt ci

djdhtrkhkty suppjy kg Dhuebcr, ?< pdrhdgt kg Fcjkvke, egb

0< pdrhdgt kg \dru), w`kh` ks e nemcr rdescg icr t`d

80


REFJD 6.8

\rcmdhtdb Beneod icr Ikvd-[der \drkcb Hkrhe 6<6<‘64 icr t`d Icur Xhdgerkcs

(kg nkjjkcgs ci 6<<? TX$)

Hcugtry

E5 E6 F5 F6

@BK DJ\ NHD HJ NHD HJ NHD HJ NHD HJ

Ndxkhc (5.5<) (5.62) (5.69) (5.26) (5.5<) (5.9<) (5.69) (5.02)

Ouji Hcest <.?;6 5.2; 54859 ?;994 54?9? ?;994 54859 5<6;8< 54?9? 5<6;8<

Hdgtrej Endrkhe (5.5<) (5.<?) (5.69) (5.66) (5.5<) (5.8;) (5.69) (5.40)

Fdjkzd <.?8? 5.9? 994 6<; ?96 68; 994 6?6 ?96 8<;

Hcste Vkhe <.082 5.8; 660 98 695 ?5 660 05 695 ;6

Dj Xejvebcr <.?6< 5.88 425 586 96< 54< 425 5?5 96< 5;2

Ouetdneje <.92; 5.88 59;9 256 5;26 2?< 59;9 484 5;26 9<;

@cgbures <.9?6 5.64 ?568 5?8? 054; 5;05 ?568 664? 054; 6499

Gkhereoue <.99? 5.09 9<54 64?4 90;< 6;89 9<54 8824 90;< 80<8

Ordetdr Egtkjjds (5.5<) (5.?2) (5.69) (5.;;) (5.5<) (6.69) (5.69) (6.40)

Hufe <.0<; 5.84 8024 2?68 22<2 42<5 8024 9582 22<2 ?<<8

Bcnkgkheg Vdpufjkh <.?80 5.94 58548 9??4 54<9? ??20 58548 0?;; 54<9? 5<<29

@ektk <.298 5.68 5;89 5884 6650 546? 5;89 5?82 6650 5;?;

Menekhe <.?92 5.62 4?2? 6466 9406 6002 4?2? 86?4 9406 8?8;\udrtc Vkhc <.;26 5.4< ;<08 ?259 5<2<4 0205 ;<08 ;986 5<2<4 5<;;9

Jdssdr Egtkjjds (5.5<) (5.5;) (5.69) (5.89) (5.5<) (5.48) (5.69) (5.?4)

Egtkoue egb Ferfube <.0<< 5.88 6<<8 9;2 66;2 ?;8 6<<8 0;6 66;2 5<6<

Ferfebcs <.000 5.82 59 2 5; 4 59 9 5; ?

Bcnkgkhe <.?28 5.5; ;8 64 5<? 6; ;8 88 5<? 8?

Ordgebe <.?24 5.8; 52<? 28< 5955 2;6 52<? 442 5955 986

Xt. Aktts egb Gdvks <.022 5.29 5<89 962 550? ?58 5<89 0<6 550? ;5?

Xt. Juhke <.??? 5.49 54 ? 50 0 54 ; 50 5<

Xt. Ykghdgt egbOrdgebkgds <.?45 5.42 ?0 6; 0; 88 ?0 8? 0; 28

Feènes (5.5<) (5.85) (5.69) (5.4<) (5.5<) (5.90) (5.69) (5.;8)

Feènes <.054 5.64 ;68 ;04 5<4? 5625 ;68 5698 5<49 54;?

Xcurhd= Hurry dt ej. (6<<;).

Gctd= \erdgt`dtkhej vejuds icr deh` rdokcg erd t`d prcmdhtdb ùrrkhegd rksa iehtcrs. NHD > nexknun hcvdrdb dvdgt1HJ > hunujetkvd jcss1 DJ\ > dhcgcnkh jcss pctdgtkej1 @BK > ùneg bdvdjcpndgt kgbdx.

JHV‛s hjdeg dgdroy prcikjd. @cwdvdr, nuh` ci t`ks

`ybrcpcwdr ks bdpdgbdgt cg wetdr ircn ojehkej rugcii.

Kg \dru t`drd erd 54 pcwdr pjegts, wkt` e tctej kgstejjdb

hepehkty ci 6,20< ndoewetts, jchetdb kg ojehkdr-idb

wetdr feskgs. Ejt`cuo` t`d bkseppdereghd ci t`d ojehkdrs

nko`t gct eiidht tctej wetdr suppjy, sdescgej ijcw pet-

tdrgs wcujb hdrtekgjy hègod. R`ks, kg turg, wcujb

rdqukrd skogkikhegt kgvdstndgts tc nekgtekg odgdretkcghepehkty. Ydroere dt ej. (6<<?) dstknetd egguej kghrd-

ndgtej hcsts tc \dru‛s pcwdr sdhtcr ircn TX$656 nkj-

jkcg ki orebuej ebeptetkcg ks usdb, up tc TX$5.4

fkjjkcg ugbdr retkcgkgo. R`ks ks kg ebbktkcg tc t`d

knpehts cg wetdr suppjy icr urfeg erdes, eorkhujturd,

egb dhcsystdn kgtdorkty. _etdrs`dbs kg erkb egb sdnk-

erkb erdes erd pertkhujerjy vujgdrefjd (TGIHHH 6<<?f).



8;

NE\ 6.8

Nemcr Vdokcgej Yujgdrefkjktkds

Beneod tc t`d dgvkrcgndgt kg t`d Egbds ney ejsc

fd skogkikhegt. @ko` ncugtekg dhcsystdns, kghjubkgo

pårencs (e ugkqud typd ci wdtjegb icugb kg t`d gcrt`-

drg Egbds) egb sgcwheppdb tdrrekg, erd encgo t`d

dgvkrcgndgts ncst sdgsktkvd tc hjknetd hègod. R`dsd

dhcsystdns èvd ugkqud dgbdnkh ijcre egb prcvkbd

gundrcus egb vejuefjd dgvkrcgndgtej occbs egb sdr-

vkhds. \rcspdhts ci beneod tc t`dsd dhcsystdns erd ejj

t`d ncrd ejernkgo fdheusd nemcr pcpujetkcg hdgtdrs,

kghjubkgo t`d hktkds ci Fcoctå egb Uuktc, bdpdgb cg

pårencs icr t`dkr wetdr suppjy.

Jcss ci hcrej rddis

Tgbdr hcgbktkcgs egtkhkpetdb fy t`d K\HH (K\HH

6<<?), tdnpdreturds kg t`d Herkffdeg ney rdeh`, bur-

kgo t`d hurrdgt hdgtury, t`rds`cjb vejuds tèt wcujb

jdeb tc hcjjepsd ci t`d hcrej fkcnd (H`rkstdgsdg dt ej.

6<<?). R`dsd dhcgcnkh jcssds erd kg`drdgtjy bkiikhujt

tc ncgdtkzd, fut fesdb cg t`d ncst rdhdgt evekjefjd

bete cg verkcus bkrdht usd, kgbkrdht usd, egb gcgusd

vejuds, ettdnpts èvd fddg nebd tc kjjustretd kgbkhe-

tkvd vejuds ci hcrej rddis tèt ney fd jcst (Rcfe6<<0).; Refjd 6.4 prdsdgt suh` dstknetds, fesdb cg t`d

Hcrej Ncrtejkty egb Fjdeh`kgo Cutput ncbdj.5< R`d

E5F wkt` t`d 6¼H tdnpdreturd sdgsktkvkty shdgerkc

suoodsts tèt, ugbdr t`d essunptkcgs nebd, t`d diidhts

ci fct` wern sdes egb sdvdrd `ko`-tdnpdreturd

dpkscbds hcujb jkadjy jdeb tc t`d ncrtejkty ci ejj hcrejs

kg t`d erde fdtwddg 6<9< egb 6<?<. Ejt`cuo` t`dsd

dstknetd erd fesdb cg evekjefjd bete ircn t`d

Herkffdeg rdokcg, bud tc t`d hurrdgt jknktetkcgs ci

shkdgtkikh agcwjdbod ci hcnpjkhetdb bkrdht egb kgbk-rdht jkgaeods ci hcrej rddis vks-å-vks ct`dr spdhkds egb

t`d kgtdorkty ci dhcsystdns egb ci dhcgcnkh dvejue-

tkcg ci hcrej rddis, t`d dstknetdb rdsujts s`cujb fd

rdoerbdb es cgjy eg kjjustretkvd purpcsd.

Jcss ci wdtjegbs ercugb t`d Ouji ci Ndxkhc

egb djsdw`drd

_dtjegbs prcvkbd negy dgvkrcgndgtej sdrvkhds,

kghjubkgo rdoujetkcg ci t`d `ybrcjcokhej rdoknd1

ùneg sdttjdndgt prctdhtkcg t`rcuo` ijccb hcgtrcj,

prctdhtkcg ci t`d hcestej rdokcg, egb `djp kg nktkoet-kgo stcrn knpehts1 hcgtrcj ci drcskcg1 hcgsdrvetkcg

egb rdpjdgks`kgo ci hcestej orcugbwetdr tefjds1 rdbuh-

tkcg ci pcjjutegts1 rdoujetkcg egb prctdhtkcg ci wetdr

quejkty1 rdtdgtkcg ci gutrkdgts, sdbkndgts, egb pcjjut-

kgo eodgts1 prcvkbkgo sustdgeghd icr negy ùneg

hcnnugktkds sdttjdb ejcgo t`d hcest1 egb èfktets icr

wetdricwj egb wkjbjkid.


Xcurhd= K\HH (6<<?).



2 <

REFJD 6.2Dhcsystdn @ctspcts

Hjknetd `ctspct Bkrdht diidht Knndbkehy Krrdvdrskfkjkty Neogktubd ci p`yskhe

Ncugtekg dhcsystdns kg

t`d Egbds

_ernkgo Gcw R`d t`drnej ncndgtun

kg ncugtekg efktets wkjjrdsujt kg skogkikhegt

kghrdesds kg tdnpdreturd

jdebkgo tc nemcr ugk-bkrdhtkcgej hègods kg

ncugtekg dhcjcoy

Bkseppdereghd ci o

brykgo up ci ncugtwdtjegbs, dxtkghtkc

hcjb-hjknetd dgbdn

spdhkds

Hcrej fkcnd kg t`d

Herkffdeg

Fjdeh`kgo egb ness

ncrtejkty ci hcrejs

Gcw Cghd tdnpdreturds pess t`d

t`rds`cjb icr t`drnejtcjdreghd, hcrejs wkjj fd

ocgd

Rctej hcjjepsd ci dh

egb wkbd-regokgo dtkcg ci esschketdb s

_dtjegbs kg t`d Ouji ci

Ndxkhc

Xufskbdghd egb

sejkgkzetkcg1 kghrdesdb

dxpcsurd tc dxtrdndwdet`dr

Cgockgo1 t ks hdgtury Krrdvdrskfjd rksds kg sde

jdvdjs wkjj sufndrod hcestej

wdtjegbs eiidhtkgo t`dkrdhcjcoy

Bkseppdereghd ci h

wdtjegbs, bksjchetkc

dxtkghtkcg ci jchej enkoretcry spdhkds

Enezcg Feskg Icrdst bkdfeha Cgockgo1 t`ks hdgtury Ki rekgiejj bdhrdesds kg t`d

feskg, fkcness bdgsktkds

wcujb ejsc bdhrdesd

Brestkh hègod tc t

dhcsystdn jdebkgo t

pctdgtkej sevegge`

Xcurhd= Ydroere (6<<;).



25


_dtjegbs kg negy hcugtrkds ci t`d rdokcg wcujb

fd sdvdrdjy eiidhtdb fy rkskgo sde jdvdjs, wkt` 5.84

pdrhdgt ci t`d tctej wdtjegb erde iddjkgo eg knpeht cg

evdreod fy e 5-ndtdr rksd egb 9.4? pdrhdgt fy e

4-ndtdr rksd (Besoupte dt ej. 6<<?). Icr scnd hcug-

trkds, t`d cvdrejj knpeht ci e 4-ndtdr rksd wcujb fd

hetestrcp`kh. R`d prcfjdn kg scnd erdes hcujb fddxehdrfetdb fy rdbuhdb rekgiejj. Bete pufjks`db es

pert ci K\HH essdssndgts (Nkjjy dt ej. 6<<4) kgbkhetd

tèt Ndxkhc ney dxpdrkdghd skogkikhegt bdhrdesds kg

rugciis, ci t`d crbdr ci ‘5< tc ‘6< pdrhdgt getkcgejjy,

egb up tc ‘2< pdrhdgt cvdr t`d Ouji Hcest wdtjegbs,

es e rdsujt ci ojcfej hjknetd hègod. Ndxkhc‛s t`krb

getkcgej hcnnugkhetkcg55 egb ct`dr stubkds èvd

bchundgtdb cgockgo hègods kg t`d wdtjegbs ci t`d

Ouji egb èvd reksdb urodgt hcghdrgs efcut t`dkr

kgtdorkty. Ct`dr stubkds èvd kgbkhetdb tèt t`d wdt-

jegbs kg t`ks rdokcg erd pertkhujerjy vujgdrefjd tc

sufskbdghd egb sejkgd kgtruskcg, fct` icrhdb fy hjk-

netd hègod. R`d t`rdet ks pertkhujerjy wcrrkscnd es

t`d Ouji ci Ndxkhc pcssdssds cgd ci t`d rkh`dst dhcsys-tdns cg Dert` egb t`d ncst prcbuhtkvd dhcsystdn kg

t`d hcugtry (Hesc dt ej. 6<<2).

Enezcg bkdfeha

Cgd ci t`d ncst bksestrcus dhcsystdn knpehts, ki kt

chhurs, wkjj fd e brenetkh bkdfeha ci t`d Enezcg rekgicr-

dst, wkt` jerod erdes hcgvdrtdb tc sevegge`. Ncst Bygenkh

IKOTVD 6.2

Vdtrdet ci t`d Hèhejteye Ojehkdr kg Fcjkvke

Xcurhd= \`ctcorep`s fy F. Ireghcu, D. Venkrdz, egb _.Ydroere.



Ojcfej Ydodtetkcg Ncbdjs fesdb cg t`d K\HH dnksskcg

shdgerkcs s`cw e skogkikhegt rksa ci hjknetd-kgbuhdb

icrdst bkdfeha tcwerb t`d dgb ci t`d twdgty ikrst

hdgtury kg trcpkhej, fcrdej, egb ncugtekg erdes, egb

scnd Odgdrej Hkrhujetkcg Ncbdjs prdbkht e brestkh

rdbuhtkcg kg rekgiejj kg t`d wdstdrg Enezcg.

56

R`drdks es ydt gc hcgsdgsus kg t`d shkdgtkikh hcnnugkty

rdoerbkgo t`d pcsskfkjkty ci Enezcg bkdfeha fdheusd

ncbdjkgo rdsujts bkiidr bud tc bkiidrdgt essunptkcgs

egb ughdrtekgtkds. Gcgdt`djdss, t`d Rdh`gkhej Xun-

nery ci t`d Icurt` Essdssndgt Vdpcrt ci t`d TGIHH

kgbkhetds e pctdgtkej Enezcg jcss ci fdtwddg 6< pdr-

hdgt tc 0< pdrhdgt es e rdsujt ci hjknetd knpehts

kgbuhdb fy e tdnpdreturd kghrdesd kg t`d feskg ci

fdtwddg 6¼ egb 8¼H. R`d hrdbkfkjkty ci t`dsd prdbkh-

tkcgs wes rdkgicrhdb kg 6<<4, w`dg jerod sdhtkcgs ci

scut`wdstdrg Enezcgke dxpdrkdghdb cgd ci t`d ncstkgtdgsd brcuo`ts ci t`d pest 5<< yders. R`d brcuo`t

sdvdrdjy eiidhtdb ùnegs ejcgo t`d nekg hèggdj ci

t`d Enezcg Vkvdr egb kts wdstdrg egb scut`wdstdrg

trkfuterkds.

R`d Enezcg Feskg ks e ady hcnpcgdgt ci t`d

ojcfej herfcg hyhjd. R`d cjb-orcwt` rekgicrdsts kg t`d

feskg stcrd efcut 56< fkjjkcg ndtrkh tcgs ci herfcg

26


(pdteorens ci herfcg cr \o H) kg t`dkr fkcness. Eggu-

ejjy, trcpkhej icrdsts prchdss epprcxknetdjy 50 \o H

t`rcuo` rdspkretkcg egb p`ctcsygt`dsks. Bdspktd t`d

jerod HC6 diijux ircn rdhdgt bdicrdstetkcg, t`d Ene-

zcg rekgicrdst ks stkjj hcgskbdrdb tc fd e gdt herfcg

skga ci <.0‘5.5 \o H pdr yder, fdheusd orcwt` cg evdr-eod dxhddbs ncrtejkty.

R`d feskg ks t`d `cnd ci efcut 6< nkjjkcg pdcpjd,

kghjubkgo sdvdrej ugkqud kgbkodgcus hujturds, egb ks

t`d jerodst rdpcsktcry ci ojcfej fkcbkvdrskty. Kg skzd kt

ks jerodr tèg t`d Durcpdeg Tgkcg cr t`d hcgtkgdgtej

Tgktdb Xtetds (efcut 0 nkjjkcg squerd akjcndtdrs) egb

prcbuhds efcut 6< pdrhdgt ci t`d wcrjb‛s ijcw ci irds`-

wetdr kgtc t`d chdeg.

Hurrdgt hjknetd trdgbs ney fd ugfejeghkgo t`ks

wdjj-rdoujetdb systdn egb, kg esschketkcg wkt` jegb-

usd hègods, ney fd s`kitkgo t`d rdokcg ircn e herfcgskga tc e herfcg scurhd. Hègokgo icrdst struhturd egb

fdèvkcr wcujb èvd skogkikhegt knpjkhetkcgs icr t`d

jchej, rdokcgej, egb ojcfej herfcg egb wetdr hyhjds.

Kghrdeskgo tdnpdreturds ney ehhdjdretd rdspkretkcg

retds egb, hcgsdqudgtjy, herfcg dnksskcgs ircn sckjs.

Bdhrdeskgo prdhkpktetkcg egb prcjcgodb brcuo`t

strdss ney jdeb tc rdbuhtkcgs kg fkcness bdgskty.

Vdsujtkgo hègods kg dvepc-tregspkretkcg egb, hcgsd-

qudgtjy, hcgvdhtkvd prdhkpktetkcg wcujb iurt`dr ehhdj-

dretd brcuo`t hcgbktkcgs egb bdstefkjkzd t`d trcpkhejdhcsystdn es e w`cjd, heuskgo e rdbuhtkcg kg fct`

stegbkgo fkcness egb herfcg herrykgo hepehkty.

Hègods kg t`d struhturd ci Enezcg jegb hcvdr egb

kts esschketdb wetdr hyhjd wcujb ebvdrsdjy knpeht

negy dgbdnkh spdhkds es wdjj es hrktkhej dhcgcnkh egb

dgvkrcgndgtej sdrvkhds. Enezcgkeg icrdst bkdfeha

wcujb fd e nesskvd `ko`-knpeht dvdgt, eiidhtkgo ejj jkid

icrns tèt rdjy cg t`ks bkvdrsd dhcsystdn, kghjubkgo

ùnegs, egb prcbuhkgo renkikhetkcgs icr t`d dgtkrd

pjegdt‛s hjknetd egb herfcg hyhjd (nep 6.2).

Ct`dr kgbkrdht knpehts ci hjknetd hègod

Kg ebbktkcg tc t`d bkrdht diidhts ci hègods kg tdnpdr-

eturds egb prdhkpktetkcg pettdrgs cg t`d dhcgcnkh sdh-

tcrs egb spdhkikh dhcsystdns, e gunfdr ci ct`dr kgbkrdht

knpehts erd ejsc knpcrtegt icr t`d JHV, kghjubkgo rks-

kgo sde jdvdjs, odgdrej jcss ci fkcbkvdrskty, wetdr s`crt-

eods, egb `dejt`-rdjetdb beneods.

REFJD 6.4

\ctdgtkej Yejud ci Jcst Dhcgcnkh Xdrvkhds ci Hcrej Vddis hkrhe

6<2<‘9< Fesdb cg t`d Vdsujts ci t`d HCNFC Ncbdj

(kg nkjjkcgs ci 6<<0 TX$)

4< pdrhdgt ci hcrejs kg t`d Herkffdeg erd jcst

Jcw dstknetds @ko` dstknetds

Hcestej prctdhtkcg 280 5,8?9

Rcurksn 425 5,858

Iks`drkds 5;4 85;

Fkcbkvdrskty 52 5;

\èrnehdutkhej usds 8,945 8,945

Rctej 2,080 9,9?0

;< pdrhdgt ci hcrejs kg t`d Herkffdeg erd jcst

Jcw dstknetds @ko` dstknetds

Hcestej prctdhtkcg ?00 6,2?9

Rcurksn ;?8 6,898

Iks`drkds 845 4?2

Fkcbkvdrskty 62 84\èrnehdutkhej usds 9,4?5 9,4?5

Rctej 0,?<0 56,<6<

Xcurhd= Ydroere dt ej. (6<<;).



Diidhts ci rkskgo sde jdvdjs

Jerod pcpujetkcgs kg Jetkg Endrkhe jkvd kg hcestej

zcgds, ejt`cuo` scnd jkvd kg jchetkcgs tèt erd ncrdvujgdrefjd tèg ct`drs bud tc jegb hcgbktkcgs, `cus-

kgo struhturds, egb kg pertkhujer, djdvetkcg. Dxenpjds

ci hcugtrkds wkt` ncrd tèg 4< pdrhdgt ci t`d pcpuje-

tkcg jkvkgo et djdvetkcgs ci 4< ndtdrs cr jdss kghjubd=

Erodgtkge (4< pdrhdgt), Truouey (46 pdrhdgt), egb

Ouyege (efcut ?< pdrhdgt) (HKDXKG 6<<?). Kg ebbk-

tkcg, kg ncst Herkffdeg ksjegbs ncrd tèg 4< pdrhdgt

ci t`d pcpujetkcg jkvd wkt`kg 6 an ci t`d hcest (K\HH

6<<5). R`dsd pcpujetkcgs erd vujgdrefjd tc t`d

diidhts ci rkskgo sde jdvdjs cg hcestej ijccbkgo egb

irds` wetdr suppjkds, es wdjj es pcsskfjd kgtdgskikhe-tkcg ci trcpkhej stcrns egb t`dkr knpehts.

Vdsderh` cg rkskgo sde jdvdjs ès typkhejjy prdbkhtdb

e <‘5 ndtdr rksd cvdr t`d gdxt hdgtury (Hùrh` egb

Ordocry 6<<51 K\HH 6<<5). R`d rksd ks nekgjy bud tc

chdeg t`drnej dxpegskcg (t`d ncst knpcrtegt hcgtrkfu-

tcr)1 ndjtkgo ci khd s`ddts kg Orddgjegb egb Egterhtkhe

(pjus e snejjdr hcgtrkfutkcg ircn ct`dr khd s`ddts)1 egb

hègod kg tdrrdstrkej stcreod. @cwdvdr, gdw bete cg

retds ci bdojehketkcg kg Orddgjegb egb Egterhtkhe suo-

odst ordetdr skogkikheghd icr ojehkej ndjt, egb e pcsskfjd

rdvkskcg ci t`d uppdr-fcugb dstknetd icr rkskgo sde jdv-

djs kg t`ks hdgtury (Besoupte dt ej. 6<<?). Xkghd t`d

Orddgjegb egb Egterhtkh khd s`ddts hcgtekg dgcuo`

wetdr tc reksd t`d sde jdvdj fy efcut 90 ndtdrs (ci w`kh`

? ndtdrs ks bud tc t`d Orddgjegb s`ddt), snejj hègods

kg t`dkr vcjund wcujb evd e skogkikhegt diidht.

Vkskgo sde jdvdjs wcujb beneod hcestej erdes kg

gundrcus weys. Drcskcg cr sufndrskcg ci erefjd jegb,

ejcgo wkt` kghrdesdb sckj sejkgkty, hcujb jdeb tc jcssds

kg eorkhujturd, icrdst prcbuhts, egb pdrdggkej hrcps,

suh` es fegeges, wkt` jestkgo hcgsdqudghds icr t`dkghcnd-odgdretkgo efkjkty ci hcnnugktkds t`rcuo`cut

t`d rdokcg‛s hcestej zcgds (TGIHHH 6<<?f). R`d

jcgo-tdrn `dejt` egb survkvej ci t`d erde‛s negorcvd

icrdsts hcujb ejsc fd t`rdetdgdb fy rkskgo tdnpdreturds

egb ehkbkikhetkcg ci t`d sde egb kghrdesdb ùrrkhegd

kgtdgskty (Neorîg dt ej. 6<<?1 TGIHHH 6<<?f). Jcss

ci icrdsts egb pdrdggkej hrcps, suh` es fegege trdds,

28


NE\ 6.2

Ncbdjjdb Geturej Ydodtetkcg kg t`d Enezcg Feskg ugbdr Hurrdgt egb Iuturd Hjknetd Hcgbktkcgs

Xcurhd= Xpdhkej Vdpcrt cg Dnksskcg Xhdgerkcs (XVDX)-E6 shdgerkc es sknujetdb fy t`d Jugb-\ctsben-Mdge Bygenkh Ojcfej Ydodtetkcg Ncbdj icrnegeodb jegb (J\MnJ) ircn t`d cutputs ci t`rdd Ojcfej Hkrhujetkcg Ncbdjs.Gctd= Jegb-usd pettdrgs erd gct kghjubdb.



22


heusdb fy t`d wes`kgo cut ci erefjd jegb egb kghrdesdb

sckj sejkgkty, ks jkadjy tc èvd jestkgo hcgsdqudghds icr

t`d kghcnd-odgdretkgo efkjkty ci hcnnugktkds ehrcss

t`d rdokcg‛s hcestej zcgds (TGIHHH 6<<?f).

R`d cgjy stuby tc quegtkiy tctej dhcgcnkh beneods

ircn rkskgo sde jdvdjs kg t`d JHV es e w`cjd dstknetdst`dsd wcujb regod ircn <.42 pdrhdgt ci OB\ icr

e 5-ndtdr rksd tc 6.80 pdrhdgt icr e 4-ndtdr rksd

(Besoupte dt ej. 6<<?), wkt` t`d neogktubd ci jcssds

bkiidrkgo ordetjy encgo t`d rdokcg‛s hcugtrkds

(ikourd 6.4). Icr HEVKHCN, fesdb cg t`d E5F

shdgerkc icr t`d Herkffdeg, eg kghrdesd kg sde jdvdjs ci

<.84 ndtdrs hkrhe 6<0< ks dstknetdb tc hcst eg egguej

TX$5.0 fkjjkcg kg 6<<? prkhds (Rcfe 6<<0). E rdhdgt

egejysks hcnpjdtdb ugbdr t`d Nekgstrdenkgo Ebep-

tetkcg tc Hjknetd Knpehts kg t`d Herkffdeg prcmdht,

kgbkhetd tèt kg Ouyege ncrd tèg 0< pdrhdgt ci t`dpcpujetkcg egb twc-t`krbs ci dhcgcnkh ehtkvkty

wcujb fd bkspjehdb fy 5 ndtdr kg rkskgo sde jdvdjs.58

Vdbuhtkcgs kg rekgiejj kg scnd rdokcgs

wkjj hrdetd wetdr s`crteods, wkt`

wkbd-regokgo diidhts

Dvdg wkt`cut ehhcugtkgo icr hjknetd hègod, t`d gun-

fdr ci pdrscgs kg Jetkg Endrkhe jkvkgo kg wetdr-strdssdb

wetdrs`dbs ks icrdhest tc kghrdesd ircn 66 nkjjkcg kg

5;;4 tc fdtwddg 89 egb 49 nkjjkcg fy 6<64 egbfdtwddg 9< egb 54< nkjjkcg fy 6<44 (Ergdjj 6<<2).

Tskgo icur Xpdhkej Vdpcrt cg Dnksskcg Xhdgerkcs, fy

6<44, hjknetd hègod wcujb kghrdesd t`d gunfdr ci

pdcpjd jkvkgo kg wetdr-strdssdb erdes ugbdr t`rdd ci t`d

icur shdgerkcs, fy fdtwddg 9 egb 6< nkjjkcg pdrscgs.

\ertkhujerjy kg erkb egb sdnkerkb rdokcgs ci Erodgtkge,

gcrt`dest Frezkj, H`kjd, egb gcrt`drg Ndxkhc, hjknetd

hègod wcujb dxehdrfetd wetdr s`crteods. Xcnd hcestej

erdes wcujb dxpdrkdghd ebvdrsd diidhts cg wetdr suppjy,

gct fdheusd ci e rdbuhtkcg kg rekgiejj fut ircn sejtwetdr

kgtruskcg kgtc equkidrs es e rdsujt ci rkskgo sde jdvdjs.

@dejt` knpehts

Hjknetd hègod ks ejsc jkadjy tc èvd nujtkpjd knpehts

cg dejt`, fut t`d rdjetkcgs`kp ks hcnpjdx. _crjbwkbd,

t`d skgojd ncst skogkikhegt knpeht kbdgtkikdb fy t`d

K\HH ks eg kghrdesd kg nejgutrktkcg, pertkhujerjy kg

jcw-kghcnd hcugtrkds (Hcgiejcgkdrk dt ej. 6<<?), wkt`

ncrtejkty egb ncrfkbkty ircn dxtrdnd dvdgts kg sdhcgb

pjehd. Ct`dr knpehts kbdgtkikdb kghjubd kghrdesds kg her-

bkcrdspkretcry bksdesds ircn rdbuhtkcg kg ekr quejkty,

hègods kg tdnpdreturd-rdjetdb dejt` knpehts (kghrdes-

kgo `det strdss, fut rdbuhtkcg kg hcjb-rdjetdb kjjgdss,

bdpdgbkgo cg t`d rdokcg), egb hègods kg prdvejdghd ci

verkcus kgidhtkcus bksdesds, kghjubkgo nejerke.

< 4 5< 54 6< 64 8< 84 2<

Xurkgend

R`d Feènes

Ouyege

Irdgh` Oukege

Fdjkzd

\udrtc Vkhc

Dhuebcr

Hufe

Truouey

\egene

Frezkj

Menekhe

Erodgtkge

Ndxkhc

Ydgdzudje, V.F. bd

Bcnkgkheg Vdpufjkh

\dru

@cgbures

Hcjcnfke

@ektk

Dj Xejvebcr

Gkhereoue

Hcste Vkhe

H`kjd

Ouetdneje

% knpeht cg OB\

5-ndtdr rksd 6-ndtdr rksd 8-ndtdr rksd

2-ndtdr rksd 4-ndtdr rksd

IKOTVD 6.4

\rcmdhtdb Xde Jdvdj Vksd egb Kts Knpeht cg OB\ kg Jetkg Endrkhe

egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg

Xcurhd= Besoupte dt ej. (6<<?).



24


Ci spdhkej hcghdrg kg t`d JHV wkjj fd t`d diidhts

cg nejerke‒nekgjy kg rurej erdes‒egb bdgoud kg

urfeg erdes. Ydhtcrs egb peresktds èvd cptknej tdn-

pdreturd regods, egb fdheusd ncsquktcds rdqukrd

stegbkgo wetdr tc frddb, hègods kg prdhkpktetkcg erd

ejsc dxpdhtdb tc èvd eg diidht cg t`d prdvejdghd ci t`d twc bksdesds. Kg erdes tèt erd gcw tcc hccj,

`ko`dr tdnpdreturds hcujb ejjcw dxpegskcg ci fct`

t`d regod egb t`d sdescgej wkgbcw ci tregsnksskcg.

Kg erdes w`drd tdnpdreturds erd gcw hjcsd tc t`d

uppdr t`rds`cjb ci tcjdreghd, t`d regod hcujb hcg-

treht. Erdes wkt` `ko`dr prdhkpktetkcg wkjj èvd eg

kghrdesdb rksa. Kg Hcjcnfke, t`drd ks dvkbdghd tèt

tdnpdreturd ks knpcrtegt icr bdgoud tregsnksskcg,

w`kjd kghrdesdb prdhkpktetkcg ks e skogkikhegt verkefjd

hcgtrkfutkgo tc nejerke tregsnksskcg. Tskgo stetkstk-

hej ncbdjs ci t`d kghkbdghd ci fct` bksdesds, egb icrd-hests ci hègod kg prdhkpktetkcg egb tdnpdreturds

(bdrkvdb ircn dko`t ojcfej hkrhujetkcg ncbdjs ci t`d

Icurt` Essdssndgt ci t`d K\HH), t`d tctej gunfdr ci

vkhtkns ks icrdhest tc kghrdesd fy efcut ?9,925 fy

nkb-hdgtury egb 660,448 fy t`d dgb ci t`d hdgtury

(tefjd 6.9), et eg dhcgcnkh hcst ci TX$6.4 nkjjkcg icr

t`d pdrkcb 6<44‘9<, egb TX$?.4 nkjjkcg icr e ikvd-

yder pdrkcb fdokggkgo kg 65<4.52 R`dsd dhcgcnkh

hcsts bc gct sddn jerod, ejt`cuo` eg knpcrtegt hevdet

kg kgtdrprdtkgo t`dsd rdsujts ks tèt t`d ebbktkcgej

hesds wdrd hejhujetdb cgjy kg t`d nugkhkpejktkds kg

w`kh` t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo bksdesd wes prdsdgt kg t`d

6<<<‘<4 pdrkcb1 t`d dstknetd ci t`d hcsts bcds gct

hcgskbdr t`d pctdgtkej sprdeb tc gdw nugkhkpejktkds.[dt erdes rdhdkvkgo jdss rekgiejj ney dxpdrkdghd e

rdbuhtkcg kg nejerke rksa, es icrdhest icr Hdgtrej Endr-

khe egb t`d Enezcg.54

Fut‒ugbdrshcrkgo t`d hcn-

pjdxktkds kg icrdhestkgo t`d gdt `dejt` knpeht ci brkdr

wdet`dr‒t d sdescgej pettdrg ci h`cjdre cutfrdeas kg

t`d Enezcg Feskg ès fddg esschketdb wkt` jcwdr rkvdr

ijcw kg t`d brkdr sdescg.59 Gc cvdrejj essdssndgt ès

fddg herrkdb cut ci t`d gdt `dejt` diidhts icr t`d JHV

es e w`cjd, fut rdhdgt getkcgej `dejt` knpeht essdss-

ndgts kg fct` Fcjkvke egb \egene, icr dxenpjd, èvd

hcghjubdb tèt cg fejeghd t`drd ks jkadjy tc fd egkghrdesdb rksa ci kgidhtkcus bksdesd kg t`csd hcugtrkds.

Rcfe (6<<0) dstknetdb t`d egguej hcsts ci nejerke

bud tc hjknetd hègod fesdb cg t`d Bksefkjkty-

Ebmustdb Jkid [der hkrhe 6<0< kg 6<<? prkhds icr

HEVKHCN et TX$6.9 t`cusegb, egb t`d kghrdesdb

hcst tc `dejt` bud tc hjknetd hègod, kghjubkgo ehutd

rdspkretcry kgidhtkcgs, ehutd bkerr`dej bksdesds, vkrej

`dpetktks, verkhdjje egb ndgkgochchhej ndgkgoktks et

REFJD 6.?

Hjknetd Hègod Hcsts Vdjetkvd tc t`d 6<<<‘<4 \drkcb kg Hcjcnfke

(kg nkjjkcgs ci TX$)

XhdgerkcsKgbkrdht hcsts ci

nejerke egb bdgoudBkrdht hcst ci

p. iejhkperun nejerkeBkrdht hcst ci p. vkvex

nejerke Bkrdht hcst ci bdgoudRctej hcsts icr fct`

bksdesds

4< yders (6<44‘9<) 5.5 <.6 <.<4 5.5 6.4

5<< yders (65<4‘5<) 8.8 <.? <.5 8.8 ?.4

Xcurhd= Fjeghc egb @drgågbdz (6<<;).

REFJD 6.9

Ebbktkcgej Gunfdrs ci Hesds ci Nejerke egb Bdgoud icr 4<- egb 5<<-[der Iuturd Xhdgerkcs

Ydhtcr-fcrgd bksdesd

@kstcrkh tctej gunfdr burkgo t`d6<<<‘<4 pdrkcb

Ebbktkcgej gunfdr ci hesds icr eskx-yder pdrkcb= 4<-yder shdgerkc

Ebbktkcgej gunfdr ci hesds icr eskx-yder pdrkcb= 5<<-yder shdgerkc

p.iejhkperun nejerke 502,84< 5;,<;0 49,;<5

p. vkvex nejerke 6?2,458 59,62? 20,6<?

Bdgoud 5;2,88< 25,6;9 568,224

Rctej 948,5;8 ?9,925 660,448

Xcurhd= Fjeghc egb @drgågbdz (6<<;).



29


TX$?.5 nkjjkcg pdr yder hkrhe 6<0< (kg 6<<? prkhds),

ugbdr eg essunptkcg ci e 6¼H kghrdesd kg tdnpdreturd

ircn 5;;;‘6<0< ci E5F shdgerkc icr t`d Herkffdeg

rdokcg.

Xpdhkds dxtkghtkcg egb fkcbkvdrskty jcss Dvdg epert ircn t`d ùod jcss ci fkcbkvdrskty ircn

suh` hetehjysnkh hègods es Enezcg bkdfeha, hjknetd

hègod wkjj t`rdetdg t`d rkh` fkcbkvdrskty ci t`d JHV

ncrd odgdrejjy. Xcnd ci t`d nemcr knpehts cg dhcsys-

tdns èvd fddg ndgtkcgdb ejrdeby= jcss ci hcrej rddis,

sufskbdghd ci wdtjegbs, egb t`d jkadjk`ccb ci nemcr

dxtkghtkcgs es e hcgsdqudghd ci Enezcg bkdfeha. Ejj ci

t`dsd wcujb èvd knpcrtegt knpjkhetkcgs icr prcvkskcg

ci dgvkrcgndgtej sdrvkhds icr schkdty. Ct`dr rekgicrdsts

cutskbd ci Enezcgke wcujb ejsc fd nebd ncrd vujgdr-

efjd tc icrdst ikrds. Xh`cjzd (6<<4) dstknetds tèt egkghrdesd ci 8¼H wcujb kghrdesd t`d irdqudghy ci icrdst

ikrds fy 9< pdrhdgt kg nuh` ci Xcut` Endrkhe, wkt` e

scndwèt snejjdr kghrdesdb rksa kg Hdgtrej Endrkhe.

Ejj ci t`dsd knpehts erd jkadjy tc brestkhejjy eiidht

t`d survkvej ci spdhkds, es frddbkgo tknds egb bkstrk-

futkcgs ci scnd spdhkds s`kit.5? Erkb rdokcgs ci

Erodgtkge, Fcjkvke, egb H`kjd, ejcgo wkt` hdgtrej

Frezkj egb Ndxkhc, erd jkadjy tc dxpdrkdghd sdvdrd

spdhkds jcss fy 6<4< uskgo nkb-regod hjknetd icrd-

hests (R`cnes dt ej. 6<<2). Ndxkhc, icr dxenpjd,hcujb jcsd 0‘69 pdrhdgt ci kts nennej spdhkds, 4‘0

pdrhdgt ci kts fkrbs, egb ?‘5; pdrhdgt ci kts futtdr-

ijkds. Xpdhkds jkvkgo kg hjcub icrdsts wkjj fdhcnd

vujgdrefjd, es t`d wernkgo heusds t`d hjcub fesd tc

rksd kg ejtktubd. Kg t`d hjcub icrdst ci Ncgtvdrbd kg

Hcste Vkhe, t`ks akgb ci hègod ks ejrdeby fdkgo

cfsdrvdb, es rdbuhtkcgs kg t`d gunfdr ci nkst beys

ès fddg esschketdb wkt` e bdhrdesd kg pcpujetkcgs

ci enp`kfkegs, egb prcfefjy ejsc fkrbs egb rdptkjds

(\cugbs dt ej. 5;;;). Enp`kfkegs erd dspdhkejjy

sushdptkfjd tc hjknetd hègod. Xpdhkds tèt erd fct`t`rdetdgdb (ehhcrbkgo tc t`d Vdb Jkst ci t`d KTHG)

egb hjknetd hègod‘sushdptkfjd kgèfkt erdes ci

scut`destdrg Frezkj, verkcus Herkffdeg Ksjegbs,

Ndscendrkhe, egb gcrt`wdstdrg Xcut` Endrkhe

(nep 6.4). Encgo fkrbs, t`d ienkjkds tèt erd

`ko`jy sushdptkfjd egb erd dgbdnkh tc Jetkg

Endrkhe erd Rurbkbed (t`rus`ds, 9< pdrhdgt ci w`kh`

erd hjesskikdb es `ko`jy sushdptkfjd), Rèngcp`kjkbed

(egtfkrbs, 9; pdrhdgt `ko`jy sushdptkfjd), Xhcjcpehk-

bed (segbpkpdrs egb ejjkds, ?< pdrhdgt `ko`jy suhdp-

tkfjd), Icrnkherkkbed (egtfkrbs, ?0 pdrhdgt `ko`jy

sushdptkfjd), egb \kprkbed (negeakgs, 05 pdrhdgt

`ko`jy sushdptkfjd).50

Ejt`cuo` dhcgcnkh tdh`gkquds tc vejud fkcbkvdr-

skty erd hurrdgtjy ugbdrbdvdjcpdb, cgd epprceh` usds

‚wkjjkgogdss tc pey,„ t`drdfy kghjubkgo cgjy gcgusdvejuds ci fkcbkvdrskty (icr dxenpjd, djknkgetkgo pctdgtkej

iks`dry egb/cr tcurksn kghcnd). Tskgo t`ks epprceh`,

Rcfe (6<<0) dstknetdb t`d jcss ci fkcbkvdrskty vejud ci

hcrej rddis kg t`d Herkffdeg et TX$52‘$5; nkjjkcg ki

4< pdrhdgt ci hcrejs erd jcst, egb et TX$62‘$84 nkjjkcg

ki ;< pdrhdgt ci hcrej rddis erd jcst, kg 6<<? prkhds (sdd

tefjd 6.0).

NE\ 6.4

Erdes ci @ko` Hcghdgtretkcg ci Enp`kfkegs ehhcrbkgo tc Jdvdjs ci

R`rdet egb Hjknetd Hègod Xushdptkfkjkty

Xcurhd= Icbdg dt ej. (6<<;).

egb

egb



2?


Knpehts cg t`d Herkffdeg

Xnejj ksjegbs kg t`d Herkffdeg rdokcg erd pertkhujerjy

vujgdrefjd tc hjknetd hègod. Rcfe (6<<0) dstknetdb

pctdgtkej egguej dhcgcnkh knpehts ci hjknetd hègod

cg Herkffdeg hcnnugkty ndnfdr hcugtrkds, kghjub-

kgo hjknetd hègod rdjetdb bksestdrs, rkskgo sde jdvdjs,

tdnpdreturd rksd, egb odgdrej hjknetd hègod (tèt

ks, erkskgo ircn sygt`dsks ci verkcus hjknetd hègod

knpehts).5; Refjd 6.0 prdsdgts t`d eoordoetdb dstk-

netds icr 54 HEVKHCN ndnfdr hcugtrkds egb 4

esschketd ndnfdr hcugtrkds. Xdhcgbery bete erd

ebmustdb tc fd hcgskstdgt ugbdr t`d E5F shdgerkc icr

t`d Herkffdeg rdokcg. R`d dhcgcnkh knpehts erd

ebmustdb egb dxprdssdb es knpehts cg t`d 6<<? dhcgcny

REFJD 6.0

\ctdgtkej Egguej Dhcgcnkh Knpeht ci Hjknetd Hègod kg HEVKHCN Hcugtrkds hkrhe 6<0<5

(kg nkjjkcgs ci 6<<? TX$)

\rdsuftctej6 Xuftctej Rctej

Rctej OB\ jcss bud tc hjknetd hègod‘rdjetdb bksestdrs 2,;8;.;

Rcurkst dxpdgbkturd 22?.<

Dnpjcyndgt jcss 40.5

Ocvdrgndgt jcss bud tc ùrrkhegd 05.8

Ijccb beneod 898.6

ci w`kh` ks eorkhujturej beneod 5.?

Brcuo`t beneod 8.0

ci w`kh` ks eorkhujturej beneod <.4

_kgb stcrn beneod 6,956.6

ci w`kh` ks eorkhujturej beneod 5.;

Bdet` (OB\/hepkte) bud tc kghrdesdb ùrrkhegd-rdjetdb bksestdrs (wkgb stcrn,

ijccb, egb sjkbds)

<.5

Ijccbs BEJ[ (OB\/hepkte) <.0

Xde jdvdj rksd

Jcss ci jegb 6<.6

Jcss ci iks` dxpcrt (rkskgo tdnpdreturds, urrkhegds, egb sde jdvdj) ;8.0

Jcss ci hcrej rddis (rkskgo tdnpdreturds, urrkhegds, egb sde jdvdj) ;25.9

@ctdj rccn rdpjehdndgt hcst 29.5

Jcss ci tcurksts egb sde-rdjetdb tcurksn dgtdrtekgndgt dxpdgbkturds 00.6

@cuskgo rdpjehdndgt 49?.<

Djdhtrkhkty kgirestruhturd jcss 88.5

Rdjdp`cgd jkgd kgirestruhturd jcss 8.;

_etdr hcggdhtkcg kgirestruhturd jcss 9.?

Xegktetkcg hcggdhtkcg kgirestruhturd jcss ;.<

Vceb kgirestruhturd jcss ?9.5

Vekj kgirestruhturd jcss 6.?

Rdnpdreturd rksd

Jcss ci tcurkst dxpdgbkturds 2,<6?.2

Odgdrej hjknetd hègods

Eorkhujturej jcss 66<.4

Jcss ci nekzd prcbuhtkcg 6.?

Eorkhujturej dxpcrt jcss ?2.2

_etdr strdss egb hcst ci ebbktkcgej wetdr suppjy 5<2.<

@dejt`

Nejerke BEJ[ (OB\/hepkte) <.<<8

Ct`dr bksdesd hcsts ?.5

Xcurhd= Rcfe (6<<0).

Gctd= 5. E tctej ci 6< HEVKHCN hcugtrkds erd kghjubdb.

6. Ci w`kh` ks eorkhujturej beneod.



20


dvdg t`cuo` t`d hjknetd hègod wkjj gct rdeh` kts iujj

pctdgtkej icr scnd bdhebds, es ks t`d stegberb prehtkhd

kg t`d jktdreturd. Hcgsdrvetkvd vejuds erd h`csdg kg

neakgo dstknetds. R`d dstknetdb tctej egguej knpehts

ci pctdgtkej hjknetd hègod cg HEVKHCN hcugtrkds

hkrhe 6<0< erd TX$55.6 fkjjkcg. Icr ejj 6< HEVKHCNhcugtrkds, t`d tctej OB\ (kg 6<<? prkhds) ks TX$;;.8

fkjjkcg. R`drdicrd, t`d dstknetdb tctej egguej knpehts

erd efcut 55.8 pdrhdgt ci ejj 6< HEVKHCN hcugtrkds‛

tctej egguej OB\. Xdgsktkvkty egejysds erd hcgbuhtdb

eppjykgo t`d jcwdst egb t`d `ko`dst ugbdr t`d E5F

shdgerkc icr t`d Herkffdeg rdokcg prcmdhtdb fy K\\H

Icurt` Essdssndgt Vdpcrt. R`ks rdsujts kg dstknetdb

egguej knpehts ci efcut TX$?.6 fkjjkcg (?.8 pdrhdgt

ci t`d 6< HEVKHCN hcugtrkds‛ tctej egguej OB\)

egb t`d `ko`dst dstknetd ci efcut TX$50 fkjjkcg

(50 pdrhdgt ci t d 6< HEVKHCN hcugtrkds‛ tctejegguej OB\). Ejt`cuo` t`dsd dstknetds erd fesdb cg

t`d usd ci sdhcgbery bete, t`dy stkjj prcvkbd eg kgbkhe-

tkcg ci t`d neogktubd ci hjknetd hègod beneods tc

HEVKHCN hcugtrkds, w`kh` ks usdiuj icr bdhkskcg

neadrs kg ebbrdsskgo hjknetd hègod knpehts.

Gctds5. Kg t`d tdrnkgcjcoy ci t`d K\HH, e `ko` jdvdj ci hcgik-

bdghd kg e okvdg stetdndgt encugts tc e fdjkdi, fesdb cg dxpdrt

mubondgt ci t`d ugbdrjykgo dvkbdghd (bete, ncbdjs, cr egejy-

sds) tèt t`d hèghd ci t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo ikgbkgo fdkgo hcrrdht

ks et jdest 0 cut ci 5<.

6. \erry dt ej. (6<<?).

8. R`d R`krb Essdssndgt Vdpcrt ci t`d Kgtdrocvdrgndgtej

\egdj cg Hjknetd Hègod prdbkhts tèt ojcfej ndeg suriehd

tdnpdreturd wkjj rksd fy es nuh` es 9cH fy 65<< (TGIHHH

6<<?f).

2. _crjb Fega. 6<<?f. ‚Yksuejkzkgo Iuturd Hjknetd kg

Jetkg Endrkhe= Vdsujts ircn t`d Eppjkhetkcg ci t`d Dert` Xkn-

ujetcr.„ Xustekgefjd Bdvdjcpndgt _crakgo \epdr 8<.

4. Ndgbdjsc`g egb _kjjkens (6<<2).

9. Rcj (6<<6).

?. _kgbstcrns (ùrrkhegds egb hyhjcgds) egb ijccbs bkb

gct s`cw e stetkstkhejjy skogkikhegt knpeht kg t`d w`cjd senpjd,

ejt`cuo` wkgbstcrns bkb s`cw e `ko` knpeht cg snejj stetds,

suh` es t`d Herkffdeg Ksjegbs.

0. R`d Hèhejteye Ojehkdr ks dxpdhtdb tc hcnpjdtdjy bksep-

pder wkt`kg t`d gdxt 54 yders. [dt, ehhcrbkgo tc cfsdrvetkcgs,

t`d ehhdjdretkgo retd ci ojehkdr rdtrdet ks dvdg jerodr icr snejjojehkdrs (Ireghcu egb Hcugbrekg 6<<4).

;. R`dsd vejuds erd nuh` jerodr tèg t`csd kjjustretdb kg

tefjd 6.0, w`kh` usdb bkiidrdgt bete scurhds egb essunptkcgs tc

evckb bcufjd hcugtkgo.

5<. R`d Hcrej Ncrtejkty egb Fjdeh`kgo Cutput (HCNFC)

ncbdj bdvdjcpdb fy Fubbdndkdr egb hcwcradrs (Fubbdndkdr

dt ej. 6<<0) ncbdjs t`d rdspcgsd ci hcrej orcwt` tc hègods kg

sde suriehd tdnpdreturd, etncsp`drkh HC6 hcghdgtretkcgs, egb

`ko`-tdnpdreturd‘rdjetdb fjdeh`kgo dvdgts. HCNFC dstk-

netds t`d orcwt` egb ncrtejkty ci t`d hcrej cvdr tknd fesdb cg

iuturd hjknetd prdbkhtkcgs egb cg t`d prcfefkjkty egb diidhts ci

s`crt-tkndb, `ko`-tdnpdreturd‘rdjetdb fjdeh`kgo dvdgts tea-kgo pjehd kg t`d erde.

55. Getkcgej Hcnnugkhetkcgs tc t`d TGIHHH (6<<5,

6<<2, 6<<?).

56. R`drd erd dstknetds ci up tc e ;< pdrhdgt rdbuhtkcg kg

rekgiejj fy t`d dgb ci t`d hdgtury (Hcx dt ej. 6<<2, 6<<0).

@cwdvdr, scnd dstknetds suoodst tèt 2< pdrhdgt rdbuhtkcgs kg

rekgiejj wcujb suiikhd tc kgktketd e bkdfeha prchdss.

58. R`dc Ydjjcze egb Nera Fygcd, Getkcgej Ebeptetkcg

Xtretdoy icr t`d Eorkhujturej Xdhtcr ci Ouyege tc Ebbrdss Hjk-

netd Hègod.

52. Fjeghc egb @drgågbdz (icrt`hcnkgo).

54. Yeg Jkds`cut dt ej. (6<<2).

59. Odrcjcnc egb \dgge (5;;;).

5?. K\HH (6<<?), R`cnes dt ej. (6<<2).

50. R`d egtfkrbs erd e jerod ienkjy ci pessdrkgd fkrbs icugb

ehrcss suftrcpkhej egb trcpkhej Hdgtrej egb Xcut` Endrkhe, ircn

Ndxkhc tc Erodgtkge. R`d icrnkherkkbs, cr orcugb egtfkrbs, erd

snejj pessdrkgd fkrbs ci suftrcpkhej egb trcpkhej Hdgtrej egb

Xcut` Endrkhe. Negeakgs erd icugb kg scut`drg Ndxkhc tc

gcrt`drg Erodgtkge, \ereouey, scut`drg Frezkj, egb cg

Rrkgkbeb egb Rcfeoc. Ncst spdhkds jkvd kg ùnkb trcpkhej jcw-

jegbs, wkt` e idw kg bry icrdsts, rkvdr icrdsts, egb t`d suftrcpk-

hej Egbds.

5;. Rcfe (6<<0).



Kgtrcbuhtkcg

Fdheusd ùnegs es wdjj es t`d Dert`‛s dhcsystdns èvd

dvcjvdb hèrehtdrkstkhs egb fdèvkcrs tèt cptknkzd t`dkr

wdjj-fdkgo ugbdr hurrdgt hjknetd hcgbktkcgs, skogkikhegt

hègods wkjj kgdvktefjy heusd strdss. Dvdg kg erdes w`drd

wernkgo wkjj dvdgtuejjy prcbuhd scnd fdgdikhkej

diidhts, t`drd wkjj fd ebmustndgt hcsts. @unegs egb

dhcsystdns wkjj rdspcgb cg t`dkr cwg kg weys tèt wkjj

rdbuhd t`d hcsts egb dgèghd t`d fdgdikts, tc t`d dxtdgt

t`dy erd efjd tc bc sc. Fut e nemcr hèjjdgod icr ocvdrg-

ndgts egb t`d kgtdrgetkcgej hcnnugkty wkjj fd tc prc-

vkbd t`d pcjkhkds, kgstktutkcgej kgirestruhturd, egb pufjkh

occbs tèt wkjj iehkjktetd t`ks prchdss ci ebeptetkcg.

Ebeptetkcg t`dcry bdikgds hjknetd ebeptetkcg es t`dhègods kg fdèvkcr kg rdspcgsd tc cr kg egtkhkpetkcg

ci hjknetd hègod (K\HH 5;;9, K\HH 6<<5). Ejt`cuo`

t`d kbde tèt pdcpjd wkjj ebept ks sknpjd, ebeptetkcg

ktsdji ks hcnpjdx. Kt ks eg dgbcodgcus rdspcgsd tc hjk-

netd hègod. Es hjknetd hègods, ebeptkvd rdspcgsds

nust hègod wkt` kt. Iurt`dr, ebeptetkcg ks gct ugk-

icrn. R`d fdst rdspcgsd icr cgd ierndr, icr dxenpjd,

wkjj bdpdgb gct cgjy cg `ks dxtdrgej dgvkrcgndgt, fut

cg `ks cwg sktuetkcg‒`ks hcgstrekgts egb essdts‒

ikgeghkej, p`yskhej, egb ùneg‒egb sc ks gct gdhds-

serkjy t`d fdst rdspcgsd icr egct`dr ierndr dvdg kg t`d

send rdokcg. Ebeptetkcg ks jkadjy tc fd e qukjt ehrcss

t`d jegbshepd, wkt` vdry bkiidrdgt rdspcgsds kg deh`

jchetkcg. Diicrts tc bkrdhtjy esskst ebeptetkcg gddb tc

fd sdgsktkvd tc t`dsd bygenkh egb jchej quejktkds, wkt`

t`d knpjkhetkcg tèt t`dy s`cujb fd ekndb nekgjy et

kghrdeskgo cptkcgs, ret`dr tèg knpcskgo e cgd-skzd-

ikts-ejj scjutkcg.

Diicrts tc pjeg icr ebeptetkcg cg fct` t`d kgbkvkb-

uej egb ocvdrgndgtej jdvdjs erd iurt`dr fdbdvkjdb fy

t`d trdndgbcus ughdrtekgtkds kgvcjvdb kg hjknetd prc-

mdhtkcgs. R`drd ks ncrd eorddndgt encgo ncbdjs

rdoerbkgo t`d bdordd ci wernkgo tèg rdoerbkgo t`d

hègods kg prdhkpktetkcg pettdrgs, fut t`d jettdr erd et

jdest es knpcrtegt kg pjeggkgo icr ebeptetkcg. @drd,

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg stegbs cut, ejcgo

wkt` Eirkhe, es t`d rdokcgs wkt` t`d ordetdst ughdr-

tekgtkds, es ndesurdb fy hcgskstdghy ci prdbkhtkcgs fy

bkiidrdgt ncbdjs (tefjd 8.5).

Hcnperkgo t`d icrdhests ircn bkiidrdgt ncbdjs icr

t`d ‚hdjjs„ (erdes) kg t`d JHV, t`drd erd 54 pdrhdgt ci

t`d hdjjs w`drd jdss tèg èji t`d ncbdjs eordd cg t`dbkrdhtkcg ci hègod ci prdhkpktetkcg egb cgjy 50 pdr-

hdgt w`drd t`drd ks e iekrjy `ko` bdordd ci hcgsdgsus.

_kt`kg t`d JHV, t`d sufrdokcgs tèt s`cw t`d jdest

hcgskstdghy kg prdbkhtkcgs ci prdhkpktetkcg hègods erd

t`d erkb erdes ci Frezkj egb t`d scut`drg dquetcrkej

rdokcg (sdd tefjd 8.6). \jeggkgo icr ebeptetkcg nust

tead kgtc ehhcugt t`ks `ko` bdordd ci ughdrtekgty es

wdjj es t`d ‚evdreod„ icrdhest.

Ebeptkvd Vdspcgsds tc Hjknetd Hègod

Icr t`d ncst pert, hègods kg hjknetd wkjj chhur oreb-

uejjy cvdr bdhebds egb dvdg hdgturkds, ejt`cuo` t`drd

rdnekgs t`d pcsskfkjkty tèt hdrtekg tkppkgo pckgts

hcujb fd rdeh`db, trkoodrkgo subbdg egb hetestrcp`kh

hègods. R`d orebuej geturd ci t`d hègods hcnfkgdb

wkt` t`d gcrnej verketkcgs egb ughdrtekgtkds kg wdet`dr

pettdrgs ndegs tèt pdcpjd wkjj fd rdqukrdb tc ebmust

t`dkr fdèvkcr fesdb cg vdry ughjder skogejs es tc wèt

2;

H@E\RDV 8

Ebeptkgo tc e HègokgoHjknetd kg t`d JHV



t`d iuturd ney `cjb. Cgd knpjkhetkcg ci t`ks ks tèt

ebmustndgt hcsts hcujb fd nuh` rdbuhdb ki t`drd wdrd

scnd wey ci rdbuhkgo t`d ughdrtekgty. Egct`dr ks tètt`drd wkjj fd e vdry `ko` prdnkun cg ijdxkfkjkty.

Ebeptetkcg t`rcuo` hègods kg eorkhujturej

prehtkhds

Eorkhujturd gct cgjy ks t`d sdhtcr ci t`d dhcgcny

tèt wkjj dxpdrkdghd t`d ncst bkrdht egb jerodst

knpehts ci hjknetd hègod, kt ks ejsc t`d scurhd ci

jkvdjk`ccb icr efcut ?4 pdrhdgt ci t`d wcrjb‛s pccr

egb e scurhd ci iccb icr ejj. Kg t`d JHV efcut 65 pdr-

hdgt ci t`d rurej pcpujetkcg ks pccr. Rc suppcrt

cfmdhtkvds ci pcvdrty rdbuhtkcg, bdvdjcpndgt, egbnekgtdgeghd ci t`d wcrjb‛s iccb suppjy, kt ks hrktkhej

tèt t`d eorkhujturej sdhtcr ebept es wdjj es pcsskfjd

tc hjknetd hègod.

Cvdr tknd, iern-jdvdj ebeptetkcgs evd fddg nebd kg

pjegtkgo egb èrvdstkgo betds, hrcp rctetkcgs, sdjdhtkcg

ci hrcps egb hrcp verkdtkds, usd ci bkiidrdgt negeodndgt

prehtkhds, egb ebcptkcg ci gdw tdh`gcjcokds, encgo

ct`drs (Ebens dt ej. 5;;0). Xuh` ebeptetkcg prehtkhds

kgvcjvd ehtuej ebmustndgts cr hègods kg bdhkskcg

dgvkrcgndgts tc rdbuhd vujgdrefkjkty tc cfsdrvdb crdxpdhtdb hègods kg hjknetd (Ebodr dt ej. 6<<6). R`dy

heg fd eutcgcncus, brkvdg fy sdji-kgtdrdst, cr iehkjk-

tetdb fy ocvdrgndgts t`rcuo` t`d bdvdjcpndgt ci gdw

hrcp verkdtkds tèt heg wkt`stegb fkctkh strdssds, kgvdst-

ndgts kg wetdr negeodndgt egb krrkoetkcg kgirestruh-

turd, egb kghdgtkvd ndhègksns tc sprdeb rksa egb

knprcvd agcwjdbod.

Icur hcnpjdndgtery epprceh`ds èvd fddg eppjkdb

tc stuby eorkhujturej ebeptetkcg= (5) hrcp ncbdjs1 (6)

Vkherbkeg egejysks1 (8) stead`cjbdr hcgsujtetkcg/dxpdrt

cpkgkcg1 egb (2) hesd stubkds ci fdèvkcr kg rdspcgsd tcwdet`dr-rdjetdb dvdgts. Hrcp sknujetkcg ncbdjs èvd

fddg usdb tc essdss hrcp rdspcgsds tc dgvkrcgndgtej egb

negeodndgt iehtcrs. R`dy ejsc kgbkhetd t`d pctdgtkej

icr ebeptkgo tc bkiidrdgt hjknetds t`rcuo` t`d usd ci

bkiidrdgt verkdtkds. Hrcp ncbdjs kg Jetkg Endrkhe èvd

fddg bdvdjcpdb icr e idw knpcrtegt eorkhujturej rdokcgs

wkt`kg sdjdhtdb hcugtrkds (Erodgtkge, Frezkj, Ndxkhc,

4<


REFJD 8.5

\rcmdhtdb Iuturd Hègods kg Vugcii

\rcmdhtdbe hègod kg evdreod rugcii (nkb-twdgty-ikrst hdgtury) Ncbdj eorddndgth

Vdokcg

Ndeg hègod

(% ci hurrdgt

evdreodegguej rugcii)

Bdhrdesd fyncrd tèg 5<%

Vdnekg wkt`kg+/‘ 5<%

Kghrdesd ncrdtèg 5<%

% ci hdjjs

w`drd 4<%

cr idwdr cincbdjs eordd

% ci hdjjs

w`drd 0<%

cr ncrd cincbdjs eordd

JHV ‘8% 6?% 49% 5?% 54% 50%

EIV ‘5% 64% 9<% 52% 54% 59%

NGE ‘8<% 40% 2<% 6% 0% 8?%

DHE 52% 55% 64% 92% 8% ?;%

XEV 55% 50% 66% 9<% 2% 85%

DE\ ;% <% 2?% 48% ;% 88%

Xcurhd= Ebeptdb ircn _crjb Fega _etdr Egh`cr ‚_etdr egb Hjknetd Hègod= @ybrcjcokh Brkvdrs egb \ctdgtkej Knpehts,„ Bdhdnfdr5?, 6<<?.

e. Dstknetds ci prcmdhtdb hègod kg rugcii wdrd bdtdrnkgdb fy evdreokgo t`d rdsujts ci Nkjjy dt ej. 6<<4 (eg egejysks ci t`d rugcii

cutput ci 56 hjknetd ncbdjs rug ugbdr t`d K\HH‛s XVDXE5F dnksskcgs shdgerkc, prcvkbdb es orkbbdb cutput et t`d 6.4¼ jcgoktubd x

6.<¼ jetktubd shejd) cvdr t`d orkb hdjjs tèt hcnprksd deh` rdokcg.f. R`d prcmdhtdb hègods kg rugcii wdrd bkvkbdb kgtc t`rdd hetdocrkds. R`d pdrhdgt ci orkb hdjjs wkt`kg e pertkhujer rdokcg tèt iejj

kgtc deh` hetdocry ks rdpcrtdb.h. Ncbdj eorddndgt rdidrs tc w`dt`dr cr gct nujtkpjd ncbdjs prcmdht e hègod kg t`d send bkrdhtkcg (tèt ks, kghrdesd crbdhrdesd kg rugcii). Rwdjvd bkiidrdgt hjknetd ncbdjs wdrd kghjubdb kg t`d egejysks fy Nkjjy dt ej. (6<<4). Icr deh` orkb hdjj, es idw

es 9 ncbdjs ney eordd cg t`d bkrdhtkcg ci hègod (tèt ks, èji t`d ncbdjs prcmdht eg kghrdesd egb èji prcmdht e bdhrdesd), egb

es negy es 56 ncbdjs ney eordd (tèt ks, ejj ncbdjs s`cw eg kghrdesd cr ejj ncbdjs s`cw e bdhrdesd). \rdsdgtdb `drd ks t`d pdr-hdgt ci orkb hdjjs wkt`kg e rdokcg tèt èvd pccr ncbdj eorddndgt (9 cut ci 56 eordd) egb tèt èvd ncbdretd tc occb

eorddndgt (5< cr ncrd ncbdjs eordd).

\crtkcgfci rdokcg icr w`kh` hègod ks prcmdhtdb tc=



egb Truouey) ichuskgo prknerkjy cg orekgs. R`d stubkds

odgdrejjy pckgt tc rdbuhtkcgs kg ykdjbs egb kghrdesdb

verkefkjkty kg hrcp prcbuhtkvkty kg t`d rdokcg wkt` rks-

kgo tdnpdreturds (Ebens dt ej. 5;;0). R`d neogktubd

ci t`dsd hègods bdpdgbs cg t`d fkcp`yskhej sknujetkcg

perendtdrs usdb kg t`d ncbdjs fut odgdrejjy `ko`-jko`ts t`d ebvdrsd prcbuhtkvkty knpjkhetkcgs ci wern-

kgo hjknetd.

Egct`dr hcnncgjy usdb epprceh` ichusds cg dstk-

netkgo t`d diidhts ci hjknetd hègod cg eorkhujturd

fesdb cg cfsdrvdb bkiidrdghds kg eorkhujturej prcbuh-

tkcg egb encgo rdokcgs wkt` bkiidrdgt hjknetds

(Ebens dt ej. 5;;0). Ejt`cuo` t`dy erd jknktdb tc

hcgskbdretkcg ci ebeptetkcg t`rcuo` hègods kg prc-

buhtkcg stretdokds, Vkherbkeg stubkds kg Xcut` Endrkhe

(wkt` ichus cg jegb vejuds) èvd ncrd systdnetkhejjy

dxenkgdb `cw ierndrs ebept tc hjknetd kg e gunfdrci bkndgskcgs. Cgd ebeptetkcg bdhkskcg ks t`d h`ckhd

ci iern typd. Ndgbdjsc`g egb Xdc (6<<?) hcgskbdrdb

ikvd iern typds‒e hrcp-cgjy rekgidb iern, e hrcp-cgjy

krrkoetdb iern, e nkxdb (jkvdstcha egb hrcp) rekgidb

iern, e nkxdb krrkoetdb iern, egb e jkvdstcha cgjy

iern‒egb icugb skogkikhegt egb prdbkhtefjd diidhts ci

hjknetd. @ko`dr tdnpdreturds dghcureod ierndrs tc

ncvd ewey ircn hrcp-cgjy ierns tc nkxdb ierns egb

jkvdstcha ierns. R`ks ks hcgskstdgt wkt` t`d ikgbkgos ci

_d`fd dt ej. (6<<9) kg Hcrbcfe, Erodgtkge. @ko`drprdhkpktetkcg pus`ds ierndrs tc ebcpt rekgidb iernkgo

egb evckb dxpdgskvd krrkoetkcg kgvdstndgts. R`d sdh-

cgb ebeptetkcg bdhkskcg dxpjcrdb ks t`d h`ckhd ci

jkvdstcha spdhkds. _`kjd hcgskbdrkgo t`d diidhts ci

gcghjknetd iehtcrs, Xdc egb Ndgbdjsc`g (6<<?) ikgb

tèt t`drd ks e skogkikhegt hjknetd verkefjd dxpjekgkgo

dvdry h`ckhd. E t`krb ebeptetkcg bdhkskcg ks t`d h`ckhd

ci hrcp spdhkds icr ierndrs w`c èvd h`csdg tc orcw

hrcps (Xdc egb Ndgbdjsc`g 6<<0). R`d stuby ichusds

cg t`d sdvdg nemcr hrcps orcwg kg Xcut` Endrkhe=

irukts egb vdodtefjds, nekzd, w`det, sques`, rkhd, pcte-tcds, egb scyfdegs. Nekzd bkb gct eppder tc fd es sdg-

sktkvd tc hjknetd es ct`dr hrcps, okvdg kts negy

verkdtkds tèt heg diidhtkvdjy orcw kg bkvdrsd hjknetd

zcgds kg Xcut` Endrkhe. R`d hrcp sddns tc fd e

‚odgdrejkst„ kg t`d sdgsd tèt kt ks orcwg t`rcuo`cut

Xcut` Endrkhe. Kg hcgtrest, t`d ct`dr hrcps erd ncrd

spdhkejkzdb egb orcw kg gerrcwdr tdnpdreturd cr

prdhkpktetkcg regods. Es tdnpdreturds wern, ierndrs

tdgb tc h`ccsd nekzd egb w`det jdss citdg, w`kjd t`dy

h`ccsd pctetcds, rkhd, scyfdegs, egb irukts egb vdodte-

fjds ncrd citdg. Ki prdhkpktetkcg kghrdesds, ierndrs ncvd

ewey ircn nekzd, w`det, egb irukts egb vdodtefjds tc

pctetcds, rkhd, egb sques`. Xynndtrkhejjy, ki prdhkpkte-tkcg iejjs, ierndrs ncvd ewey ircn pctetcds, rkhd, egb

sques` tc nekzd, w`det, egb irukts egb vdodtefjds. R`d

ncbdjs ettdnpt tc brew kgidrdghds cg spetkej ebepte-

tkcg es eg kgktkej rdspcgsd tc hjknetd hègod, tèt ks,

`cw hccjdr rdokcgs nko`t ebcpt prehtkhds ci werndr

rdokcgs ki t`d hjknetd werndb (Ebens dt ej. 5;;0).

R`ks akgb ci kgicrnetkcg heg oukbd ocvdrgndgts kg

bdhkbkgo `cw tc bkrdht jcgo-tdrn rdsderh` cr tdh`gcj-

coy tregsidr tc okvd ierndrs epprcprketd cptkcgs.

Negy ebeptetkcgs heg fd knpjdndgtdb et jcw hcst,

egb kg ieht negy èvd `ko` hc-fdgdikts, fut hcnprd-`dgskvd dstknetds ci ebeptetkcg hcsts egb fdgdikts erd

hurrdgtjy jehakgo (Ebodr dt ej. 6<<6). Rcp-bcwg

ncbdjkgo epprceh`ds (hrcp ncbdjs cr Vkherbkeg egejy-

sds) ebcpt e gerrcw pdrspdhtkvd tèt ugbdrdstknetds

ebmustndgt hcsts. Tgbdr fcttcn-up epprceh`ds (suh`

es t`d Getkcgej Ebeptetkcg \jegs ci Ehtkcg, cr GE\Es),

hcsts ci ebeptetkcg erd dstknetdb t`rcuo` e stead-

`cjbdr epprceh`, w`drd prkcrkty ebeptetkcg ehtkvktkds

erd kbdgtkikdb fy hcnnugktkds (CDHB 6<<0). R`d

tctej getkcgej hcst ci ejj prkcrkty prcmdhts kbdgtkikdbfy @ektk, icr dxenpjd, ks TX$62.4 nkjjkcg, w`drd t`d

eorkhujturej sdhtcr rdprdsdgts t`d `ko`dst ebeptetkcg

hcst ci ejncst 4< pdrhdgt ci t`d tctej hcst ci ebepte-

tkcg. \rkcrktkzetkcg epprceh`ds, fesdb cg stead`cjbdr

egb dxpdrt hcgsujtetkcgs, icr kbdgtkiykgo rdspcgsds tc

rdbuhkgo vujgdrefkjkty ci eorkhujturej systdns èvd

fddg ugbdrteadg kg sdvdrej prcbuhtkcg dgvkrcgndgts

kg Jetkg Endrkhe (t`d bry rdokcg ci [equk Yejjdy

kg Xcgcre, Ndxkhc1 t`d `ko` ejtktubd prcbuhtkcg

rdokcg ci Negterc Yejjdy kg \dru1 egb t`d _dstdrg

rdokcg ci Truouey).Hesd stubkds kjjustretd spdhkikh stretdokds usdb fy

Jetkg Endrkheg eorkhujturej prcbuhdrs tc ebept tc

hègods kg wdet`dr, scnd ci w`kh` èvd t`dkr crkokgs

kg tknd-`cgcrdb prehtkhds (fcx 8.5). Encgo t`dn erd

hègokgo scwkgo betds1 hègokgo verkdtkds cr hrcps1

rdjykgo cg krrkoetkcg cr hègokgo pettdrgs ci wetdr

eppjkhetkcg es Yesqudz-Jdcg dt ej. (6<<8) egb Hcgbd

45

E B E \ R K G O R C E H @ E G O K G O H J K N E R D K G R @ D J H V



egb Deakg (6<<8) icugb kg Ndxkhc= hègokgo kgputusd1 hègokgo prcbuhtkcg tdh`gcjcoy (icr dxenpjd,

jcw- cr gc-tkjjeod prcbuhtkcg egb bkiidrdgt orekg bry-

kgo tdh`gkquds)1 kghrdeskgo rdjkeghd cg jkvdstcha1 cr

knprcvkgo icrdstry egb ct`dr geturej rdscurhd neg-

eodndgt (Vdkjjy egb Xh`knndjpidggkgo 5;;;1 IEC

6<<4). R`rcuo` hègods kg t`d usd ci krrkoetkcg tdh`-

gcjcoy, ierndrs jchetdb cg t`d T.X.-Ndxkhc fcrbdr

èvd fddg efjd tc hcpd wkt` ncrd pdrskstdgt brcuo`ts

egb hcgtkgud wkt` t`dkr ehtkvktkds. Xknkjerjy, snejj

rurej `cusd`cjbs kg Gkhereoue èvd ebcptdb bkiidrdgt

epprceh`ds tc jegb negeodndgt (icr dxenpjd, hcgtcurferrkdrs, hrcp rctetkcg, egb bkvdrskikhetkcg) tèt èvd

ejjcwdb t`dn tc fdttdr bdej wkt` t`d diidhts ci @urrk-

hegd Nkth` kg Gkhereoue kg 5;;0 egb pcsskfjy hcpd

wkt` iuturd struhturej hègods kg rekgiejj pettdrgs.

R`d kgtrcbuhtkcgs ci `ko`dr-ykdjbkgo hrcp verkdtkds,

ebdquetd usd ci idrtkjkzdrs, egb rdhyhjkgo ci rekgwetdr

egb westdwetdr èvd ejsc `djpdb ierndrs kg Dhuebcr

egb Ouyege tc bknkgks` t`d knpehts ci t`d hcgtkgudbhègod kg hjknetd (K\HH 6<<?).

Xpetkej bkstrkfutkcg ci rksa ks egct`dr stretdoy usdb

fy ierndrs kg t`d rdokcg, wkt` nkxdb rdsujts. Odc-

orep`kh sdperetkcg ci pjcts icr hrcppkgo egb orezkgo

ès prcvdg tc fd diidhtkvd icr bkvdrskiykgo dxpcsurd ci

ierndrs kg perts ci Erodgtkge egb Fcjkvke. [dt spetkej

ebeptetkcg stretdokds heg evd jknktetkcgs. Kg scut`drg

\dru, ikdjb shettdrkgo, e hcnncg rksa-fuiidrkgo stret-

doy ci èvkgo snejj egb bkspdrsdb pjcts, ès hcg-

trkfutdb tc t`d gdt rdbuhtkcg ci evdreod ykdjbs fy ?

pdrhdgt (Ocjegb 5;;8).Vdjetkvdjy ncbdst (jcw-hcst) ebeptetkcg ndesurds,

suh` es iern-jdvdj ebmustndgts, heg skogkikhegtjy ciisdt

bdhjkgds kg prcmdhtdb ykdjb es e rdsujt ci hjknetd hègod

(CDHB 6<<0). @cwdvdr, t`d ebeptetkcg fdgdikts ci

iern-jdvdj ebmustndgts bc gct tregsjetd dquejjy tc ejj

rdokcgs cr hrcps. Icr negy hcugtrkds jchetdb kg trcpkhej

rdokcgs, t`d pctdgtkej fdgdikts ci jcw-hcst ebeptetkcg

46


Kg Jetkg Endrkhe, jchej hcpkgo stretdokds kghjubd e verk-

dty ci eorkhujturej prehtkhds, dhcsystdn prctdhtkcg, egb

ndt`cbs tc ebept tc dxtrdnd dvdgts.

Ierndrs kg \dru èvd fddg uskgo eg eghkdgt krrkoetkcg

egb brekgeod systdn, ‚weru weru,„ cr reksdb ikdjb eorkhuj-

turd, w`kh` neads kt pcsskfjd tc frkgo kgtc prcbuhtkcg t`d

jcw-jykgo, ijccb-prcgd, pccrjy brekgdb jegbs icugb ejj

cvdr t`d Ejtkpjegc. R`d sèjjcw hegejs prcvkbd ncksturd

burkgo brcuo`ts egb brekgeod burkgo t`d rekgy sdescg.

_`dg ikjjdb wkt` wetdr t`dy ejsc hrdetd e nkhrchjknetd

tèt ehts es e fuiidr eoekgst gko`ttknd ircsts. R`d weru

weru systdn prcvkbds ierndrs wkt` ordetdr èrvdst sdhu-

rkty egb rdbuhds t`d rksas esschketdb wkt` ircsts egb

brcuo`t.

Kg Ndxkhc, t`d Hemdtd Rdrrehd eorc-dhcsystdns èvd

fddg kg pjehd icr 8,<<< yders kg `kjjskbd rdokcgs kg Rjex-

heje. Kg t`dsd rekg-idb, hcrg-fdeg-sques` eorc-dhcsys-

tdns, iccb ks orcwg cg stddp, drcskcg-prcgd sjcpds.

Vekgiejj ks hcghdgtretdb fdtwddg Ney egb Xdptdnfdr egb

citdg chhurs kg subbdg bcwgpcurs. Xjcpkgo tdrrehds iddb

dxhdss wetdr kgtc tegas (hemdtds). R`d wetdr, w`kh` wcujb

ct`drwksd gct fd efscrfdb kgtc t`d sckj, ks hcjjdhtdb kgskbd

t`d hemdtds egb sjcwjy pdrhcjetds kgtc t`d surrcugbkgo

sckj eitdr t`d rekg ès dgbdb. Drcbdb sckj ejsc treppdb

kgskbd t`d hemdtds, prdvdgtkgo sckj jcss bcwg t`d sjcpd.

Gutrkdgt rkh` sckj kgskbd t`d hemdtds ks jetdr oet`drdb egb

bkstrkfutdb kgtc t`d ikdjbs.

R`d Eynereg kgbkodgcus pdcpjd ci Fcjkvke èvd fddg

hcpkgo wkt` brcuo`ts t`rcuo` t`d hcgstruhtkcg ci snejj

bens hejjdb ‚qùtèões.„ R`dsd bens hcjjdht egb stcrd

ircn 4< tc 5<,<<< hufkh ndtdrs ci rekgwetdr. \rdbkhtkcgs

cg t`d kgtdgskty ci t`d brcuo`ts erd fesdb cg t`d agcwjdbod

egb cfsdrvetkcgs ci t`d ‚yetkrks„ (wksd ndg cr ebvksdrs).

Kg Dj Xejvebcr hcnnugktkds dnpjcy e gunfdr ci sckj

hcgsdrvetkcg ndesurds tc hcpd wkt` rdhurrdgt brcuo`ts,

icr dxenpjd, fukjbkgo ferrkdrs hcgskstkgo ci stcgd egb

pkgd suhadrs, w`kh` prcvkbd dbkfjd irukts egb ebbktkcgej

kghcnd.

FCP 8.5

Jchej Hcpkgo Xtretdokds= Jdergkgo ircn Jcgo Dxpdrkdghd

Xcurhd= TGIHHH 6<<?.



ndesurds, suh` es hègods kg pjegtkgo betds, hrcp

nkxds, egb hujtkvers, erd gct dxpdhtdb tc fd suiikhkdgt

tc ciisdt t`d skogkikhegt hjknetd hègod beneods

(Ebodr dt ej. 6<<6). Ehhcrbkgo tc K\HH prcmdhtkcgs,

t`d jcw jetktubd rdokcgs kg t`d JHV wcujb fd encgo

t`csd ncst eiidhtdb fy hjknetd hègod. [kdjbs erddxpdhtdb tc bdhjkgd kg jcw jetktubds icr egy kghrdesd kg

tdnpdreturd‒dvdg ncbdretd wernkgo, icr dxenpjd,

5½H icr w`det egb nekzd egb 6¼H icr rkhd, heg skogkik-

hegtjy rdbuhd ykdjbs (Destdrjkgo dt ej. 5;;81 Xh`gdkbdr

dt ej. 6<<?). R`d knpeht wkjj fd strcgojy idjt hcgskbdr-

kgo tèt e quertdr ci t`d JHV‛s pcpujetkcg (580 nkj-

jkcg pdcpjd) jkvds kg t`dsd rdokcgs. Negy encgo t`dn

erd pccr (efcut 62 nkjjkcg) (tèt ks, jkvkgo cg jdss tèg

TX$5 e bey) egb e jerod gunfdr (efcut 58 nkjjkcg)

bdrkvd t`dkr kghcnd ircn eorkhujturd.

Nkoretkcg es eg ebeptetkcg stretdoy

Nkoretkcg cr ct`dr ndegs ci rdbuhkgo rdjkeghd cg eork-

hujturej kghcnd ney ejsc `djp scnd ienkjkds ebept tc

hjknetd hègod. Deakg (6<<4) icugb t`ks tc fd eg

knpcrtegt stretdoy kg Hdgtrej Ndxkhc. Negy rurej ien-

kjkds ejrdeby dghcureod scnd ci t`dkr h`kjbrdg tc

nkoretd tc hktkds, w`c t`dg sdgb feha rdnktteghds

(Ebodr dt ej. 6<<6). Es ncst urfeg ehtkvktkds erd jdss

hjknetd sdgsktkvd, t`ks prcvkbds knpcrtegt scurhds ci

kgbdpdgbdgt kghcnd.

5

Xtubkds herrkdb cut icr t`ks rdpcrthcnperkgo nkoretkcg ijcws kg bkiidrdgt jchejktkds kg

Frezkj egb Ndxkhc ikgb tèt nkoretcry fdèvkcr ks kgiju-

dghdb fy hjknetd hcgbktkcgs. @cwdvdr, t`cuo` nkore-

tkcg ks sdgsktkvd tc hjknetd iehtcrs, t`d diidht ks odgdrejjy

snejj. R`d rcjd ci hjknetd hèrehtdrkstkhs, suh` es nctk-

vetkgo iehtcrs eppders tc fd nuh` ncrd knpcrtegt icr

jcgo-bksteghd nkoretkcg (icr dxenpjd, ehrcss nugkhk-

pejktkds, kg t`d hesd ci Frezkj, egb kgtdrgetkcgej, kg t`d

hesd ci Ndxkhc), t`cuo` diidhts erd jchejkzdb egb bkiidr

ehrcss rdokcgs. Fdheusd t`d bete icr t`dsd stubkds wdrd

hcjjdhtdb kg e jcgo-tdrn dqukjkfrkun, t`d rdsujts bc gcttdjj us nuh` efcut t`d tregsktkcg ircn cgd dqukjkfrkun

tc egct`dr, gcr efcut t`d knpeht ci subbdg hègods.

Cfsdrvetkcgs ci ncvdndgts ci rdiuodds eitdr urrkhegds

kg Hdgtrej Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg kgbkhetd t`d

pctdgtkej icr dxtrdnd dvdgts tc trkoodr jerod-shejd

nkoretkcgs. R`dkr rdpdtktkvd chhurrdghd heg ejsc jdeb tc

pdrnegdgt bkspjehdndgt ci pcpujetkcgs. Icr dxenpjd,

gcrt`dest Frezkj, e rdokcg knpehtdb fy t`d Dj Gkõc-

Xcut`drg Cshkjjetkcg (DGXC)6

p`dgcndgcg, ès sddg

rdbuhtkcgs ci eorkhujturej OB\ ci up tc 64 pdrhdgt icr

yders ci sdvdrd brcuo`t, w`kh` rdsujtdb kg bkspjehd-

ndgts ci up tc sdvdrej nkjjkcg jcw-kghcnd rurej pdcpjd

(Nete egb Gcfrd 6<<9).

Ebeptkgo tc s`chas vdrsus trdgbs

Negy ci t`d ebeptetkcgs ierndrs usd erd ncrd cr jdss

rdspcgsds tèt nkgknkzd t`d rksa kg ykdjbs ci yder-

tc-yder verkeghd kg wdet`dr. Jdergkgo tc hcpd wkt`

kgtdregguej verketkcgs kg wdet`dr neads sdgsd. Xcnd

hègods cgd wcujb nead tc hcpd wkt` egguej wdet`dr

ney ejsc rdsdnfjd hègods cgd wcujb nead kg

rdspcgsd tc hjknetd s`kits. Xcnd eut`crs èvd suo-

odstdb tèt t`d fdst wey tc prdperd icr hjknetd hègod

ks sknpjy tc ebept tc hjknetd verkeghd, tèt ks, t`dhègods kg wdet`dr ircn yder tc yder (Furtcg 5;;?1

Jdery dt ej. 6<<?1 Xnkt dt ej. 5;;9). R`dy eroud tèt

ebeptetkcg ks e stcha. Fukjbkgo up tèt stcha tc

ebbrdss hègods kg wdet`dr prdperds t`d systdn tc

ebbrdss hègods kg hjknetd. Icr dxenpjd, ki ierndrs

heg h`ccsd hrcps egb jkvdstcha tèt erd prcbuhtkvd kg

yders tèt erd efgcrnejjy `ct egb bry gcw, t`dy wkjj

fd prdperdb tc nead t`dsd h`ckhds tc prctdht t`dn-

sdjvds eoekgst `ct egb bry hjknetds.

@cwdvdr, t`drd ks gct e pdridht perejjdj fdtwddgebeptkgo tc wdet`dr egb hjknetd. Xcnd ebeptetkcgs

tèt nead sdgsd icr e yder bc gct nead sdgsd ki t`d

hègod ks pdrnegdgt. Icr dxenpjd, sdjjkgo cii jkvd-

stcha kg e feb yder ks gct e occb jcgo-rug stretdoy

icr hjknetd hègod ejt`cuo` kt ney wcra wdjj tc

sncct` hcgsunptkcg eoekgst wdet`dr s`chas. Icrnej

kgsureghd ks e occb pcjkhy icr hcpkgo wkt` verkeghd kg

wdet`dr egb ney fd hcgskbdrdb eg ebeptetkcg tc

`ko`dr vcjetkjkty prcbuhdb fy ojcfej wernkgo. Fut

kt heggct `djp kg hcpkgo wkt` jcgo-tdrn trdgbs

prcbuhdb fy hjknetd hègod. Kt heg dvdg kgtdridrdwkt` ebeptetkcg1 ki sufskbkzdb kgsureghd hcnpdgsetds

ierndrs icr e feb hrcp yder eitdr yder, t`dy èvd gc

kghdgtkvd tc ebept. Hègokgo hepktej egb jcgo-rug

kgvdstndgts neads sdgsd icr hjknetd hègod fut gct

icr s`crt-rug wdet`dr s`chas. Hjderjy, jdergkgo `cw

tc ebept tc hjknetd verkeghd tèt ks pert ci t`d hur-

rdgt hjknetd wkjj prcvkbd knndbketd fdgdikts. R`dsd

48




ebeptetkcgs heg fdokg tcbey egb gddb gct wekt icr hjk-

netd hègod tc chhur.

Fut eutcgcncus ebeptetkcg ejcgd ks ugjkadjy tc cii-

sdt t`d ebvdrsd `cusd`cjb knpehts ci hjknetd hègod.

Kg hcpkgo wkt` kghrdesdb wdet`dr verkefkjkty, vujgdre-

fjd `cusd`cjbs heg icjjcw ebeptetkcg stretdokds tètèvd gdoetkvd‒egb scndtknds krrdvdrskfjd‒hcgsd-

qudghds cg t`dkr hurrdgt egb iuturd jkvkgo stegberbs.

R`d evekjefjd dvkbdghd suoodsts tèt t`dsd sufcptknej

ehtkcgs erd prdvejdgt kg rurej perts ci t`d JHV. Fedz

egb Nescg (6<<0) dxenkgdb t`d nemcr stretdokds

ebcptdb fy rurej `cusd`cjbs kg icur hcugtrkds kg Hdg-

trej Endrkhe tèt wdrd gdoetkvdjy eiidhtdb fy t`d hci-

idd hrksks ci t`d jetd 5;;<s. Kgbddb, `cusd`cjbs

dgoeodb kg verkcus hcpkgo rdspcgsds tc t`d s`cha,

scnd ci w`kh` eppder tc fd dspdhkejjy èrniuj ircn e

schkcdhcgcnkh pdrspdhtkvd. Icr kgsteghd, iccb egbgcgiccb hcgsunptkcg idjj egb t`d jefcr suppjy ci

h`kjbrdg kghrdesdb et t`d dxpdgsd ci rdbuhdb sh`ccj

dgrcjjndgt. Kg Gkhereoue, kg pertkhujer, h`kjb jefcr

encgo hciidd-orcwkgo `cusd`cjbs kghrdesdb fy 62

pdrhdgt fdtwddg 5;;0 egb 6<<5 (_crjb Fega 6<<4e).

@cusd`cjbs erd jkadjy tc rdspcgb kg sknkjer weys tc

hjknetd-rdjetdb s`chas. Vdhdgt ikgbkgos icr Gkhereoue

suoodst tèt `cusd`cjb hcgsunptkcg, sh`ccj rdtdgtkcg

egb prcordsskcg, egb h`kjb jefcr wdrd ejj gdoetkvdjy

eiidhtdb kg erdes `kt fy @urrkhegd Nkth` kg 5;;0(Trdte 6<<41 Fedz egb Xegtcs 6<<?). Kg ebbktkcg,

ùneg `dejt` wkjj fd et rksa kg scnd erdes bud tc

kghrdesdb wdet`dr verkefkjkty egb s`chas. Kghrdesds kg

t`d prdvejdghd ci nejgutrktkcg egb kgidhtkcus bksdesds,

suh` es nejerke egb bdgoud, èvd fddg rdpcrtdb kg

erdes ci Fcjkvke, Hcjcnfke, Dhuebcr, Gkhereoue, egb

\dru dxpcsdb tc dxtrdnd rekgiejj egb sufsdqudgt

ijccbs (Fcune dt ej. 5;;?f1 _@C 5;;;1 Ycs dt ej.

5;;;1 Fedz 6<<?).

R`drd ks e begodr tèt s`crt-tdrn rdspcgsds heg, kg

ieht, jcha t`d vkhtkns kgtc jcgo-tdrn pcvdrty.Ejt`cuo` ejj ci t`d jcgo-tdrn diidhts ci hjknetd èz-

erbs erd gct ydt agcwg, t`drd erd scnd stubkds tèt

rdvdej sdrkcus bdordds ci pdrskstdghd ci t`d gdoetkvd

knpehts. Rwc rdhdgt pepdrs jcca kgtc t`d knpehts ci

wdet`dr verkefkjkty cg t`d jcgo-tdrn dergkgos ci

`cusd`cjbs tèt pdrnegdgtjy nkoretdb cut ci eorkhuj-

turd kg Frezkj brkvdg fy hjknetd s`chas fdtwddg t`d

nkb-5;0<s egb nkb-5;;<s. Nudjjdr egb Csoccb

(6<<?e) usd hrcss-sdhtkcgej verketkcg tcodt`dr wkt`

bdtekjdb rdhcrbs ci pest prdhkpktetkcg tc bdtdht e jcgo-

tdrn hjknetd-rdjetdb wcrsdgkgo kg t`d kghcnds ci

hrdbkt-hcgstrekgdb `cusd`cjbs tèt wdrd icrhdb fy t`d

sdvdrkty ci nujtkpjd rekgiejj s`chas tc ncvd ircnncstjy rurej stetds tc hktkds. Kg e rdjetdb pepdr,

Nudjjdr egb Csoccb (6<<?f) dxenkgd t`d jcgo-tdrn

hcgsdqudghds ci kgtdgsd brcuo`ts cg Frezkjkeg jefcr

neradts. R`d stuby ikgbs tèt eg kghrdesd kg t`d evdr-

eod gunfdr ci stegberb bdvketkcgs fdjcw t`d ndeg ci

rekgiejj rdbuhds rurej dergkgos fy 5?.? pdrhdgt kg t`d

icjjcwkgo ikvd yders egb fy 69.8 pdrhdgt fdtwddg t`d

ikit` egb tdgt` yder (ikourd 8.5).8 Kg ieht, t`d rdpcrt

s`cws tèt kt tcca ncrd tèg e bdhebd icr eiidhtdb

wcradrs tc heth` up wkt` t`d weods ci t`dkr hcugtdr-

perts.2 R`drd erd ejsc èrniuj kgtdrehtkcgs fdtwddghjknetd rksa, s`crt-tdrn rksa hcpkgo, egb essdt rdhcv-

dry stretdokds. Icr kgsteghd, nkhrcjdvdj dvkbdghd icr

@cgbures suoodsts tèt `cusd`cjbs et t`d fcttcn ci

t`d hepktej bkstrkfutkcg wdrd jdss efjd tc rdfukjb t`dkr

idw essdts kg t`d nkbbjd- egb jcgo rug eitdr fdkgo `kt

fy wdet`dr s`chas (Hertdr dt ej. 6<<2).

Kg ebbktkcg tc bdejkgo wkt` ncrd verkefjd wdet`dr,

ierndrs wkjj hdrtekgjy gddb tc rdspcgb tc jcgodr-tdrn

hjknetd trdgbs. Kg odgdrej, egb teakgo kgtc ehhcugt

wèt ès fddg jdergdb ircn t`d dxkstkgo dvkbdghd,

42


IKOTVD 8.5

Dstknetds ci t`d Jcgo-Rdrn Diidhts ci Brcuo`ts cg _eods

kg Frezkj

Xcurhds= Nudjjdr egb Csoccb (6<<?f), wkt` bete ircn \dsqukseGehkcgej bd Encstre Bcnkhkjkcs (5;;6, 5;;4).Gctd= (*) egb (**) stegb icr <.5< egb <.<4 skogkikheghd jdvdjs. Gunfdrci cfsdrvetkcgs= 544,85< (urfeg), 92,698 (rurej). Dstknetds kghjubdhcgtrcjs icr eod, dbuhetkcg, dxpdrkdghd, odgbdr, egb stetd-ikxdbdiidhts. Evdreod diidht ci t`d s`cha ks s`cwg. Drrcrs hjustdrdb et t`dstetd jdvdj.

<.<4;

<.592

‘<.<;4‘<.5<8‘<.5<5

<.<56

‘<.698** \ d r h d g t

e o d h ` e g o d k g w e o d s

‘<.5??*

‘<.8<

‘<.64

‘<.6<

-<.54

‘<.5<

‘<.<4

<.<<

<.<4

<.5<

<.54

<.6<

Trfeg Vurej

54‘6< yders

5‘4 yders 4‘5< yders

5<‘54 yders



jcgo-rug ebeptetkcg egb dhcgcnkh tregsktkcgs tc gdw

eorcdhcgcnkh dgvkrcgndgts ks èrbdst icr pccr, jcw-

sakjjdb, jcw-dbuhetdb, egb hrdbkt-hcgstrekgdb `cusd-

`cjbs. Rc t`d dxtdgt tèt suh` ierndrs jeha t`d ndegs tc

ugbdrtead t`d gdhdssery dhcgcnkh ebmustndgts‒icr

dxenpjd, kghrdeskgo t`dkr prcbuhtkvkty kg dxkstkgoehtkvktkds, swkth`kgo tc ncrd prciktefjd hrcps, cr ncv-

kgo cii-iern‒t`dy ney ikgb t`dnsdjvds wkt` bdhjkgkgo

kghcnd tremdhtcrkds. _èt ks ncrd, suh` jcgodr-tdrn

dhcgcnkh tregsktkcgs heg fd iurt`dr `kgbdrdb fy t`d

gdoetkvd egb citdg pdrskstdgt diidhts ci sufcptknej rksa

negeodndgt egb hcpkgo stretdokds tèt erd hcnncgjy

ebcptdb fy pccr `cusd`cjbs kg t`d s`crt rug. Es bks-

hussdb iurt`dr kg t`d gdxt sdhtkcg, cgd ci t`d nekg ocejs

ci bdvkskgo pcjkhkds tc suppcrt suhhdssiuj ebeptetkcg ks

tc `djp pdcpjd evckb èvkgo tc ebept kg t`dsd hcugtdr-

prcbuhtkvd weys, dkt`dr kg t`d s`crt cr t`d jcgo tdrn.

Ebeptkgo tc hègokgo wetdr rdscurhd evekjefkjkty

_etdr pjeys e ady rcjd kg fct` ùneg egb dhcjcokhej

systdns. Negy ci t`d ebvdrsd knpehts ci ojcfej wern-

kgo wkjj tead pjehd fdheusd ci hègods kg pettdrgs ci

wetdr evekjefkjkty. @kstcrkhejjy, wetdr negeodndgt ès

fddg fesdb cg t`d essunptkcg ci rdoujer `ybrcjcokhej

pettdrgs. R`d prdbkhtefkjkty ci rekgiejj ès t`drdicrd

pjeydb e hdgtrej rcjd kg eorkhujturej pjeggkgo kg tdrns

ci hrcp egb sckj h`ckhds (K\HH 6<<?). Tgicrtugetdjy,t`drd ks ordetdr ughdrtekgty rdoerbkgo hègods kg rekg-

iejj tèg icr hègods kg tdnpdreturd, egb t`ks ughdr-

tekgty ks ordetdr kg t`d JHV tèg kg ncst ct`dr

rdokcgs ci t`d wcrjb. R`d gunfdr ci pdcpjd jkvkgo kg

Ndscendrkhe egb Xcut` Endrkhe kg wetdr-strdssdb

erdes ks prcmdhtdb tc fd 84.? nkjjkcg (icr 6<64) egb 42

nkjjkcg (icr 6<4<) (Nete egb Gcfrd 6<<9), fut t`d

pettdrgs ci rekgiejj hègod wkjj fd ier ircn ugkicrn,

wkt` scnd erdes rdhdkvkgo nuh` ncrd egb scnd nuh`

jdss tèg t`dy bc et prdsdgt. Dvdg kg e rdjetkvdjy snejjjegbness jkad H`kjd hègods kg prdhkpktetkcg pettdrgs

ney very ordetjy, ndegkgo tèt deh` wetdrs`db wkjj

gddb `ko`jy spdhkejkzdb ncbdjkgo egb ebeptetkcg

bdskog (Fktreg 6<<0).

Ebeptetkcg stretdokds cg t`d kgbkvkbuej egb kgstk-

tutkcgej jdvdjs wkjj rdijdht fct` t`d p`yskhej egb dhc-

gcnkh ideskfkjkty ci evekjefjd cptkcgs (K\HH 6<<?).

Cg eg kgbkvkbuej jdvdj, ierndrs rdspcgb tc wetdr

sherhkty wkt` nujtkpjd stretdokds, scnd ci w`kh` wdrd

bdshrkfdb prdvkcusjy kg t`d sdhtkcg cg eorkhujturd. Cg

eg kgstktutkcgej jdvdj, es prdhkpktetkcg pettdrgshègod, kt wkjj fd hrktkhejjy knpcrtegt tc knpjdndgt

pcjkhkds tèt dgsurd tèt wetdr ks usdb cptknejjy kg t`d

erdes egb ehtkvktkds kg w`kh` kt ès t`d `ko`dst vejud

(fcx 8.6). Kg vkrtuejjy dvdry wetdr systdn tùs ier ege-

jyzdb ercugb t`d wcrjb, dxtdgskvd encugts ci wetdr

erd usdb cg rdjetkvdjy jcw vejudb ehtkvktkds, suh` es

orcwkgo jcw-vejudb hrcps (sdd, icr dxenpjd, @cwktt

egb \kdgeer 6<<91 @urb dt ej. 5;;;1 Jugb dt ej. 6<<91

Xtrzdpda dt ej. 5;;9). Fy s`kitkgo t`d wetdr tc urfeg

egb kgbustrkej usds egb tc `ko`-vejudb hrcps, wetdrsystdns heg ebept tc jerod rdbuhtkcgs kg ijcw wkt`

cgjy nkgknej jcssds kg wdjierd. Diikhkdghkds kg wetdr

usd heg fd eh`kdvdb t`rcuo` ebdquetd prcpdrty rko`ts

egb prkhkgo rdoknds.

44


R`d diidhts ci rdbuhtkcgs kg wetdr rugcii èvd fddg

dvejuetdb kg t`d Vkc Frevc Feskg kg Ndxkhc (Ndgbdj-

sc`g 6<<0). R`d rdjetkvd hcsts ci diikhkdgt egb kgdiik-

hkdgt ebeptetkcg stretdokds erd kjjustretdb fy e sknpjd

sknujetkcg dxdrhksd quegtkiykgo t`d dhcgcnkh hcst ci

wetdr s`crteods icrdhestdb fy 65<<. _etdr usdrs kghjubd

ierndrs, rdskbdghds, egb kgbustrkds. Kg cgd ‚nejebepte-

tkcg„ shdgerkc, wetdr s`crteod ks ehhcnncbetdb fy

ehrcss-t`d-fcerb prcpcrtkcgej rdbuhtkcg icr eorkhujturd,

kgbustry, egb rdskbdgtkej wetdr usds. Kg egct`dr shd-

gerkc, wetdr ks ejjchetdb tc t`d `ko`dst vejud usds, es

wcujb chhur ki kt wdrd diikhkdgtjy prkhdb. R`d dhcgcnkh

hcsts ugbdr t`d icrndr shdgerkc wdrd ùgbrdbs ci tknds

t`dkr skzd ugbdr t`d jettdr, ugbdrshcrkgo t`d efkjkty ci

diikhkdgt ebeptetkcg pcjkhy tc rdbuhd t`d hcsts ci hjk-

netd hègod (Ndgbdjsc`g 6<<0).

FCP 8.6

Diikhkdghkds egb Hcsts ci _etdr Ebeptetkcg Xtretdokds= R`d Hesd ci Vkc Frevc



Kgstktutkcgej kggcvetkcgs erd usdb kg e gunfdr ci

hcugtrkds tc knprcvd diikhkdghy kg wetdr usd. R`dsd

kghjubd wetdr usdrs‛ croegkzetkcgs, jdoej kgstktutkcgs

tc ejjcw trebd kg wetdr rko`ts, egb hèrods icr wetdr

usd tèt rdijdht kts sherhkty vejud. R`dsd heg fd vkdwdb

es ebeptkvd kgstktutkcgej fdèvkcr, w`kh` heg fd fukjtupcg kg erdes w`drd wetdr s`crteods fdhcnd ncrd

ehutd. Kg scnd hesds, tregsfeskg tregsidrs ney fd usd-

iuj kg bdejkgo wkt` rdokcgej sherhkty. Kg t`d JHV

pctdgtkej icr t`ks akgb ci cptkcg dxksts kg t`d [ehenfu

Feskg (Vdpýfjkhe Fcjkverkege bd Ydgdzudje), Hete-

neyc egb H`kre Feskgs (Dhuebcr egb \dru), Ejtc \kure

egb Negterc Feskgs (\dru), egb t`d Xec Ireghkshc

Feskg (Frezkj) (Neorîg dt ej. 6<<?).

_etdr negeodndgt prcfjdns wkjj erksd gct cgjy

kg brcuo`t-prcgd erdes, fut ejsc ejcgo hcests w`drd

rkskgo sde jdvdjs ney heusd sejt wetdr kgtruskcg kgequkidrs (t`ks kssud ks iurt`dr bkshussdb kg hèptdr 6).

Eg cgockgo rdokcgej kgktketkvd fy t`d Herkffdeg

Hcnnugkty Hjknetd Hègod Hdgtdr icr knpjdndgt-

kgo ebeptetkcg ndesurds kg hcestej zcgds kg t`d _dst

Kgbkds ks esskstkgo hcugtrkds (Bcnkgkhe, Xt. Juhke,

egb Xt. Ykghdgt egb t`d Ordgebkgds) kg bdskogkgo

spdhkikh (kgtdoretdb) pkjct ebeptetkcg ndesurds. R`ks

kghjubds t`d bdvdjcpndgt egb kgstejjetkcg ci e

rdvdrsd csncsks pjegt pcwdrdb fy wkgb dgdroy tc

bdsejkgkzd wetdr cg t`d Ksjegb ci Fdquke egb t`dbdskog egb rdvenpkgo ci ady kgirestruhturd kg Xt.

Juhke tc wkt`stegb `ko` kgtdgskty ùrrkhegds. R`d

prcmdht ejsc kgvcjvds t`d hcgsdrvetkcg egb suppjy ci

irds` wetdr kg t`d snejj ksjegbs kg Xt. Ykghdgt egb

t`d Ordgebkgds. R`d prcmdht sddas tc ebept t`d

ksjegbs tc e shdgerkc ci rdbuhdb rekgiejj egb kghrdesdb

t`rdet ci sejkgd kgtruskcg kg jchej equkidrs. R`d ebep-

tetkcg ndesurds wcujb hcgskst ci knprcvkgo

bdnegb-skbd negeodndgt kg wetdr suppjy egb diidh-

tkvd hcjjdhtkcg ci rekg wetdr.

Icrdstry

Icrdsts nead up e jerod pert ci t`d JHV‛s tctej jegb

erde‒20 pdrhdgt ci Xcut` Endrkhe, 22 pdrhdgt ci Hdg-

trej Endrkhe, egb 69 pdrhdgt ci t`d Herkffdeg ks ugbdr

icrdst hcvdr (IEC 6<<4)‒egb t`dy erd eg knpcrtegt

scurhd ci jkvdjk`ccbs icr negy kg t`d rdokcg.

Hjknetd hègod ks ejrdeby jdebkgo tc sufstegtkej

strdss cg icrdst dhcsystdns (Iksh`jkg dt ej. 6<<?1 Dest-

drjkgo dt ej. 5;;8). Icr kgsteghd, t`d evekjefkjkty ci

ncksturd ès fddg rdbuhdb, t`drdfy brykgo cut t`d

vdodtetkcg tèt prcvkbds t`d iudj icr ikrd cutfrdeas.

Vkskgo tdnpdreturds heg ejsc jdeb tc kghrdeskgo kgsdhtcutfrdeas kg e gunfdr ci weys. Ikrst, kg negy erdes

werndr nkgknun bekjy tdnpdreturds ejjcw jerodr

pcpujetkcgs ci kgsdhts tc survkvd t`d hcjb sdescg tèt

gcrnejjy jknkts t`dkr gunfdrs. Xdhcgb, t`d jcgodr

wern sdescg ejjcws t`dn tc bdvdjcp iestdr. R`krb,

werndr hcgbktkcgs `djp dxpegb t`dkr regods kgtc

`ko`dr jetktubds egb ejtktubds. Egb icurt`, brcuo`t

strdss rdbuhds trdds‛ efkjkty tc rdskst kgsdht ettehas.

Cgd diidhtkvd stretdoy icr rdbuhkgo t`d kghkbdghd

egb beneods ci icrdst ikrds ks tc okvd ncrd hcgtrcj

cvdr t`dsd rdscurhds tc jchej hcnnugktkds tèt erd kg epcsktkcg tc ncgktcr t`dn. Ebeptetkcg stretdokds tc

hcgtrcj kgsdht beneod ney kghjubd prdshrkfdb furg-

kgo tc rdbuhd icrdst vujgdrefkjkty tc kghrdesdb kgsdht

cutfrdeas, gcgh`dnkhej kgsdht hcgtrcj, egb ebmustkgo

èrvdstkgo sh`dbujds sc tèt t`csd stegbs ncst vuj-

gdrefjd tc kgsdht bdicjketkcg heg fd èrvdstdb prdidr-

dgtkejjy. R`dsd prcehtkvd ndesurds ney pctdgtkejjy

rdbuhd t`d gdoetkvd dhcgcnkh hcgsdqudghds ci hjk-

netd hègod. @cwdvdr, jdgot`y tknd jeos fdtwddg

trdd pjegtkgo egb èrvdstkgo hcnpjkhetd bdhkskcgs, esebeptetkcg ney tead pjehd et nujtkpjd tknds burkgo e

icrdstry rctetkcg.

Kg hcgtrest wkt` t`d jknktdb sdt ci ebeptetkcg

cptkcgs evekjefjd icr icrdsts, ùneg pcpujetkcgs sèr-

kgo t`d èfktet wkt` t`d icrdst egb/cr dxpjcktkgo t`d

icrdst evd e wkbd ndgu ci hcpkgo cptkcgs tc hcgircgt

hjknetd hègod. E jerod gunfdr ci ebeptetkcg stretd-

okds tèt rdqukrd nkgknej ocvdrgndgt kgtdrvdgtkcg

èvd fddg suoodstdb icr pjegtdb icrdsts, kghjubkgo

hègods kg negeodndgt kgtdgskty, èrbwccb-scitwccb

spdhkds nkx, tknfdr orcwt` egb èrvdstkgo pettdrgswkt`kg egb fdtwddg rdokcgs, rctetkcg pdrkcbs, sejveokgo

bdeb tknfdr, s`kitkgo tc spdhkds cr erdes ncrd prcbuh-

tkvd ugbdr gdw hjknetd hcgbktkcgs, jegbshepd pjeg-

gkgo tc nkgknkzd ikrd egb kgsdht beneod, ebmustkgo

tc ejtdrdb wccb skzd egb quejkty, egb ebmustkgo ikrd-

negeodndgt systdns (Iksh`jkg dt ej. 6<<?).

49




Ebeptetkcg heg ejsc fd rdkgicrhdb fy nktkoetkcg

stretdokds ekndb et rdbuhkgo bdicrdstetkcg egb icrdst

bdorebetkcg. Icrdst hcgsdrvetkcg kgvcjvds fct` fkcbk-

vdrskty prdsdrvetkcg egb hjknetd fdgdikts, w`kh` heg

dgèghd t`d ebeptkvd hepehkty ci dhcsystdns egb kg

turg rdbuhd t`dkr vujgdrefkjkty tc hjknetd hègod.Vdbuhkgo dnksskcgs ircn VDBB egb E/V heg hcg-

trkfutd tc s`crt-tdrn ebeptetkcg tc hjknetd hègod

egb icstdr hjknetd-rdskjkdgt sustekgefjd bdvdjcpndgt,

icr dxenpjd, fy rdtekgkgo ncksturd, rdoujetkgo ybrc-

jcokhej ijcws, stefkjkzkgo sckjs egb prctdhtkgo t`dn

eoekgst drcskcg, rdstcrkgo sckj idrtkjkty, prctdhtkgo cr

kghrdeskgo t`d suppjy ci tknfdr egb gcgtknfdr wccb

prcbuhts egb iudjwccb, egb sc icrt`. Ikgbkgos ci t`d

T.A. Icrdstry Vdsderh` \rcoren s`cw tèt E/V ehtkv-

ktkds evd gundrcus hc-fdgdikts, suh` es sckj hcgsdrve-

tkcg egb ijccb hcgtrcj kg rdokcgs wkt` suiikhkdgt wetdrrdscurhds. Iurt`drncrd, icrdsts kghrdesd evdreod wetdr

evekjefkjkty kg rdokcgs wkt` idwdr wetdr rdscurhds,

kgtdgsd rekgiejjs, egb jcgo spdjjs ci bry wdet`dr (TA

IV\ 6<<4).

R`ks ks gct tc sey tèt trebd-ciis fdtwddg nktkoe-

tkcg egb ebeptetkcg bc gct erksd kg VDBB egb E/V

ehtkvktkds. _kt` rdoerb tc wetdr rdscurhds, t`d ebepte-

tkcg diidhts ci E/V nktkoetkcg prcmdhts bdpdgb cg t`d

hjknetd hèrehtdrkstkhs ci t`d rdokcg kg w`kh` t`d prc-

mdhts erd knpjdndgtdb es wdjj es cg t`d herdiuj sdjdh-tkcg egb hcnpcsktkcg ci t`d trdd spdhkds usdb. R`drd

erd, icr dxenpjd, bchundgtdb hesds ci hcnpdtktkcg

fdtwddg trdd pjegtetkcgs egb eorkhujturd kg tdrns ci

t`d jegb egb wetdr tèt erd gddbdb. Kg erkb egb sdnk-

erkb rdokcgs, E/V ehtkvktkds heg rdbuhd wetdr ykdjbs.

R`ks ks eg knpcrtegt ikgbkgo kg t`d diicrt tc ejkog

pcsktkvd nktkoetkcg egb ebeptetkcg diidhts tèt ès tc

fd hcgskbdrdb w`dg pjeggkgo E/V ehtkvktkds (TA

IV\ 6<<4).

@dejt` rksas

Ejt`cuo` ncbdjs erd stkjj et eg derjy steod ci bdvdjcp-

ndgt, negy ci t`dn eordd tèt t`d ordetdst furbdg

ci bksdesd rdjetdb tc hjknetd iehtcrs wkjj iejj bksprcpcr-

tkcgetdjy cg jcw-kghcnd hcugtrkds kg t`d icrn ci

kghrdesds kg kgidhtkcus bksdesds egb nejgutrktkcg.

Tgicrtugetdjy, fdheusd `ko`dr retds ci ncrfkbkty egb

ncrtejkty rdbuhd t`d hepehkty ci pccr ierndrs tc ebept

tc wdet`dr rksas et t`d send tknd es t`dy kghrdesd dejt`

kgdquejktkds, t`dsd trdgbs wkjj èvd ebbktkcgej kgbkrdht

diidhts tèt gdoetkvdjy eiidht iern cusd`cjb wdjierd.

Ojcfej wernkgo wkjj kgdvktefjy prcbuhd kghrdesdb

strdss ircn `det, es dxtrdnd `det wevds fdhcnd ncrdhcnncg (Xtctt dt ej. 6<<2). Vkskgo tdnpdreturds egb

kghrdesds kg prdhkpktetkcg wkjj èvd eg knpeht cg

ùneg egb geturej systdns tèt ocds fdycgb t`d dhc-

gcnkhejjy vejuefjd sdrvkhds t`dy prcvkbd. R`ks wkjj fd

ncst sdrkcus kg erdes w`drd unegs erd ejrdeby hjcsdst

tc t`dkr fkcjcokhej nexknun tcjdreghd jdvdjs, fut wkjj

fd prcfjdnetkh dvdg kg tdnpdretd hjknetds, es kjjus-

tretdb fy t`d rdpcrtdb 8<,<<< `det-rdjetdb bdet`s kg

Durcpd burkgo t`d 6<<8 `det wevd (TG Icugbetkcg

6<<?). Kg t`d eitdrnet` ci t`ks `det wevd, derjy werg-

kgo systdns egb prdperdbgdss prcorens wdrd knpjd-ndgtdb kg Ireghd. Kgbddb, rdvkdws ci t`d dxkstkgo

dvkbdghd s`cw tèt dxtrdnd `det heg èvd gdoetkvd

diidhts cg `dejt`. Bete‒ncstjy ircn CDHB hcug-

trkds‒s`cw strcgo hcgbktkcgej hcrrdjetkcgs fdtwddg

`det wevds egb herbkcveshujer egb rdspkretcry bksdesds

egb ncrtejkty (Nertdgs 5;;0). Cgd hèjjdgod kg

ebeptkgo tc kghrdesdb `det wkjj fd tc dgsurd tèt t`d

rdspcgsd bcds gct dxehdrfetd t`d ugbdrjykgo prcfjdn

fy, icr dxenpjd, kghrdeskgo t`d bdnegb icr djdhtrkhkty

icr hccjkgo.R`d ct`dr nemcr `dejt` prcfjdn icrdsddg tc fd

dxehdrfetdb fy hjknetd hègod ks t`d kghrdesd kg erdes

et rksa icr vdhtcr-fcrgd bksdesds, jkad nejerke egb

bdgoud idvdr kg t`d JHV, egb wetdr-fcrgd bksdesds

(Okt`dac egb _ccbwerb 6<<8). Bete ircn Frezkj

s`cw tèt werndr egb wdttdr wkgtdrs erd esschketdb

wkt` eg kghrdesdb prdvejdghd ci nejerke egb bdgoud,

w`drdes kgiegt ncrtejkty ks vdry sdgsktkvd tc t`d bkrdht

diidhts ci `ko`dr sunndr tdnpdreturds, kg pertkhujer

kg gcrt`destdrg rdokcgs ci t`d hcugtry (Rknnkgs

6<<8). R`ks ks pertkhujerjy hrktkhej icr prdvkcusjy ugei-idhtdb pccr pcpujetkcgs tèt erd et t`d nerokg ci hur-

rdgt bkstrkfutkcgs ci kgidhtkcus bksdesds. Rypkhejjy,

t`dsd orcups jeha rdjdvegt knnugkty egb èvd wdea

pufjkh `dejt` systdns. _`kjd t`drd ès fddg jkttjd

rdsderh` tc betd ekndb et bchundgtkgo cr egejyzkgo

hurrdgt ebeptkvd fdèvkcr cg eg kgbkvkbuej jdvdj, scnd

4?




kscjetdb ocvdrgndgtej kgktketkvds èvd fdoug kg

Fcjkvke (Eperkhkc 6<<<) egb Hcjcnfke (Ermcge 6<<4)

wkt` pkjct prcorens kg rdsderh`, vdhtcr hcgtrcj, egb

hcnnugkty dbuhetkcg egb pertkhkpetkcg kg diicrts tc

hcgtrcj t`d sprdeb ci t`dsd bksdesds. Kt ks hjder tèt ady

hcnpcgdgts ci e iuturd stretdoy wkjj kgvcjvd hccrbk-getdb ndbkhej rdsderh`, fdttdr hcnnugkty-jdvdj kgicr-

netkcg, egb knprcvdb hcnnugkhetkcg t`rcuo` e

rdokcgej croegkzetkcg, suh` es t`d \eg-Endrkheg

@dejt` Croegkzetkcg (Neorîg dt ej. 6<<?). Es pert ci e

`dejt` sdhtcr stretdoy, kt wkjj ejsc fd knpcrtegt tc

dgsurd tèt hcugtrkds‛ `dejt` systdns erd ebdquetdjy

prdperdb (cr rd-crkdgtdb es gdhdssery) tc ebbrdss dndro-

kgo pufjkh `dejt` gddbs egb hjknetd-kgbuhdb hègods

ci t`d furbdg ci bksdesd.

Dhcsystdns

Es hjknetd hègods kg deh` rdokcg, t`d pjegts egb egk-

nejs getkvd tc tèt rdokcg ney fdhcnd kghrdeskgojy

strdssdb. Et t`d send tknd, `cwdvdr, ct`dr hcgtkoucus

rdokcgs ney fdhcnd ncrd `cspktefjd. Kg suh` hesds,

ebeptetkcg heg chhur t`rcuo` hègods kg t`d odc-

orep`kh regod kg w`kh` t`d croegksns jkvd. Es tdnpdr-

eturds rksd, t`dsd regods wkjj odgdrejjy ncvd ewey

ircn t`d dquetcr egb/cr tc `ko`dr djdvetkcgs. Xcnd

jerodr nennejs egb ijykgo egknejs (fkrbs egb kgsdhts)

heg hègod regods rdjetkvdjy qukhajy t`rcuo` nkore-tkcg. Icr ct`dr egknej spdhkds egb ejj pjegts, t`d

prchdss wkjj fd sjcwdr, es t`csd kg t`d werndr pert ci

t`d regod fdhcnd strdssdb egb bkd cut bud tc wern-

kgo, w`kjd ct`drs prcspdr kg t`d hcgtkoucus erdes

w`kh` wdrd icrndrjy tcc hcjb, fut èvd fdhcnd ncrd

`cspktefjd. Vdspcgsds tc wernkgo erd ejrdeby fdkgo

cfsdrvdb kg t`d s`kitkgo regods ci futtdrijkds egb t`d

hègokgo gdstkgo egb nkoretkcg pettdrgs ci fkrbs

(\erndseg 5;;91 Frebjdy dt ej. 5;;;1 Frcwg dt ej.

5;;;1 Bugg egb _kgajdr 5;;;).

Fut icr negy croegksns, t`ks akgb ci eutcnetkhebeptetkcg prchdss wkjj gct wcra wdjj. Xcnd erd `ko`jy

spdhkejkzdb tc jkvd kg e pertkhujer jchetkcg icr rdescgs

ct`dr tèg cr kg ebbktkcg tc kts tdnpdreturd, egb

wernkgo ney dxhddb t`dkr t`rds`cjb ci p`yskcjcokhej

tcjdreghd kg tèt jchetkcg. Icr ct`drs, t`d hègods kg

hjknetd ney gct prcbuhd e `cspktefjd dgvkrcgndgt kg

eg erde hcgtkoucus tc t`dkr hurrdgt èfktet. R`ks

wcujb fd t`d hesd, icr dxenpjd, icr croegksns ejrdeby

jkvkgo `ko` kg t`d ncugtekgs, wkt` gc pcsskfkjktkds tc

ncvd tc e `ko`dr ejtktubd1 t`csd kgèfktkgo t`d pcjer

rdokcgs1 cr t`csd kgèfktkgo dghjevds surrcugbdb fy

jerod erdes ugsuktefjd icr hcjcgkzetkcg (icr dxenpjd,

hcrej rddis, cr èfktets tèt èvd fdhcnd kscjetdb fyùneg bdvdjcpndgt surrcugbkgo t`dn). Icr t`dsd,

t`d t`rdet ci dxtkghtkcg ks `ko`.

Ebeptetkcg \cjkhkds egb \rkcrktkds

Vdsderh` suoodsts tèt ebeptetkcg bcds nettdr, kg

t`d sdgsd tèt jcssds heg fd sufstegtkejjy rdbuhdb

(Ndgbdjsc`g egb Bkger, 5;;;1 _kgtdrs dt ej. 5;;0).

Fut w`kjd ncst `cusd`cjbs ugbdrtead stretdokds tc

ebept egb negeod rksas, dnpkrkhej dvkbdghd kgbkhetds

tèt `cusd`cjbs, pertkhujerjy pccr, rurej `cusd`cjbs,

erd cgjy pertkejjy efjd tc ‚kgsurd„ t`dnsdjvds eoekgsts`chas. Kg ebbktkcg, pccr rurej `cusd`cjbs citdg jeha

t`d ùneg hepktej egb p`yskhej essdts tc ebept egb/cr

iehkjktetd dhcgcnkh ncfkjkty ehrcss prcbuhtkcg typds

egb/cr sdhtcrs. Ncrdcvdr, kg rksay dgvkrcgndgts, kg t`d

efsdghd ci kgsureghd ndhègksns, rksa-evdrsd prcbuh-

drs ney h`ccsd jdss rksay, fut jdss prcbuhtkvd prcbuh-

tkcg nkxds, eiidhtkgo fct` kghcnd jdvdjs egb orcwt`

tremdhtcrkds. @dghd prkvetd ebeptetkcg wkt` dxkstkgo

ndhègksns ci suppcrt wkjj gct fd dgcuo` tc djknk-

getd t`d dxpdhtdb erniuj diidhts ci hjknetd hègod cgJetkg Endrkheg eorkhujturd. Tskgo t`d Vkherbkeg

ndt`cb, rdsderh`drs èvd icugb tèt gdt rdvdguds pdr

`dhterd kg Jetkg Endrkhe wkjj jkadjy iejj fy 5< pdrhdgt

tc 4< pdrhdgt bdpdgbkgo cg t`d hjknetd shdgerkc dvdg

eitdr ierndrs ugbdrtead eutcgcncus ebeptkvd fdèv-

kcrs (Xdc egb Ndgbdjsc`g 6<<0). Ehtkcg fy getkcgej

ocvdrgndgts egb t`d kgtdrgetkcgej hcnnugkty s`cujb

ekn et nkgknkzkgo t`dsd beneods kg e hcst diidhtkvd

neggdr. \cjkhkds tc suppcrt ebeptetkcg, jkad t`csd

ekndb et nktkoetkgo dnksskcgs, gddb tc fd bdskogdb

addpkgo kg nkgb t`d gddb tc prcnctd fct` diikhkdghyegb dqukty.

Neradts wkjj pjey e hrktkhej rcjd kg nktkoetkgo

ebmustndgt hcsts‒icr kgbkvkbuejs egb icr t`d wcrjb et

jerod‒kg sdvdrej weys. Ikrst, prkhds hcgvdy kgicrne-

tkcg tèt wkjj `djp kgbkvkbuejs nead t`d epprcprketd

ebmustndgts. Ki hjknetd hègod rdbuhds t`d suppjy ci e

hrcp, t`d prkhd ci tèt hrcp wkjj rksd, kgbuhkgo ierndrs

40




tc pjegt ncrd, w`kh` kg turg wkjj ncbdretd t`d kgktkej

rdbuhtkcg kg suppjy. Xknkjerjy, kgtdrgetkcgej trebd

`djps ncbdretd ijuhtuetkcgs kg prkhds egb quegtktkds ci

evekjefjd hrcps kg spdhkikh pjehds (Vdkjjy dt ej. 5;;;).

Rc t`d dxtdgt tèt hjknetd hègod prcbuhds bkiidrdgt

pettdrgs ci ojcfej prcbuhtkcg‒wkt` scnd hcugtrkdskghrdeskgo egb scnd bdhrdeskgo prcbuhtkcg ci bkiidr-

dgt prcbuhts‒t`d pettdrgs ci trebd wkjj gddb tc s`kit

es wdjj. Ci hcursd, t`drd wkjj stkjj fd jcssds fut trebd

heg nead t`csd jcssds snejjdr, egb dvdg ki t`drd erd

rdbuhtkcgs kg eoordoetd ojcfej suppjy, trebd wkjj `djp

bkiiusd t`d rksas.

Iughtkcgkgo neradts egb cwgdrs`kp rko`ts ejsc

prcvkbd t`d epprcprketd kghdgtkvds icr kgvdstndgts

gddbdb tc nkgknkzd t`d hcsts kgvcjvdb kg ebeptkgo tc

s`chas, w`kh` wkjj citdg rdqukrd tèt rdscurhds fd

ncvdb ircn cgd ehtkvkty tc egct`dr. Knprcvdndgts kgt`d iughtkcgkgo ci jegb egb wetdr neradts erd dspd-

hkejjy knpcrtegt. Kgbkvkbuejs iernkgo cg hcnncg

prcpdrty cr cg ocvdrgndgt jegbs jeha jcgo-tdrn

kghdgtkvds tc kgvdst kg dkt`dr geturej hepktej cr p`ysk-

hej hepktej, egb erd hcgsdqudgtjy ugjkadjy tc nead

diikhkdgt ebeptetkcg h`ckhds. Ierndrs wkt` gc ehhdss tc

hepktej neradts ejsc iehd hcgstrekgts tèt ney prdvdgt

t`dn ircn ebeptkgo iujjy. Ikgejjy, t`d gder efsdghd ci

wetdr neradts kg negy hcugtrkds ndegs tèt wetdr ks

irdqudgtjy pccrjy ejjchetdb. Ejj ci t`dsd kgstktutkcgejiekjurds wkjj knpdbd diikhkdgt ebeptetkcg.

Bdskogkgo pcjkhkds tc iehkjktetd ebeptetkcg

Cg e ncst iugbendgtej jdvdj, t`d kbkcsyghretkh geturd

ci kgbkvkbuej ebeptetkcg gddbs‒egb t`d ieht tèt ncst

ndesurds teadg fy kgbkvkbuejs kg t`ks sp`drd èvd nkg-

knej dxtdrgej knpehts cg ct`drs‒erouds tèt ncst

occb pcjkhkds fy ocvdrgndgts tc suppcrt ùneg

diicrts tc ebept kg eg diikhkdgt neggdr erd ‚iehkjktetkvd„

kg geturd (Rcj 6<<4). Rèt ks, t`dy erd gcgprdshrkptkvd

ndesurds tèt dstefjks` e irendwcra icr kgbkvkbuejs tcebmust, fut bc gct bkrdht t`dn cw tc hègod fdèvkcr,

gcr sufskbkzd prkvetd kgvdstndgts. R`d `ko` bdordd ci

ughdrtekgty kgvcjvdb erouds tèt pcjkhy s`cujb fd ijdx-

kfjd cvdr tknd, deskjy ejjcwkgo upbetkgo es gdw kgicr-

netkcg fdhcnds evekjefjd. R`d nekg cfmdhtkvd s`cujb

fd tc kghrdesd cptkcgs. R`d pckgt ks citdg nebd tèt

occb bdvdjcpndgt pcjkhy ks occb ebeptetkcg pcjkhy.

4;


@ko`dr kghcnds egb ùneg hepktej kghrdesd rdskjkdghd

tc s`chas ci ejj akgbs egb okvd `cusd`cjbs t`d hepehkty

tc bdej fdttdr wkt` hègod, egb t`d nemcr t`rdets ircn

hjknetd hègod wkjj negkidst t`dnsdjvds cvdr tknd

pdrkcbs tèt wd t`kga efcut kg tdrns ci bdvdjcpndgt

`crkzcgs (Hejjewey 6<<2f). Knpcrtegt dxenpjds ci t`dakgbs ci pcjkhkds tèt nddt t`dsd hrktdrke wcujb

kghjubd=

e) Xtrdgot`dgkgo wdet`dr ncgktcrkgo

egb icrdhestkgo tccjs

Dx-egtd rksa-kbdgtkikhetkcg, suh` es wdet`dr egb hrcp

ykdjb icrdhestkgo, heg pjey e ady rcjd kg rdstrekgkgo t`d

gdoetkvd diidhts ci wdet`dr verkefkjkty cg t`d wdjj-

fdkgo ci rurej cusd`cjbs. [dt hcnnugktkds kg eorkhuj-

turej erdes ci t`d JHV kg odgdrej bc gct èvd ehhdss tc

hjknetd icrdhests tèt èvd rdescgefjd nerokgs ci drrcregb, tùs, jeha t`d ndegs tc fd ewerd ci rdokcgej egb

jchej wdet`dr ezerbs wdjj kg ebveghd egb bdvdjcp t`dkr

cwg wergkgo systdns. Vdscurhds bdvctdb tc odgdretd

egb bkssdnkgetd t`ks typd ci kgicrnetkcg egb dnpcwdr

hcnnugktkds wkjj esskst jchejktkds kg essdsskgo t`d jdvdj

ci èzerb esschketdb wkt` spdhkikh dvdgts egb dxdhutd

jchej rksa-rdbuhtkcg stretdokds egb wkjj kgbuhd ebeptkvd

fdèvkcr et t`d kgbkvkbuej jdvdj es wdjj.

Xcnd ci t`d typds ci kgicrnetkcg ncst vejuefjd tc

rdbuhd ughdrtekgty erd eg `kstcrkhej hjknetd betefesd,wdet`dr ncgktcrkgo tccjs, systdns icr egejyzkgo hjk-

netd bete tc bdtdrnkgd pettdrgs ci kgtre-egguej egb

kgtdr-sdescgej verkefkjkty egb dxtrdnds, bete cg systdn

vujgdrefkjkty egb ebeptetkcg diidhtkvdgdss (icr dxen-

pjd, rdskjkdghd, hrktkhej t`rds`cjbs) (IEC 6<<?). Xuh`

kgtdrvdgtkcgs erd knpcrtegt icr t`d JHV w`drd

wdet`dr ughdrtekgtkds erd `ko` egb w`drd pest dxpdrk-

dghd wkt` DGXC dvdgts egb wdet`dr verkefkjkty ès

ugbdrshcrdb t`d vejud ci prdperdbgdss (fcx 8.8). Fut

dvdg feskh ndtdcrcjcokhej kgirestruhturd ks nksskgo kg

negy hcugtrkds egb hurrdgt ugbdrkgvdstndgt ks nea-kgo nettdrs wcrsd (fcx 8.4).

f) Xtrdgot`dgkgo cusd`cjbs‛ dhcgcnkh ncfkjkty

egb schkej prctdhtkcg prcorens

Dgèghkgo t`d efkjkty ci `cusd`cjbs tc nead wdjierd-

dgèghkgo dhcgcnkh tregsktkcgs kg t`d iehd ci jcgodr-

tdrn hègods kg t`d dxtdrgej dgvkrcgndgt heg fd



hrktkhej. Xtrdgot`dgkgo jefcr ncfkjkty egb pdcpjd‛s

efkjkty tc nead dhcgcnkh tregsktkcgs t`rcuo` kgvdst-

ndgts kg ùneg hepktej, trekgkgo, egb `dejt` egb

kgicrnetkcg systdns tc prcvkbd dhcgcnkh cppcrtugk-

tkds wkjj `djp `cusd`cjbs tc ebmust tc t`d struhturej

hègods dxpdhtdb kg hjknetd kg t`d jcgo-tdrn. Xuh`

ndesurds s`cujb `djp dgsurd tèt ierndrs erd prd-

perdb tc kgvdst kg wdet`dr-rksa negeodndgt hepktej,

ebcpt hjknetd-rdskstegt eorkhujturej tdh`gkquds egb

kgputs, cptknejjy bkvdrskiy t`dkr kghcnds, egb teadebvegteod ci dndrokgo iern egb cii-iern cppcrtugk-

tkds. Kgbddb, e rdhdgt stuby icugb tèt wkt`cut jefcr

ncfkjkty (tèt ks, wkt`cut ebeptetkcg) hègods kg hjk-

netd erd dxpdhtdb tc rdbuhd eorkhujturej prcbuhtkv-

kty fy 50 pdrhdgt egb kghrdesd pcvdrty fy 8.6

pdrhdgteod pckgts kg Frezkj icr t`d pdrkcb 6<8<‘2;.

R`d knpehts ci hjknetd hègod cg pcvdrty erd suf-

stegtkejjy jcwdr (6 pdrhdgteod pckgts) w`dg t`d

egejysks ehhcugts icr ebmustndgts, kghjubkgo nkore-

tkcg (Essughec egb Idrds 6<<0).

_djj-terodtdb, shejefjd, egb ijdxkfjd pufjkh seidty

gdts, suh` es hcgbktkcgej egb ughcgbktkcgej tregsidrs,

wcraierd prcorens (icr dxenpjd, iccb- cr hes`-icr-

wcra), schkej iugbs (hcnnugkty-jdvdj prcorens kg

kgirestruhturd, schkej sdrvkhds, trekgkgo, nkhrcdgtdr-

prksds, egb sc cg), cr iehkjkty-fesdb kgtdrvdgtkcgs (icr

dxenpjd, idd wekvdrs icr sh`ccj egb `dejt`) erd egknpcrtegt tccj tc prctdht `cusd`cjbs‛ hcgsunptkcg

egb kgvdstndgts kg dbuhetkcg, `dejt`, egb gutrktkcg,

es wdjj es tc nekgtekg ncfkjkty kg t`d ndbkun- egb

jcgo rug. R`dy hcnprksd nuh` ci t`d dqukty pkjjer ci e

pcjkhy rdspcgsd tc hjknetd hègod. Xeidty gdts heg djp

addp t`d pccr ircn iejjkgo kgtc e ‚pdrnegdgt pcvdrty

trep,„ ircn fdkgo icrhdb kgtc ‚jcw-rksa, jcw-rdwerb,„

9<


Dj Gkõc-Xcut`drg Cshkjjetkcg (DGXC) ks t`d bcnkgegt

ncbd ci hjknetd verkefkjkty kg Jetkg Endrkhe, rdspcgskfjd

icr hcgskbdrefjd verketkcg kg fct` tdnpdreturd egb prd-

hkpktetkcg, egb ks t`d geturej p`dgcndgcg wkt` t`d

jerodst schkcdhcgcnkh knpehts. Rwc dxtrdndjy kgtdgsd

dpkscbds ci t`d Dj Gkõc p`dgcndgcg evd chhurrdb kg t`d

pest t`rdd bdhebds kg Jetkg Endrkhe‒5;06‘08 egb

5;;?‘;0‒hcgtrkfutkgo ordetjy tc t`d `dko`tdgdb vuj-

gdrefkjkty ci ùneg systdns tc t`d kghrdesdb chhurrdghd

ci dxtrdnd dvdgts (icr dxenpjd, ijccbs, brcuo`ts, jegb-

sjkbds, egb sc cg) (Neorîg dt ej. 6<<?).

R`d diidht ci t`d 5;06‘08 Dj Gkõc bdncgstretdb t`d

gddb icr rdjkefjd sdescgej hjknetd icrdhests kg t`d JHV. Hjk-

netd icrdhests èvd fddg kg usd kg e gunfdr ci sdhtcrs=

stertkgo kg t`d 5;0<s icr iks`drkds kg t`d Destdrg \ehkikh egb

hrcps kg \dru, egb sufskstdghd eorkhujturd kg Gcrt`dest

Frezkj skghd t`d derjy 5;;<s (Neorîg dt ej. 6<<?). R`d prc-

vkskcg ci rdjkefjd icrdhests mckgtjy wkt` eorcgcnkh rdsderh`

ès fddg ettrkfutdb tc e brcp kg t`d beneod ci hrcps kg

brcuo`t tknds kg erdes ci Frezkj egb \dru (Hèrvërket

6<<<). E hesd stuby kg Erodgtkge cg t`d eppjkhetkcg ci

sdescgej hjknetd prdbkhtkcgs tc jegb ejjchetkcg cg ierns

icugb tèt ierndrs cptknkzd t`dkr pjegtkgo bdhkskcgs fy

verykgo t`dkr hrcp nkx icr e okvdg rdjkefjd sdescgej icrdhest.

Nekzd, scyfdeg, egb scroùn ykdjbs tdgb tc fd jcwdr tèg

gcrnej burkgo Je Gkõe dvdgts, w`kjd nekzd ks ncst

rdspcgskvd tc kghrdesds kg rekgiejj burkgo Dj Gkõc dvdgts

(@enndr dt ej. 6<<5).

Vdhdgt stubkds evd quegtkikdb t`d pctdgtkej dhcgcnkh

vejud ci DGXC-fesdb hjknetd icrdhests egb hcghjubdb

tèt kghrdesds kg gdt rdturg hcujb rdeh` 5< pdrhdgt kg

pctetc egb wkgtdr hdrdejs kg H`kjd1 9 pdrhdgt kg nekzd egb

4 pdrhdgt kg scyfdegs kg Erodgtkge1 egb fdtwddg 6<

pdrhdgt egb 8< pdrhdgt kg nekzd kg Ndxkhc w`dg hrcp

negeodndgt prehtkhds erd cptknkzdb (icr dxenpjd, pjegt-

kgo betd, idrtkjkzetkcg, krrkoetkcg, hrcp verkdtkds). Ebmust-

kgo hrcp nkx hcujb prcbuhd pctdgtkej fdgdikts hjcsd tc ;

pdrhdgt kg Erodgtkge. (Neorîg dt ej. 6<<?)

R`drd erd sdvdrej gdtwcras tèt prdbkht sdescgej hjk-

netd egb hjknetd dxtrdnds kg t`d JHV. @cwdvdr, t`drd ks

stkjj jknktdb shcpd wkt`kg w`kh` t`dy cpdretd es t`d

agcwjdbod rdqukrdndgt icr kgtdrprdtkgo icrdhests kg t`d

eorkhujturej sdhtcr ks jknktdb. Xchkej kgdquktkds kg ehhdss

tc hjknetd kgicrnetkcg egb t`d jeha ci rdscurhds tc

rdspcgb heg sdvdrdjy hcgstrekg egtkhkpetcry ebeptetkcg kg

t`d JHV (Ebodr dt ej. 6<<6).

FCP 8.8

DGXC egb t`d JHV= Tsd ci Hjknetd \rdbkhtkcgs tc Vdspcgb tc _det`dr Yerketkcgs



95


prcbuhtkcg stretdokds, cr jkqukbetkcg ci prcbuhtkvd

essdts kg rdspcgsd tc e wdet`dr s`cha. Xdvdrej hcugtrkds

kg t`d JHV èvd fddg cg t`d icrdircgt kg bdvdjcpkgo

hcgbktkcgej hes` tregsidrs es e seidty gdt tccj. R`dsd

kghjubd Fcjse Ienkjke kg Frezkj, Ienkjkes kg Ehhkøg kg

Hcjcnfke, Vdb Xcjkberke kg Dj Xejvebcr, egb Cpcrtu-gkbebds kg Ndxkhc. R`d Etdghkcg e Hrksks \kjct , e prc-

oren kg Gkhereoue, wes spdhkikhejjy bdskogdb tc

rdspcgb tc wdet`dr s`chas. Xtubkds kgbkhetd tèt t`dsd

prcorens heg fd diidhtkvd ndegs ci `djpkgo fuiidr t`d

pccr kg t`d iehd ci s`chas egb kgtrcbuhd t`d kghdg-

tkvds tc prcnctd hègods kg fdèvkcr tcwerb cptk-

nej rksa negeodndgt prkcr tc e s`cha egb kg hcpkgo

fdèvkcr eitdrwerb. Xchkej iugbs èvd ejsc prcvdg tc

fd e occb kgstrundgt tc rdspcgb tc hjknetd s`chas,

pertkhujerjy w`dg t`drd ks beneod tc p`yskhej hepk-

tej cr kgirestruhturd es e rdsujt ci ùrrkhegds crijccbkgo. R`dsd akgbs ci ndhègksns ney kg t`d

iuturd fd ebeptdb icr t`d gdw gddbs ci hjknetd

hègod (fcx 8.2).

h) Xtrdgot`dgkgo efkjkty tc negeod rksa

Xtrdgot`dgkgo cusd`cjbs‛ egb ocvdrgndgts‛ efkjktkds

tc negeod rksas, dspdhkejjy wdet`dr s`chas, ks hcgbk-

tkcgdb cg t`d dxkstdghd ci ndhègksns icr rksa sèr-

kgo. R`ks wcujb kghjubd diicrts tc strdgot`dg fct`

prkvetd kgsureghd neradts egb ocvdrgndgts‛ efkjkty tcebbrdss spdhkikh wdet`dr s`chas. Ojcfejjy, t`d neradt

icr eorkhujturej kgsureghd ci ejj typds ks snejj, wkt`

t`d JHV sdhcgb tc Eske encgo bdvdjcpkgo rdokcgs kg

tdrns ci prdnkuns (Xwkss Vd 6<<8). Ocvdrgndgts kg

t`d JHV heg suppcrt t`d bdvdjcpndgt ci t`d kgbdx-

fesdb wdet`dr kgsureghd neradt fy ebbrdsskgo rdouje-

tcry ferrkdrs egb neakgo epprcprketd kgvdstndgts kg

kgirestruhturd egb kgstktutkcgs. Cgd stuby (DT 6<<9)

tc esskst t`d Ndxkheg ocvdrgndgt kg bdvdjcpkgo kts

bksestdr rksa negeodndgt egb ebeptetkcg stretdoy

dnpèskzdb t`d gddb tc ichus ncrd cg negeokgo rksasfy essdt prctdhtkcg egb prdvdgtkcg, ret`dr tèg cg

rdspcgbkgo dx pcst. R`ks ès knpjkhetkcgs icr t`d ocv-

drgndgt fubodt. R`d kgtdrgetkcgej hcnnugkty heg

Ncst seidty gdts erd kgtdrvdgtkcgs wkt` t`d spdhkikh ocej

ci dghcureokgo jcw-kghcnd `cusd`cjbs tc kgvdst kg

ùneg hepktej, `dejt`, egb prcbuhtkvd dgtdrprksds. Kg

scnd hesds, t`dsd prcorens erd ejsc icrnujetdb es dxpcst

rdspcgsds tc s`chas ekndb et prctdhtkgo t`d wdjj-fdkgo ci

pccr cusd`cjbs burkgo dndrodghkds.

@cwdvdr, hcgbktkcgej hes` tregsidrs (HHRs) rerdjy kgtrc-

buhd spdhkikh kghdgtkvds ekndb et dghcureokgo `cusd`cjbs

tc dgoeod kg diikhkdgt prds`cha rksa negeodndgt egb pcst-

s`cha hcpkgo (icr dxenpjd, wcras`cps tc prcnctd kghcnd

bkvdrskikhetkcg egb prdvdgt h`kjb jefcr) es e wey tc kscjetd

t`dkr stegberbs ci jkvkgo ircn rksas tèt rdnekg ugkgsurdb.

R`d dxpdrkdghd ci Gkhereoue prcvkbds dvkbdghd ci e

ijdxkfjd HHR prcoren tèt bkrdhtjy cr kgbkrdhtjy ciidrs

kgsureghd tc bdej wkt` tregsktcry s`chas tc rurej kghcnd,

kghjubkgo geturej bksestdrs. Vdb bd \rctdhhtkcg Xchkej ks e

HHR tèt stertdb kg 6<<< tc suppjdndgt t`d kghcnd ci

Gkhereoueg `cusd`cjbs. R`d prcoren ès ejsc prcbuhdb e

skzefjd bdhrdesd kg t`d vujgdrefkjkty ci `cusd`cjbs tc

kghcnd s`chas. Eg dxenpjd ks t`d prctdhtkcg ciidrdb fy t`d

prcoren kg t`d pdrkcb 6<<<‘<8, w`kh` neradb e sèrp

dhcgcnkh bcwgturg kg Gkhereoue, dspdhkejjy icr hciidd-

orcwkgo `cusd`cjbs. Hcgsunptkcg bdhjkgdb fy 6 pdrhdgt

icr hciidd-orcwkgo fdgdikhkerkds w`kjd kt idjj fy ncrd tèg

8< pdrhdgt icr t`dkr hcugtdrperts w`c wdrd gct pertkhkpet-

kgo kg t`d prcoren (Yeaks dt ej. 6<<2).

Ncrd rdhdgtjy, e pkjct (fukjt upcg Vdb bd \rctdhhkøg

Xchkej ) wes bdskogdb egb knpjdndgtdb kg e brcuo`t-prcgd

rdokcg kg gcrt`drg Gkhereoue. R`d nekg ocej ci t`d pkjct

wes tc rdbuhd rurej kghcnd vujgdrefkjkty tc ugkgsurdb

rksas rdjetdb tc wdet`dr. Kg ebbktkcg tc t`ks, t`d Etdghkcg e

Hrksks \kjct wes kgtdgbdb tc rdbuhd t`d usd ci kgdiikhkdgt

dxegtd rksa negeodndgt egb dxpcst hcpkgo stretdokds,

egb tc knprcvd `cusd`cjbs‛ upwerb dhcgcnkh ncfkjkty.

Es icr t`d knpeht ci t`d prcoren cg s`crt-tdrn vujgdre-

fkjkty tc s`chas, dvejuetkcg dvkbdghd kgbkhetds tèt t`d

kghcnd egb hcgsunptkcg ci fdgdikhkerkds wes skogkik-

hegtjy ncrd rdskjkdgt tc brcuo`ts egb ct`dr geturej

FCP 8.2

R`d Kgsureghd Vcjd ci Xeidty Gdts= Dxpdrkdghds ircn Gkhereoue egb @cgbures

(Fcx hcgtkguds cg gdxt peod.)





wkjj fd hèrodb `ko`dr prdnkuns, egb t`ks wkjj hrd-

etd kghdgtkvds gct tc fukjb kg t`csd erdes. Es hjknetd

hègods cvdr tknd, t`d prdnkun struhturd wkjj

ebmust ehhcrbkgojy. Fut ocvdrgndgts nust ejjcw t`ks

ndhègksn tc iughtkcg, w`kh` ney rdqukrd ebmust-

ndgt ci t`dkr pcjkhkds. Ocvdrgndgt sufskbkds icr

kgsureghd tc `ko`-rksa erdes (hcestej zcgds, icr dxen-

pjd) cr ehtkvktkds wkjj rdbuhd t`d kghdgtkvds icr kgbk-vkbuejs tc dxkt, es wkjj eb `ch hcnpdgsetkcg icr

beneods kg t`dsd erdes.

b) Xtrdgot`dgkgo neradts

Cgd ci t`d ncst hrktkhej rcjds ci ocvdrgndgts egb

t`d kgtdrgetkcgej ocvdrgeghd erh`ktdhturd wkjj fd tc

dgsurd tèt neradts hcgtkgud tc tregsnkt epprcprketd

prkhd skogejs. Cg e getkcgej jdvdj, twc akgbs ci ner-

adts bdsdrvd pertkhujer prkcrkty fdheusd t`dy erd hur-

rdgtjy pccrjy bdvdjcpdb kg ncst bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds

egb fdheusd t`dy wkjj fd dspdhkejjy knpcrtegt kg nea-kgo eg ebmustndgt tc hjknetd hègod.

(5) _etdr neradts. Negy ci t`d ncst knpcrtegt

knpehts ci hjknetd hègod wkjj fd kgtdrndbketdb

t`rcuo` wetdr evekjefkjkty. Es wd sew kg hèptdr 6,

sdvdrej rdokcgs kg t`d JHV tèt erd hurrdgtjy bry wkjj

fdhcnd dvdg brkdr, egb scnd tèt erd gct hcgskbdrdb

wetdr-s`crt gcw ney fdhcnd sc cvdr t`d gdxt 4<‘5<<

yders. _`kjd knpcrtegt tcbey, kt wkjj fdhcnd kghrdes-

kgojy hrktkhej tc nead surd tèt wetdr ks usdb kg t`d

erdes egb ehtkvktkds kg w`kh` kt ès t`d `ko`dst vejud.

[dt wetdr rko`ts erd hurrdgtjy kjj-bdikgdb egb wetdr

orcssjy ugbdrvejudb kg ncst hcugtrkds. Kg vkrtuejjy

dvdry wetdr systdn ercugb t`d wcrjb,4 dxtdgskvd

encugts ci wetdr erd hurrdgtjy usdb tc orcw jcw vejud

hrcps. Kg t`d JHV, H`kjd egb Ndxkhc èvd nebd hcg-skbdrefjd ebveghds, ydt dvdg kg t`dsd hcugtrkds, t`d

neradts erd ier ircn fdkgo ebdquetdjy bdskogdb tc

ejjchetd wetdr tc kts `ko`dst vejudb usd. Cgd feha-

orcugb stuby icr t`ks rdpcrt usdb e sknpjd kjjustretkvd

sknujetkcg dxdrhksd tc quegtkiy t`d dhcgcnkh hcst ci

wetdr s`crteods icrdhest icr t`d Vkc Frevc Feskg kg

Ndxkhc fy 65<<.9

Kg cgd ‚nej ebeptetkcg„ shdgerkc,

t`d s`crteod wes ehhcnncbetdb fy ehrcss-t`d-fcerb

prcpcrtkcgej rdbuhtkcgs kg ejj typds ci usds (eorkhuj-

turd, kgbustry, egb rdskbdgtkej). Kg egct`dr shdgerkc,

t`d wetdr wes ejjchetdb tc t`d `ko`dst vejud usds, eswcujb chhur ki kt wdrd diikhkdgtjy prkhdb. R`d dhc-

gcnkh hcsts ugbdr t`d icrndr shdgerkc wdrd ùgbrdbs

ci tknds t`dkr skzd ugbdr t`d jettdr, ugbdrshcrkgo t`d

efkjkty ci diikhkdgt ebeptetkcg pcjkhy tc rdbuhd t`d

hcsts ci hjknetd hègod, w`kjd gct icrdhjcskgo hcnpjd-

ndgtery ndesurds tc ebbrdss ebmustndgt hcsts egb

bkstrkfutkcgej knpjkhetkcgs. Es gctdb efcvd, kg scnd

98


R`d kgtdrgetkcgej bcgcr hcnnugkty ès fddg ehtkvd kg

prcvkbkgo tdh`gkhej essksteghd kg e gunfdr ci hcugtrkds kg

t`d rdokcg tc `djp bdvdjcp t`d neradts icr kgbdx-fesdb

wdet`dr kgsureghd. Kgbdx-fesdb ès negy ebvegteods cvdr

trebktkcgej kgsureghd, kghjubkgo jcwdr tregsehtkcg hcsts

egb jcwdr vujgdrefkjkty tc ncrej èzerb. Icr t`dsd rde-

scgs, kgtdrgetkcgej hcnpegkds erd ncrd wkjjkgo tc rdkg-

surd t`dsd pcjkhkds. Xtkjj, bdvdjcpndgt ci t`dsd neradts

ès gct fddg repkb, es e gunfdr ci cfstehjds gddb tc fd

rdscjvdb. Cgd ks tèt kgsureghd neradts es e w`cjd erd

ugbdrbdvdjcpdb kg t`d JHV. Ndesurdb fy prdnkuns es

pdrhdgt ci OB\, t`d JHV jeos t`d bdvdjcpkgo rdokcgs ci

Eske, Eirkhe, egb Destdrg Durcpd (Xwkss Vd 6<<8). Egct`dr

ks t`d jeha ci e rdoujetcry irendwcra hcgbuhkvd tc t`ks typd

ci kgsureghd kg ncst JHV hcugtrkds. E vehuun kg wdet`dr

bete ks ejsc e prcfjdn, w`kh` ès kg scnd hesds fdhcnd

wcrsd cvdr tknd es wdet`dr bete hcjjdhtkcg kgirestruhturd

bdtdrkcretds. R`d bdgskty ci wdet`dr stetkcgs ès fddg

bknkgks`kgo icr ncst hcugtrkds kg t`d rdokcg, bud kg pert

tc ikshej hcgstrekgts kg t`d nekgtdgeghd ci dqukpndgt egb

trekgdb pdrscggdj. Kg Fcjkvke icr dxenpjd, t`drd erd hur-

rdgtjy efcut 8<< wcrakgo wdet`dr stetkcgs cut ci 5,<<<

stetkcgs e idw yders eoc. Jkadwksd, Menekhe ks hurrdgtjy

cpdretkgo efcut 6<< wdet`dr stetkcgs ircn e tctej ci

2<< kg 6<<2, egb sknkjer sktuetkcgs heg fd icugb kg

Ouetdneje egb @cgbures.

FCP 8.4

_det`dr Kgsureghd Ndhègksns

Xcurhd= Erhd (6<<0).



hesds, tregsfeskg tregsidrs ney fd usdiuj kg bdejkgo

wkt` rdokcgej sherhkty, es t`dy èvd fddg kg Hejkicrgke.

Fut croegkzkgo suh` tregsidrs wkjj rdqukrd hcgskbdrefjd

pjeggkgo, kgvdstndgts, egb kg scnd hesds kgtdrgetkcgej

hccrbkgetkcg. Diidhtkvd kgtdrgetkcgej kgstktutkcgs wkjj

fd gdhdssery gct cgjy tc iehkjktetd tregsfcugbery wetdrtrebd, fut ejsc tc knprcvd ndhègksns icr ndbketkgo

hcgijkhts prcvcadb fy hègods kg wetdr evekjefkjkty

(TG Icugbetkcg 6<<?).

(6) Ikgeghkej neradts. Ikgeghkej neradts pjey twc

rcjds wkt` rdspdht tc ebeptkgo tc hjknetd hègod. Kg

t`d s`crt tdrn, t`dy ejjcw kgbkvkbuejs tc ebmust diik-

hkdgtjy tc s`chas t`rcuo` sevkgo egb bkssevkgo tc

sncct` hcgsunptkcg. Kg t`d jcgodr tdrn, ikgeghkej

kgstktutkcgs erd scurhds ci kgvdstndgt hepktej tèt wkjj

fd gddbdb tc ikgeghd ebeptetkcg dxpdgsds. _`kjd

urfeg erdes kg negy JHV hcugtrkds erd rdescgefjywdjj sdrvdb fy ikgeghkej kgstktutkcgs, rurej erdes‒

dspdhkejjy snejj ierndrs‒erd odgdrejjy gct, icr rde-

scgs rdjetdb tc `ko` tregsehtkcg hcsts egb jcw efkjkty

ci suh` hjkdgts tc ciidr rdjkefjd hcjjetdrej. [dt t`drd erd

occb dxenpjds ci `cw t`dsd ferrkdrs heg fd cvdrhcnd.

Xchkej hepktej egb pddr ncgktcrkgo heg fd usdb tc

occb ebvegteod. Tskgo e vejud-hèkg epprceh`, icr

dxenpjd, ITGBDE kg Ouetdneje ikgeghds kgputs egb

cutputs icr snejj ierndrs, ehhdptkgo stegbkgo hrcps es

hcjjetdrej. Iurt`drncrd, pufjkh pcjkhy heg suppcrtpkjct tdstkgo ci tdh`gcjcokhej kggcvetkcgs tèt rdbuhd

hcsts egb rksas ci ciidrkgo ikgeghkej kgstrundgts tc

rurej snejj-shejd prcbuhdrs. Must es hdjjujer p`cgds heg

spddb neradt egb prkhd kgicrnetkcg tc prcbuhdrs,

sc-hejjdb ‚ncfkjd cr n-fegakgo„ gcw fdkgo pkjctdb kg

Frezkj, heg ejsc brenetkhejjy rdbuhd tregsehtkcg hcsts

icr rurej ikgeghkej tregsehtkcgs.? _`drd gdhdssery,

ikgeghkej rdoujetkcgs ney gddb tc fd rdicrndb tc

rdncvd kgtdrdst retd hdkjkgos egb pdrnkt kgstktutkcgs

tc ncfkjkzd sevkgos bdpcskts, pdrèps vke fregh`jdss

fegakgo, teakgo ebvegteod ci dxkstkgo pcst ciikhds, oesstetkcgs, egb ct`dr rdtekj cutjdts es hcgbukts icr rurej

ikgeghkej tregsehtkcgs. Xtknujetkgo bete hcjjdhtkcg vke

hrdbkt-rdpcrtkgo furdeus heg ejsc rdbuhd t`d hurrdgt rksa

prdnkun esschketdb wkt` rurej jdgbkgo, bud tc kgicrne-

tkcg bdikhkts tc oeuod fdèvkcrej rksa ci pctdgtkej fcr-

rcwdrs. Vurej ikgeghd icr snejj`cjbdrs hcujb ejsc fdgdikt

ircn t`d hrdetkcg egb dxpegskcg ci kgsureghd kgstru-

ndgts tc prctdht eoekgst jcssds, egb kg scnd hcugtrkds,

kgsureghd ès fddg pehaeodb wkt` nkhrchrdbkt.

Kg hcggdhtkcg wkt` t`d hcgsunptkcg-sncct`kgo

rcjd ci hrdbkt neradts, t`d geturd ci wdet`dr-rdjetdb

s`chas ès eg knpcrtegt pcjkhy knpjkhetkcg. _det`dr

s`chas tdgb tc fd `ko`jy hcrrdjetdb ehrcss iekrjy jeroderdes. R`ks ndegs tèt e ikgeghkej kgstktutkcg wkt` e

hjkdgt fesd hcghdgtretdb kg cgd erde‒pertkhujerjy e

rurej erde, w`drd negy hjkdgts rdjy bkrdhtjy cr kgbk-

rdhtjy cg eorkhujturd‒ks jkadjy tc fd pccrjy dqukppdb

tc bdej wkt` e s`cha, skghd ejj ci kts bdpcsktcrs wcujb

gddb tc wkt`brew sevkgos et t`d send tknd. Cgd wey

tc bdej wkt` t`ks ks tc kgsurd t`d jcegs eoekgst wdet`dr

rksa. R`d ct`dr stretdoy ks tc rdjy cg odcorep`kh bkvdr-

skikhetkcg. Vdoujetcry pcjkhy heg dghcureod rdjkeghd

cg kgsureghd fy, icr dxenpjd, puttkgo e prdnkun cg

kgsurdb jcegs w`dg hejhujetkgo hepktej ebdquehy

retkcs. Ejtdrgetkvdjy (cr kg ebbktkcg), kt heg prcnctd

t`d bdvdjcpndgt ci ikgeghkej kgstktutkcgs wkt` hjkdg-

tdjd tèt erd gct dxhjuskvdjy rurej egb tèt erd gct

`devkjy dxpcsdb tc wdet`dr rksas. Kg snejj hcugtrkds

dspdhkejjy, icrdkog fegas ney fd fdst pjehdb tc ikjj t`ks

rcjd, fut kg egy hesd, rdoujetcry pcjkhy hcujb fd

bdskogdb tc dghcureod bdvdjcpndgt ci dxtdgskvd jkga-

eods cutskbd ci e rurej hjkdgt fesd.

(8) Kgtdrgetkcgej trebd neradts. Cg eg kgtdrge-

tkcgej jdvdj, kt wkjj fd knpcrtegt tc dgsurd tèt t`dtrebd systdn rdnekgs cpdg tc ejjcw ojcfej neradts tc

pjey e rcjd kg rdbuhkgo t`d knpeht ci hjknetd hègod kg

negy weys. _`kjd ejj t`d hcugtrkds tèt erd ndnfdrs

ci t`d _crjb Rrebd Croegkzetkcg (_RC) wkjj pjey e

rcjd, jdebdrs`kp fy t`d `ko`-kghcnd hcugtrkds wkjj fd

hrktkhej kg rdeh`kgo eorddndgt cg scnd ci t`d kssuds kg

t`d _RC tèt erd pertkhujerjy rdjdvegt icr `djpkgo t`d

wcrjb bdej wkt` hèjjdgods hrdetdb fy hjknetd hègod.

Ikrst, ejj akgbs ci ferrkdrs tc iccb trebd wkjj gddb tc

fd diidhtkvdjy bkshkpjkgdb. R`ks wcujb iehkjktetd hègo-

kgo pettdrgs ci iccb trebd es hjknetd hègod ejtdrs prc-buhtkcg pettdrgs cvdr t`d jcgo tdrn, es wdjj es sprdeb

t`d diidhts ci s`crt-tdrn suppjy s`chas egb dgsurd tèt

hcgsundrs egb prcbuhdrs rdspcgb epprcprketdjy. _kt` e

sèrd ci hjcsd tc 55 pdrhdgt ci wcrjb eorkhujturd egb iccb

dxpcrts, t`d JHV ks hurrdgtjy e nemcr iccb-dxpcrtkgo

rdokcg. Fut scnd hcugtrkds ney suiidr jerod jcssds kg

prcbuhtkvkty, jdebkgo tc brenetkh s`kits kg iccb trebd

92




pettdrgs kgskbd egb cutskbd t`d rdokcg. R`ks kssud ks

t`drdicrd ci vktej hcghdrg tc t`d JHV. Cgd ci t`d jdsscgs

ci t`d rdhdgt prdhkpktcus kghrdesds kg iccb prkhds ks tèt

w`dg s`crteods erksd, t`drd ks e tdgbdghy icr hcugtrkds tc

rdeht wkt` ‚fdooer t`y gdko`fcr„ trebd pcjkhkds tèt

kgsujetd bcndstkh hcgsundrs egb prcbuhdrs ircn kgtdr-getkcgej prkhd ncvdndgts, egb kg bckgo sc, s`kit t`d

ebmustndgt hcsts cgtc ct`drs. R`ks ès kghjubdb eb `ch

rdbuhtkcgs kg knpcrt ferrkdrs egb kghrdesds kg dxpcrt

ferrkdrs, gdkt`dr ci w`kh` ks diidhtkvdjy bkshkpjkgdb ugbdr

hurrdgt _RC rujds. Negy ocvdrgndgts èvd ejsc

rdspcgbdb tc t`d iccb hrksks fy ichuskgo cg ndesurds tc

kghrdesd t`dkr bdordd ci sdji-suiikhkdghy kg iccb prcbuh-

tkcg. Kg t`d iuturd, es hjknetd hègod neads iccb prc-

buhtkcg kghrdeskgojy `ko`-hcst kg scnd hcugtrkds, trykgo

tc nekgtekg jdvdjs ci sdji-suiikhkdghy wkjj jkadwksd

fdhcnd kghrdeskgojy hcstjy. R`ks ugbdrshcrds t`d knpcr-teghd ci addpkgo t`d trebd systdn cpdg kg crbdr tc okvd

ejj hcugtrkds hcgikbdghd tèt t`dy heg rdjy cg kt tc suppjy

t`dkr iccb rdqukrdndgts.

Xdhcgb, ferrkdrs tc trebd kg occbs egb sdrvkhds tèt

`djp rdbuhd dnksskcgs wcujb kbdejjy fd djknkgetdb.

R`dsd erd hurrdgtjy fdkgo ebbrdssdb kg t`d Bcè

Vcugb gdoctketkcgs, fut prcordss ès fddg jknktdb.

Ci pertkhujer kgtdrdst tc t`d JHV ks t`d rdbuhtkcg ci

ferrkdrs tc trebd kg dtègcj. R`ks ks ci ordetdst kgtdrdst

tc Frezkj, w`kh` ks t`d jcwdst hcst prcbuhdr kg t`dwcrjb, fut ney fd knpcrtegt icr ct`dr hcugtrkds kg

t`d rdokcg w`drd dtègcj heg fd diikhkdgtjy prcbuhdb

ircn suoerhegd. Ircn t`d buej pdrspdhtkvds ci diik-

hkdghy egb diidhtkvdgdss kg rdbuhkgo dnksskcgs, kt ks kg

t`d wcrjb‛s kgtdrdst tc dgsurd tèt dtègcj ks prcbuhdb

w`drd t`ks heg fd bcgd ncst diikhkdgtjy, ret`dr tèg kg

hcugtrkds w`drd kt rdqukrds jerod sufskbkds egb `ko`

trebd ferrkdrs. Hurrdgt trebd pcjkhkds egb sufskbkds kg

`ko`-kghcnd hcugtrkds èvd odgdretdb ùod bkstcr-

tkcgs kg eorkhujturej neradts, wkt` ebvdrsd knpehts cg

pccr iccb hcgsundrs wcrjbwkbd, egb et fdst nkgknejrdbuhtkcgs kg herfcg dnksskcgs.

Ikgejjy, t`d _RC‛s Hcnnkttdd cg Rdh`gkhej Ferrkdrs

tc Rrebd ks ejrdeby kgvcjvdb kg rdvkdwkgo t`d kghrdeskgo

gunfdr ci stegberbs egb jefdjkgo rdqukrdndgts ter-

odtdb et dgdroy diikhkdghy cr dnksskcgs hcgtrcj. Kt hcujb

ejsc pjey eg knpcrtegt rcjd kg dgsurkgo tèt ct`dr trebd

pcjkhkds‒kghjubkgo terkiis jdvkdb cg t`d fesks ci t`d

prcbuhkgo hcugtry‛s dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg hcnnktndgts

cr dgvkrcgndgtej rdoujetkcgs‒erd gct bkshrknkgetcry

egb bc gct uggdhdsserkjy rdstrkht trebd.

Gcgiehkjktetkvd ebeptetkcg pcjkhkds

Gct ejj ebeptetkcg pcjkhkds erd ndrdjy iehkjktetkvd kggeturd. Xcnd ncrd bkrdht ocvdrgndgt kgtdrvdgtkcgs

wkjj fd gdhdssery kg bdejkgo wkt` pufjkh occbs,0

kghjubkgo dhcsystdns, w`drd t`d fdgdikts erd sèrdb

fy ejj egb kgbkvkbuej peyndgts wcujb fd kgideskfjd tc

croegkzd. Kgvdstndgts tc ‚hjknetd prcci„ pufjkh kgire-

struhturd, hcgtrcj ijccbs, prctdht hcestej erdes kg t`d

iehd ci rkskgo sde jdvdjs, cr hcnfet pufjkh `dejt`

t`rdets ircn dpkbdnkhs iejj kg t`ks hetdocry (fcx 8.9).

Xcnd rdoujetcry ndesurds ney ejsc iejj kg t`ks het-

docry, kghjubkgo jegb-usd rdstrkhtkcgs kg erdes sufmdht

tc geturej bksestdrs, ejt`cuo` kg scnd hesds, t`drd erdncrd diikhkdgt rdspcgsds tèg bkrdht rdoujetkcg (icr

dxenpjd, rdncvkgo sufskbkds icr kgsureghd prdnkuns

icr ijccb beneod, cr sufskbkds icr eorkhujturej prcbuh-

tkcg kg t`dsd erdes). Rwc ci t`d sp`drds kg w`kh` t`dsd

akgbs ci pcjkhkds erd ncst rdjdvegt icr ebeptkgo tc hjk-

netd hègod erd geturej rdscurhd negeodndgt egb

tdh`gcjcoy bdvdjcpndgt egb bkssdnkgetkcg.

e) Xtrdgot`dgkgo geturej rdscurhd negeodndgt

_`kjd kgbkvkbuejs wkjj èvd tc nead negy ci t`dkgvdstndgts tc negeod hègodb pettdrgs ci wetdr

ijcws, scnd kgvcjvdndgt fy ocvdrgndgt kg pufjkh

espdhts ci wetdr negeodndgt wkjj fd hrktkhej. Xkghd

hjknetd hègod ney kghrdesd cr bdhrdesd wetdr ijcws kg

spdhkikh erdes, ocvdrgndgts nust fdokg pjeggkgo icr

fct` pcsskfkjktkds. Gdw bens ney fd rdqukrdb tc `cjb

feha ijccbwetdrs cr kghrdeskgo sgcw ndjt. [dt scnd

bens ney gddb tc fd bdhcnnksskcgdb es t`dy ney gc

jcgodr fd gddbdb ki wetdr ijcws iejj suiikhkdgtjy. R`ks ks

cgd erde kg w`kh` t`d nktkoetkcg egb ebeptetkcg eodg-

bes ney kgtdrsdht‒kg hcugtrkds w`drd nujtkusd benshcujb djp negeod ijccb hcgtrcj w`kjd ejsc odgdretkgo

hjdeg djdhtrkhkty. Ncst knpcrtegt, es gctdb efcvd, ocv-

drgndgts gddb tc nead kgstktutkcgej hègods tc iehkjk-

tetd bdvdjcpndgt ci kgtdrgej wetdr neradts, egb

kgtdrgetkcgej kgstktutkcgs gddb tc knprcvd ndhè-

gksns icr ndbketkgo tregsfcugbery hcgijkhts prcvcadb

fy hègods kg wetdr evekjefkjkty (TG Icugbetkcg

94




6<<?). Kgvdstndgts kg prdvdgtkvd ndesurds cr rdehtkvd

ndesurds wcujb bdpdgb cg hcugtry hkrhunsteghds egb

prkcrktkds (fcx 8.?), fut wetdr rdscurhd negeodndgtwkjj citdg rdqukrd pjeggkgo kg dgtkrd rkvdr feskgs,

rdqukrkgo ocvdrgndgt kgvcjvdndgt et t`ks jdvdj.

Kgvdstndgts wkjj ejsc fd gddbdb tc prdsdrvd dhcsys-

tdn sdrvkhds kg t`d iehd ci hjknetd hègod knpehts.

Neorîg dt ej. (6<<?) suoodst tèt ‚fkcjcokhej rdsdrvds

egb dhcjcokhej hcrrkbcrs heg sdrvd es ebeptetkcg nde-

surds tc `djp prctdht dhcsystdns kg t`d iehd ci hjknetd

hègod.„ E ady ikrst stdp kg egy akgb ci diicrt tc `djp

dhcsystdns ebept ks tc ebdquetdjy ncgktcr t`dkr hur-

rdgt hcgbktkcg egb trdgb. Vdhdgt prcmdhts tc prdsdrvdt`d hcrej rddis kg t`d Herkffdeg egb prctdht t`d

kgtdorkty ci t`d Ndscendrkheg Fkcjcokhej Hcrrkbcr erd

dxenpjds ci t`ks akgb ci diicrt, w`kh` wkjj èvd tc fd

shejdb up kg t`d iuturd (fcx 8.0).

@djpkgo dxkstkgo dhcsystdns ebept tc hjknetd

hègod cvdr t`d gdxt idw bdhebds wkjj odgdrejjy

kgvcjvd rdbuhkgo ct`dr strdssds cg t`csd systdns egb

99


Xcnd ocvdrgndgts kg t`d JHV èvd fdhcnd kghrdeskgojy

ewerd ci t`d gdhdsskty tc ebept ady gdtwcras (rceb, rekj-

wey, frkbod) egb prcbuhtkcg (eorkhujturd egb iks`drkds)

kgirestruhturds tc fct` t`d cfsdrvdb hjknetd egb prd-

bkhtdb hègods. Xkghd 6<<8, Erodgtkge‛s Idbdrej Ijccb

Hcgtrcj \jeg ès fddg eppjkdb tc t`d bdvdjcpndgt ci

kgirestruhturd prcmdhts kghjubkgo t`d `ybrcjcokhej rdhcv-

dry ci prcbuhtkvd jegbs, ijccb nktkoetkcg kg rurej erdes, es

wdjj es rceb egb rekjwey gdtwcra prctdhtkcg kg rurej egb

pdrkurfeg zcgds, wkt` e fubodt ci 0<< nkjjkcg pdscs kg

t`d prcvkghds ci Fudgcs Ekrds, Hcrbcfe, Je \enpe, egb

Xegte Id. Kg t`d hesd ci Erodgtkge‛s Bdj \jete rdokcg,

rdspcgsds tc kghrdesds kg sde egb rkvdr jdvdjs èvd kgvcjvdb

fct` ebeptkvd egb kgirestruhturd ndesurds skghd t`d 5;0<s.

Dxpdhtetkcgs ci rdbuhdb ijcws wdrd ejsc kghcrpcretdb kgtc

t`d bdskog ci bddpdr tregspcrt wetdrweys ejcgo t`d \erege

Vkvdr kg crbdr tc hcnpdgsetd icr t`d pcsskfkjkty ci kgsuiik-

hkdgt wetdr jdvdjs. Erodgtkge‛s hcgsdhutkvd ijccb prcorens

èvd nekgjy rdspcgbdb tc urfeg prctdhtkcg egb rdèfkjkte-

tkcg prkcrktkds. Kgirestruhturd ndesurds èvd kgvcjvdb ijccb

prdvdgtkcg t`rcuo` rd-hcgbuhtkcg egb rdtdgtkcg ci prdhkpk-

tetkcg dxhdssds. @cwdvdr, prcorens kg t`d rurej prcvkghds ci

Dj Hèhc egb Xegte Id, es wdjj es t`d \jeg ci @ybrcjcokh

\rctdhtkcg kg t`d Ksjes bdj Bdjte, èvd hcgtrkfutdb tc nktk-

oetkgo t`d knpehts ci ijccbkgo cg eorkhujturd.R`d Ndxkheg ocvdrgndgt ès ejsc knpjdndgtdb pufjkh

stretdokds kg crbdr tc ebept wetdr negeodndgt tc hjknetd

hègods. Kg rurej erdes, wetdr sevkgo systdns èvd fddg

bdvdjcpdb dspdhkejjy icr t`d eorkhujturej egb iks`drkds

sdhtcrs. Ebeptetkcg stretdoy essdssndgts kg t`d `ko`jy

vujgdrefjd rdokcgs ci Ejtc Ndzquktej egb gcrt` Nkxtdhe

èvd kghjubdb bkiidrdgt schkej ehtcrs kg t`d bdskog ci wetdr

negeodndgt stretdokds kg t`d erde. _etdr hepturd egb

hcgtrcj systdns èvd `djpdb rdoujetd ijcws egb cptknkzd

wetdr stcreod kg urfeg erdes. Ebeptetkcg prcmdhts kg @dr-

ncskjjc, Xcgcre èvd teadg t`d ikrst stdps kg kghjubkgo ady

ehtcrs kg t`d wetdr sdhtcr w`dg bdskogkgo pctdgtkej ebep-

tetkcg ndesurds.

Truouey‛s destdrg wdtjegbs erd hcvdrdb fy gdw rdouje-

tkcgs skghd t`dy èvd fddg bdskogetdb es Geturej \rc-

tdhtdb Erdes. Trfeg pjeggkgo jdoksjetkcg egb prehtkhds

èvd ebcptdb sdtfeha rdqukrdndgts icr bdvdjcpndgt tc

84< ndtdrs ircn t`d hcestjkgd. Rc prdsdrvd hcestej dhcsys-

tdns, Truouey ès bdncjks`db kjjdoej hcgstruhtkcgs

(Bdpertndgt ci Vchè), fukjt eg kgtdoretdb ebeptetkcg

stretdoy (\ugte bdj Bkefjc), egb sdt occb prehtkhds egb

oukbdjkgds icr jegb pjeggkgo prcmdhts (Etjegtkh hcest).

R`d Dhc-\jete prcoren kghjubds pkjct ebeptetkcg nde-

surds icr hcestej zcgd negeodndgt kg twc rdokcgs ci

Truouey. R`d prcoren ejsc sdrvdb tc hrdetd eg kgstktu-

tkcgej irendwcra icr hcestej zcgd ebeptetkcg tc hjknetd

hègod es t`d prkghkpej skx hcestej bdpertndgts skogdb e

‚Hcestej Bdhjeretkcg„ kjjustretkgo t`dkr diicrts tc eht

mckgtjy. E Ojcfej Dgvkrcgndgt Iehkjkty (OVI)-iugbdb

prcoren ès ejsc bdvdjcpdb eg kgtdoretdb negeodndgtstretdoy, spdhkikhejjy terodtdb et t`d Etjegtkh hcestej zcgd.

Erodgtkge egb Truouey erd ugbdrteakgo e mckgt dgvkrcg-

ndgtej, schkej, egb jdoej essdssndgt ci t`d Vkc bd je \jete

dstuery zcgd kg crbdr tc iehkjktetd t`d knpjdndgtetkcg ci e

hcnncg stretdoy egb negeodndgt pjeg.

FCP 8.9

Gcgiehkjktetkvd Ebeptetkcg= Kg Xcnd Erdes, Bkrdht Ocvdrgndgt Ehtkcg _kjj Fd Vdqukrdb



9?


R`d Frezkjkeg sdnkerkb gcrt`dest rdokcg dxtdgbs cvdr 50

pdrhdgt ci t`d getkcgej tdrrktcry egb kt `cusds cgd-t`krb

ci t`d hcugtry‛s pcpujetkcg (Jdncs 6<<?). R`d rdhurrdgt

brcuo`ts kg t`d rdokcg èvd hèjjdgodb t`d efkjkty ci t`d

jchej egb getkcgej ocvdrgndgts tc bdskog diidhtkvd egb

diikhkdgt pcjkhkds tc nktkoetd t`d diidhts ci jchej hjknetd

s`chas. Ncrdcvdr, t`d rdpdetdb chhurrdghd ci brcuo`ts,

wkt` t`dkr rdhdsskcgery diidhts, ès ejsc fddg icugb tc

wcrsdg rdokcgej kgdquejktkds (H`kndjk dt ej. 6<<0).

R`d Xtetd ci Hdere ks rdprdsdgtetkvd ci t`d Frezkjkeg sdnk-

erkb rdokcg‒;4 pdrhdgt ci t`d stetd tdrrktcry ks hjesskikdb es

sdnkerkb egb e jerod pcrtkcg ci kts pcpujetkcg, hcgskstkgo

nekgjy ci sufskstdghd iernkgo ienkjkds, ks `ko`jy vujgdrefjd

tc t`d diidhts ci brcuo`t. R`d Xtetd ci Hdere prcvkbds e occb

dxenpjd ci kggcvetkvd brcuo`t-rdjetdb pcjkhy neakgo egb

knprcvdndgt kg ocvdrgeghd, w`kh` ks dssdgtkej icr t`d suh-

hdssiuj usd ci hjknetd kgicrnetkcg kg t`d knpjdndgtetkcg ci

wdjierd-knprcvkgo pcjkhkds (H`kndjk dt ej. 6<<0).

Icr ncrd tèg e hdgtury, jchej egb idbdrej ocvdrgndgts

èvd ettdnptdb tc ejjdvketd t`d gdoetkvd diidhts ci brcuo`t

kg t`d rdokcg ncstjy fy negeokgo rksa ret`dr tèg ebbrdss-

kgo bddpdr heusds ci vujgdrefkjkty tc brcuo`t. Fdheusd derjy

cg pufjkh ciikhkejs dquetdb brcuo`t tc wetdr sherhkty, ncst

ci t`d dnpèsks tc rdspcgb wes hcghdgtretdb ercugb twc

ehtkcgs= (5) kghrdesd t`d rdokcg‛s hepehkty tc stcrd wetdr fyhcgstruhtkcg ci wetdrwcras, suh` es rdsdrvckrs egb bens, es

wdjj es fy kgvdstkgo kg hjknetd-rdjetdb bete hcjjdhtkcg egb

shkdghd1 egb (6) kgvdst kg pcst-bksestdr dndrodghd rdjkdi fy

iugbkgo iccb egb wetdr bkstrkfutkcg prcorens, es wdjj es

stetd-ikgeghdb wcra prcorens icr brcuo`t vkhtkns. R`d twc

epprceh`ds wdrd gct diidhtkvd kg bdhrdeskgo jcgo-tdrn vuj-

gdrefkjkty tc brcuo`t egb hcgtrkfutdb tc e vkhkcus hyhjd ci

hjkdgtdjkstkh pcjktkhs rdjetdb tc brcuo`t rdspcgsd kg t`d stetd

(Jdncs 6<<?).

Fy 5;0?, ret`dr tèg dndrodghy ehtkcgs, t`d stetd ocv-

drgndgt bdhkbdb tc ichus cg jcgo-tdrn prcmdhts esschketdb

wkt` hcnnugktkds. R`d stetd hrdetdb e gdw kgtdoretdb

brcuo`t rdjkdi negeodndgt tèt ettdnpts tc ebbrdss

hcrruptkcg egb kgdiikhkdghy t`rcuo` t`d kghjuskcg ci

stead`cjbdrs kg bdhkskcg neakgo, t`d knpjdndgtetkcg ci

kgstktutkcgej erregodndgts tèt `cjb fct` croegkzetkcgs

egb pufjkh ehtcrs ncrd ehhcugtefjd, egb t`d systdnetkh

usd ci agcwjdbod tc suppcrt rdspcgsd tc brcuo`t.

Encgo ct`dr epprceh`ds tc rdspcgb tc brcuo`t, t`d

stetd ks trykgo gdw kgktketkvds, suh` es snejj iern hrcp

kgsureghd icr t`csd w`c jcsd 4< pdrhdgt cr ncrd ci t`dkr

hrcps tc brcuo`t, ehhdss ci snejj ierndrs tc rurej dxtdgskcg

sdrvkhds, egb ncrd juhretkvd hrcps terodtkgo dxpcrt ner-

adts. Egct`dr kgktketkvd ks rdjetdb tc t`d usd ci wdet`dr

icrdhestkgo. Burkgo 5;;6, fesdb cg t`d icrdhest ci bry

hcgbktkcgs kg Hdere, kt wes rdhcnndgbdb tèt hrcps fdttdr

suktdb tc brcuo`t hcgbktkcgs fd pjegtdb egb t`ks jdb tc

rdbuhdb orekg jcssds (9? pdrhdgt ci t`d jcssds rdhcrbdb icr

5;0?, e yder wkt` sknkjer rekgiejj fut wkt`cut hjknetd

icrdhestkgo). R`d prcbuhtkcg ci vdodtefjd ckjs ircn getkvd

pjegts (icr dxenpjd, hestcr fdeg) tc suppjy t`d fkcbkdsdj

kgbustry ès fddg prcpcsdb es egct`dr ebeptetkcg ndesurd

(Neorîg dt ej. 6<<?).

Vdhdgtjy, t`d Frezkjkeg ocvdrgndgt jeugh`db t`d

Ehtkcg \jeg icr Ebeptkgo tc Brcuo`t kg t`d Xtetd ci

Hdere, terodtkgo 546 ci t`d 5?? nugkhkpejktkds kg t`dstetd. R`dsd nugkhkpejktkds wdrd h`csdg fy t`d Getkcgej

Hkvkj Bdidgsd, fesdb cg t`d Nugkhkpej Ejdrt Kgbkhetcr

(NEK). R`d NEK teads kgtc ehhcugt èrvdst jcssds, prc-

buhtkvkty, hjknetd, bkstrkfutkcg ci prdhkpktetkcg, wetdr

stcreod, sckj erkbkty, egb ienkjkds terodtdb fy schkej prc-

orens es kts nekg kgbkhetcrs icr prkcrktkzkgo ehtkcg. R`d

ehtkcg pjeg kghjubds knndbketd rdspcgsds tc brcuo`t es

wdjj es ncrd ndbkun-tdrn rdspcgsds‒kt oueregtdds iccb

egb `ybrcjcokhej sdhurkty egb kt bdbkhetds iugbs tc t`d

hcgstruhtkcg, dgjerodndgt, cr rdgcvetkcg ci bens, wdjjs,

hkstdrgs, egb hegejkzetkcgs ehrcss t`d 546 nugkhkpejktkds.

FCP 8.?

Hcpkgo wkt` Brcuo`t kg Gcrt`dest Frezkj= R`d Vcjd ci Ocvdrgndgt

ettdnptkgo tc cptknkzd t`dkr rdskjkdghd. Vdbuhkgo

dxkstkgo strdssds ks e rdescgefjd stretdoy icr t`d prd-

sdgt, egb ct`dr pctdgtkej stretdokds heg fd kbdgtkikdb

icr t`d iuturd (fcx 8.;). Kt wkjj fd hrktkhej icr t`d kgstk-

tutkcgs rdspcgskfjd icr negeokgo t`dsd dhcsystdns tc

hcjjefcretd ncrd cg jerodr rdokcgej stretdokds tèg

t`dy hurrdgtjy bc.

Es bdncgstretdb fy t`d epprceh` ci t`d Gerkve

prcmdht (fcx 8.;), kg scnd hesds kt wkjj fd pcsskfjd tc

ebbrdss twc kssuds et cghd t`rcuo` prcmdhts tèt fct`



`djp dhcsystdns ebept egb sdqudstdr herfcg. R`d

knpcrteghd ci jccakgo icr t`dsd akgbs ci sygdrokds,dspdhkejjy kg icrdst hcgsdrvetkcg, ks ugbdrshcrdb fy e

hesd stuby ci ebeptetkcg gddbs kg H`kjd (Fktreg 6<<0).

@drd, scnd ci t`d `devkjy icrdstdb erdes kg hdrtekg

rdokcgs ci t`d hcugtry erd jkadjy tc suiidr ircn e sko-

gkikhegt rdbuhtkcg kg rekgiejj. Ncrd tèg 8<<,<<<

`dhterds ci icrdsts (nekgjy usdb icr icrdstry) erd vuj-

gdrefjd. Fktreg (6<<0) ikgbs tèt e w`cjdsejd bkdcii ci

t`ks nuh` icrdst wcujb rdjdesd herfcg dqukvejdgt tc

ikvd yders ci jcssds ci getkvd icrdsts kg ejj ci t`d JHV, et

hurrdgt retds. Kt ks t`drdicrd hrktkhej tc ikgb weys tc

nekgtekg e vkefjd icrdstry kgbustry `drd, pdrèpst`rcuo` t`d kgtrcbuhtkcg ci brcuo`t-tcjdregt tregs-

odgkh verkdtkds.

f) Xtrdgot`dgkgo tdh`gcjcokhej jkgaeods egb

agcwjdbod ijcws

_`kjd tdh`gcjcokds egb agcwjdbod systdns erd evekj-

efjd tc eh`kdvd `ko`dr egb ncrd stefjd ykdjbs egb tc

fdttdr negeod geturej rdscurhds, fct` ci w`kh` erd

gdhdssery icr jcgo-tdrn ebeptetkcg, t`dkr ebcptkcgegb sustekgdb usd ès odgdrejjy fddg jknktdb tc jche-

tkcgs wkt` ievcrefjd prcbuhtkcg dgvkrcgndgts, strcgo

suppcrtkgo rurej kgstktutkcgs, egb occb ocvdrgeghd.

Kg ncrd dgvkrcgndgtejjy cr dhcgcnkhejjy nerokgej

erdes, w`kh` odgdrejjy hckghkbd wkt` bryjegb erdes, t`d

uptead ci eorkhujturej kggcvetkcgs tèt hcujb suppcrt

fdttdr hjknetd rksa negeodndgt egb ebeptetkcg ès

fddg jknktdb (_crjb Fega 6<<0).

Ierndrs kg tdnpdretd rdokcgs s`cujb fd efjd tc

ebept tc werndr tdnpdreturds uskgo dxkstkgo verkdtkds

tèt erd hurrdgtjy orcwg kg ncrd trcpkhej zcgds. Rètks, verkdtkds orcwg kg werndr hjknetds heg fd ebeptdb

tc wernkgo dgvkrcgndgts, ncvkgo ircn jcw tc `ko`

jetktubds. R`ks essunds tèt trebd egb rdoujetcry

rdoknds erd cpdg tc suh` tdh`gcjcoy tregsidr. Cgd

kssud tèt ocvdrgndgts gddb tc hcgskbdr ks w`dt`dr

t`dkr rdoujetkcgs ocvdrgkgo kgtrcbuhtkcg ci gdw verk-

dtkds (fct` odgdtkhejjy ncbkikdb croegksns QONCs^

90


Kg t`d hesd ci hcrej fjdeh`kgo, Xtrcgo egb Heusdy (6<<?)

èvd eroudb tèt kgtdoretkcg ci rdnctd egb kg sktu sdgscrs

ks dssdgtkej tc hcrej rddi cfsdrvetkcgs. [dt vdry idw kg sktu

sdgskgo stetkcgs erd prcvkbkgo gder rdej-tknd bete. Es

pert ci eg cgockgo prcmdht, t`d Herkffdeg Hcnnugkty

Hjknetd Hègod Hdgtdr (HHHHH), wkt` hccpdretkcg ircn

GCEE egb t`d _crjb Fega, es kgstejjdb e HVD_X ste-

tkcg; egb sdvdrej sktds erd fdkgo cfsdrvdb uskgo stegberb

prctchcjs. R`d HVD_X stetkcg ks kgstejjdb kg Menekhe

egb ks gcw cpdretdb fy t`d HHHHH egb t`d Hdgtdr icr

Nerkgd Vdscurhds ci Menekhe. R`dsd cfsdrvetkcgs egb

t`csd fy ct`drs erd prcvkbkgo scjkb bete cg t`d dxtdgt ci

t`d hrksks icr t`d hcrej dhcsystdn kg t`d Herkffdeg Feskg.

Eg egejysks ci t`d dhcgcnkh egb dhcjcokhej hcgsdqudghds

ci hcrej fjdeh`kgo ks ugbdr wey.

Egct`dr ebeptetkcg essksteghd kgktketkvd tc knprcvd

ncgktcrkgo hepefkjktkds, iugbdb fy t`d Ojcfej Dgvkrcg-

ndgt Iehkjkty, ichusds cg t`d kssud ci ojehkej ndjt kg t`d

Egbds egb cg hcugtrkds ncst eiidhtdb fy kt, kghjubkgo

Fcjkvke, Dhuebcr, egb \dru. E gdtwcra ci gkgd ojehkdr

ncgktcrkgo stetkcgs, hcnpjdndgtdb fy setdjjktd kneods

uskgo t`d EJCX (Ebveghdb Jegb Cfsdrvetkcg Xetdjjktd), ks

fdkgo knpjdndgtdb tc ekb kg t`d egejysks ci ojehkdr bygen-

khs. R`d ikdjb stetkcgs wkjj hcgtkgucusjy ncgktcr wdet`dr

egb `ybrcjcoy. R`d EJCX wkjj usd kts sdgscrs (\VKXN,

EJYGEV, egb \EJXEV) tc p`ctcorep` egb rebkcorep`

t`d send ojehkdr erdes. R`d gdtwcra wkjj terodt ojehkdrs tèt

prcvkbd wetdr rdoujetkcg tc nemcr hktkds cr erd ci nemcr rdj-

dveghd icr eorkhujturd cr dgdroy suppjy. R`d systdn wkjj

hcnpjdndgt dxkstkgo rdokcgej diicrts nebd fy t`d Kgtdrge-

tkcgej Fega icr Vdhcgstruhtkcg egb Bdvdjcpndgt (KFVB)

ci t`d _crjb Fega egb ct`drs. R`ks egb ct`dr kgicrne-

tkcg wkjj t`dg fd kgtdoretdb egb usdb kg t`d bdtekjdb

bdskog ci sdjdhtdb ebeptetkcg ndesurds1 knpjdndgtkgo

rdokcgej egb stretdokh ebeptetkcg pkjcts tc ebbrdss ady

knpehts ircn repkb ojehkdr rdtrdet cg sdjdhtdb feskgs1 egb

suppcrtkgo hcgtkgukgo cfsdrvetkcg egb essdssndgt ci ojeh-

kdr rdtrdet egb t`d esschketdb knpehts cg t`d rdokcg.

FCP 8.0

Ncgktcrkgo Ks t`d Ikrst Xtdp kg Bdskogkgo Essksteghd icr Dhcsystdns‛ Ebeptetkcg



9;


Rc `djp t`d rdokcg‛s hcugtrkds fd fdttdr prdperdb tc

rdspcgb tc t`d dhcsystdn egb jkvdjk`ccb t`rdets pcsdb fy

hjknetd hègod, sdvdrej ebeptkvd prcmdhts erd hurrdgtjy

ugbdr wey, iugbdb fy t`d TGIHHH t`rcuo` t`d Ojcfej

Dgvkrcgndgtej Iehkjkty, es wdjj es fy getkcgej egb nujtk-

jetdrej eodghkds. Kg t`d Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg

Vdokcg, e hurrdgtjy cgockgo Hepehkty Fukjbkgo \rcmdht,

suppcrtdb fy t`d TA @ebjdy Hdgtrd, ekns tc `djp

kghrdesd t`d ebeptkvd hepehkty ci Hufe, Ndxkhc, egb hcug-

trkds kg Hdgtrej Endrkhe.

Eg dxenpjd ci t`d pctdgtkej hcnfkgetkcg ci t`d nktk-

oetkcg egb ebeptetkcg cfmdhtkvds kg t`d JHV ks kjjustretdb

fy e prcmdht ekndb et trkoodrkgo herfcg sdqudstretkcg

t`rcuo` t`d rdicrdstetkcg egb rdstcretkcg ci t`d Gerkve

wdtjegbs dhcsystdn. R`ks wkjj fd eh`kdvdb fy rdstcrkgo

t`d geturej brekgeod rdoknd es wdjj es geturej egb icrhdb

rdhcvdry ci crkokgej vdodtetkcg hcvdr. R`d wetdr negeod-

ndgt espdht ci t`d prcmdht ks bdskogdb tc kbdgtkiy t`d jegb

icrn hcnpcsktkcg ci t`d Gerkve swenp erde, bdvdjcp hrk-

tdrke tc sdjdht `ko` prkcrkty rdstcretkcg erdes, egb pursud

geturej egb dgokgddrdb brekgeod cptkcgs tc ehhdjdretd t`d

rdstcretkcg ci t`d erde‛s dhcjcokhej iughtkcgs. R`d rdicr-

dstetkcg prcoren wcujb dgtekj rdicrdstkgo fdtwddg 5,<<<

egb 5,4<< dhterds uskgo spdhkds strkhtjy getkvd tc Gerkve.

R`d epprcprketd usd ci swenp icrdst cr rekgicrdst spdhkdswkjj fd bdtdrnkgdb fy t`d wetdr jdvdj egb dxtdgt ci t`d

ijccbkgo cghd t`d survdys prcvkbd sckj djdvetkcg kgicrne-

tkcg egb t`d `ybrcjcokh hcgbktkcgs èvd fddg rdèfkjk-

tetdb (Ydroere 6<<4).

R`rcuo` kts Kgtdoretdb Getkcgej Ebeptetkcg \rcoren,

Hcjcnfke ks knpjdndgtkgo spdhkikh pkjct ebeptetkcg

ndesurds kg crbdr tc nddt t`d egtkhkpetdb knpehts ci

hjknetd hègod cg `ko` ncugtekg dhcsystdns egb kgsujer

erdes. R`ks ès fdhcnd e stegberb icr ebeptetkcg wcra kg

t`d rdokcg egb ès kgijudghdb t`d bdskog ci ebeptetkcg

ndesurds ugbdr ct`dr kgktketkvds. Bete odgdretdb fy t`d

prcmdht erd esskstkgo kg t`d bdvdjcpndgt ci ebeptetkcg

ndesurds icr wetdr suppjy tc ncugtekg hktkds bdpdgbegt

cg `ko`jegb wetdr suppjkds egb t`d bdvdjcpndgt ci

cptkcgs tc strdgot`dg t`d rdskjkdghd ci pcwdr sdhtcrs kg

t`d rdokcg.

Ebeptetkcg tc hjknetd knpehts kg t`d Ouji ci Ndxkhc

wdtjegbs ès fddg icrnujetdb tc rdbuhd vujgdrefkjkty tc

t`d egtkhkpetdb knpehts ci hjknetd hègod cg Ndxkhc‛s

wetdr rdscurhds, wkt` e prknery ichus cg hcestej wdtjegbs

egb esschketdb kgjegb feskgs. Ncrd spdhkikhejjy, t`d prc-

mdht sddas tc kbdgtkiy getkcgej pcjkhkds tc ebbrdss t`d

knpehts ci hjknetd hègod cg wetdr rdscurhds et t`d

getkcgej jdvdj, tc dvejuetd hurrdgt egb egtkhkpetdb diidhts

ci hjknetd hègod cg t`d kgtdorkty egb stefkjkty ci t`d

Ouji ci Ndxkhc wdtjegbs, egb tc knpjdndgt pkjct ebepte-

tkcg ndesurds tc prctdht t`dkr dgvkrcgndgtej sdrvkhds

ircn t`d knpehts ci hjknetd hègod.

Ebeptetkcg ndesurds ekndb et prctdhtkgo t`d dgvkrcg-

ndgtej sdrvkhds ciidrdb fy t`d Jes @drncses Nesski kg t`d

nccrjegbs ci t`d hdgtrej rdokcg ci t`d Egbds kg Hcjcnfkeèvd ichusdb cg kghrdeskgo t`d fuiidr zcgd ci Jes @dr-

ncses Getkcgej \era, strdgot`dgkgo t`d prctdhtkcg ci

rkperkeg vdodtetkcg, hègokgo eorkhujturej prehtkhds tc

rdbuhd ct`dr strdssds kgtc suriehd wetdrs, prcvkbkgo kghdg-

tkvds icr rdstcretkcg ci geturej efktet, egb strdgot`dgkgo

prctdhtkcg icr ndoeieuge kg t`d erde.

FCP 8.;

Negeokgo Dhcsystdns kg t`d JHV= Cgockgo \rcmdhts

egb gcg-ONCs) s`cujb fd rdvksdb kg jko`t ci t`d

kghrdesdb vejud ci tdh`gcjcokhej ‚spkjj-kgs„ ircnefrceb.5< R`d hcst-fdgdikt hejhujus cg w`kh` t`dsd

rdoujetkcgs erd fesdb hcujb fd prcicugbjy eiidhtdb fy

hjknetd hègod. Fut tc t`d dxtdgt tèt dxkstkgo verk-

dtkds heg kg odgdrej setksiy t`d gddbs ci ierndrs kg erdes

tèt erd gct et t`d dxtrdnd regods ci hrcp tcjdreghds,

t`dsd hcgbktkcgs s`cujb gct fd t`d nemcr ichus ci

rdsderh` egb bdvdjcpndgt ci gdw verkdtkds.

Fut ebbrdsskgo t`d prcbuhtkvkty jknktetkcgs icr

hrcps tèt erd hurrdgtjy fdkgo orcwg kg erdes hjcsdtc t`dkr t`rds`cjbs ci tdnpdreturd tcjdreghd ks e

hèjjdgod (fcx 8.5<). Negy hrcps kg t`d JHV erd

orcwg kg vdry t`kg tdnpdreturd egb rekgiejj regods

egb ney fd sushdptkfjd tc t`dsd t`rds`cjb diidhts

(Fedz egb Nescg 6<<0). Kg suh` hesds, rdsderh`

s`cujb ichus cg t`d t`rds`cjb. @cwdvdr, tdh`gcjco-

khej knprcvdndgts tead tknd tc netdrkejkzd egb erd



hcstjy. Hègods kg tdh`gcjcoy knpjy V&B hcsts,

ejcgo wkt` t`d hcsts ci iern-jdvdj ebcptkcg, kghjub-

kgo pcsskfjd ùneg egb hepktej kgvdstndgts. Kt heg

tead fdtwddg 4 egb 5< yders icr gdw verkdtkds tc fd

bdvdjcpdb egb rdjdesdb, egb pdrèps dvdg jcgodr icrt`dn tc fd ebeptdb tc spdhkikh eorcdhcjcokhej hcgbk-

tkcgs (sdd fcx 8.5<).

Hjknetd hègod ejsc pcsds e t`rdet tc t`d sustekg-

efkjkty ci eorkhujturej neradts egb t`d ugbdrjykgo

kgvdstndgts, dspdhkejjy kg `ko`-vejud prcbuhts. Xcnd

ci t`d fdst `ko` quejkty hciidd erdes kg Hcjcnfke wkjj

fdhcnd ugsuktefjd s`crtjy eitdr 6<6<, wkt` iugbendg-

tej hègods kg t`d prkghkpjd hciidd orcwkgo rdokcgs fy

6<4<. Ncbdjs prdbkht tèt quejkty ks t`d ikrst tc fd

hcnprcnksdb es t`d hjknetd hègods, icjjcwdb fy essc-

hketdb jcssds kg prcbuhtkvkty (Jegd egb Mervks 6<<?).@dghd, neradtkgo hèggdjs wkjj gddb tc ebept tc

hègokgo prcbuhtkcg pettdrgs, ugjdss tdh`gcjcoy heg

prdsdrvd t`d dxkstkgo pettdrgs.

R`d _crjb Bdvdjcpndgt Vdpcrt 6<<0 dnpèskzds

t`d gddb icr sustekgefjd tdh`gcjcokds kg JHV hcugtrkds

tc kghrdesd prcbuhtkvkty, stefkjkty, egb rdskjkdghd ci

t`dkr prcbuhtkcg systdns egb hcgircgt hjknetd hègod.

E frceb fesadt ci tdh`gcjcokds ks evekjefjd kg negy

hcugtrkds kg t`d rdokcg, t`cuo` citdg t`dy cgjy per-

tkejjy setksiy neradt bdnegb cr usdr gddbs. \ufjkh

dxpdgbkturd egb prkvetd kgvdstndgt kg rdsderh` egb

bdvdjcpndgt nust kghrdesd, egb pertgdrs`kps wkt` t`dprkvetd sdhtcr, ierndrs, egb hkvkj schkdty nust fd

strdgot`dgdb kg crbdr tc stknujetd usdr bdnegb icr

V&B, kghrdesd neradt rdspcgskvdgdss egb hcnpdtk-

tkvdgdss, egb dgsurd tèt t`d rurej pccr fdgdikt ircn

tdh`gcjcokhej kgtdrvdgtkcgs. Ordetdr egb bkvdrskikdb

kgvdstndgt kg eorkhujturej V&B ks dssdgtkej icr eg diidh-

tkvd tregsicrnetkcg ci trebktkcgej, jcw prcbuhtkvkty

eorkhujturd kgtc e ncbdrg hcnndrhkej sdhtcr (_crjb

Fega 6<<9).

\rkcrktkzkgo ebeptetkcg pcjkhy ndesurds

Negy ci t`dsd pcjkhkds egb kgvdstndgts‒fct` iehkjkte-

tkvd egb gcgiehkjktetkvd‒erd ‚gc rdordts„ kg t`d sdgsd

tèt t`dy erd suppcrtkvd ci frcebdr bdvdjcpndgt ocejs,

dvdg kg t`d efsdghd ci hcgskbdretkcgs ci hjknetd hègod.

R`ks ks hdrtekgjy trud ci pcjkhkds egb kgvdstndgts tèt

nead neradts wcra fdttdr, kghrdesd t`d hepehkty ci

kgbkvkbuejs tc rdspcgb tc s`chas egb diikhkdgtjy negeod

?<


R`d Frezkjkeg Hcrpcretkcg icr Vdsderh` kg Eorkhujturd

(Dnfrepe) ks bdvdjcpkgo odgdtkh verkdtkds ci hrcps tèt

erd ncrd tcjdregt tc `ko` tdnpdreturds egb wetdr bdikhkt

(scyfdeg, nekzd, hcwpde fdeg, hciidd, hesseve, trcpkhej

irukts) es wdjj es tc bksdesds egb pdsts (hesseve egb fegege

`yfrkbs). Diicrts evd fddg hcghdgtretdb cg hrcps, suh` es

hesseve, tèt erd geturejjy ncrd rdskstegt tc dgvkrcgndgt

strdssds, hujtkvefjd ejj yder, egb prdsdgt enpjd ebeptetkcg

hepehktkds. Fkctdh`gcjcoy heg `djp hrcps bdej wkt` hjknetd

strdssds egb kghrdesds kg tdnpdreturds up tc 6¼H. Efcvd

tèt tdnpdreturd, t`d diikhkdghy ci odgdtkh knprcvdndgts

wkjj fd jknktdb es kt wkjj `kgbdr p`ctcsygt`dsks (Esseb

egb \kgtc 6<<0). Kt ès ejsc kbdgtkikdb ikvd pjegts typkhej

ci t`d Hdrrebc rdokcg‛s fkcnd kg crbdr tc kscjetd t`d

odgds w`kh` hcgtrkfutd tc t`dkr ebeptkvd hepehkty icr t`d

prdsdrvetkcg ci t`d rdokcg‛s fkcbkvdrskty (Esseb egb

\kgtc 6<<0). R`d ugkt ès ejsc kgtdoretdb eorkhujturej egb

jkvdstcha frddbkgo icr t`d rdgdwej ci orezkgo jegbs wkt`

t`d cfmdhtkvd ci rdbuhkgo hjknetd-rdjetdb èrvdst jcssds.

Iurt`drncrd, Dnfrepe ks `djpkgo t`d Vcrekne rdokcg

ebept kts eorkhujturej krrkoetkcg systdns tc kghrdeskgo

brcuo`t egb ikrd cutfrdeas. R`d Ehrd rdokcg‛s rdsderh`

ugkt ès bdvdjcpdb e ndt`cbcjcoy icr t`d sustekgefjd

rdsdttjdndgt ci eorkhujturd kg t`d Enezcg rdokcg fy

bdvdjcpkgo ejtdrgetkvd prcbuhtkcg systdns kg eorkhujturd

egb jkvdstcha iernkgo, eorckgbustrkds, egb icrdst ervdst-

kgo ehtkvktkds. R`d Vcgbcgke rdokcgej rdsderh` ugkt ks

odgdretkgo, ebeptkgo, egb bkiiuskgo tdh`gcjcokds icr t`d

bdvdjcpndgt ci eorcicrdstej systdns egb t`d rdhcvdry ci

bdorebdb erdes. Kt ès kgtrcbuhdb gundrcus egguej egb

pdrdggkej icbbdr hujtkvers1 bdvdjcpdb sustekgefjd negeod-

ndgt tdh`gkquds icr eorkhujturd egb jkvdstcha frddbkgo1

egb prcvkbdb t`d rdokcgej bdnegbs icr sckj, pjegt, egb

sddb egejysks.

FCP 8.5<

Frkbokgo t`d Oep fdtwddg Hjknetd Hègod egb Eorkhujturej Rdh`gcjcoy= Dnfrepe



rksas, cr knprcvd t`d negeodndgt ci geturej rdscurhds

(fcx 8.55). R`d pcsskfkjkty tèt e hègodb ojcfej hjk-

netd ney neogkiy t`d peyciis ircn suh` ndesurds

sknpjy ncvds t`dn up kg t`d regakgo ci prkcrktkds,

fut t`dy wcujb fd occb pcjkhy kg egy hesd. Ct`dr

akgbs ci ndesurds, t`d fdgdikts ci w`kh` bdpdgb prk-nerkjy cg prdbkhtdb hègods, ney fd epprceh`db ncrd

heutkcusjy. Kg t`dkr dvejuetkcg kt wkjj fd usdiuj tc

ehhcugt dxpjkhktjy icr t`d ughdrtekgty egb t`d vejud ci

wektkgo t`rcuo` t`d usd ci suh` kgstrundgts es rdej

cptkcgs egejysks. R`ks wkjj eutcnetkhejjy rdsujt kg

ncrd fukjt-kg ijdxkfkjkty egb ncbujerkty.

E sdgskfjd ikrst stdp kg bdvdjcpndgt ci eg ebeptetkcg

stretdoy icr ocvdrgndgts hcujb fd tc scrt pcjkhkds egb

rdqukrdb kgvdstndgts kgtc t`rdd hetdocrkds=

5. ‚Gc rdordts„ cptkcgs= ugbdrtead knndbketdjy. Ci

hcursd, t`d ieht tèt t`dsd ‚gc rdordts„ ndesurds

èvd gct fddg ugbdrteadg ejrdeby ney ndegtèt t`dy rug eicuj ci vdstdb kgtdrdsts egb wkjj fd

pcjktkhejjy sdgsktkvd. Fut t`d spdhtdr ci hjknetd

hègod reksds t`d prcikjd ci t`dsd kssuds egb ney

iehkjktetd pcjktkhejjy bkiikhujt bdhkskcgs.

6. R`csd tèt rdqukrd bdhkskcgs sccg fdheusd t dy

èvd jcgo-tdrn cr krrdvdrskfjd hcgsdqudghds cr

?5


R`d jkgaeods fdtwddg prdbkhtdb hjknetd knpehts cg eork-

hujturd egb pjeggdb pcjkhy kgtdrvdgtkcgs erd gct wdjj

bdikgdb. R`dy erd, `cwdvdr, hrktkhej icr bdvdjcpndgt egb

t`d ejjdvketkcg ci pcvdrty kg rurej pcpujetkcgs tèt erd

bdpdgbdgt cg eorkhujturd icr t`dkr wdjj fdkgo, es wdjj es

icr t`d bdskog ci kgvdstndgt stretdokds egb t`dkr diidhtkvd

knpjdndgtetkcg. Kg crbdr tc icrnujetd ebeptetkcg stretd-

okds cr bdskog nktkoetkcg epprceh`ds, e herdiuj essdssndgt

ci t`d jkgaeods fdtwddg hjknetd iehtcrs, egb hègods kg

eorkhujturej systdns egb pufjkh rdspcgsds ks rdqukrdb,ichuskgo cg spdhkikh eorkhujturej prcbuhtkcg dgvkrcgndgts

wkt`kg w`kh` hjknetd hègods egb prdidrrdb pcjkhy

rdspcgsds ney very.

Kg hcjjefcretkcg wkt` jchej eorkhujturej kgstktutkcgs,

cgockgo egejytkhej wcra ks dnpèskzkgo t`d bdvdjcpndgt ci

e ndt`cbcjcoy icr essdsskgo t`d shcpd ci eorkhujturej vuj-

gdrefkjkty tc hjknetd hègod egb icr icrnujetkgo t`d jdest-

hcst rdspcgsd stretdokds ehrcss t`rdd bkvdrsd eorkhujturej

prcbuhtkcg systdns rdprdsdgtetkvd ci Jetkg Endrkhe, deh`

èvkgo bkiidrdgt rdspcgsd hepehktkds tc wdet`dr verketkcgs‒

brcuo`t prcgd erdes (icr dxenpjd, [equk Yejjdy kg t`d Xtetd

ci Xcgcre kg Gcrt`drg Ndxkhc), `ko` ncugtekgcus systdns

(icr dxenpjd, Negterc Yejjdy kg t`d \druvkeg Egbds), egb

ievcrefjd `ko`-pctdgtkej erdes (icr dxenpjd, scut`wdstdrg

prcvkghds ci Truouey). R`ks ‚fcttcn-up„ ndt`cbcjcoy ks

fesdb cg rdvkdw ci t`d fdst evekjefjd kgicrnetkcg cg hjknetd

hègod kg t`d erde, dxpdrt cpkgkcg djkhktdb kg e sdrkds ci

jchejjy `djb wcras`cps, systdnetkhejjy regakgo t`d kbdgtk-

ikdb rdspcgsd cptkcgs, egb bdskogkgo ehtkcg pjegs tèt

rdijdht t`d spdhkikh hèrehtdrkstkhs ci e okvdg eorkhujturej

prcbuhtkcg dgvkrcgndgt egb t`d bdnegbs ci jchej ehtcrs kg

t`d hcgtdxt ci hjknetd hègod.

Negy ci t`d rdspcgsd cptkcgs tèt dndrod ehrcss t`d

t`rdd bkvdrsd prcbuhtkcg dgvkrcgndgts erd sknkjer.

Encgo ct`dr t`kgos, t`dy pckgt tcwerb kgvdstndgts kg

(5) wetdr negeodndgt tdh`gcjcokds (icr dxenpjd, wetdr èr-vdst, brekgeod, bkstrkfutkcg, egb sc cg)1 (6) hjknetd kgicr-

netkcg tdh`gcjcokds (icr dxenpjd, systdns icr hjknetd

prdbkhtefkjkty, suh` es derjy-wergkgo systdns, bdvdjcpkgo

hepehkty icr jcgodr tdrn prcmdhtkcgs, egb eorchjknetcjco-

khej kgicrnetkcg egb kts ehhdsskfkjkty fy prcbuhdrs)1 (8)

tdh`gcjcokhej kggcvetkcgs (icr dxenpjd, usd ci hcgvdgtkcgej

frddbkgo egb fkctdh`gcjcoy icr brcuo`t egb pdst egb

bksdesd rdsksteghd) egb bdskogkgo prcbuhtkcg systdns tèt nkg-

knkzd hjknetd rksa (icr dxenpjd, hcgsdrvetkcg eorkhujturd,

hrcp egb pesturd rctetkcgs, ebmustndgt ci pjegtkgo betds,

egb sc cg)1 egb (2) eorkhujturej wdet`dr kgsureghd, tèt ks,

bdskog ci bkiidrdgt kgsureghd ndhègksns tèt ebbrdss

fct` wdet`dr verkefkjkty egb hetestrcp`kh dvdgts tèt

eiidht eorkhujturej prcbuhtkcg. _`kjd t`d hetdocrkds erd

sknkjer, t`d spdhkikh kgtdrvdgtkcgs wkt`kg deh` erde very

bdpdgbkgo cg t`d hèrehtdrkstkhs ci t`d erde.

FCP 8.55

Bdvdjcpkgo Vdspcgsd Xtretdokds tc Vdbuhd Yujgdrefkjkty ci Eorkhujturd tc Hjknetd Hègod

Xcurhd= _crjb Fega. 6<<;. ‚Fukjbkgo Vdspcgsd Xtretdokds tc Hjknetd Hègod kg Eorkhujturej Xystdns kg Jetkg Endrkhe.„ _crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg, BH.



èvd jcgo odstetkcg pdrkcbs (icr dxenpjd, fdokg-

gkgo jcgo-tdrn kgstktutkcg fukjbkgo, bkshcureokgo

hcgtkgudb hcgstruhtkcg kg erdes tèt erd jkadjy tc

fd vujgdrefjd, ugbdrteakgo feskh rdsderh`, fkcbk-

vdrskty prcmdhts)55= fdokg tc stuby cptkcgs knndbk-

etdjy ki ebdquetd kgicrnetkcg ks gct hurrdgtjyevekjefjd, wkt` t`d cfmdhtkvd ci neakgo bdhkskcgs

kg t`d gder iuturd.

8. Ct`drs t et bc gct iejj kgtc t`d hetdocrkds efcvd=

bdhkskcgs heg fd bdidrrdb. Okvdg tèt t`d wcrst

knpehts ci hjknetd hègod wkjj chhur orebuejjy

cvdr e jcgo pdrkcb ci tknd, t`d pjeggkgo `crkzcg

icr negy kgvdstndgts kg ebeptetkcg heg jkadwksd

fd jcgo.

Bdskogkgo peyndgt ndhègksns tc

iehkjktetd ebeptetkcg

Ebeptetkcg ks gct hcstjdss. Rcj (5;;0), rdvkdwkgo verk-

cus stubkds, dstknetds tèt t d sèrd ci ebeptetkcg

hcsts kg t`d tctej hcsts knpcsdb fy hjknetd hègod

ney regod fdtwddg ? egb 64 pdrhdgt. Rknkgo ks hrktk-

hej icr scnd ebeptetkcg pcjkhkds egb kgvdstndgts tc

dgsurd tèt iugbs erd spdgt diikhkdgtjy. Ebeptetkcg ès

tc tead kgtc ehhcugt t`d pehd egb bkrdhtkcg ci hjknetd

hègod. Ki kgvdstndgts erd nebd tcc derjy, t`dy erd

ncrd hcstjy (tèt ks, ncgdy ks spdgt fdicrd gddbdb) cr

kgdiidhtkvd (ebeptkgo tc knpeht tèt bcds gct chhur).

Hejjewey (6<<2e) rdidrs tc t`ks es t`d ‚hcst ci prdheu-

tkcg.„ Ki t`dy erd nebd tcc jetd, t`drd wkjj fd (evckbefjd)beneods ircn hjknetd hègod, Hejjewey‛s ‚hcst ci

heutkcg.„ Xkghd ncrd kgicrnetkcg fdhcnds evekjefjd

cvdr tknd, ‚prdheutkcgery„ nksteads erd jdss jkadjy t`d

jcgodr bdhkskcgs erd bdidrrdb, fut t`d trebd-cii ks tèt

t`d ‚heutkcgery„ nksteads fdhcnd ncrd jkadjy. R`d

ieht tèt t`drd ks ordet ughdrtekgty cvdr vdry jcgo tknd

`crkzcgs, wkt` dvdg ncrd ughdrtekgty kg t`d JHV tèg

kg ct dr rdokcgs, ugbdrshcrds eoekg t`d vejud ci nekg-

tekgkgo ijdxkfkjkty. ‚Vdej cptkcgs ndt`cbcjcokds„ cr

ct`dr gcgtrebktkcgej weys ci dvejuetkgo hcsts egb fdg-

dikts ci kgvdstndgts egb pcjkhkds, w`kh` tead dxpjkhktehhcugt ci t`d knpjkhetkcgs ci ughdrtekgty, heg fdhcnd

ncrd usdiuj kg t`d iuturd (fcx 8.56).

Kt wkjj, ci hcursd, fd gdhdssery tc dgsurd tèt prc-

mdhts erd wdjj h`csdg egb tregsidr ndhègksns erd

bdskogdb tc odt t`d nexknun dhcgcnkh knpeht.

Es gctdb prdvkcusjy, ncst prkvetd kgvdstndgts kg

?6


Vdej cptkcgs egejysks ks e rdhdgtjy bdvdjcpkgo ikdjb ci

kgqukry et t`d ircgtkdr fdtwddg dhcgcnkhs, cpdretkcgej

rdsderh`, egb stetkstkhs. R`d rdej cptkcg ndt`cbcjcoy ks

fesdb cg t`d kbde tèt, fdheusd eg kgvdstndgt hcnnkts

sherhd rdscurhds kg eg krrdvdrskfjd wey ugbdr ughdrtekgty,

t`d prcmdht heg fd dvejuetdb es e sdt ci hcnpcugb cptkcgs.

R`d ndt`cbcjcoy ès rdhdgtjy fddg eppjkdb tc dveju-

etd ebeptetkcg tc hjknetd hègod kg eorkhujturd egb krrk-

oetkcg wetdr negeodndgt prehtkhds kg t`d Vkc Hcgh`cs

Feskg kg Gcrt`drg Ndxkhc, e jerod tregs-fcugbery rkvdr

kg eg erkb rdokcg iehkgo ko` orcwt`. R`d prcmdht hcgsksts

ci t`d sufstktutkcg ci e ncrd diikhkdgt krrkoetkcg systdn

icr t`d hurrdgt dxpdgskvd cgd egb t`d ncvd tc `ko`dr

vejud `crtkhujturej hrcps. Fct` hègods, `cwdvdr, erd gct

hurrdgtjy mustkikdb ircn eg dhcgcnkh pckgt ci vkdw egb

wcujb rdqukrd bkiidrdgt hkrhunsteghds kg tdrns ci wetdr

hcsts egb cutput prkhds tc werregt prcmdht ebcptkcg ugbdr

t`d crbkgery hcst fdgdikt tdsts.

R`d usd ci t`d rdej cptkcgs ndt`cbcjcoy ejjcws us tc

hcgskbdr t`d hcgtkgodgt vejud ci t`d prcmdht es eg kgstru-

ndgt ci ebeptetkcg tc hjknetd hègods. R`dsd hègods wkjj

kgbddb werregt t`d ugbdrteakgo ci t`d prcmdht, ki t`d erkbkty

ci jchej hjknetd, t`d sherhkty ci wetdr, egb t`d kghrdeskgo

begodr ci wetdr hcgtenkgetkcg rdeh` hrktkhej t`rds`cjb jdv-

djs. Fy uskgo t`d trebktkcgej tdst, t`ks hcghjuskcg wcujb fd

rdeh`db cgjy cg eg dx-pcst fesks. Vdej cptkcgs egejysks

ejjcws us tc hcgskbdr t`d prcfjdn ircn eg dx-egtd pckgt ci

vkdw t`rcuo` t`d usd ci dxtdgbdb hcst-fdgdikt tdsts, kghcr-

pcretkgo t`d hcgtkgodgt essdts egb jkefkjktkds esschketdb

wkt` t`d sktuetkcg wkt` egb wkt`cut t`d prcmdht.

FCP 8.56

Vdej Cptkcgs Ndt`cbcjcokds

Xcurhd= Xhegbkzzc (6<<0).



ebeptkvd rdspcgsds èvd rdjetkvdjy idw dxtdrgejktkds

egb sc prkvetd kghdgtkvds icr negy kgvdstndgts kg

ebeptetkcg erd frcebjy ejkogdb wkt` t`csd icr schkdty

es e w`cjd. R`ks hcghjuskcg hcujb fd hègodb w`dg

kgbkvkbuejs èvd knpdridht kgicrnetkcg cr jkqukbkty

hcgstrekgts, cr w`dg ocvdrgndgts knpjdndgt pcjkhyndesurds tèt ejtdr t`d kghdgtkvds. (Icr dxenpjd, ki t`d

ocvdrgndgt okvds hcnpdgsetkcg icr ijccb beneod, t`d

kghdgtkvd tc kgvdst kg prctdhtkcg ks hcrrdspcgbkgojy

rdbuhdb.) Fut t`d feskh prkghkpjd rdnekgs vejkb tèt,

ehrcss e frceb regod ci prkvetd ebeptetkcg ehtkvktkds,

t`d gddb icr sufskbkds kg crbdr tc neth` kgbkvkbuej

kghdgtkvds tc t`csd ci schkdty ks nuh` jdss tèg icr

nktkoetkcg ehtkvktkds. R`ks, kg turg, knpjkds tèt

kgvdstndgts icr ebeptetkcg s`cujb gct fd sufskbkzdb,

et t`d rksa ci dghcureokgo ‚cvdrebeptetkcg„ fdycgb

t`d dhcgcnkhejjy diikhkdgt jdvdj.

Kgtdrgetkcgej tregsidrs tc suppcrt ebeptetkcg

R`d send prkghkpjd eppjkds et t`d kgtdrgetkcgej jdvdj.

Ncst ebeptetkcg ehtkcgs ugbdrteadg fy getkcgej ocvdrg-

ndgts èvd idw, ki egy, dxtdrgej knpehts cg ct`dr hcug-

trkds cr t`d wcrjb et jerod. Kt bcds gct icjjcw, `cwdvdr,

tèt kgbkvkbuej ebeptetkcg ndesurds kg bdvdjcpkgo

hcugtrkds s`cujb gct fdgdikt ircn dxtdrgej iugbkgo, fut

t`d rdescgkgo efcvd ès knpjkhetkcgs rdoerbkgo fct` t`d

retkcgejd icr bckgo sc egb t`d ndhègksns icr ebnkgks-tdrkgo kt. R`drd erd pcwdriuj eroundgts orcugbdb kg

dqukty hcgskbdretkcgs tèt bdvdjcpdb hcugtrkds‒w`kh`

fder prknery rdspcgskfkjkty icr t`d orddg`cusd oesds tèt

erd heuskgo ojcfej wernkgo‒s`cujb sufskbkzd t`d hcg-

sdqudgt ebeptetkcg hcsts kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds. Fut

dhcgcnkh jcokh bkhtetds tèt t`dsd tregsidrs s`cujb gct

fd usdb tc jcwdr t`d prkhd ci prkvetd kgvdstndgts.

Vet`dr, iugbkgo icr ùneg ebeptetkcg diicrts wcujb fd

ncrd diikhkdgtjy usdb tc ugbdrwrktd kgvdstndgts kg puf-

jkh occbs egb kg seidty gdts, prdidrefjy t`rcuo` scnd

akgb ci junp-sun tregsidrs tc t`csd ncst vujgdrefjd tct`d diidhts ci hjknetd hègod. Rregsidrs wkjj ejsc fd

gddbdb tc suppcrt fkcbkvdrskty prdsdrvetkcg egb dhcsys-

tdn ebeptetkcg ci ojcfej skogkikheghd.

Rdh`gcjcoy tregsidr heg pjey eg knpcrtegt rcjd kg

rdscurhd ejjchetkcg. Rdh`gcjcoy tregsidr heg kghjubd

‚èrb„ icrns ci tdh`gcjcoy (gdw krrkoetkcg systdns,

brcuo`t-rdskstegt sddbs) cr ‚scit„ tdh`gcjcokds (kgsur-

eghd sh`dnds ci hrcp rctetkcg pettdrgs), cr t`dy heg

kgvcjvd e hcnfkgetkcg ci fct` (derjy wergkgo systdns

tèt hcnfkgd èrb ndesurkgo bdvkhds wkt` scit

agcwjdbod egb sakjjs tèt heg reksd ewerdgdss egb

stknujetd epprcprketd ehtkcg). Ndxkhc ks hcnfkgkgoscit egb èrb tdh`gcjcokds kg t`d bdvdjcpndgt ci rksa

etjesds egb derjy wergkgo systdns, w`kh` èvd

rdsujtdb kg ordetdr ettdgtkcg egb rdscurhd ejjchetkcg tc

rksa prdvdgtkcg (TGIHHH 6<<9e).

Kgtdrgetkcgej iugbkgo ney ejsc gddb tc fd bkrdhtdb

et odgdretkgo kgtdrgetkcgej pufjkh occbs (icr dxenpjd,

rdsderh`) cr et rdscjvkgo kgtdrgetkcgej prcfjdns hrdetdb

fy hjknetd hègod. Xuppcrt icr kgtdrgetkcgej rdsderh`

wkjj fd knpcrtegt kg negy erdes, kghjubkgo hjknetd

hègod ktsdji egb rdspcgsds tc nekgtekg eorkhujturej

prcbuhtkvkty. Kg t`d jettdr sp`drd, prkvetd sddb hcnpe-gkds erd kgvdstkgo skogkikhegtjy kg bdvdjcpkgo verk-

dtkds, kghjubkgo ONCs, wkt` hèrehtdrkstkhs gddbdb tc

hcpd wkt` hègokgo hjknetd hcgbktkcgs, fut heggct fd

dxpdhtdb tc ichus cg cpdg-pcjjkgetdb verkdtkds tèt

wcujb fd ncst usdiuj icr snejj-shejd prcbuhdrs kg

bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds. Icr t`ks, t`d Hcgsujtetkvd

Orcup cg Kgtdrgetkcgej Eorkhujturej Vdsderh` (HOKEV)

hdgtdrs wkjj fd rdqukrdb (fcx 8.58).

Diidhtkvd kgtdrgetkcgej kgstktutkcgs wkjj ejsc fd

gddbdb tc ndbketd bksputds cvdr rkperkeg rko`ts,w`kh` erd jkadjy tc kghrdesd kg gunfdr egb kgtdgskty es

wetdr evekjefkjkty ks rdbuhdb kg scnd erdes. _`dt`dr

dxkstkgo kgstktutkcgs erd ebdquetd icr t`d tesa wkjj

gddb tc fd hcgskbdrdb fy t`d kgtdrgetkcgej hcnnu-

gkty. Hjknetd hègod ejsc ès t`d pctdgtkej tc hrdetd

jerod gunfdrs ci dxtdrgej ‚dgvkrcgndgtej rdiuodds,„

es bkb @urrkhegd Nkth` kg Hdgtrej Endrkhe (Ojegtz

egb Menkdscg 6<<<), w`kh` wkjj gddb tc fd bdejt wkt`

cg eg kgtdrgetkcgej jdvdj.

R`d kgtdrgetkcgej hcnnugkty heg pjey e rcjd kg t`d

bdvdjcpndgt ci ndhègksns tc strdgot`dg ocvdrg-ndgts‛ rdskjkdghd tc s`chas fy kgtdrndbketkgo rksa

tregsidr tc ojcfej kgsureghd neradts. R`ks ks ejrdeby

fdkgo bcgd fy t`d rdhdgtjy hrdetdb Herkffdeg Hete-

strcp`d Vksa Kgsureghd Iehkjkty (sdd fcx 8.52), egb t`d

ideskfkjkty ci e sknkjer kgstktutkcg sdrvkgo Hdgtrej

Endrkhe ks fdkgo dxpjcrdb.

?8




?2


\rdbkhtkcgs ci t`d knpehts ci hjknetd hègod pekgt e

pkhturd ci fct` kghrdeskgo egb bdhrdeskgo suktefkjkty

icr eorkhujturej prcbuhtkcg ehrcss Jetkg Endrkhe. Gdw

eorkhujturej tdh`gcjcokds heg ejsc hcgtrkfutd fy dkt`dr

nktkoetkgo t`d gdoetkvd knpehts cr fy cptknkzkgo gdw

cppcrtugktkds prcvkbdb fy e hègokgo hjknetd. Bdvdjcp-

ndgt egb hujtkvetkcg ci gdw hrcp verkdtkds ks cgd dxenpjd

ci eorkhujturd‛s ebeptetkcg tc hjknetd hègod. R`d prkvetd

egb pufjkh sdhtcrs (kghjubkgo kgtdrgetkcgej rdsderh`

croegkzetkcgs) pjey eg knpcrtegt rcjd kg bdjkvdrkgo hjk-

netd-rdskjkdgt verkdtkds. \rkvetd hcnpegkds (icr dxenpjd,

Ncgsegtc, FEXI, \kcgddr) erd bdvdjcpkgo tregsodgkh egb

hcgvdgtkcgej brcuo`t tcjdregt verkdtkds ci nekzd tèt

eh`kdvd ykdjb knprcvdndgts ci 0‘5< pdrhdgt kg wetdr-

strdssdb dgvkrcgndgts. R`d Brcuo`t Rcjdregt Nekzd icr

Eirkhe \rcmdht ks e stretdokh pufjkh-prkvetd ejjkeghd jdb

fy t`d Kgtdrgetkcgej Nekzd egb _`det Knprcvdndgt

Hdgtdr tèt ès sddg ykdjb knprcvdndgts ci 6< pdrhdgt tc

4< pdrhdgt kg jcw-ykdjbkgo erdes ci Xuf-Xeèreg Eirkhe.

E sknkjer diicrt ichusdb cg Jetkg Endrkhe hcujb èvd e

sufstegtkej peycii kg nekzd ykdjbs ci snejj`cjbdr ierndrs

(5<< akjcorens pdr `dhterd pdr yder ci kgvdstndgt).

@cwdvdr, t`ks wcujb rdqukrd tèt sknkjer frddbkgo

epprceh`ds, jkad t`d cgds bdvdjcpdb icr Eirkhe, gddb tc fd

knpjdndgtdb icr Jetkg Endrkhe. Kgvdstndgts èvd tc fd

nebd kg Jetkg Endrkheg-ebeptdb nekzd verkdtkds egb heg-

gct fd tregsidrrdb ircn ct`dr rdokcgs. Xuh` kgvdstndgts

heg tead e jcgo tknd tc netdrkejkzd‒ircn 4 tc 5< yders

ircn bdvdjcpndgt tc jeugh`kgo ci e gdw nekzd verkdty.

Icr dxenpjd, kt ès teadg t`d Kgtdrgetkcgej Hdgtdr icr

Rrcpkhej Eorkhujturd ncrd tèg 6< yders tc bdvdjcp egb

rdjdesd brcuo`t tcjdregt fdeg verkdtkds kg Hdgtrej Endrkhe.

@dghd, tc suhhdssiujjy ebept tc iuturd hjknetd hègods,

kgvdstcrs kg eorkhujturej rdsderh` gddb tc hcgskbdr t`d jerod

tknd jeo fdtwddg kgvdstndgt egb knpeht kg t`d ikdjb.

Diidhtkvd frddbkgo prcorens nust fd herdiujjy pjeggdb tc

dgsurd tèt t`d verkdtkds erd stkjj usdiuj kg 5< tc 54 yders

w`dg t`dy erd rdjdesdb.

FCP 8.58

\rkvetd egb \ufjkh Eorkhujturej Vdsderh` icr Hjknetd Hègod= Kt Reads Rknd

Xcurhds= ]e`gksdr (6<<0)1 Fedgzkodr dt ej. (6<<2)1 Jegd egb Mervks (6<<?).

Kgsureghd hcvdreod rdjkds cg perendtrkh tdh`gkquds1 peycuts

erd hejhujetdb fesdb cg t`d dstknetdb knpeht ci eg ebvdrsd

geturej dvdgt cg deh` ocvdrgndgt‛s fubodt. R`d dstknetdb

knpeht ks bdrkvdb ircn prcfefkjkstkh hetestrcp`kh rksa ncb-

djs bdvdjcpdb spdhkikhejjy icr t`d HHVKI. \ertkhkpetkgo

hcugtrkds wkjj rdhdkvd hcnpdgsetkcg prcpcrtkcgej tc t`d

jcssds ircn t`d prdbdikgdb dvdgts bdpdgbkgo cg t`d jdvdj ci

hcvdreod eorddb upcg kg t`d kgsureghd hcgtreht.

R`d HHVKI ks eg kgbdpdgbdgt jdoej dgtkty ehtkgo es

kgtdrndbkery fdtwddg t`d pertkhkpetkgo hcugtrkds egb t`d

kgtdrgetkcgej ikgeghkej neradts. R`d HHVKI ks rdokstdrdb

kg t`d rdokcg egb ks ugbdr t`d supdrvkskcg ci t`d pertkhk-

petkgo bcgcr egb hjkdgt hcugtrkds. Ejj iughtkcgs kg t`d

bey-tc-bey cpdretkcg ci t`d HHVKI erd sufhcgtrehtdb tc

spdhkejkzdb ikrns, wkt` odgdrej cpdretkgo dxpdgbkturds

(ct`dr tèg rdkgsureghd ehtkvktkds) dxpdhtdb tc rdnekg

fdjcw 4 pdrhdgt ci prdnkun vcjund.

Bcgcr suppcrt tc t`d HHVKI ks dssdgtkej tc dgsurd kts

ikgeghkej vkefkjkty egb jcgo-tdrn sustekgefkjkty1 hcgtrkfu-

tkcgs erd tc ikgeghd t`d kgktkej hepktej egb kts cpdretkgo

dxpdgbkturds burkgo t`d ikrst idw yders ci cpdretkcg. Rc

iehkjktetd t`d hèggdjkgo ci iugbs ircn bcgcr eodghkds tc

t`d HHVKI, t`d _crjb Fega dstefjks`db e nujtkbcgcr trust

iugb. R`d _crjb Fega, es ebnkgkstretcr ci t`ks nujtkbcgcr

trust iugb dgtdrdb kgtc e oregt eorddndgt wkt` t`d HHVKI.

HHVKI wes efjd tc sdhurd TX$55< nkjjkcg ci hjekns

peykgo hepehkty cg t`d kgtdrgetkcgej rdkgsureghd egb

hepktej neradts. R`d rdkgsureghd struhturd hcgsksts ci

FCP 8.52

R`d Herkffdeg Hetestrcp`d Vksa Kgsureghd Iehkjkty (HHVKI)

(Fcx hcgtkguds cg gdxt peod.)



?4


icur jeydrs= HHVKI rdtekgs t`d ikrst jeydr ci TX$5< nkj-

jkcg1 rdkgsurdrs ugbdrwrktd t`d sdhcgb (TX$54 nkjjkcg)

egb t`krb jeydrs (TX$64 nkjjkcg)1 t`d tcp jeydr (TX$?<

nkjjkcg) ks ikgeghdb wkt` rdkgsureghd (TX$4< nkjjkcg)

pjus TX$6< nkjjkcg hcvdreod t`rcuo` e hetestrcp`d

swep fdtwddg t`d _crjb Fega (KFVB) egb HHVKI. R`d

KFVB `dbodb kts rksa t`rcuo` e hcnpegkcg hetestrcp`d

swep wkt` Nugkh` Vd. R`d TX$6< nkjjkcg swep

fdtwddg t`d KFVB egb HHVKI ks t`d ikrst tregsehtkcg tc

dgefjd dndrokgo hcugtrkds tc usd e bdrkvetkvd tregsehtkcg

tc ehhdss t`d hepktej neradt tc kgsurd eoekgst geturej bks-

estdrs. Kt ks ejsc t`d ikrst tknd e bkvdrskikdb pccj ci dndro-

kgo neradt hcugtrkds‛ hetestrcp`d rksa ks pjehdb kg t`d

hepktej neradts.

Es ci Mugd 5, 6<<?, e tctej ci 54 Herkffdeg hcugtrkds

èb purhèsdb hetestrcp`kh kgsureghd icr e tctej prd-

nkun ci TX$5? nkjjkcg egb tctej hcvdreod ci TX$222

nkjjkcg. R`ks `ko` jdvdj ci dgrcjjndgt ejjcws t`d HHVKI

tc diikhkdgtjy bkvdrskiy kts pcrticjkc egb tùs ehhdss rdkg-

sureghd cg fdttdr tdrns. Vdkgsureghd hepehkty ci

TX$55< nkjjkcg ès fddg purhèsdb cg t`d rdkgsureghd

neradt w`kh`, wkt` t`d kgktkej TX$5< nkjjkcg rdtdgtkcg,

dgsurds tèt t`d HHVKI hcujb sustekg e 5-kg-5,<<<-yder

dvdgt.

FCP 8.52

(hcgtkgudb)

Xcurhd= `ttp=//www.hhrki.cro/.

REFJD 8.6

Hurrdgt egb \rcmdhtdb Iuturd Hègods kg Vugcii kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg

\rcmdhtdbe hègod kg evdreod rugcii (nkb-twdgty-ikrst hdgtury)

Vdokcg

Ndeg hègod

(% ci hurrdgt

evdreod

egguej rugcii)

Bdhrdesd fy

ncrd tèg 5<%

Vdnekg wkt`kg

+/‘ 5<%

Kghrdesd ncrd

tèg 5<%

% ci hdjjs

w`drd 4<% ci

ncbdjs eordd

% ci hdjjs

w`drd 0<% ci

ncbdjs eordd

Gcrt`drg _ern Rdnpdretd 805 5.98 ‘9% 45% 2;% <%

Gcrt`drg Dquetcrkej 5662 <.?< ‘;% 08% 59% 5%

Frezkj‒Erkb 58 6.68 ‘;% 2% ;9% <%

Erkb 9 9.26 ‘5% 46% 82% 52%

\cjer 508 5.5; ‘6% 84% 9<% 2%

Xcut`drg Dquetcrkej 5<<8 <.96 ‘5% 59% 0<% 2%

Xcut`drg _ern Rdnpdretd 855 5.52 ?% 65% 29% 88%

Dgtkrd Vdokcgb ?6; 5.<< ‘8% 6?% 49% 5?%

Xcurhd= Refjd ebeptdb ircn t`d _crjb Fega _etdr Egh`cr ‚_etdr egb Hjknetd Hègod= @ybrcjcokh Brkvdrs egb \ctdgtkej Knpehts,„

Bdhdnfdr 5?, 6<<?.

Gctd= e. Dstknetds ci prcmdhtdb hègod kg rugcii wdrd bdtdrnkgdb fy evdreokgo t`d rdsujts ci Nkjjy dt ej. (6<<4) (eg egejysks ci t`d

rugcii cutput ci 56 hjknetd ncbdjs rug ugbdr t`d K\HH‛s XVDXE5F dnksskcgs shdgerkc, prcvkbdb es orkbbdb cutput et t`d 6.4c jcgok-tubd x 6.<c jetktubd shejd) cvdr t`d orkb hdjjs tèt hcnprksd deh` rdokcg.

f. R`d prcmdhtdb hègods kg rugcii wdrd bkvkbdb kgtc t`rdd hetdocrkds. R`d pdrhdgt ci orkb hdjjs wkt`kg e pertkhujer rdokcg tèt iejj

kgtc deh` hetdocry ks rdpcrtdb.h. Ncbdj eorddndgt rdidrs tc w`dt`dr cr gct nujtkpjd ncbdjs prcmdht e hègod kg t`d send bkrdhtkcg (tèt ks, kghrdesd cr bdhrdesd

kg rugcii). Rwdjvd bkiidrdgt hjknetd ncbdjs wdrd kghjubdb kg t`d egejysks fy Nkjjy dt ej. (6<<4). Icr deh` orkb hdjj, es idw es 9 ncbdjs

ney eordd cg t`d bkrdhtkcg ci hègod (tèt ks, èji t`d ncbdjs prcmdht eg kghrdesd egb èji prcmdht e bdhrdesd), egb es negy es 56ncbdjs ney eordd (tèt ks, ejj ncbdjs s`cw eg kghrdesd cr ejj ncbdjs s`cw e bdhrdesd). \rdsdgtdb `drd ks t`d pdrhdgt ci orkb hdjjs

wkt`kg e rdokcg tèt èvd pccr ncbdj eorddndgt (9 cut ci 56 eordd) egb tèt èvd ncbdretd tc occb eorddndgt (5< cr ncrd

ncbdjs eordd).b. Ndeg vejuds icr dgtkrd rdokcg wdrd hejhujetdb icr ejj orkb hdjjs kg t`d rdokcg1 gctd tèt t`ks ks gct t`d send es t`d evdreod ci t`d

? sufrdokcgs tefjd ebeptdb ircn _crjb Fega _etdr Egh`cr ‚_etdr egb Hjknetd Hègod= @ybrcjcokh Brkvdrs egb \ctdgtkej

Knpehts,„ Bdhdnfdr 5?, 6<<?.

\crtkcgfci rdokcg icr w`kh` hègod ks prcmdhtdb tc=

Eggdx

Ncbdj Eorddndgth



Gctds5. E Ndxkheg ierndr cghd tcjb eg kgtdrvkdwdr tèt t`d

prcbuht tèt odgdretdb t`d ncst rdjkefjd, hjknetd-kgverkegt

strden ci kghcnd wes t`d scg `d èb ‚pjegtdb„ gcrt` ci t`d

fcrbdr.

6. `ttp=//dg.wkakpdbke.cro/wkak/DjSGk%H8%F5c-Xcut`drgS

Cshkjjetkcg.8. Vdordsskcgs ehhcugtkgo icr dgbcodgcus nkoretkcg, hepktej-

kgtdgskty kg t`d eorkhujturej sdhtcr, essdts, egb ehhdss tc hrdbkt

ykdjb sknkjer perendtdr dstknetds.

2. Kgtdrdstkgojy, t`d pepdr s`cws tèt t`dsd nerokgej

knpehts erd jdss sdvdrd kg rurej erdes tèt usd hepktej ncrd

kgtdgskvdjy, kgbkhetkgo tèt t`drd ks shcpd icr scnd eorkhujturej

tdh`gcjcokds tc jdssdg t`d knpehts ci wdet`dr rksa.

4. Xdd, icr dxenpjd, @cwdtt egb \kdgeer (6<<9)1 @urb dt ej.

(5;;;)1 Jugb dt ej. (6<<9)1 egb Xtrzdpda dt ej. (5;;9).

9. Ndgbdjsc`g (6<<0f).

?. Frdsgyeg egb _drfrcuha (g.b.).

0. ‚\ufjkh occbs„ ks usdb drd kg kts dhcgcnkh sdgsd tc ndeg

occbs cr sdrvkhds tèt fy t`dkr geturd prcvkbd frcebjy sèrdb

fdgdikts, icr w`kh` t`d prcvkbdr ks ugefjd tc hèrod kgbkvkbuej

fdgdikhkerkds. Negy occbs w`kh` erd hcnncgjy ikgeghdb ircn

t`d pufjkh fubodt erd gct kg t`ks sdgsd ‚pufjkh occbs.„

;. GCEE bdvdjcpdb t`d Hcrej Vddi Derjy _ergkgo Xystdn

(HVD_X), eg kgtdoretkcg ci ndtdcrcjcokhej egb kg sktu chdegc-orep`kh kgstrundgtdb erreys (fucys egb bygenkh pyjcgs)

dnpjcykgo ertkikhkej kgtdjjkodghd scitwerd tc ncgktcr hcrejs icr

hcgbktkcgs t`dcrdtkhejjy hcgbuhkvd tc hcrej rddi fjdeh`kgo

(@dgbdd dt ej. 6<<5).

5<. Okssdjqukst dt ej. (6<<6) ikgb tèt cvdrjy rdstrkhtkvd sddb

rdoujetkcgs kgtdridrd wkt` tdh`gcjcoy ijcw, pertkhujerjy kg scnd

bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds.

55. E sknkjer pckgt ks nebd fy Xnkt`, M. 5;;?. ‚Xdttkgo \rk-

crktkds icr Ebeptkgo tc Hjknetd Hègod,„ Ojcfej Dgvkrcgndgtej

Hègod. `ttp=//www.shkdghdbkrdht.hcn/shkdghd/ertkhjd/F9YIY-8X

P2NI@-2/5/bb5ef;h0hh;000<ih620f2820ei5dh40.

?9




Bdspktd t`d verkcus ughdrtekgtkds kgvcjvdb kg dstknet-kgo t`d hcsts egb fdgdikts ci nktkoetkgo hjknetd

hègod, t`d evekjefjd shkdgtkikh dvkbdghd ugbdrshcrds

t`d urodgt gddb icr stdppkgo up hurrdgt hjknetd nktk-

oetkcg diicrts. Kgbddb, ki hurrdgt dnksskcg trdgbs erd

nekgtekgdb, t`drd ks e skogkikhegt bcwgskbd rksa ci ko`

retds ci ojcfej wernkgo burkgo t`d prdsdgt hdgtury,

w`kh` hcujb kg turg jdeb tc pctdgtkejjy hetestrcp`kh

knpehts cg ùneg egb geturej systdns. Es eroudb kg

hèptdr 5, kg crbdr icr hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg

diicrts tc fd fct` diidhtkvd egb diikhkdgt, t`dy wcujb

gdhdsserkjy èvd tc dghcnpess rdbuhtkcgs kg O@O

dnksskcgs kg kgbustrkejkzdb egb bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds.

Kg ebbktkcg, e ojcfej bdej cg hjknetd hègod wcujb

èvd tc dxpjkhktjy kghcrpcretd dqukty hcgskbdretkcgs

fct` wkt` rdspdht tc t`d tdrrktcrkej crkokg ci dnksskcg

rdbuhtkcgs, es wdjj es t`dkr peyndgt.

R`ks hèptdr rdvkdws t`dsd verkcus hèjjdgods. Kg

pertkhujer, wd ikrst bkshuss t`d dqukty egb diikhkdghy

hèjjdgods ci t`d hjknetd rdoknd egb `ko`jko`t t`d

rcjd ci hjknetd ikgeghd kg iehkgo t`dsd hèjjdgods. _d

t`dg dxenkgd t`d pcsskfkjkty ci dnpjcykgo e orebuejepprceh` tc bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds‛ pertkhkpetkcg kg

ojcfej nktkoetkcg hcnnktndgts. _d rdvkdw t`d JHV‛s

pertkhkpetkcg kg t`d HBN cvdr t`d pest gkgd yders egb

eroud tèt e sdhcgb odgdretkcg ci nktkoetkcg diicrts

tèt ks pcjkhy fesdb egb sdhtcrwkbd ney rdqukrd ebbk-

tkcgej ikgeghkej kgstrundgts. Ikgejjy wd pckgt tc t`d

kghjuskcg ci rdbuhtkcg ci dnksskcgs ircn bdicrdstetkcg

egb jdvdj bdorebetkcg, egb kghdgtkvds icr t`d tregsicr-netkcg ci t`d dgdroy egb tregspcrtetkcg sdhtcrs es

fdkgo hruhkej tc iujjy rdejkzd t`d nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej

ci t`d JHV.

R`d Gddb icr e Rrujy Ojcfej Eorddndgt

Fdheusd ci t`d shejd ci t`d dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs tèt erd

rdqukrdb, eg diidhtkvd ojcfej eorddndgt tc nktkoetd

hjknetd hègod wkjj gdhdsserkjy èvd tc kgvcjvd fct`

kgbustrkejkzdb egb bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds. R`ks ks t`d

rdsujt ci t`d sknpjd erkt`ndtkh ci t`d sktuetkcg. Rc

kjjustretd t`ks, hcgskbdr, icr dxenpjd, eg eoordsskvd

dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg shdgerkc tèt ejjcws icr nekgtekg-

kgo e jcw jkadjk`ccb ci ojcfej tdnpdreturd kghrdesds

efcvd t`d 6˝H t`rds`cjb. R`d Xtcha`cjn Dgvkrcgndgt

Kgstktutd (XDK 6<<?) hejjs t`ks shdgerkc t`d ‚6˝ dndr-

odghy pet`wey.„ R`d dxpdhtdb dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs

tèt wcujb fd gddbdb kg crbdr tc stey wkt`kg t`ks shd-

gerkc erd kjjustretdb kg ikourd 2.5, icr t`d wcrjb es e

w`cjd es wdjj es icr kgbustrkejkzdb (Eggdx K) egb

bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds (gcg-Eggdx K).

R`d rdb jkgd s`cws t`d tremdhtcry icr ojcfej HC6

dnksskcgs, w`kh` wcujb pdea fy 6<54 egb t`dg brcp

fy 0< pdrhdgt fdjcw 5;;< jdvdjs fy 6<4<. R`ks wcujb

ejjcw icr HC6 hcghdgtretkcgs tc pdea et efcut 2?<

HC6d ppn. R`d fjud jkgd kg ikourd 2.5 s`cws e pcsskfjd

dnksskcg tremdhtcry icr kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds kg

w`kh` t`dkr dnksskcgs wcujb pdea fy 6<5< egb t`dg

bdhrdesd fy 9 pdrhdgt egguejjy, tùs brcppkgo tc

??

H@E\RDV 2

Nktkoetkcg Diicrts= Ncvkgo Fdycgbt`d Ikrst Odgdretkcg ci Dnksskcg

Vdbuhtkcgs



;< pdrhdgt fdjcw 5;;< jdvdjs fy 6<4<. R`d tremdhtcry ks

nuh` ncrd strkgodgt tèg t`d nktkoetkcg prcpcsejs

tèt erd hurrdgtjy fdkgo hcgskbdrdb fy sdvdrej kgbustrk-

ejkzdb hcugtrkds‒icr dxenpjd, kg Mugd 6<<?, t`d

Orcup ci 0 (O-0) hcugtrkds eorddb tc rdbuhd t`dkr O@O

dnksskcgs fy 4< pdrhdgt fy 6<4<‒sc kt ks bddndb ‚must

ferdjy„ pcjktkhejjy pjeuskfjd fy t`d Xtcha`cjn Kgstk-

tutd.

5

R`d orddg jkgd ks t`d erkt`ndtkhej bkiidrdghdfdtwddg t`d ojcfej nexknun dnksskcgs tèt wcujb fd

gddbdb tc nddt t`ks terodt (rdb jkgd) egb t`d dnksskcgs

tèt wcujb fd odgdretdb fy kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds

(fjud jkgd). Rèt ks tc sey, kt wcujb fd t`d rdnekgkgo

dnksskcg ‚fubodt„ iehdb fy bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds.

Rùs, kg ebbktkcg tc hurrdgt bdvdjcpndgt hèjjdgods‒

icr dxenpjd, 5.4 fkjjkcg pdcpjd wkt`cut djdhtrkhkty,

5 fkjjkcg wkt`cut ehhdss tc irds` wetdr, egb 0<< nkjjkcg

h`rcgkhejjy ugbdrgcurks`db‒pccr hcugtrkds wcujb

iehd t`d ebbktkcgej beugtkgo tesa ci èvkgo t`dkr O@O

dnksskcgs pdea fdicrd 6<6< egb tc brestkhejjy rdbuhdt`dn t`drdeitdr, gct cgjy kg pdr hepkte fut ejsc kg

efscjutd tdrns.6

Cgd hcujb eroud tèt t`d efcvd shdgerkc ks pdrèps

tcc strkgodgt. Hcgskbdr, t`dg, t`d ncrd hcgsdrvetkvd

`ypct`dtkhej terodt ci stefkjkzkgo O@O hcghdgtre-

tkcgs fdtwddg 484 ppn egb 4;< HC6d ppn, w`kh`

wcujb fd esschketdb wkt` tdnpdreturd kghrdesds ci

efcut 8˝H wkt` rdspdht tc prdkgbustrkej jdvdjs.8

_èt

wcujb kt tead tc nddt t`ks akgb ci stefkjkzetkcg terodt3

R`d K\HH dstknetds tèt fy 6<4< ojcfej dnksskcgs

wcujb evd tc iejj tc e regod ircn 8< pdrhdgt fdjcw tc

4 pdrhdgt efcvd t`dkr 6<<< jdvdj. Cg e pdr hepkte

fesks, egb icr t`d wcrjb es e w`cjd, dnksskcgs wcujbèvd tc fd rdbuhdb ircn efcut 9.; tHC6d kg 6<<< tc

fdtwddg 8.6 egb 2.0 tHC6d kg 6<4<. Icr bdvdjcpkgo

hcugtrkds, w`kh` kg 6<<< dnkttdb 4 tHC6d p/h, hcg-

vdrokgo tc t`d evdreod ojcfej jdvdj ci pdr hepkte dnks-

skcgs rdqukrdb tc nddt t`ks terodt wcujb knpjy

stefkjkzkgo et efcut t`dkr hurrdgt jdvdj ci dnksskcgs

pdr hepkte cr, kg e wcrst hesd shdgerkc, rdbuhkgo t`dkr

dnksskcgs fy efcut 89 pdrhdgt fy 6<4<. Ncrdcvdr, tc

t`d dxtdgt tèt t`d bdvdjcpkgo wcrjb‛s sèrd kg t`d

wcrjb‛s pcpujetkcg wcujb kghrdesd ircn efcut 0< tc

;< pdrhdgt burkgo t`ks pdrkcb, t`d dnksskcgs rdbuh-

tkcgs tèt wcujb fd rdqukrdb kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds

wcujb fd jerodjy kgbdpdgbdgt ci t`d strkgodghy ci t`d

dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg terodts teadg cg fy kgbustrkejkzdb

hcugtrkds. Rùs, icr dxenpjd, dvdg ki rkh` hcugtrkds

wdrd tc rdbuhd t`dkr dnksskcgs tc zdrc‒ircn t`dkr

hurrdgt 52.8 tHC6d p/h‒bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds wcujb

stkjj gddb tc rdbuhd t`dkr cwg dnksskcgs fy es nuh` es

60 pdrhdgt fy 6<4<.2

R`d Dqukty Hèjjdgod

_cujb e sdji-iugbdb sufstegtkej hcgtrkfutkcg ci bdvdj-

cpkgo hcugtrkds tc ojcfej diicrts tc nktkoetd hjknetd

hègod fd hcnpetkfjd wkt` dqukty hcgskbdretkcgs3

Hjderjy gct, icr t`rdd rdescgs. Ikrst, kgbustrkejkzdb

hcugtrkds herry e nuh` jerodr `kstcrkhej rdspcgskfkjkty

icr t`d dxkstkgo etncsp`drkh stchas ci O@Os tèt erd

heuskgo hjknetd hègod. Xdhcgb, bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds,

w`kh` nust ikrst iehd t`d hèjjdgod ci pcvdrty rdbuh-

tkcg, erd t`d ncst vujgdrefjd egb t`d jdest efjd tc

ebept tc t`d ebvdrsd diidhts ci hjknetd hègod. R`dy heg

èrbjy fd dxpdhtdb tc s`cujbdr t`d ebbktkcgej furbdgci rdbuhkgo t`dkr O@O dnksskcgs. R`krb, bdvdjcpkgo

hcugtrkds èvd t`d rko`t tc bdvdjcp wkt`cut rdstrekgt,

must es t`d hurrdgt bdvdjcpdb getkcgs èvd bcgd cvdr

t`d pest 5<< yders.

R`d jcwdr jdvdj ci rdspcgskfkjkty ci bdvdjcpkgo

hcugtrkds heg fd kjjustretdb fy t`d ieht tèt t`d hunu-

jetkvd dgdroy rdjetdb dnksskcgs ci rkh` hcugtrkds ircn

?0


6<<< 6<5< 6<6< 6<8<

H C 6 d n k s s k c g s O t H / y

6<2< 6<4<<

6

2

9

0

5<

56

6¼H dndrodghy pet`wey

Gcg-Eggdx 5 p`yskhej dnksskcgs

Eggdx 5 p`yskhej dnksskcgs

IKOTVD 2.5

Hjknetd Xtefkjkzetkcg \et`s

Xcurhd= Vdprkgtdb wkt` pdrnksskcg ircn t`d Xtcha`cjn Dgvkrcgndgt

Kgstktutd (6<<?).



IKOTVD 2.6

@kstcrkh Rrdgbs kg \dr Hepkte OB\ egb \dr Hepkte HC6 Dgdroy

Dnksskcgs

504< tc 6<<2 erd, cg e pdr hepkte fesks, ncrd tèg 56

tknds `ko`dr tèg t`csd ci bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds‒

rdspdhtkvdjy 992 egb 46 tHC6 p/h.4 Rùs, dvdg t`cuo`

t`dkr sèrd ci t`d wcrjb‛s pcpujetkcg ks cgjy efcut 6<

pdrhdgt, kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds erd rdspcgskfjd icr ?4

pdrhdgt ci t`d wcrjb‛s hunujetkvd dgdroy rdjetdb HC6dnksskcgs skghd 504<. R`d bkiidrdghd fdtwddg fct`

orcups ci hcugtrkds ks snejjdr fut stkjj skogkikhegt w`dg

gct cgjy dnksskcgs ircn dgdroy fut ejsc ircn jegb-usd

hègod erd hcgskbdrdb icr t`d s`crtdr 5;4<‘6<<<

pdrkcb‒jegb-usd hègod dnksskcgs erd gct evekjefjd

icr prdvkcus pdrkcbs. Kg t`ks hesd t`d hunujetkvd dnks-

skcgs ci kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds wcujb fd 24? tHC6

p/h hcnperdb tc 5<8 tHC6 p/h icr bdvdjcpkgo hcug-

trkds. Kt ks tùs geturej tc dxpdht rkh` hcugtrkds tc

essund e nuh` jerodr sèrd ci t`d hcst tèt wkjj fd

esschketdb wkt` rdbuhkgo ojcfej O@O dnksskcgs.Kg ebbktkcg, bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds iehd t`d cvdrer-

h`kgo hèjjdgod ci eh`kdvkgo egb nekgtekgkgo t`d

`ko` retds ci dhcgcnkh orcwt` tèt erd gddbdb tc

drebkhetd pcvdrty egb hcgvdrod tc t`d jdvdjs ci kghcnd

ci t`d kgbustrkejkzdb wcrjb. Kg t`ks hcgtdxt, hjknetd

hègod kgtrcbuhds twc ebbktkcgej hcnpjkhetkcgs. Cg

t`d cgd ègb, ebbktkcgej rdscurhds wkjj fd gddbdb icr

ebeptkgo tc t`d verkcus knpehts ci hjknetd hègod, sc

es tc evckb gdoetkvd egb pdrskstdgt beneods, w`kh`

hcujb hcnprcnksd bdvdjcpndgt eh`kdvdndgts. Cgt`d ct`dr ègb, t`d efcvd bdshrkfdb erkt`ndtkh ci t`d

dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs gddbdb tc stefkjkzd O@O hcg-

hdgtretkcgs suoodsts tèt bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds wkjj

èvd tc ikgb e wey ci repkbjy bdhcupjkgo t`dkr pet-

tdrgs ci kghcnd egb O@O dnksskcgs orcwt`, kg e wey

tèt ks ugprdhdbdgtdb.

@ko`-kghcnd hcugtrkds wdrd gct hcgstrekgdb fy

rdqukrdndgts tc rdbuhd t`dkr dnksskcgs burkgo t`dkr

bdvdjcpndgt prchdss. Kgbddb, es s`cwg kg ikourds 2.6

egb 2.8, et jdest skghd t`d kgbustrkej rdvcjutkcg, O@O

dnksskcgs èvd fddg hjcsdjy jkgadb tc dhcgcnkhorcwt`. Kg pertkhujer, t`d ikrst ikourd s`cws tèt kg

tcbey‛s kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds dnksskcgs pdr hepkte

ordw ejncst hcgtkgucusjy wkt` kghcnd pdr hepkte

fdtwddg t`d 504<s egb t`d 5;?<s. Ncrdcvdr, t`d retds

ci orcwt` ci t`dkr pdr hepkte dnksskcgs wdrd nuh`

`ko`dr burkgo tèt pdrkcb tèg wèt ès fddg

cfsdrvdb, icr sknkjer jdvdjs ci kghcnd, kg Frezkj,

H`kge, Kgbke, egb Ndxkhc burkgo t`d twdgtkdt` hdg-

tury. Kg crbdr wcrbs, w`dg kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds

èb jdvdjs ci kghcnd pdr hepkte hcnperefjd tc t`csd ci

tcbey‛s bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds, fct` t`d jdvdj egb t`dretd ci orcwt` ci t`dkr pdr hepkte HC6 dnksskcgs wdrd

nuh` `ko`dr tèg kg tcbey‛s bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds.

E sknkjer pettdrg eppjkds tc t`d dvcjutkcg ci t`d

retkc ci dnksskcgs tc OB\ (ikourd 2.8), w`kh` ordw et

nuh` iestdr retds kg tcbey‛s kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds,

w`dg t`dkr jdvdjs ci kghcnd wdrd hcnperefjd tc t`csd

ci tcbey‛s jerodst bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds. Rùs, dvdg

?;

N K R K O E R K C G D I I C V R X = N C Y K G O F D [ C G B R @ D I K V X R O D G D V E R K C G C I D N K X X K C G V D B T H R K C G X

Xcurhd= _crjb Fega steii hejhujetkcgs uskgo bete ircn EgousNebkscg egb _crjb Vdscurhd Kgstktutd.

‘5<<<

5<<

6<<

8<<

2<<

4<<

9<<

?<<

0<<

;<<

< 4,<<< 5<,<<< 54,<<< 6<,<<< 64,<<< 8<,<<<

OB\ pdr hepkte (TX$) O r d d g ` c u s d o e s d n k s s k c g s p d r O B \

Tgktdb Xtetds (504<‘6<<6)

Tgktdb Akgobcn (504<‘6<<6)

Ireghd (5045‘6<<6)

Mepeg (50?<‘6<<5)

H`kge (5;4<‘6<<6)

Kgbke (50;5‘6<<6)

Frezkj (5;<2‘6<<6)

Ndxkhc (50;4‘6<<<)

IKOTVD 2.8

@kstcrkh Rrdgbs kg \dr Hepkte OB\ egb HC6 Dgdroy Dnksskcgs cvdr OB\

Xcurhd= _crjb Fega steii hejhujetkcgs uskgo bete ircn EgousNebkscg egb _crjb Vdscurhd Kgstktutd.

‘5

<

5

6

8

2

4

9

?

< 4,<<< 5<,<<< 54,<<< 6<,<<< 64,<<< 8<,<<<

OB\ pdr hepkte (TX$)

O r d d g ` c u s d o e s d n

k s s k c g s

p d r h e p k t e

Tgktdb Xtetds (504<‘6<<6)

Ireghd (5045‘6<<6)

Tgktdb Akgobcn (504<‘6<<6)

Frezkj (5;<2‘6<<6)Mepeg (50?<‘6<<5)

H`kge (5;4<‘6<<6)

Kgbke (50;5‘6<<6)

Ndxkhc (50;4‘6<<<)



t`cuo` kg Ireghd, Mepeg, t`d Tgktdb Akgobcn, egb

t`d Tgktdb Xtetds dnksskcgs pdr ugkt ci OB\ pdeadb

burkgo t`d derjy twdgtkdt` hdgtury egb èvd fddg

bdhjkgkgo dvdr skghd, t`dy cgjy rdeh`db jdvdjs tèt

wdrd hcnperefjd tc t`csd ci tcbey‛s bdvdjcpkgo hcug-

trkds w`dg t`dkr jdvdjs ci kghcnd pdr hepkte èbrdeh`db fdtwddg twc egb icur tknds t`csd dx`kfktdb

kg t`d prdsdgt bdhebd fy Frezkj, H`kge, egb Ndxkhc.

R`ks suoodsts tèt pettdrgs ci bdvdjcpndgt èvd

ejrdeby fdhcnd rdjetkvdjy ‚hjdegdr„ et jdest kg hcn-

perkscg tc t`d `kstcrkhej dxpdrkdghd ci tcbey‛s rkh`

hcugtrkds. R`ks ks prcfefjy e rdsujt ci sdvdrej iehtcrs.

Ikrst, tègas tc tdh`gcjcokhej hègod, burkgo t`d pest

54< yders t`d wcrjb ès s`kitdb tc rdjetkvdjy hjdegdr

dgdroy scurhds‒icr dxenpjd, wkt` oes egb ckj sufstk-

tutkgo icr hcej. Xdhcgb, dgdroy hcgsunptkcg ès fddg

rdbuhdb skogkikhegtjy, et jdest kg kgbustrkejkzdb hcug-trkds, es e rdsujt ci kghrdeskgo ckj prkhds, pertkhujerjy

eitdr t`d ckj s`chas ci t`d 5;?<s (sdd hèptdr 4).

Ikgejjy, t`d orcwt` kg ojcfej trebd ès heusdb negy

dgdroy egb herfcg kgtdgskvd kgbustrkds tc ncvd ircn

kgbustrkejkzdb tc bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds, wkt` t`d icr-

ndr spdhkejkzkgo kg t`d prcbuhtkcg ci hjdegdr agcwj-

dbod kgtdgskvd occbs egb sdrvkhds.

Kg t`ks hcgtdxt t`d hèjjdgod tèt t`d bdvdjcpkgo

wcrjb wkjj iehd ks tèt ci iurt`dr bdhcupjkgo O@O

dnksskcgs ircn dhcgcnkh orcwt` burkgo e rdjetkvdjys`crt pdrkcb ci tknd wkt`cut hcnprcnkskgo t`dkr dhc-

gcnkh bdvdjcpndgt ocejs. Kgbddb, w`kjd t`drd erd e

gunfdr ci cppcrtugktkds icr rdbuhkgo dnksskcgs kg

weys tèt èvd hcghcnktegt bdvdjcpndgt fdgdikts egb

rdjetkvdjy jcw hcsts, e t`dnd wd wkjj dxpjcrd jetdr, t`d

repkb bdpjcyndgt ci jcw-herfcg dgdroy tdh`gcjcokds

wkjj jkadjy hcnd et e skogkikhegt hcst. @cw tc nexk-

nkzd diikhkdghy kg crbdr tc nkgknkzd t`ks hcst egb `cw

tc sèrd t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo ‚fkjj„ ehrcss hcugtrkds wkt`

bkiidrdgt jdvdjs ci bdvdjcpndgt egb rdspcgskfkjkty icr

O@O dnksskcgs erd t`d qudstkcgs tèt wd ebbrdss gdxt.

R`d Diikhkdghy Hèjjdgod

Xdttkgo dqukty eskbd, egb es s`cwg kg hèptdr 5, kg eg

kbdej sktuetkcg kg w`kh` t`d nerokgej hcsts egb fdgdikts

ci nktkoetkgo hjknetd hègod erd agcwg wkt` hdrtekgty

icr bkiidrdgt ejtdrgetkvd jdvdjs ci dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs,

t`d cptknej jdvdj ci nktkoetkcg dxpdgbkturds wcujb fd

tèt icr w`kh` t`d hcst ci efetkgo eg ebbktkcgej tcg ci

O@O ks dquej tc t`d vejud ci t`d nerokgej hjknetd

beneods evckbdb. Rc rdeh` tèt cptknej jdvdj ci efetd-

ndgt et t`d jcwdst hcst, kg eg kbdej wcrjb, pcjkhy nea-

drs wcujb usd dhcgcnkh kgstrundgts‒gendjy, ojcfej

‚hep-egb-trebd„ cr ‚herfcg tex„ systdns

9

‒tèt rdsujtkg t`d dndrodghd ci e prkhd cg herfcg dnksskcgs tèt ks

dquej tc t`d nerokgej beneods ci ebbktkcgej dnksskcgs

(t`d sc-hejjdb ‚schkej hcst ci herfcg„).

Kg prehtkhd, cwdvdr, t`drd erd hcgskbdrefjd bdordds

ci ughdrtekgty cg fct` t`d hcsts egb t`d fdgdikts ci

nktkoetkgo hjknetd hègod. R`ks, hcupjdb tc t`d prds-

dghd ci krrdvdrskfkjktkds esschketdb fct` wkt` nktkoe-

tkcg kgvdstndgts (icr dxenpjd, kg ikxdb essdts tc

prcbuhd hjdeg dgdroy) egb wkt` kghrdesds kg t`d stcha

ci O@O (icr dxenpjd, t`d bkiikhujty ci rdbuhkgo t`dn

ki ‚feb gdws„ erksds cg t`dkr ehtuej skzd cr gdoetkvdknpehts), ney tkjt t`d fejeghd kg ievcr ci cgd cr t`d

ct`dr pcjkhy kgstrundgt, es wdjj es jdeb tc jcwdr cr

`ko`dr jdvdjs ci cptknej efetdndgt tèg t`d efcvd

sknpjd irendwcra wcujb suoodst (\kgbyha 6<<0).

Ncrdcvdr, t`d rdjetkvd vkrtuds ci fct` kgstrundgts

wcujb ejsc bdpdgb cg `cw ocvdrgndgts usd t`d rdv-

dguds odgdretdb rdspdhtkvdjy t`rcuo` herfcg texds cr

t`d euhtkcgkgo ci ejjcweghds (Ejby dt ej. 6<<0). Kg

sunnery, t`drd erd bkiidrkgo vkdws cg `cw tc wdko`

t`d prcs egb hcgs ci t`dsd twc epprceh`ds, wkt` gchcgsdgsus èvkgo dndrodb es ydt. Kg t`d dgb, w`kh` ks

ncrd jkadjy tc fd ebcptdb wkjj prcfefjy fd bdhkbdb fy

wèt ks pcjktkhejjy ideskfjd tc gdoctketd.

Fut rdoerbjdss ci t`d jdvdj ci efetdndgt dgvkseodb

egb ci t`d spdhkikh ndhègksn usdb tc odgdretd e

prkhd cg O@O dnksskcgs, nktkoetkcg diicrts wkjj cgjy

fd diikhkdgt w`dg t`d send ‚herfcg prkhd„ eppjkds tc

ejj dnkttdrs. Kgbddb, t`ks wcujb dgsurd ikrst tèt ejj

pcsskfjd nktkoetkcg cppcrtugktkds erd hcgskbdrdb

w`dg bdhkbkgo‒kg ncst hesds knpjkhktjy, t`rcuo`

neradt ndhègksns‒w`kh` cgds tc pursud et deh`jdvdj ci efetdndgt. Xdhcgb, e hcnncg prkhd cg her-

fcg wcujb ejsc dgsurd tèt cgjy t`d jdest dxpdgskvd

nktkoetkcg ejtdrgetkvds, wkt` nerokgej hcsts fdjcw

t`d hcnncg herfcg prkhd, erd knpjdndgtdb.

E rdhdgt stuby icugb, icr dxenpjd, tèt rdbuhkgo

ojcfej dnksskcgs fy 44 pdrhdgt kg 6<4< (rdjetkvd tc e

fesdjkgd shdgerkc) uskgo e ugkicrn herfcg tex wcujb

0<




èvd e hcst dqukvejdgt tc 5.? pdrhdgt ci ojcfej OB\.

Kg hcgtrest, t`d hcst ci eh`kdvkgo t`d send ojcfej

dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg wkt`cut e hcnncg prkhd cg her-

fcg wcujb fd efcut 4< pdrhdgt `ko`dr. Kg pertkhujer,

ki hcugtry-spdhkikh texds wdrd tc fd usdb, sdttkgo t`dkr

retds sc es tc bdjkvdr t`d send 44 pdrhdgt dnksskcgrdbuhtkcg kg deh` egb ejj hcugtrkds, t`d hcst wcujb

rdeh` 6.9 pdrhdgt ci ojcfej OB\ (Ndbvdbdv egb veg

bdr Ndgsfruoo`d 6<<0). R`d jcwdr nktkoetkcg hcsts

eh`kdvdb kg t`d ikrst hesd wcujb rdsujt ircn e bkiidrdgt

ejjchetkcg ci dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs ehrcss hcugtrkds,

wkt` jerodr diicrts fdkgo knpjdndgtdb kg t`csd tèt

ciidr h`depdr nktkoetkcg cppcrtugktkds, es cppcsdb tc

t`d sdhcgb ejtdrgetkvd kg w`kh` ejj hcugtrkds wcujb

rdbuhd t`dkr dnksskcgs kg t`d send prcpcrtkcg, rdoerb-

jdss ci t`dkr bkiidrdgt nktkoetkcg hcsts.

Eh`kdvkgo e hcnncg herfcg prkhd wkt`kg getkcgejfcugberkds knpjkds èrncgkzkgo verkcus bcndstkh

ocvdrgndgt pcjkhkds ehrcss sdhtcrs, sc tèt t`d hcn-

fkgdb knpeht ci dnksskcg heps, herfcg texds, egb ct`dr

ocvdrgndgt pcjkhkds egb rdoujetkcgs‒tèt ks, t`d

sèbcw prkhd ci O@O dnksskcgs‒ks t`d send icr ejj

dnkttdrs. _`kjd t`ks ks gct trkvkej, eh`kdvkgo t`d send

ocej et t`d ojcfej jdvdj ks hdrtekgjy nuh` ncrd hèj-

jdgokgo, dspdhkejjy ki cgd dxpdhts t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo

ojcfej eorddndgt tc ejsc setksiy dqukty hcgskbdretkcgs.

Hcnfkgkgo Dqukty egb Diikhkdghy= E Hrktkhej Vcjd

icr Hjknetd Ikgeghd

R`d bkshusskcg efcvd knpjkds twc bdskrefjd hèrehtdr-

kstkhs icr e ojcfej eorddndgt tc ebbrdss hjknetd hègod

nktkoetkcg= Ikrst, dqukty hcgskbdretkcgs wcujb hejj icr

bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds tc herry e vdry snejj sèrd ci t`d

furbdg. Xdhcgb, diikhkdghy wcujb rdqukrd e ndhègksn

tc dstefjks` scnd akgb ci ugkicrn prkhd icr herfcg,

w`kh` wcujb ndeg tèt t`d rdbuhtkcgs wcujb fd her-

rkdb cut kg t`d weys egb pjehds tèt kt hcujb fd bcgd

ncst h`depjy. Xc ki bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds èvd e hcn-peretkvd ebvegteod kg ehtkvktkds tèt hcujb rdbuhd

O@O dnksskcgs‒icr dxenpjd, rdjetkvdjy jcw prcbuh-

tkcg hcsts icr rdgdwefjd dgdroy, cr e pctdgtkej icr

rdbuhkgo bdicrdstetkcg et e rdjetkvdjy jcw cppcrtugkty

hcst‒hcst-diikhkdghy hcgskbdretkcgs wcujb hejj icr e rdj-

etkvdjy jerod sèrd ci ojcfej nktkoetkcg diicrts tc fd ejjc-

hetdb tc t`dn. Kg ieht, t`d Kgvdstndgt egb Ikgeghkej

Ijcws stuby ci t`d TGIHHH dstknetds tèt 90 pdrhdgt

ci t`d nktkoetkcg gddbdb icr e tctej rdbuhtkcg ci 85

ORHC6 fy 6<8< ks jchetdb kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds egb

heg fd eh`kdvdb icr 29 pdrhdgt ci t`d ojcfej nktkoetkcg

hcst (TGIHHH 6<<?).?

Ks kt pcsskfjd tc fukjb e ‚ojcfej bdej„ tèt hcujb set-ksiy fct` dqukty egb diikhkdghy hcgskbdretkcgs3 R`d

egswdr ks e hjder yds. Es eroudb fy Xpdghd dt ej. (6<<0),

t`d ady ks tc bdhcupjd t`d hcst ci nktkoetkcg ircn t`d sktd

ci nktkoetkcg. R`d trebktkcgej kgtdrprdtetkcg ci t`d

prkghkpjd ci ‚hcnncg fut bkiidrdgt gctdb rdspcgskfkjk-

tkds egb rdspdhtkvd hepefkjktkds„ wcujb evd us hcghjubd

tèt t`d cgjy wey ci ebbrdsskgo t`d dxtrdnd kgdquejkty

kg fct` hepefkjkty (wdejt`) egb rdspcgskfkjkty icr t`d

prcfjdn ks tc bdidr eoordsskvd ehtkcg cg hjknetd hègod

kg t`d pccrdr hcugtrkds. Es jcgo es wd essund tèt dvdry

hcugtry es tc pey icr t`d dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs eh`kdvdbcg kts tdrrktcry, bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds wkjj ugbdrstegb-

efjy eroud tèt t`dy heggct eht cg hjknetd kg e skogkik-

hegt wey fdheusd ci kgdqukty egb t`dkr ct`dr prkcrktkds

tèt èvd tc tead prdhdbdghd. @cwdvdr, wd èvd sddg

tèt kg crbdr tc stefkjkzd t`d hjknetd, wd gddb urodgt

ehtkcg dvdryw`drd. R`d cgjy scjutkcg tc t`ks bkjdnne ks

tc sèrd t`d ojcfej furbdg ehhcrbkgo tc tregsperdgt

prkghkpjds ci dqukty egb hepefkjkty, kgbdpdgbdgtjy ci

t`d tdrrktcrkej crkokg ci t`d dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs.

R`d bdjkgakgo ci t`d sktd ci dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgsircn t`dkr peyndgt heg fd eh`kdvdb kg sdvdrej weys.

Cgd cptkcg ks tc ebcpt eg kgtdrgetkcgej hep egb trebd

sh`dnd, t`rcuo` w`kh` e hcnncg prkhd cg herfcg

wcujb dndrod dvdg ki hcugtrkds eordd cg bkiidrdgt jdv-

djs ci hcgtrkfutkcgs tc ojcfej diicrts‒tèt ks, bkiidrdgt

heps cg dnksskcgs. Vdscurhds wcujb ijcw eutcnetkhejjy

tc pey icr dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs kg hcugtrkds tèt ciidr

t`d jcwdst hcst-nktkoetkcg cppcrtugktkds, tùs pctdg-

tkejjy iugbkgo eg knpcrtegt jdvdj ci nktkoetkcg diicrts.

E sknkjer cuthcnd hcujb fd eh`kdvdb wkt` e herfcg tex

ndhègksn‒egb scnd eut`crs eroud tèt suh` endhègksn nko`t dvdg fd deskdr tc gdoctketd egb des-

kdr icr bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds tc ebnkgkstdr (Ejby dt ej.

6<<0). Fut wkt` e herfcg tex, dqukty wcujb rdqukrd e

perejjdj eorddndgt cg e sdt ci kgtdrgetkcgej rdscurhd

tregsidrs ekndb et dgsurkgo tèt t`d sèrd ci t`d ojcfej

‚fkjj„ ci hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg tèt ks pekb fy deh`

hcugty ks prcpcrtkcgej tc kts rdspcgskfkjkty icr odgdretkgo

05




t`d prcfjdn egb gct gdhdsserkjy tc t`d hcugtry‛s ehtuej

hcgtrkfutkcg tc kts scjutkcg.

Hcgskbdrkgo t`d hèjjdgods esschketdb wkt` gdoctket-

kgo e ojcfej hep-egb-trebd sh`dnd cr e ojcfej herfcg

tex, `cwdvdr, kt ks wcrt` hcgskbdrkgo ct`dr pcsskfjd

ejtdrgetkvds icr bdhcupjkgo t`d sktd ci nktkoetkcg ircnkts peyndgt. _`kjd scnd ci t`dsd ejtdrgetkvds ney fd

ncrd hunfdrscnd, scnd ci t`dn ney hcgstktutd ncrd

ehhdptefjd evdguds ircn e pcjktkhej pckgt ci vkdw. Ikrst,

essunkgo tèt kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds (kghjubkgo t`d

Tgktdb Xtetds) hcujb fd dxpdhtdb tc tead bddpdr dnks-

skcg rdbuhtkcg hcnnktndgts, dxpegbdb neradt-fesdb

kgstrundgts ney pjey eg knpcrtegt rcjd. R`dsd hcujb

kghjubd eg knprcvdb egb pctdgtkejjy dxpegbdb HBN.

Xdhcgb, hcnpjdndgtery gcgneradt ikgeghkej kgstru-

ndgts hcujb djp bdirey scnd ci t`d hcsts ci nktkoetkcg

kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds, dvdg ki gct sdrvkgo tc tregsidrdnksskcg rko`ts tc t`csd w`c prcvkbd t`d iugbs. Ikgb-

kgo t`d epprcprketd hcnfkgetkcg ci t`dsd bkiidrdgt typds

ci kgstrundgts wkjj fd hcnpjdx, fct` ircn e tdh`gkhej

pckgt ci vkdw, egb kg tdrns ci t`d hèjjdgods esschketdb

wkt` gdoctketkgo t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo eorddndgts. Kg per-

tkhujer, suh` eg eorddndgt wkjj èvd tc gct cgjy ebd-

quetdjy fejeghd suppjy egb bdnegb wkt`kg t`d neradt

ndhègksn(s), fut ejsc tc fejeghd, wkt`kg t`d gcgner-

adt ndhègksn(s), wkjjkgogdss tc pey cg t`d pert ci t`d

kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds egb diidhtkvdgdss tc prcnctdrdbuhtkcgs kg t`d scut`.

Ki gdoctketdb, t`ks pejdttd ci hjknetd ikgeghd kgstru-

ndgts hcujb prcvkbd t`d irendwcra icr e ojcfej eordd-

ndgt tèt wcujb hcgikrn ncst (snejj) bdvdjcpkgo

hcugtrkds es hcgtkgudb `csts ci neradt-fesdb nktkoetkcg

diicrts, fut wcujb et t`d send tknd prcvkbd t`d gdhdssery

kghdgtkvds icr t`d jerodr bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds tc orebu-

ejjy ncvd tcwerb t`d ebcptkcg ci t`dkr cwg hjknetd nkt-

koetkcg hcnnktndgts. Kg crbdr tc ejjdvketd t`d trebd-ciis

fdtwddg dhcgcnkh bdvdjcpndgt egb hjknetd hègod

nktkoetkcg cfmdhtkvds, scnd bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds hcujbstert wkt` e ichus cg ‚hjknetd-irkdgbjy„ bdvdjcpndgt

pcjkhkds wkt`cut dxpjkhkt nktkoetkcg hcnnktndgts, egb

tregskt cvdr tknd, fesdb cg bdncgstretdb hepefkjkty (icr

dxenpjd, es ndesurdb fy pdr hepkte kghcnd) tc jknktkgo

dnksskcg orcwt` egb, ikgejjy et scnd pckgt kg tknd, tc

scnd ci t`dn ebcptkgo dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg cr et jdest

dnksskcg kgtdgskty terodts (ikourd 2.2).

Kg crbdr tc up`cjb t`d kgtdorkty ci t`d systdn, ejjnktkoetkcg diicrts, w`dt`dr fesdb cg hjknetd irkdgbjy

pcjkhkds cr dvdgtuejjy cg terodts, wcujb èvd tc fd

ndesurdb egb rdpcrtdb, egb kgtdrgetkcgejjy vdrkikdb.

Kg crbdr tc dgsurd iekrgdss egb dqukty, t`d orebuej

kghcrpcretkcg ci bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds hcujb fd jkgadb

tc‒tèt ks, hcgbktkcgej upcg‒kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds‛

vdrkikdb pdricrneghd (icr dxenpjd, kg tdrns ci fct`

t`d prcvkskcg ci ikgeghkgo icr bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds

nktkoetkcg diicrts egb dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs eh`kdvdb et

`cnd). Ncrdcvdr, eg eorddndgt wcujb èvd tc fdrdeh`db cg pcsskfjd cfmdhtkvd hrktdrke icr bdikgkgo t`d

t`rds`cjbs tèt wcujb trkoodr eg kghrdeskgo bdordd ci

kghcrpcretkcg ci bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds. Kg t`ks rdspdht,

kt ks knpcrtegt tc rdhcogkzd t`d wkbd verkdty ci hcug-

try hkrhunsteghds tèt erd icugb gct cgjy ehrcss rkh`

egb pccr hcugtrkds, fut ejsc wkt`kg t`d orcup ci

bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds.

Kg pertkhujer, es eroudb fy [enkg dt ej. (6<<9), kt ks

knpcrtegt tc tead kgtc ehhcugt hcugtrkds‛ bkiidrdgt

bdordds ci rdspcgskfkjkty icr t`d hjknetd hèjjdgod, es

wdjj es t`dkr hepefkjkty icr ebbrdsskgo kt, egb t`dkr pctdgtkej tc knpjdndgt nktkoetkcg ehtkvktkds. Kg t`d

hcgtdxt ci t`d Gcrt`-Xcut` Bkejcoud, Ctt dt ej. (6<<2)

èvd prcpcsdb e spdhkikh irendwcra kg w`kh` (5) nktk-

oetkcg diicrts wcujb fd hcghdgtretdb kg hcugtrkds wkt`

ndbkun cr `ko` pctdgtkej1 (6) t`d encugt tèt deh`

hcugtry wcujb hcgtrkfutd tc t`d iugbkgo ci ojcfej

diicrts wcujb bdpdgb cg kts jdvdjs ci rdspcgskfkjkty egb

06


Gc nktkoetkcg hcnnktndgts

Ebcptkcg ci hjknetd-irkdgbjy pcjkhkds

Jknktkgo dnksskcg orcwt`

Dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg terodts

Rknd

H e p e f k j k t y

IKOTVD 2.2

E \csskfjd Xh`dnd icr Orebuej Kghcrpcretkcg ci Bdvdjcpkgo

Hcugtrkds

Xcurhd= Ikoudrds (6<<0).



hepefkjkty1 (8) t`d hcgtrkfutkcgs fy hcugtrkds wkt` jcw

rdspcgskfkjkty wcujb fd vcjugtery1 egb (2) t`csd ci

hcugtrkds wkt` ndbkun rdspcgskfkjkty cr wkt` jcw tc

ndbkun hepefkjkty wcujb fd hcgbktkcgej cg ikgeghkej

egb tdh`gkhej tregsidrs ircn ko` hepefkjkty hcugtrkds.

Kg crbdr tc nead suh` e irendwcra cpdretkcgej, egeorddndgt ejsc wcujb èvd tc fd rdeh`db cg `cw tc

ndesurd t`d rdjdvegt verkefjds. Vdspcgskfkjkty hcujb fd

prcxkdb fy hunujetkvd O@O dnksskcgs, stertkgo icr

dxenpjd kg t`d nkb-gkgdtddgt`, w`dg ojcfej neg-

nebd dnksskcgs dxpdrkdghdb t`dkr ikrst skogkikhegt

trdgb frdea cr stertkgo nuh` ncrd rdhdgtjy, w`dg e

skzefjd shkdgtkikh hcgsdgsus wes rdeh`db cg t`d hjknetd

knpeht ci O@O dnksskcgs‒icr dxenpjd, kg 5;;<,

w`dg t`d ikrst K\HH rdpcrt wes jeugh`db.0

R`d jdvdj ci

hepefkjkty ci bkiidrdgt hcugtrkds, kg tdrns ci t`dkr efkj-

kty tc iugb ebeptetkcg egb nktkoetkcg ehtkvktkds, hcujbfd prcxkdb fy jdvdjs ci OB\ pdr hepkte cr wkt` t`d

TG‛s @uneg Bdvdjcpndgt Kgbdx. Es icr hcugtrkds‛

nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej , kt hcujb fd prcxkdb fy t`d jdvdj

egb retd ci orcwt` ci t`dkr O@O dnksskcgs, dkt`dr rdj-

etkvd tc pcpujetkcg cr OB\, cr kg efscjutd tdrns.

Kgbddb, es eroudb fy Djjks egb Aendj (6<<?), t`drd ks

jdss rccn icr bcndstkh nktkoetkcg ehtkcgs w`drd dnks-

skcg jdvdjs cr orcwt` retds erd ejrdeby jcw.

Es s`cwg kg tefjd 2.5, kg hcnperkscg wkt` kgbustrk-

ejkzdb hcugtrkds egb t`d rdst ci t`d bdvdjcpkgo wcrjb,JHV hcugtrkds heg fd bdshrkfdb es èvkgo kgtdrndbketd

jdvdjs ci pctdgtkej , rdspcgskfkjkty, egb hepefkjkty tc nktk-

oetd hjknetd hègod. R`d rdokcg‛s stegbkgo cg t`d ikrst

twc hrktdrke, `cwdvdr, hrktkhejjy bdpdgbs cg w`dt`dr

dnksskcgs ircn jegb-usd hègod erd hcgskbdrdb kg t`d

egejysks. Ki gct, t`d rdokcg heg fd bdshrkfdb es èvkgo,

et ncst, ndbkun jdvdjs ci rdspcgskfkjkty egb pctdgtkej

icr knpjdndgtkgo nktkoetkcg ehtkvktkds.

JHV‛s \dricrneghd kg t`d HBN

Icr t`d tknd fdkgo t`d HBN ks t`d cgjy ikgeghkejvd`khjd icr bdvdjcpkgo hcugtry nktkoetkcg diicrts tèt

erd rdhcogkzdb egb quegtkikdb ugbdr t`d TGIHHH.

R`d HBN rdprdsdgts t`d ikrst odgdretkcg ci nktkoe-

tkcg diicrts kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds= kt prcnctdb e ikrst

wevd ci dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs eh`kdvdb fy skgojd sktd

prcmdhts tèt dkt`dr bkspjehdb ncrd herfcg kgtdgskvd

ejtdrgetkvds (icr dxenpjd, rdgdwefjd dgdroy bkspjehkgo

icsskj iudj dgdroy) cr wdrd sufnkttdb tc e ‚herfcg

uporebd„ (icr dxenpjd, hepturd ci ndtègd kg jegb-

ikjjs, kghrdeskgo diikhkdghy kg dgdroy odgdretkcg, egb sc

cg). Egb ydt, kg t`d iehd ci t`d s`crthcnkgos tèt wd

bkshuss fdjcw, egb t`d hcghurrdgt gddb tc shejd up

nktkoetkcg, t`d hejjs tc dxpegb/rdicrn t`d HBN erdwdjj bchundgtdb. Es wd epprceh` t`d dgb ci t`d ikrst

hcnnktndgt pdrkcb, hcugtrkds ney hrdetd ct`dr

evdguds (neradt egb/cr gcgneradt fesdb) tc hetejyzd e

sdhcgb odgdretkcg ci nktkoetkcg diicrts tèt erd

frcebdr kg shcpd egb `ko`dr kg vcjund, egb tèt erd

bkshussdb et t`d dgb ci t`ks hèptdr. @cwdvdr, t`d

HBN, wkt` kts strdgot`s egb wdeagdssds, ès

ugbcuftdbjy fddg suhhdssiuj kg hrdetkgo e hjess ci

neradt-fesdb nktkoetkcg ehtkvktkds kg t`d JHV egb

djsdw`drd kg t`d bdvdjcpkgo wcrjb.

_d ikrst rdvkdw t`d JHV‛s pertkhkpetkcg kg t`dHBN egb kbdgtkiy t`d ferrkdrs tèt evd fddg dghcug-

tdrdb, fdicrd dxpjcrkgo cptkcgs tc iurt`dr prcnctd

nktkoetkcg fy stknujetkgo e sdhcgb odgdretkcg ci

dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds.

R`d HBN es dvcjvdb repkbjy skghd t`d ebcptkcg ci

t`d Ayctc \rctchcj kg Bdhdnfdr 5;;?, orcwkgo ircn

6< NtHC6d kg dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs trebdb kg 5;;0, tc

5<< NtHC6d trebdb kg 6<<2 egb 48? NtHC6d kg

6<<?. Kg tèt yder t`d vejud ci prknery HBN Hdrtk-

ikdb Dnksskcg Vdbuhtkcgs (HDVs) rdeh`db TX$?.2 fkj-jkcg. Ncrdcvdr, 6<<? ejsc sew t`d dndrodghd ci

sdhcgbery neradts, w`kh` trebdb 62< NtHC6d kg

dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs icr eg encugt ci TX$4.2 fkjjkcg.

Fy nkb 6<<0 t`d JHV ehhcugtdb icr efcut 6< pdr-

hdgt ci t`d 8,2;0 ehtkvd prcmdhts kg t`d HBN pkpdjkgd.

Ki ejj t`d dxpdhtdb HDVs ircn t`dsd prcmdhts wdrd tc fd

bdjkvdrdb, t`dy wcujb odgdretd 6,92< NtHC6d kg dnks-

skcg rdbuhtkcgs, ci w`kh` efcut 54 pdrhdgt wcujb fd

scurhdb ircn JHV prcmdhts. Essunkgo eg evdreod prkhd

ci TX$54 pdr tcg, t`d kgvdstndgt kg dnksskcg rdbuh-

tkcgs kg t`d rdokcg wcujb fd TX$4.0 fkjjkcg fy 6<56. Ktks wcrt` gctkgo, cwdvdr, tèt eitdr ehhcugtkgo icr ver-

kcus rksas‒icr dxenpjd, ci kssueghd iekjurd, gdoetkvd

vejkbetkcg fy Bdskogetdb Cpdretkgo Dgtktkds (BCDs),

t`d eubktcrs ci HBN prcmdhts, cr rdmdhtkcg fy t`d HBN

Dxdhutkvd Fcerb (DF)‒egb teakgo kgtc ehhcugt rdoks-

tretkcg bdjeys egb t`d dxpdhtdb iuturd strden ci gdw

prcmdhts, ncst neradt pertkhkpegts dxpdht e snejjdr

08




0 2

REFJD 2.5

\ctdgtkej, Vdspcgskfkjkty, egb Hepefkjkty tc Vdbuhd Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs

Hrktdrke icr bkiidrdgtketkgo hcugtrkds Eggdx K (*) JHV Frezkj Ndxkhc

Ct`dr b

hcu

\ctdgtkej tc nktkoetd

O@O/OB\, 6<<< (kg tcgs HC6/Nkjj. TX$-\\\)

Orcup Vegod 68;‘6,229 6<8‘59,209 84

Orcup Evdreod ?4; 6,2?? 5,0?9 ?46

Orcup Rctej 928 5,264HC6 (dxhjubkgo JTH)/OB\, 6<<< (kg tcgs HC6/Nkjj.TX$-\\\)

Orcup Vegod 6<0‘5,408 55?‘6,599

Orcup Evdreod 495.4 29< 60< 289

Orcup Rctej 484 8??

O@O/hepkte, 6<<< (tcgs HC6d \dr \drscg)

Orcup Vegod 4.4‘69.9 5.8‘;8.?

Orcup Evdreod 56.8 56.6 58.2 5<.<

Orcup Rctej 52.8 5<.<

HC6 dnksskcgs orcwt`, 5;;<‘6<<< (kg %)

Orcup Vegod ‘9.0‘2.8 ‘4.4‘0.5 ‘

Orcup Evdreod ‘<.22 <.8< ‘6.8 <.0

Orcup Rctej <.<? ‘5.9<

Vdspcgskfkjkty tc nktkoetd Hunujetkvd HC6/hepkte, 5;;<‘6<<< (kg tcgs HC6 )

Orcup Vegod 86.4‘625.0 ‘?4.5‘5,<;;.8 ‘5

Orcup Evdreod 5<<.; 5<?.4 55?.< 45.4

Orcup Rctej 565.5 06.2

Hepefkjkty tc nktkoetd

OB\/hepkte, 6<<< (kg TX$-\\\)

Orcup Vegod 2,<8?‘4<,492 5,2;;‘59,;40 66

Orcup Evdreod 6<,229 9,226 ?,526 ;,696

Orcup Rctej 66,5?< ?,<69

@BK, 6<<<

Orcup Vegod <.?4‘<.;9 <.9?‘<.09

Orcup Evdreod <.0; <.?9 <.?; <.05

Rctej O@O dnksskcgs, 6<<< (kg NtHC6 dqukv.)

Xun (ci deh` orcup ci hcugtrkds) 5?,408 4,599 6,888 906

Rcp ikvd Tgktdb Xtetds 9,955 Frezkj 6,888 H`

Vusske 5,;;5 Ndxkhc 906 Kgbcg

Mepeg 5,2<9 Ydgdzudje 802 Kg

Odrnegy 5,<22 Erodgtkge 848 Ne

Hegebe ?45 Hcjcnfke 6?2 Acrde (X

Xcurhds= Icr OB\ - \\\ kg hcgstegt kgtj $ 6<<< egb \cpujetkcg 6<<< ks _BK1 Dnksskcgs= Hjknetd Egejysks Kgbkhetcrs Rccj Ydrskcg 4.<., (_esKgstktutd, 6<<0, @uneg Bdvdjcpndgt Kgbdx TG\B.Gctd= (*) Bdikgdb es Eggdx 5 hcugtrkds kg t`d TG Irendwcra Hcgvdgtkcg cg Hjknetd Hègod kghjubkgo ejj t`d bdvdjcpdb hcugtrkds kg t`d O@O > HC6, H@2, G6C, \IHs, @IHs, XI9 (kghjubds jegb usd hègod egb kgtdrgetkcgej fugadrs), HC6 dnksskcgs orcwt` (HC6, kghjubkgo jegb ushunujetkvd HC6, HC6 (dgdroy), HC6 (jegb usd hègod).



gunfdr ci HDVs tc fd bdjkvdrdb fy 6<56. Rùs, icr

kgsteghd, TGD\ Vkscd Hdgtrd cg Dgdroy, Hjknetd egb

Xustekgefjd Bdvdjcpndgt (TVH) dstknetds tèt cgjy

5,490 NtHC6d wkjj fd kssudb fdicrd t`d dgb ci 6<56.

E bdhjkgkgo neradt sèrd R`d JHV wes hjderjy t`d derjy ncvdr kg t`d HBN.

R`d rdokcg fdoeg dxpdrkndgtkgo wkt` Ehtkvktkds

Knpjdndgtdb Mckgtjy (prdhurscr tc t`d HBN) kg t`d

derjy 5;;<s. R`d \rcorene Jetkgc Endrkhegc bdj Her-

fcgc (\JEH), t`d ikrst herfcg ikgeghd prcoren tc fd

dstefjks`db fy e rdokcgej bdvdjcpndgt fega, wes hrd-

etdb fy t`d Egbdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Hcrpcretkcg kg

5;;;, dvdg fdicrd t`d Nerreads` Ehhcrbs dstefjks`db

t`d ncbejktkds egb prchdburds icr HBN. Ircn 5;;;

tc 6<<6, t`d rdokcg èb ncrd Bdskogetdb Getkcgej

Eut`crktkds (BGEs)‒t`d dgtktkds tèt ègbjd t`d`cst hcugtry HBN prcmdht epprcvej prchdss‒tèg

egy ct`dr rdokcg kg t`d wcrjb, egb rdhdkvdb e tctej ci

TX$50 nkjjkcg kg HBN-rdjetdb hepehkty fukjbkgo.;

R`d kgvdstndgt kg tdh`gkhej trekgkgo fcrd knndbketd

irukts‒ircn 6<<5 tc 6<<2 t`d rdokcg èb sufnkttdb

96 pdrhdgt ci ejj HBN prcmdhts tc t`d DF, egb èb

prdperdb 90 pdrhdgt ci ejj epprcvdb HBN ndt`cbcjc-

okds. R`d ikrst prcmdht tc fd rdokstdrdb fy t`d DF wes

t`d jegbikjj ndtègd hepturd prcmdht ci GcveOdrer kg

Frezkj kg 6<<2, egb t`d ikrst hdrtkikhetkcgs ci dnksskcg

rdbuhtkcgs wdrd kssudb tc Vkc Fjeghc egb Je Dspdr-

egze ybrc prcmdhts kg @cgbures kg 6<<4.

Fy t`d nkbbjd ci 6<<9, `cwdvdr, t`d rdokcg èb jcst

kts bcnkgegt pcsktkcg kg t`d neradt, es Kgbke egb H`kge

èb dgtdrdb wkt` nuh` `ko`dr vcjunds. Es s`cwg kg

ikourd 2.4, t`d JHV wdgt ircn ehhcugtkgo icr 90 pdr-

hdgt ci ejj ehtkvd prcmdhts kg t`d HBN pcrticjkc kg

6<<2‒t`drd wdrd must 95 ehtkvd prcmdhts et t`d tknd‒

tc 86 pdrhdgt ci t`d 5,80? prcmdhts kg t`d pkpdjkgd kg

6<<9 egb must 6< pdrhdgt ci t`d 8,2;0 prcmdhts tèt wdrd

ehtkvd fy derjy Mugd ci 6<<0. Xknkjerjy, t`d sèrd ci t`dJHV kg t`d tctej vcjund ci tregsehtdb HDVs idjj ircn

?6 pdrhdgt kg 6<<8 tc 55 pdrhdgt kg 6<<?‒9 pdrhdgt

ci w`kh` wdrd ircn Frezkj‒hcnperdb tc ?2 pdrhdgt

icr H`kge egb 9 pdrhdgt icr Kgbke (ikourd 2.9).

R`d repkbjy orcwkgo neradt sèrds ci H`kge egb

Kgbke wdrd crkokgejjy bud tc e idw ‚dgb ci pkpd„ @IH-68

bdstruhtkcg prcmdhts tèt, okvdg t`d vdry `ko` ojcfej

wernkgo pctdgtkej ci @IH-68 es hcnperdb tc HC6,

eh`kdvdb dxtrdndjy jerod vcjunds ci hdrtkikdb dnksskcg

rdbuhtkcgs.5< @cwdvdr, t`ks typd ci prcmdht ès fddg

gderjy dxèustdb wcrjbwkbd egb cvdr t`d pest idw yders

H`kge egb Kgbke èvd fddg efjd tc bkvdrskiy t`dkr suppjy,

dxpegbkgo t`dkr HBN pcrticjkc tc ct`dr sdhtcrs (rdgdw-

efjd dgdroy, dgdroy diikhkdghy knprcvdndgts kg t`dkgbustrkej sdhtcr, egb ndtègd rdhcvdry egb utkjkzetkcg)

w`kjd negeokgo tc nekgtekg t`dkr `cjb cg t`d neradt.

Kg hcgtrest, t`d prcmdhts ircn t`d JHV èvd fddg,

skghd t`d derjy yders ci t`d HBN, snejjdr tèg t`csd

ircn ct`dr rdokcgs. Icr kgsteghd, t`d rdokcg‛s sèrd

kg t`d 6<56 HDVs dxpdhtdb ircn t`d ehtkvd HBN

pkpdjkgd‒essunkgo gc rksas‒wes ejweys snejjdr tèg

04


6 < < 2

6 < < 4

6 < < 9

6 < < ?

6 < < 0

% c

i t c t e j

Frezkj Jetkg Endrkhe dxhdpt Frezkj H`kge Kgbke Ct`dr

80

8<

50

5595

0

56

89

60

5?

8,2;0

;

58

88

60

59

6,028

58

5;

50

84

52

5,80?

5;4

8;

5?

5;

482

IKOTVD 2.4

Hunujetkvd Gunfdr ci \rcmdhts kg t`d Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt

Ndhègksn \kpdjkgd, fy Hcugtry/Vdokcg ci Crkokg

Xcurhd= _crjb Fega steii hejhujetkcgs uskgo bete ircn t`d HjdegBdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn \kpdjkgd betefesd pufjks`db fy TGD\ Vksc,Mugd 6<<0.

6 < < 6

6 < < 8

6 < < 2

6 < < 4

6 < < 9

6 < < ?

% c

i t c t e j


9<

2<

2 NtHC6d

89

65;0

89

85 NtHC6d

6<

55

9

45

56

09 NtHC6d

550

?2

84

825 NtHC6d

5<9

42

54

54

48? NtHC6d

94

?2

95<

445 NtHC6d

IKOTVD 2.9\rknery Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn Rregsehtkcgs icr Hcnpjkeghd,

fy Hcugtry/Vdokcg ci Crkokg

Xcurhd= _crjb Fega steii hejhujetkcgs uskgo bete prcvkbdb fy\`kjkppd Enfrcsk ci t`d _crjb Fega.Gctd= NtHC6d > nkjjkcg tcgs ci HC6 dqukvejdgt.



kts sèrd kg tdrns ci gunfdr ci prcmdhts. Icr dxenpjd,

w`kjd kg 6<<2 t`d JHV èb 90 pdrhdgt ci ejj ehtkvd

prcmdhts, kt èb must 4< pdrhdgt ci t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo

6<56 HDVs (ikourd 2.?). Fy 6<<?, w`dg t`d rdokcg‛s

sèrd ci t`d pkpdjkgd èb iejjdg tc 66 pdrhdgt, kts ireh-

tkcg ci t`d dxpdhtdb 6<56 HDVs wes cgjy 54 pdrhdgt.Kg hcgtrest, wkt` 88 pdrhdgt ci t`d ehtkvd prcmdhts kg

6<<?, H`kge wes efjd tc hepturd 48 pdrhdgt ci t`d

6<56 dxpdhtdb HDVs.

JHV‛s Xuppjy

_`kjd JHV hcugtrkds èvd fddg cutpdricrndb fy

H`kge egb Kgbke es HDV suppjkdrs, cgd hcujb `ypct`d-

skzd tèt t`ks ks e rdsujt ci t`dkr `ko`dr O@O dnksskcg

jdvdjs. Kg pertkhujer, kt s`cujb gct fd e surprksd ki hcug-

trkds wkt` `ko` dnksskcg jdvdjs wdrd ejsc encgo t`csd

wkt` e `ko` suppjy ci dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs. _d tùshcnperd t`d irehtkcg ci 6<56 HDVs ircn prcmdhts kg

t`d HBN pkpdjkgd `djb fy sdjdhtdb hcugtrkds, tc

t`dkr rdspdhtkvd sèrd kg O@O dnksskcgs ircn gcg-

Eggdx K hcugtrkds‒t`d cgjy cgds tèt heg suppjy t`d

HBN. Jegb-usd hègod egb icrdstry dnksskcgs erd gct

kghjubdb es ncst ci t`dsd dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs heggct fd

kghjubdb kg t`d HBN. Tskgo t`ks epprceh`, ikourd 2.0

rdvdejs tèt ki dnksskcg jdvdjs heg fd kgtdrprdtdb es eg

kgbkhetkcg ci pctdgtkej suppjy tc t`d HBN, Frezkj,

Ndxkhc, egb t`d rdst ci t`d JHV erd ejncst ‚cg ter-

odt„‒ki egyt`kgo, Frezkj ks sjko`tjy cvdrsuppjykgo

egb t`d rdst ci t`d rdokcg ks sjko`tjy ugbdrsuppjykgo

HBN prcmdhts. @cwdvdr, Kgbke egb pertkhujerjy H`kge

erd hjderjy cvdrpdricrnkgo, egb t`d rdst ci Eske egb

Eirkhe erd ugbdrpdricrnkgo kg t`d herfcg neradt.

R`d pettdrg ci t`d `ko`dst dnkttdrs fdkgo t`d jerodst

suppjkdrs heg ejsc fd cfsdrvdb et t`d rdokcgej jdvdj.

_kt`kg t`d JHV t`d neradt ks hjderjy bcnkgetdb fy

Frezkj egb Ndxkhc, fct` kg tdrns ci efscjutd gunfdrs ci

HBN prcmdhts, es wdjj es kg vcjund ci HDVs. Ircndkt`dr pdrspdhtkvd t`d twc hcugtrkds rdprdsdgt ncrd tèg

9< pdrhdgt ci t`d suppjy ircn t`d JHV (ikourd 2.;),

hcnperdb tc e sèrd ci 44 pdrhdgt kg t`d rdokcg‛s dnks-

skcgs, dxhjubkgo jegb-usd hègod. R`ks cvdr pdricrneghd

ci Frezkj egb Ndxkhc hcujb fd ettrkfutdb prknerkjy tc

t`dkr skzd, w`kh` ejjcws t`dn tc suppcrt kgbustrkds tèt

èvd t`d pctdgtkej icr prcmdhts dgtekjkgo suiikhkdgtjy

jerod dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs tc mustkiy t`d tregsehtkcg hcsts

kgvcjvdb kg t`d HBN. R`ks hetdocry ci prcmdhts wes kgk-

tkejjy nebd up nekgjy ci prcmdhts tc rdbuhd @IH-68

dnksskcgs. @cwdvdr, ncrd rdhdgtjy, rdgdwefjd dgdroy,ndtègd hepturd ircn jegbikjjs, egb eorckgbustrkds èvd

ejsc fdhcnd ettrehtkvd prcmdht typds icr teakgo ebveg-

teod ci t`d HBN kg t`d JHV (sdd ikourd 2.;).

Kg sunnery, pettdrgs ci cvdr- cr ugbdrsuppjy kg her-

fcg neradts (wkt` rdspdht tc hcugtrkds‛ sèrds kg O@O

dnksskcgs) erd jkadjy tc rdijdht t`d rdjetkvd evekjefkjkty ci

jerod-shejd, jcw-hcst, egb jcw-rksa nktkoetkcg prcmdhts.

09


0

48

?

54

5?

0?

59

54

42

59

55

86

65

6<

;5<

2?

50

59

50

5

85

50

8654

42

85

6 < < 8

6 < < 2

6 < < 4

6 < < 9

6 < < ?

6 < < 0

%

c i t c t e j


24 NtHC6d 0? NtHC

6d ?5; NtHC

6d 5,46< NtHC

6d 6,89? NtHC

6d 6,92< NtHC

6d

IKOTVD 2.?

Hunujetkvd 6<56 Hdrtkikdb Dnksskcg Vdbuhtkcgs ircn t`d Hjdeg

Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn \kpdjkgd, fy Hcugtry/Vdokcg ci Crkokg

Xcurhd= _crjb Fega steii hejhujetkcgs uskgo bete ircn t`d HjdegBdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn \kpdjkgd betefesd pufjks`db fy TGD\ Vksc,Mugd 6<<0.Gctd= NtHC6d > nkjjkcg tcgs ci HC6 dqukvejdgt.

90

42

85

545< 55

6;

8

58

28? 9

F r e z

k j

4<

5<546<64

8<84

2<244<44

\ d r h d g t

N d x

k h c

V d s t

c i J e

t k g

E n d r

k h e H k g

e K g

b k e

V d s t

c i E s k e

E i r k h

e

6<56 HDVs 6<<< HC6 dnksskcgs (% ci Gcg-Eggdx 5)

IKOTVD 2.0

Xèrds ci 6<56 Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn‛s Hdrtkikdb Dnksskcg

Vdbuhtkcgs egb Gcg-JTJTHI Dnksskcgs (Gcg-Eggdx K Hcugtrkds)

Xcurhds= HC6 dnksskcgs (wkt`cut JTJTHI)= HEKR1 6<56 HDV= _crjbFega steii hejhujetkcgs uskgo bete ircn t`d Hjdeg BdvdjcpndgtNdhègksn \kpdjkgd betefesd pufjks`db fy TGD\ Vksc, Mugd 6<<0.Gctd= JTJTHI > Jegb usd, jegb-usd hègod egb icrdstry.





erd sushdptkfjd tc jdeaeod ci ndtègd egb jcw croegkh

hcgtdgt tc prcbuhd ndtègd (]djjdr 6<<0). Eorckg-

bustry ndtègd hepturd suhhdss bdpdgbs cg t`d p@,

tdnpdreturd, egb egtkfkctkh egb wetdr hcgtdgt ci t`d

dxhrdndgt, w`kh` ks bdtdrnkgdb fy t`d rdjetkcgs`kp ci

t`d ierndr, t`d vdtdrkgerkeg wkt` t`d prcmdht bdvdjcpdr

(Jcady 6<<;). Icr t`dsd rdescgs, bdspktd t`d `ko`

ojcfej wernkgo pctdgtkej ci ndtègd, t`d HBN èsgct prcvkbdb e sustekgefjd scjutkcg tc t`d furodcgkgo

urfeg westd negeodndgt prcfjdn.

@cwdvdr, t`d espdht tèt stegbs cut ncst hjderjy kg

t`d egejysks ci t`d JHV pcrticjkc ks t`d efsdghd ci twc

essdt hjessds tèt rdprdsdgt `ko` dnksskcg jdvdjs kg t`d

rdokcg. R`d ikrst ci t`dn ks t`d rdbuhtkcg ci dnksskcgs

ircn bdicrdstetkcg. R`drd ks gc bcuft tèt cgd ci t`d

rdokcg‛s nekg hcgtrkfutkcgs tc ojcfej nktkoetkcg diicrts

wcujb fd e bdhrdesd kg bdicrdstetkcg retds. @cwdvdr,

ehtkvktkds tèt rdbuhd dnksskcgs ircn bdicrdstetkcg erd

gct djkokfjd ugbdr t`d hurrdgt ncbejktkds ci t`d HBN.

Jegb-usd hègod egb icrdstry essdts erd hurrdgtjy jkn-

ktdb kg t`d HBN tc eiicrdstetkcg egb rdicrdstetkcg

ehtkvktkds. Bkshusskcgs erd ugbdrwey efcut t`d rcjd tèt

dnksskcgs ircn bdicrdstetkcg ney èvd kg e pcst-6<56rdoknd, fut ugtkj t`dg tèt nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej‒

pdrèps t`d jerodst ci ejj sdhtcrs icr t`d rdokcg‒

rdnekgs ugjdvdreodb fy herfcg ikgeghd.

R`d sdhcgb sdhtcr tèt ks hjderjy ugbdrrdprdsdgtdb

kg t`d rdokcg‛s HBN pcrticjkc ks tregspcrtetkcg. Es

bkshussdb fdjcw, tregspcrtetkcg ks t`d sdhtcr wkt`

t`d jerodst sèrd ci JHV‛s dgdroy-rdjetdb dnksskcgs.

00


Gunfdr ci prcmdhts kg Jetkg Endrkhe fy typd

Vdgdwefjds

42%

Eorkhujturd

66%

Jegbikjj, dth.

52%

Iudj swkth`

8%

Xuppjy-skbd DD

6%

Bdnegb-

skbd DD

6%

@IH & G6C

rdbuhtkcg

6%

Ycjund ci HDVs ugtkj 6<56 kg Jetkg Endrkhe fy typd

Vdgdwefjds

82%

Eorkhujturd

55%

Jegbikjj, dth.

85%

Iudj swkth`

5%

Bdnegb-skbd DD

8%

@IH & G6C

rdbuhtkcg

5?%

Gunfdr ci prcmdhts kg Eske fy typd

Eorkhujturd

5%

Iudj swkth`

8%@IH & G6Crdbuhtkcg

6%

Bdnegb-

skbd DD

9%

Jegbikjj, dth.

;%

Xuppjy-skbd

DD

58%

Vdgdwefjds

99%

Ycjund ci HDVs ugtkj 6<56 kg Eske fy typd

Vdgdwefjds

88%

Xuppjy-

skbd DD

58%

Jegbikjj, dth.

58%

Bdnegb-

skbd DD

5%

@IH & G6C

rdbuhtkcg

85%

Iudj swkth`

0%

IKOTVD 2.5<

Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn \crticjkc kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg egb Eske, fy Xdhtcr, 6<56

Xcurhd= Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn \kpdjkgd betefesd pufjks`db fy TGD\ Vksc, Mugd 6<<0.Gctd= DD > dgdroy diikhkdghy.



@cwdvdr, t`d pctdgtkej ci t`ks essdt hjess kg t`d HBN ks

hurtekjdb fy t`d jeha ci ndt`cbcjcokds. Hurrdgtjy t`drd

ks cgjy cgd epprcvdb HBN ndt`cbcjcoy kg t`d tregs-

pcrtetkcg sdhtcr (repkb tregskt jegds es knpjdndgtdb fy

t`d Rregsnkjdgkc prcmdht kg Fcoctå, Hcjcnfke). Xdvdrej

ct`dr typds ci tregspcrtetkcg ndt`cbcjcokds erd ugbdrprdperetkcg (hcgstruhtkcg ci ugbdrorcugb tregspcrte-

tkcg systdns, usd ci fkciudjs, egb sc cg) fut ugtkj t`dy

erd epprcvdb, tregspcrtetkcg wkjj rdnekg ugbdrrdprd-

sdgtdb kg t`d HBN pcrticjkc ci t`d rdokcg, bdspktd t`d

ieht tèt kt ks cgd ci t`d nemcr dnkttkgo sdhtcrs.

Ikgejjy, t`d eicrdndgtkcgdb prcfjdn ci rdjetkvdjy

`ko` tregsehtkcg hcsts jknktkgo t`d pertkhkpetkcg kg t`d

HBN ci prcmdhts wkt` idw dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs, pertkhu-

jerjy kg snejj egb ndbkun hcugtrkds, ès e pertkhujerjy

benpdgkgo diidht cg prcmdhts kg t`d erde ci dgdroy diik-

hkdghy. Kgbddb, fy t`dkr cwg geturd t`dsd prcmdhts tdgbtc fd bkspdrsdb encgo negy snejj sktds, ejt`cuo` t`ks

hcujb fd jdss ci prcfjdn kg jerod hcugtrkds (w`drd deh`

sktd hcujb fd ci e jerod shejd). Rùs, dgdroy diikhkdghy

prcmdhts rdprdsdgt ejncst 6< pdrhdgt ci Eske‛s HBN

pkpdjkgd, hcnperdb tc jdss tèg 4 pdrhdgt kg t`d JHV.

Ferrkdrs tc t`d dxpegskcg ci t`d HBN kg t`d JHV

R`d bdhrdeskgo pertkhkpetkcg ci t`d JHV kg t`d

HBN heg fd trehdb tc sdvdrej iehtcrs. Eg derjy 6<<9

survdy ci neradt pertkhkpegts

56

kbdgtkikdb t`d icjjcw-kgo strdgot`s kg t`d JHV, es hcnperdb tc ct`dr rdokcgs

ci t`d wcrjb= fdttdr ugbdrstegbkgo ci t`d HBN prc-

mdht hyhjd, ncrd scjkb prcmdht bdskog bchundgts

(\BBs), `ko`dr pertkhkpetkcg ci t`d prkvetd sdhtcr,

ncrd agcwjdbodefjd jchej hcgsujtegts tc prdperd \BBs,

egb hjder negbetds ircn rdspdhtkvd ocvdrgndgts tc

ehtkvdjy dgoeod kg t`d HBN. @cwdvdr, t`d send sur-

vdy pckgtdb tc t`d ieht tèt t`d rdokcg wes jcskgo kts

ikrst ncvdr ebvegteod kg t`d neradt, egb kbdgtkikdb

t`d icjjcwkgo pcjkhy egb rdoujetcry wdeagdssds kg t`d

JHV= nemcr bkiidrdghds kg prchdburds encgo BGEs kgt`d rdokcg, ncrd `cst hcugtry rdqukrdndgts tèg

ct`dr rdokcgs, egb sjcwdr getkcgej epprcvej prchdssds.

Kg ebbktkcg, t`d survdy ndgtkcgdb t`d rdokcg‛s jcwdr

dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg pctdgtkej es hcnperdb tc Eske.

Egct`dr hrktkhej iehtcr brkvkgo JHV‛s bdhjkgkgo

neradt sèrd kg t`d HBN ks t`d ughdrtekgty rdoerbkgo

t`d pcst-6<56 rdoknd. Jcgo-tdrn hcnnktndgts fy

kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds erd gdhdssery tc sustekg herfcg

neradts. R`d rdhdgt prcpcsej ci t`d Durcpdeg Tgkcg

icr t`d R`krb \èsd ci t`d Durcpdeg Rrebkgo Xh`dnd

(DRX) sdvdrdjy jknkts t`d usd ci t`d HBN icr t`d pur-

pcsd ci hcnpjkeghd wkt` Durcpdeg rdoujetkcgs ugjdss

eg ehhdptefjd nujtkjetdrej eorddndgt ks rdeh`db. Ncrd-cvdr, dvdg ki suh` eg eorddndgt netdrkejkzds, t`d

R`krb \èsd ci t`d DRX wcujb cgjy nerokgejjy dxpegb

t`d usd ci t`d HBN. R`d prcpcsej ès gct fddg retk-

ikdb fy t`d Durcpdeg Hcnnksskcg, fut t`d pctdgtkej

hdkjkgo cg bdnegb icr HDVs ès ejrdeby èb e stkijkgo

diidht cg neradt cptknksn. X`cujb kt fd herrkdb

t`rcuo`, t`d hdkjkgo hcujb rdsujt kg eg kghrdesdb

dnpèsks cg prcmdhts wkt` s`crt jdeb tknds egb prc-

mdhts w`drd t`d ikgeghkej hjcsurd bcds gct strkhtjy

bdpdgb cg t`d icrwerb sejd ci dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs.

R`ks ndegs tèt ugtkj t`d ughdrtekgty rdoerbkgo t`diuturd ci t`d HBN ks skogkikhegtjy rdbuhdb, herfcg

ikgeghd wkjj èvd jknktdb kgijudghd cg kgvdstndgt

bdhkskcgs icr jerod-shejd kgirestruhturd prcmdhts wkt`

jcgo odstetkcg pdrkcbs tèt èvd t`d pctdgtkej tc

bdjkvdr e jerod quegtkty ci dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs. Kg t`d

JHV, w`drd negy HBN prcmdhts rdqukrd `ko` egb

jcgo-tdrn kgvdstndgts, t`d efsdghd ci e jcgo-tdrn

herfcg neradt skogej ks ejrdeby fdkgo rdijdhtdb kg t`d

bwkgbjkgo ci HBN tregsehtkcgs.

E t`krb ady ferrkdr tc t`d bdvdjcpndgt ci HBNprcmdhts kg t`d JHV ks t`d jeha ci hcghdrtdb HBN

stretdokds. Cgjy e vdry idw hcugtrkds kg t`d rdokcg (icr

dxenpjd, Frezkj ugbdrwey, Ndxkhc) èvd e hcghdrtdb

nktkoetkcg stretdoy, egb kg ncst hesds t`ks stretdoy

bcds gct kgvcjvd egy spdhkikh ndesurd tc fccst HBN

utkjkzetkcg. Burkgo t`d pest bdhebd, `cwdvdr, kg t`d

hcgtdxt ci t`d Getkcgej Xtretdoy Xtuby \rcoren sup-

pcrtdb fy t`d _crjb Fega, sdvdrej JHV hcugtrkds

tcca ebvegteod ci dxtdrgej tdh`gkhej essksteghd tc

kbdgtkiy t`d fdst wey tc knpjdndgt HBN prcmdhts.

Negy ci t`d kgktkej HBN pcrticjkcs wdrd breitdbt`rcuo` t`ks kgktketkvd fut iurt`dr icjjcw-up egb hcn-

nktndgt ircn usuejjy bkvcrhdb pufjkh egb prkvetd

sdhtcrs prdvdgtdb t`dn ircn ockgo nuh` iurt`dr. E

rdneraefjd dxhdptkcg tc t`ks wes H`kjd, w`drd eg

ugusuej sygdroy fdtwddg t`d prkvetd sdhtcr egb t`d

ocvdrgndgt sdrvdb es e irendwcra icr t`d prcnctkcg

ci HBN prcmdhts fy fuskgdss croegkzetkcgs, suh` es

0;




t`d Neguiehturdrs Xchkdty egb t`d H`kjdeg kgvdstndgt

prcnctkcg eodghy.

E icurt` kssud ks t`d jeha ci epprcprketd HBN

ndt`cbcjcokds. Es bkshussdb prdvkcusjy, sdvdrej essdt

hjessds tèt erd hrktkhej tc t`d rdokcg‛s efetdndgt

pctdgtkej èvd gct fddg kghcrpcretdb kgtc t`d HBN.Jegb-usd hègod egb icrdstry essdts kg t`d HBN erd

jknktdb tc eiicrdstetkcg egb rdicrdstetkcg ehtkvktkds,

egb dvdg t`csd erd rdstrkhtdb kg skzd egb typd. R`d

kssud ks hcnpcugbdb fy t`d ieht tèt t`drd ks e jeha ci

bdnegb skghd t`d Durcpdeg Tgkcg rujdb cut icrdstry

prcmdhts ircn t`d sdhtcrs djkokfjd es ciisdts kg t`d DRX.

Es ejsc ndgtkcgdb prdvkcusjy, kg t`d tregspcrt sdhtcr

t`drd ks cgjy cgd epprcvdb ndt`cbcjcoy. Frcebdr egb

jdss cgdrcus ndt`cbcjcokds èvd tc fd bdvdjcpdb icr

ness pufjkh tregskt, es wdjj es tc suppcrt t`d swkth`

ircn icsskj iudjs tc jkqukb fkciudjs icr vd`khjds.E ikit` prcfjdn ks tèt pufjkh dgtdrprksds rdnekg, et

jdest kg t`d JHV, icr t`d ncst pert ugewerd cr ugwkjj-

kgo tc pertkhkpetd kg herfcg neradts. Kg t`ks rdspdht,

scnd ci t`d jknktetkcgs iehdb fy t`dsd hcnpegkds èvd

tc bc wkt` kssuds rdjetdb tc bete bkshjcsurd egb ct`dr

prchdburej hcgstrekgts. Xtetd-cwgdb utkjktkds, icr dxen-

pjd, erd usuejjy gct ejjcwdb tc hcgskbdr HBN rdvdguds

kg t`dkr jdest-hcst pjeggkgo prchdss. Es e rdsujt, HBN

prcmdhts tèt `cpd tc nead t`d ikgeghkej ebbktkcgejkty

eroundgt heggct fd pursudb (Neycroe 6<<?). Iurt`dr-ncrd, stetd utkjktkds nust bdhjerd ejj nemcr hepehkty

ebbktkcgs kg t`dkr iuturd dxpegskcg pjegs, w`kh` neads

t`d ebbktkcgejkty eroundgt hcnpjdx, es dxpegskcg pjegs

erd t`d fesks icr fuskgdss-es-usuej shdgerkcs (Neycroe

6<<?). Ikgejjy, stetd-rug utkjktkds evd jkttjd kghdgtkvd tc

dgoeod kg t`d hcnpjdx HBN prchdss skghd t`d rdoujetcr

bdtdrnkgds t`d terkii hejhujetkcg tèt wkjj bkhtetd t`d

stetd utkjkty‛s prcikts. Kg ieht, t`d \ufjkh Ttkjkty ci

Ndbdjjîg, Hcjcnfke, wes eubktdb icr pertkhkpetkgo kg

t`d HBN= t`d rdoujetcr qudstkcgdb w`y t`d prkhds t`d

utkjkty rdhdkvdb icr t`d sejd ci HDVs wdrd sc jcw egbw`y t`d prchdss tcca sc jcgo (Yëjdz 6<<?).

R`drd es ejsc fddg e rdjetkvd efsdghd ci t`d bcndstkh

ikgeghkej sdhtcr kg t`d neradt icr HBN hrdbkts. Kg ebbk-

tkcg tc t`d wdjj-agcwg rdjuhteghd ci fegas tc jdgb icr

rdgdwefjd dgdroy cr dgdroy diikhkdghy prcmdhts, hcn-

ndrhkej fegas kg t`d rdokcg èvd gct rdhcogkzdb HDV

rdvdguds es e fegaefjd kghcnd strden. Et fdst, fegas

erd `devkjy bkshcugtkgo t`d herfcg rdvdgud strden, kg

pert bud tc jeha ci agcwjdbod cr ughdrtekgtkds rdoerb-

kgo t`d herfcg neradt, egb wkjj gct hcgskbdr Dnksskcg

Vdbuhtkcg \urhèsd Eorddndgts (DV\Es) es pert ci

hcjjetdrej cr oueregtdds tc ikgeghd e prcmdht wkt` hjk-

netd-irkdgbjy tdh`gcjcokds. Rùs t`d nemcrkty ci HBNprcmdhts erd dkt`dr ikgeghdb cg t`d fejeghd s`ddt cr

ikgeghdb wkt`cut teakgo kgtc ehhcugt pctdgtkej herfcg

ikgeghd rdvdguds, w`kh` bkrdhtjy rdstrkht t`d skzd ci t`d

prcmdhts tèt heg fd frcuo`t tc t`d herfcg neradt.

Ikgejjy, e ferrkdr tc HBN bdvdjcpndgt kg t`d JHV

tèt ès ejrdeby fddg ndgtkcgdb ks t`d jeha ci eoordoe-

tkcg pcsskfkjktkds, w`kh` prdvdgts teakgo ebvegteod ci

dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg prcmdhts tèt erd kgbkvkbuejjy snejj

kg skzd egb erd bkspdrsdb encgo negy sktds. R`d HBN

ncbejktkds egb prchdburds èvd fddg knpjdndgtdb

ncstjy cg t`d fesks ci skgojd nktkoetkcg sktds tèt ciidre rdjetkvdjy ko` vcjund ci dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs pdr sktd.

R`ks prehtkhd fdgdikts jerodr hcugtrkds egb t`d `ko`dst-

dnkttkgo sdhtcrs, egb bksievcrs snejjdr dhcgcnkds wkt`

jcwdr nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej es wdjj es t`csd sdhtcrs kg

w`kh` t`d nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej ks bkspdrsdb, suh` es

dgdroy diikhkdghy, bkstrkfutdb rurej dgdroy, egb tregs-

pcrtetkcg. Es bkshussdb kg t`d icjjcwkgo sdhtkcg, `cw-

dvdr, t`d gdwjy kgtrcbuhdb prcorennetkh HBN ciidrs

t`d pcsskfkjkty ci eoordoetkgo egb struhturkgo negy

snejj nktkoetkcg diicrts. R`ks hcujb ejjcw snejjdr hcug-trkds wkt`cut jerod dnkttkgo iehkjktkds tc tead ebvegteod

ci t`d HBN fy eoordoetkgo kg e skgojd prcoren e jerod

gunfdr ci snejj prcmdhts w`kh`, tcodt`dr egb cvdr e

pdrkcb ci tknd, hcujb èvd t`d pctdgtkej tc eh`kdvd sko-

gkikhegt dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs.

R`d rcjd ci bdvdjcpndgt fegas kg JHV‛s herfcg

neradts= t`d _crjb Fega

Nujktkjetdrej bdvdjcpndgt fegas èvd èb eg ehtkvd

rcjd kg icstdrkgo t`d pertkhkpetkcg ci JHV kg t`d HBN.

R`d _crjb Fega kgktketdb kts ehtkvktkds kg herfcgikgeghd kg 5;;; wkt` cgd kgktkej \rctctypd Herfcg

Iugb egb ès skghd dxpegbdb kts iugb negeodndgt tc

gkgd iugbs egb iehkjktkds. R`dsd iugbs erd pufjkh cr

pufjkh-prkvetd pertgdrs`kps negeodb fy t`d Herfcg

Ikgeghd Tgkt (HIT) ci t`d _crjb Fega. Tgjkad ct`dr

Fega bdvdjcpndgt prcbuhts, t`d HIT bcds gct jdgb

cr oregt rdscurhds tc prcmdhts, fut ret`dr hcgtrehts tc

;<




purhèsd dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs. R`dsd purhèsds erd

eakg tc hcnndrhkej tregsehtkcgs wkt` t`d iugb peykgo

icr dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs egguejjy cr pdrkcbkhejjy cghd

t`dy èvd fddg vdrkikdb fy e t`krb-perty eubktcr.

R`dsd herfcg iugbs egb iehkjktkds erd hepktejkzdb fy

ocvdrgndgt egb prkvetd sdhtcr kgvdstcrs ircn kgbustrk-ejkzdb getkcgs tèt erd ugbdr dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg hcn-

nktndgts egb erd kgtdrdstdb kg t`d dxpegskcg ci t`d

herfcg neradt. R`d iugbs ugbdr _crjb Fega negeod-

ndgt èvd e tctej hepktejkzetkcg ci TX$6 fkjjkcg, ncst

ci w`kh` es fddg hèggdjdb t`rcuo` t`d HBN. Ci t`ks

tctej, epprcxknetdjy TX$;9 nkjjkcg cr 4 pdrhdgt ès

fddg kgvdstdb kg dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs scurhdb fy prc-

mdhts kg JHV hcugtrkds. Refjd 4.5 prcvkbds t`d frdea-

bcwg fy iugb. Ct`dr tèg t`d cfvkcus ettrehtkvdgdss ci

`ko`dr vcjund neradts, t`drd ks gc spdhkikh rdescg w`y

t`d JHV sèrd ks sc jcw. @cwdvdr, kt ks kgtdrdstkgo tcrdndnfdr tèt t`d JHV rdprdsdgts 4 pdrhdgt ci t`d

wcrjb‛s dgdroy-rdjetdb dnksskcgs (egb jegb-usd rdbuh-

tkcgs erd vkrtuejjy dxhjubdb ircn t`d HBN), dnpèskz-

kgo t`d prdvkcusjy bkshussdb rdjetkcgs`kp fdtwddg

dnksskcg jdvdjs egb nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej.

Kg t`d iehd ci t`d K\HH Icurt` Essdssndgt Vdpcrt‛s

hejj icr ojcfej nktkoetkcg shejd-up, t`d _crjb Fega

ès rdhdgtjy jeugh`db e sdrkds ci gdw ikgeghkej kgstru-

ndgts tèt kgtdgb tc munpstert e sdhcgb odgdretkcg ci

nktkoetkcg ehtkvktkds kg t`d bdvdjcpkgo wcrjb. R`dsdkgstrundgts èvd t`d pertkhkpetkcg ci ct`dr nujtkjet-

drej fegas egb erd bkshussdb fdjcw.

R`d Egbdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Hcrpcretkcg

Kg 5;;; t`d Egbdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Hcrpcretkcg dstef-

jks`db t`d \rcorene Jetkgc Endrkhegc bdj Herfcgc

(\JEH) tc suppcrt t`d bdvdjcpndgt ci pctdgtkej HBN

prcmdhts kg t`d JHV rdokcg, es wdjj es tc ciidr hepehkty

fukjbkgo egb strdgot`dg hjknetd hègod kgstktutkcgs kg

ejj sèrd`cjbdr hcugtrkds. R`d prcoren ès rdhdgtjy

ejsc fdoug tc bdvdjcp kggcvetkvd ikgeghkej kgstrundgtsichusdb cg rdgdwefjd dgdroy egb dgdroy diikhkdghy.

\JEH negeodb eg dnksskcgs rdbuhtkcg hcgtreht icr

t`d ocvdrgndgt ci t`d Gdt`drjegbs icr e tctej ci ??

nkjjkcg durcs, egb es suhhdssiujjy bdjkvdrdb t`d hcrrd-

spcgbkgo 0.? nkjjkcg tcgs ci hdrtkikdb dnksskcg rdbuh-

tkcgs. R`dsd stdn ircn 5; nktkoetkcg prcmdhts kg Jetkg

Endrkhe egb èvd fddg hèggdjdb t`rcuo` t`d HBN.

Kg ebbktkcg, \JEH es eg dnksskcgs rdbuhtkcg purhès-

kgo hcgtreht ircn t`d ocvdrgndgt ci Xpekg icr e tctej

ci ; nkjjkcg tcgs, 8 nkjjkcg ci w`kh` èvd fddg hcn-

nkttdb tc JHV prcmdhts. \JEH ès kgvdstdb TX$5.4

nkjjkcg kg tdh`gkhej hccpdretkcg egb hepehkty fukjbkgo

kg t`d rdokcg.

R`d Kgtdr-Endrkheg Bdvdjcpndgt Fega

R`d Kgtdr-Endrkheg Bdvdjcpndgt Fega hrdetdb e Xus-

tekgefjd Dgdroy egb Hjknetd Hègod Kgktketkvd

(XDHHK) kg Nerh` ci 6<<?, wkt` eg kgktkej hepktejkze-

tkcg ci TX$5< nkjjkcg. R`d ocej ci t`ks kgktketkvd ks tc

suppcrt t`d JHV kg ikgbkgo dhcgcnkhejjy egb dgvkrcg-

ndgtejjy scugb dgdroy scjutkcgs. XDHHK ichusds cg

ikgeghkej scjutkcgs egb wkjj hcnpjdtd kts tesa fy `djp-

kgo rdgdwefjd dgdroy egb dgdroy diikhkdghy prcmdhts

eh`kdvd ikgeghkgo, rdncvkgo kgstktutkcgej ferrkdrs egbprcnctkgo gcvdj pcjkhy kbdes, neakgo sustekgefjd

dgdroy kgvdstndgt egb ikgeghkgo tccjs ncrd nekg-

strden egb ehhdsskfjd, utkjkzkgo t`d herfcg ikgeghd

neradt, ebbrdsskgo ebeptetkcg gddbs, egb icrnkgo gdw

pertgdrs`kps wkt` fct` t`d pufjkh egb prkvetd sdhtcrs.

Ncvkgo Fdycgb t`d Ikrst Odgdretkcg ci

Nktkoetkcg Diicrts

Icr JHV, es icr egy ci t`d ct`dr bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds,

t`d erh`ktdhturd ci t`d pcst-6<56 hjknetd rdoknd ksockgo tc fd hrktkhej. Es hurrdgtjy bdskogdb, t`d HBN

heggct bdjkvdr JHV‛s pctdgtkej tc rdbuhd kts O@O

dnksskcgs kg e hcst-diidhtkvd wey. Epprcprketd bdskog

ci t`d gdw kghdgtkvds tc nktkoetd hcujb `djp rdscjvd

t`ks. R`drd erd twc prcnkgdgt kssuds icr JHV. Ikrst,

ircn t`d pdrspdhtkvd ci `ko`-vcjund, hcst-diidhtkvd

nktkoetkcg egb hrktkhej fkcbkvdrskty prctdhtkcg, t`d

gdw hèptdr ci t`d rdoknd nust kghcrpcretd VDBB.

Xdhcgb, ircn t`d pdrspdhtkvd ci jcgo-tdrn jcw-herfcg

(sustekgefjd) dhcgcnkh orcwt`, t`d rdokcg gddbs

kghdgtkvds tc skogkikhegtjy s`kit t`d herfcg kgtdgskty ci kgvdstndgts tèt wkjj fd nebd cvdr t`d gdxt bdhebds

egb tèt wkjj èvd bkrdht knpjkhetkcgs cg dgdroy-

rdjetdb dnksskcgs (icr dxenpjd, ircn pcwdr egb tregs-

pcrt). Negy ci t`csd kgvdstndgts erd jcgo jkvdb, egb

es bkshussdb, t`dy wkjj jdeb tc skogkikhegt kghrdesds

kg t`d JHV‛s dgdroy-rdjetdb dnksskcgs, et jdest kg e

fuskgdss-es-usuej shdgerkc. Evckbkgo t`d jcha-kg ci

;5




suh` tdh`gcjcoy-rdjetdb dnksskcg orcwt` ks hrktkhej

icr JHV.

Kt ks es ydt ugagcwg w`dt`dr t`d pcst-6<56 hjknetd

rdoknd wkjj hcgtkgud tc rdjy dxhjuskvdjy cg neradt-

fesdb ikgeghkej kgstrundgts tc ncfkjkzd dnksskcg

rdbuhtkcgs kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds, cr ki gcgneradt-fesdb ndhègksns, icr dxenpjd, efetdndgt iugb(s)

(bkshussdb iurt`dr cg), wkjj fd ebbdb. R`drd erd, `cw-

dvdr, twc djdndgts tèt erd hjder= nktkoetkcg heggct

hcgtkgud tc fd pursudb cgjy cg e prcmdht-fy-prcmdht

fesks, egb hjknetd irkdgbjy pcjkhkds gddb tc fd kghcrpc-

retdb kgtc iuturd ikgeghkej ndhègksns.

Ikrst, t`d HBN wes hrdetdb es e prcmdht-fesdb kgstru-

ndgt, egb wd nust oc fdycgb tèt gcw. Vdstrkhtkgo t`d

HBN tc dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs ircn skgojd-pckgt scurhds

ès hurtekjdb kts pctdgtkej tc prcnctd t`d gddbdb sdhtcr-

wkbd tregsicrnetkcg, ettekgdb fy hcst diidhtkvdjy hèg-gdjkgo hepktej egb agcw-`cw tc bdherfcgkzd herfcg

kgtdgskvd sdhtcrs, suh` es dgdroy, tregspcrt, egb kgire-

struhturd. R`d prcmdht-fy-prcmdht epprceh` heggct stkn-

ujetd tdh`gcjcoy bdvdjcpndgt egb ugbdrwrktd t`d rksa

ci nemcr shejd-ups kg V&B kg jcw-herfcg/zdrc herfcg

tdh`gcjcokds. Ircn e ikgeghkej pdrspdhtkvd, prcmdht-

fesdb HBN heggct stknujetd eg ebdquetd egb rdjkefjd

gdw scurhd ci rksa hepktej tc ikgeghd tdh`gcjcoy s`kits

egb rdqukrdb pcjkhkds/kghdgtkvds cg t`d shejd ci w`cjd

dhcgcnkds. Kt ès ydt tc prcvkbd t`d dssdgtkej kgvdstndgthjknetd ci rdoujetcry hdrtekgty egb negeodefjd fuskgdss

rksa tc dgsurd tèt e strden ci egtkhkpetdb HDVs ks fega-

efjd hcjjetdrej icr ikgeghkgo spdhkikh prcmdhts. _kt`cut

tèt essureghd, kt ks ejsc ugefjd tc ikgeghd repkb dxpeg-

skcg ci ejrdeby hcnndrhkejjy prcvdg, jdebkgo-dbod

jcwdr herfcg pcwdr egb kgirestruhturd tdh`gcjcokds

(Ikoudrds egb Gdwhcnfd 6<<?).58 R`d tregsehtkcg hcsts

esschketdb wkt` e prcmdht epprceh` ejsc nead kt bkiikhujt

tc tead ebvegteod ci snejj-shejd rdbuhtkcg cppcrtugk-

tkds, dvdg w`dg t`dy erd skogkikhegt kg t`d eoordoetd.

Xdhcgb, bdherfcgkzetkcg ci t`d ady sdhtcrs wkjj gctchhur wkt`cut t`d gdhdssery rdoujetcry irendwcra, egb

tùs iuturd ikgeghkej ndhègksns gddb tc dxpjkhktjy

dghcureod hjknetd-irkdgbjy pcjkhkds. R`d knpcrteghd ci

pcjkhkds ks gct e rdhdgt bkshcvdry. R`d 6<<2 _crjb

Dgdroy Cutjcca pufjks`db fy t`d Kgtdrgetkcgej Dgdroy

Eodghy wergdb tèt ‚ki ocvdrgndgts stkha wkt` t`d

pcjkhkds kg icrhd es ci nkb-6<<2, t`d wcrjb‛s dgdroy

gddbs wkjj fd ejncst 9< pdrhdgt `ko`dr kg 6<8< tèg

t`dy erd gcw,„ (KDE 6<<?) wkt` wdjj ncrd tèg twc-

t`krbs ci t`d prcmdhtdb kghrdesd kg dnksskcgs hcnkgo

ircn bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds. @cwdvdr, ugbdr eg ejtdrge-

tkvd pcjkhy shdgerkc, ojcfej dgdroy trdgbs hcujb

neradbjy knprcvd ‚ki hcugtrkds ercugb t`d wcrjb wdrdtc knpjdndgt e sdt ci pcjkhkds egb ndesurds tèt t`dy

erd hurrdgtjy hcgskbdrkgo cr nko`t rdescgefjy fd

dxpdhtdb tc ebcpt„ (KDE 6<<?). _`kjd kt ks hjder tèt

pcjkhkds erd hrktkhej icr t`d suhhdss ci t`d pcst-6<56

rdoknd, t`dy èvd èb eg dvcjvkgo trdetndgt wkt`kg

t`d HBN.

Ebbktkcgejkty egb t`d kssud ci pdrvdrsd kghdgtkvds

kg t`d HBN

Kg crbdr tc èvd e sufstegtkej knpeht cg t`d O@O

dnksskcgs ci bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds, ndhègksns, suhès t`d HBN, wcujb èvd tc fd efjd tc `djp tregsicrn

cvdrejj bdvdjcpndgt pcjkhkds egb nead t`dn ncrd hjk-

netd irkdgbjy. Cgd knpcrtegt cfstehjd icr eh`kdvkgo

t`ks cfmdhtkvd t`rcuo` t`d HBN ès fddg t`d enfkou-

kty cg `cw tc trdet pcjkhkds wkt` rdspdht tc t`d prcmdht

fesdjkgd. Ki hjknetd-irkdgbjy pcjkhkds tèt èb ejrdeby

fddg eggcughdb fy bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds et t`d tknd ci

prcmdht sufnksskcg erd hcgskbdrdb pert ci t`d fesdjkgd

cr fuskgdss-es-usuej shdgerkc, t`d dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs

tc fd eh`kdvdb fy t`d pctdgtkej prcmdht heg fd bknkg-ks`db tc t`d pckgt ci neakgo t`d prcmdht gcgvkefjd.

_`kjd dgvkrcgndgtej kgtdorkty nust fd nekg-

tekgdb, t`ks ks prcfjdnetkh icr sdvdrej rdescgs. Ikrst,

es eroudb fy @djjdr egb Xùaje (6<<8), fesdjkgd

shdgerkcs erd citdg bkiikhujt tc bdtdrnkgd fdheusd t`dy

`kgod cg e regod ci pcjkhy bdhkskcgs tèt erd gct ydt

suiikhkdgtjy sdttjdb. Es e rdsujt, t`d dxdhutkcg ci t`d

hcrrdspcgbkgo pcjkhkds ks kg negy hesds ughdrtekg egb

cgd hcujb eroud tèt kghjubkgo t`dn kg fesdjkgd

shdgerkcs‒egb tùs iekjkgo tc suppcrt t`dn t`rcuo`

suh` ndhègksns es t`d HBN‒wcujb encugt tcnksskgo eg cppcrtugkty icr prcvkbkgo hrktkhej iurt`dr

kghdgtkvds icr t`d knpjdndgtetkcg ci hjknetd-irkdgbjy

pcjkhkds. Ncrd odgdrejjy, w`drdes negy hjknetd-snert

bdvdjcpndgt pcjkhkds hcujb fd mustkikdb scjdjy cg t`d

fesks ci t`dkr bcndstkh fdgdikts, dxpjkhktjy rdhcogkz-

kgo t`dkr hcgtrkfutkcg tc hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg

hcujb fd usdiuj icr oet`drkgo ebbktkcgej pcjktkhej egb

;6




ikgeghkej suppcrt, egb ujtknetdjy icr rdkgicrhkgo t`dkr

hèghds ci suhhdss.

Et jdest ugtkj 6<<4, t`d ebbktkcgejkty rdqukrdndgts

ci t`d HBN hrdetdb pdrvdrsd kghdgtkvds icr ocvdrg-

ndgts kg `cst hcugtrkds, kg scnd hesds jdebkgo t`dn

tc bdjey t`d kssueghd ci hjknetd-irkdgbjy pcjkhkds (Djjks6<<9). Kg ct`dr wcrbs, hcugtrkds wkt` t`d jdest hjknetd-

irkdgbjy pcjkhkds wdrd knpjkhktjy rdwerbdb, w`kjd t`csd

tèt wdrd ncrd prcehtkvd reg t`d rksa ci èvkgo ncst ci

t`dkr nktkoetkcg prcmdhts dxhjubdb ircn t`d HBN

(Ikoudrds 6<<2). Es e rdsujt, hcugtrkds èb eg kghdgtkvd

tc addp t`dkr hjknetd-irkdgbjy pcjkhkds kg t`d rdejn ci

pjegs egb prcorens egb tc gct tead t`d ebbktkcgej stdp

ci dnfdbbkgo t`dn kgtc t`dkr ciikhkej rdoujetcry

irendwcra. R`ks wes rdpcrtdbjy t`d bdhkskcg nebd fy

Hcjcnfke burkgo 6<<8‘<2, icjjcwkgo hcugtrywkbd

hcgsujtetkcgs ekndb et kbdgtkiykgo pctdgtkej HBNprcmdhts egb jcw-herfcg pcjkhy cptkcgs kg t`d sdhtcrs

ci tregspcrt, dgdroy, egb icrdstry (@kgcstrcze dt ej.

6<<?). Egct`dr dxenpjd, kg t`ks rdoerb, ks Hcste Vkhe‛s

5;;4 rdqukrdndgt tèt prkvetdjy odgdretdb pcwdr stdn

ircn rdgdwefjd scurhds= w`kjd t`ks ndesurd ès hcg-

trkfutdb tc bdherfcgkzkgo t`d hcugtry‛s dgdroy netrkx,

t`d HBN Ndt`cbcjcoy \egdj ès qudstkcgdb t`d

ebbktkcgejkty ci prkvetd `ybrcdjdhtrkh pjegts egb

t`drdfy sdvdrdjy jknktdb Hcste Vkhe‛s pertkhkpetkcg kg

t`d HBN.

52

Icrtugetdjy, kg Gcvdnfdr 6<<4 t`d Dxdhutkvd

Fcerb ci t`d HBN kssudb gdw oukbeghd cg `cw tc

tead kgtc ehhcugt getkcgej pcjkhkds w`dg hejhujetkgo e

HBN prcmdht‛s fesdjkgd, w`kh` tc e jerod dxtdgt djknk-

getdb t`d pdrvdrsd kghdgtkvds icr `cst hcugtrkds tc

ebcpt herfcg-irkdgbjy pcjkhkds. R`d gdw oukbeghd

dxhjubds ircn fesdjkgd shdgerkcs hjknetd-èrniuj

pcjkhkds egb rdoujetkcgs kssudb eitdr t`d ebcptkcg ci

t`d Ayctc \rctchcj kg Bdhdnfdr 5;;?, tùs djknkget-

kgo t`d kghdgtkvd icr `cst hcugtrkds tc kgijetd t`dkr

hjekns icr dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs fy ndegs ci dgehtkgopcjkhkds tèt ievcr ncrd dnksskcg-kgtdgskvd tdh`gcjc-

okds cr iudjs.

Kg ebbktkcg, t`d gdw oukbeghd ejjcws icr t`d dxhju-

skcg ircn fesdjkgd shdgerkcs ci pcjkhkds cr rdoujetkcgs

tèt okvd e hcnperetkvd ebvegteod tc jcwdr-dnksskcg

kgtdgskvd tdh`gcjcokds (icr dxenpjd, t`rcuo` sufskbkds

tc rdgdwefjd dgdroy cr ncrd strkgodgt dgdroy diikhkdghy

stegberbs), prcvkbdb tèt t`dy wdrd dgehtdb eitdr t`d

ebcptkcg ci t`d HBN Ncbejktkds egb \rchdburds kg

Gcvdnfdr 6<<5. R`d kssud, `cwdvdr, ks ier ircn fdkgo

sdttjdb, es t`d eppjkhetkcg ci t`d gdw oukbeghd icr t`d

bdikgktkcg ci fesdjkgd shdgerkcs ney fd ènpdrdb fy

ndt`cbcjcokhej hèjjdgods esschketdb wkt` bksdgteg-ojkgo t`d diidhts ci verkcus pcjkhkds. Ncrdcvdr, es eroudb

fy Djjks (6<<9), t`d gdw oukbeghd dxpjkhktjy ejjcws icr

dkt`dr dxhjuskcg cr kghjuskcg ci rdhdgt pcjkhkds egb

rdoujetkcgs kg fesdjkgd shdgerkcs. Kg sunnery, w`kjd

prcordss ès fddg nebd kg ebbrdsskgo t`d trebd-ciis

reksdb fy t`d ebbktkcgejkty rdqukrdndgt ci t`d HBN,

JHV hcugtrkds gddb tc hjcsdjy ncgktcr bdvdjcpndgts kg

t`ks erde sc es tc nead surd tèt t`d ndhègksn bcds

pjey kts kgtdgbdb rcjd ci suppcrtkgo ncrd hjknetd-

irkdgbjy bdvdjcpndgt pcjkhkds kg t`d rdokcg.

Hjknetd nktkoetkcg egb sustekgefjd bdvdjcpndgt

ugbdr t`d HBN

Bdspktd t`d hcgskbdrefjd rdscurhds hèggdjdb t`rcuo`

t`d HBN tcwerb hjknetd-irkdgbjy prcmdhts kg bdvdjcp-

kgo hcugtrkds, t`drd erd scnd hcghdrgs efcut t`d efkj-

kty ci t`d ndhègksn, ugbdr kts hurrdgt ocvdrgeghd

struhturd, tc hcgtrkfutd tc kts sustekgefjd bdvdjcp-

ndgt cfmdhtkvd. R`d HBN ncbejktkds egb prchdburds

bdikgdb kg t`d 6<<< Nerreadh` Ehhcrbs erd skjdgt

wkt` rdspdht tc t`d hrktdrke icr essdsskgo t`d hcgtrkfu-tkcg ci HBN prcmdhts tc sustekgefjd bdvdjcpndgt

cfmdhtkvds, w`kh` erd tc fd bdikgdb fy deh` ci t`d

BGEs tc fd sdt up fy bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds kg crbdr tc

dvejuetd HBN prcmdhts egb kssud getkcgej epprcvej

jdttdrs. Ircn t`d pckgt ci vkdw ci bdvdjcpkgo hcug-

trkds, t`d jeha ci stegberbkzetkcg ci t`d sustekgefjd

bdvdjcpndgt hrktdrke ney èvd t`d ebvegteod ci nea-

kgo dxpjkhkt t`dkr scvdrdkog rko`t tc bdtdrnkgd t`dkr

bdvdjcpndgt prkcrktkds egb stretdokds. @cwdvdr, t`ks

espdht ci t`d Ehhcrbs ès ejsc knpjkdb e jeha ci kgtdr-

getkcgej oukbeghd cg `cw tc eh`kdvd egb ncgktcr t`dsustekgefjd bdvdjcpndgt cfmdhtkvd ci t`d HBN. Kg

prehtkhd, gct ejj `cst hcugtrkds èvd nebd dxpjkhkt

t`dkr sustekgefjd bdvdjcpndgt hrktdrke icr essdsskgo

HBN prcmdhts, egb encgo t`csd w`c evd dstefjks`db

t`csd hrktdrke t`drd ks hcgskbdrefjd `dtdrcodgdkty wkt`

rdoerb tc t`dkr jdvdj ci strkgodghy. Ncrdcvdr, BGEs

tdgb tc kgtdrprdt t`d rdqukrdndgt tèt HBN prcmdhts

;8




s`cujb djp eh`kdvd sustekgefjd bdvdjcpndgt kg tdrns

ci t`d prcmdht‛s hcgorudghy wkt` t`d dxkstkgo jdoej

irendwcra egb sdhtcrej oukbdjkgds, ncst ci w`kh` erd

gct herfcg irkdgbjy (Ikoudrds 6<<2).

E sdhcgb iugbendgtej wdeagdss ci t`d HBN, kg

tdrns ci kts efkjkty tc prcnctd sustekgefjd bdvdjcp-ndgt, ks rdjetdb, scndwèt krcgkhejjy, tc kts nekg

strdgot` es e ndhègksn tc suppcrt rdbuhtkcgs kg

O@O dnksskcgs, gendjy, t`d ieht tèt kt usds neradt

icrhds tc ejjchetd rdscurhds tc prcmdhts tèt ciidr t`d

jcwdst nktkoetkcg hcsts. Kgbddb, es s`cwg fy Djjks egb

Hcridd-Ncrjct (6<<2) egb Djjks egb Aendj (6<<?),

t`drd ks e ordet verkdty ci prcmdht typds tc rdbuhd O@O

dnksskcgs, egb neradt icrhds geturejjy bkrdht rdscurhds

tc t`csd tèt ciidr jcwdst hcsts egb hepktej rdqukrd-

ndgts, es wdjj es t`d jcwdst peyfeha pdrkcbs egb rksa.

R`d prcfjdn ks tèt t`csd prcmdhts tèt erd ncstettrehtkvd ugbdr t`dsd hrktdrke‒icr dxenpjd, frcwg-

ikdjb ‚dgb-ci-pkpd„ prcmdhts icr @IH, G6C, cr H@2-

rdbuhtkcgs‒erd gct gdhdsserkjy t`csd tèt ciidr jerodr

jchej bdvdjcpndgt fdgdikts. Kg hcgtrest, prcmdhts tèt

bc èvd ncrd knpcrtegt hc-fdgdikts‒kghjubkgo kg

tdrns ci pctdgtkej icr tdh`gcjcoy tregsidr egb rdpjkhe-

fkjkty, suh` es t`csd kg rdgdwefjd dgdroy, dgdroy diik-

hkdghy, egb tregspcrt‒tdgb tc fd ncrd rksay egb

kgvcjvd `ko`dr hcsts egb upircgt kgvdstndgts, w`kh`

neads t`dn jdss ettrehtkvd icr HBN kgvdstcrs.

Ircn prcmdht tc sdhtcrwkbd epprceh`ds=

prcorennetkh HBN

_d rdhejj tèt e iugbendgtej hcghdrg wkt` t`d hur-

rdgt iughtkcgkgo ci t`d HBN ks w`dt`dr kts ichus cg

prcmdht-jdvdj dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs ks suiikhkdgt icr

eh`kdvkgo eg ebdquetd dgoeodndgt ci bdvdjcpkgo hcug-

trkds kg ojcfej nktkoetkcg diicrts. Es eroudb fy Ikoudrds,

@ektds, egb @cyt (6<<4), t`d HBN‛s skgojd prcmdht

epprceh` neads kt ugjkadjy tc ‚hetejyzd t`d prcicugb

egb jestkgo hègods tèt erd gdhdssery kg t`d cvdrejjO@O kgtdgsktkds ci bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds‛ dhcgcnkds.„

E ncrd diidhtkvd epprceh` wcujb dgtekj tregsicrnkgo

t`d fesdjkgds t`dnsdjvds sc es tc nead bdvdjcpndgt

pet`weys ncrd herfcg-irkdgbjy (@djjdr egb Xùaje

6<<8). Kg t`ks hcgtdxt, ret`dr tèg ichuskgo cg ehtkcgs

et t`d prcmdht jdvdj, nktkoetkcg diicrts kg bdvdjcpkgo

hcugtrkds èvd tc s`kit tcwerb prcnctkgo pcjkhy-fesdb

rdicrns ehrcss dgtkrd sdhtcrs‒icr dxenpjd, dgdroy,

tregspcrt, eorkhujturd, egb icrdstry.

Cgd wey ci knpjdndgtkgo suh` sdhtcrwkbd

epprceh`ds ks tc frcebdg t`d neradt ndhègksn tc

kghjubd rdbuhtkcgs cftekgdb fy bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds

w`kjd pursukgo hjknetd-irkdgbjy ‚bdvdjcpndgt-ikrst„pcjkhkds‒gct ugjkad t`d wey kg w`kh` bcndstkh dnks-

skcg rdbuhtkcgs ci kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds erd hcugtdb

tcwerb t`dkr hcnnktndgts ugbdr t`d Ayctc \rctchcj

rdoerbjdss ci t`dkr scurhd. Cgd ikrst knpcrtegt stdp kg

t`ks bkrdhtkcg wes t`d bdhkskcg tc kghjubd prcorens ci

ehtkvktkds kg t`d HBN, teadg kg Bdhdnfdr 6<<4 et t`d

ikrst sdsskcg ci t`d Hcgidrdghd ci t`d \ertkds sdrvkgo es

t`d nddtkgo ci t`d \ertkds tc t`d Ayctc \rctchcj

(HC\/NC\ 5) kg Ncgtrdej. R`d kghjuskcg kg t`d

HBN ci sc-hejjdb prcorennetkh HBN prcmdht ehtkvk-

tkds, ejcgo t`d jkgds ci e prcpcsej nebd fy Ikoudrdsdt ej. (6<<4),54 ès kghrdesdb t`d efkjkty ci t`d HBN

ndhègksn tc suppcrt jcwdr herfcg-bdvdjcpndgt

pet`weys, wkt`cut rdqukrkgo e rdgdoctketkcg ci t`d

feskh erh`ktdhturd ci t`d Ayctc \rctchcj.

R`d bdhkskcg nebd kg Ncgtrdej stetds tèt w`kjd

ocvdrgndgt pcjkhkds, rdoujetkcgs, cr stegberbs t`dn-

sdjvds heggct fd sufnkttdb es HBN prcmdhts, ‚prcmdht

ehtkvktkds ugbdr e prcorennd ci ehtkvktkds„ tèt knpjd-

ndgt e pcjkhy/ndesurd cr stetdb ocej heg fd rdokstdrdb

es e skgojd hjdeg bdvdjcpndgt ndhègksn prcmdht ehtkv-kty. Es eroudb fy Ikoudrds dt ej. (6<<4), t`d bdhkskcg gct

tc kghcrpcretd kgtc t`d HBN t`d ebcptkcg ci e pcjkhy

ktsdji ks mustkikdb wkt`kg t`d hcgstrekgts ci t`d Ner-

readh` Ehhcrbs tèt bdikgd t`d HBN es e prcmdht-fesdb

ndhègksn. Iurt`drncrd, dvdg eitdr fdkgo ciikhkejjy

ebcptdb, ocvdrgndgt pcjkhkds citdgtknds iekj tc fd

knpjdndgtdb, dkt`dr fdheusd ci ikgeghkej cr tdh`gcjcok-

hej ferrkdrs cr t`d ocvdrgndgt‛s iekjurd tc dgicrhd kts

jews egb rdoujetkcgs.

@cwdvdr, t`d HC\/NC\ 5 bdhkskcg bcds cpdg e

bccr‒ejfdkt e snejj cgd‒tc pcjkhkds. Kt stetds tèt ki e pcjkhy ks knpjdndgtdb t`rcuo` e orcup cr prcoren

ci hcghrdtd ehtkvktkds w`csd dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs heg

fd ndesurdb egb vdrkikdb ugbdr t`d rujds ci t`d HBN,

t`d w`cjd prcoren ci ehtkvktkds (\CE), t`dg, heg fd

sufnkttdb es e skgojd prcmdht. Es bdikgdb kg t`d spd-

hkikh oukbeghd kssudb fy t`d HBN DF kg Mugd 6<<?, e

HBN prcoren ci ehtkvktkds heg fd hccrbkgetdb fy e

;2




prkvetd cr pufjkh dgtkty, egb kt ney kgvcjvd t`d knpjd-

ndgtetkcg ci eg ugjknktdb gunfdr ci vcjugtery

ehtkcgs. R`d jettdr nust rdsujt kg dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs,

cr rdncvej ci O@O fy skgas, es hcnperdb tc wèt

wcujb èvd chhurrdb kg t`d efsdghd ci t`d \CE. \rc-

orens stdnnkgo ircn negbetcry ocvdrgndgt pcjk-hkds erd djkokfjd, prcvkbdb tèt t`d \CE kghrdesds kts

jdvdj ci dgicrhdndgt (@kgcstrcze dt ej. 6<<?).

\rcs egb hcgs ci prcorennetkh HBN

Rrebktkcgej HBN ncbejktkds ejrdeby ejjcwdb icr t`d

fugbjkgo ci stegb-ejcgd prcmdhts icr rdokstretkcg pur-

pcsds egb t`d Bdhdnfdr 6<<4 HBN oukbeghd kghcrpc-

retdb t`d pcsskfkjkty ci fugbjkgo jerod-shejd prcmdhts

(Djjks 6<<9). @cwdvdr, w`dg uskgo ‚fugbjkgo„ es e

rdokstretkcg cptkcg, t`d sktds ci ejj prcmdhts èvd tc fd

spdhkikdb dx-egtd egb ejj prcmdhts gddb tc tead pjehd ett`d send pckgt kg tknd (Ikoudrds egb \`kjkps 6<<?).

R`d fugbjkgo epprceh` ks tùs gct wdjj suktdb tc bks-

pdrsdb ehtkvktkds tèt erd t`d rdsujt ci e jerod gunfdr

ci bdhkskcgs nebd cvdr e pdrkcb ci tknd, icr kgsteghd,

fy `cusd`cjbs, ciikhds, cr iehtcrkds kg t`d hcgtdxt ci

dgdroy diikhkdghy kghdgtkvds. Kg pertkhujer, kt ney gct

fd pcsskfjd tc ehhuretdjy prdbkht et t`d cutsdt t`d jdvdj

ci O@O dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs tèt wkjj fd eh`kdvdb

t`rcuo` e pertkhujer pufjkh sdhtcr kghdgtkvd sh`dnd cr

prkvetd kgktketkvd. _`kjd t`ks wcujb gct èvd fddg pcs-skfjd ugbdr trebktkcgej HBN, prcorennetkh HBN

ejjcws icr cpdg-dgbdb rdokstretkcg w`drdfy t`d dgtkty

hccrbkgetkgo t`d prcoren heg ebb sufsdqudgt dnks-

skcg rdbuhtkcgs burkgo t`d buretkcg ci t`d \CE, icr e

pdrkcb ci up tc 60 yders kg t`d hesd ci dgdroy-rdjetdb

prcorens egb 9< yders kg t`d hesd ci eiicrdstetkcg egb

rdicrdstetkcg prcorens. Kg ct`dr wcrbs, w`dg uskgo

prcorennetkh HBN (pHBN), cgd bcds gct gddb tc

spdhkiy dx-egtd ejj t`d hcgstktudgt ehtkvktkds ci e \CE.

Es eroudb fy Ikoudrds dt ej. (6<<4), t`d prcoren-

netkh epprceh` ks dspdhkejjy rdjdvegt kg t`d erdes ci dgdroy diikhkdghy egb icsskj iudj swkth`kgo. Kgbddb, kg

t`dsd erdes t`d bdpjcyndgt ci herfcg-irkdgbjy tdh`-

gcjcokds usuejjy bcds gct chhur cg eg kgbkvkbuej fesks

fut ret`dr fy nujtkpjd hccrbkgetdb ehtkcgs dxdhutdb

cvdr tknd, citdg fy e jerod gunfdr ci `cusd`cjbs

cr ikrns es t`d rdsujt ci e ocvdrgndgt ndesurd cr e

vcjugtery prcoren. Ncrdcvdr, t`d tregsehtkcg hcsts

esschketdb wkt` HBN sufnksskcgs, hcupjdb wkt` t`d

rdjetkvdjy jcw vcjund ci dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs odgdr-

etdb fy deh` kgbkvkbuej ehtkvkty cr prcmdht, wcujb

citdg djknkgetd t`d pcsskfkjkty ci kghcrpcretkgo t`d

snejj kgbkvkbuej stegb-ejcgd prcmdhts kgtc t`d HBN.

@cwdvdr, prcorennetkh sufnksskcgs hcujb ejjcw icrbkjutkgo t`csd tregsehtkcg hcsts ehrcss negy prcmdhts

egb, dvdg kg jdss bdvdjcpdb snejj egb ndbkun hcugtrkds,

tead ebvegteod ci t`d pctdgtkej icr dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs

esschketdb wkt` t`d knpjdndgtetkcg ci getkcgej cr

sdhtcrwkbd prcorens.

Es ci Xdptdnfdr 6<<0, cgjy icur \CEs wdrd kg vej-

kbetkcg= e scjer `cnd systdns prcoren kg Fegojebds`,

ndtègd hepturd kg swkgd ierns kg Frezkj, hcnpeht iju-

crdshdgt jko`ts kg Ndxkhc, egb scjer wetdr `detdrs kg

Xcut` Eirkhe. R`d sjcw uptead ci t`ks gdw rdokstretkcg

cppcrtugkty ks prcfefjy bud tc t`d ieht tèt t`d ncbej-ktkds egb prchdburds erd stkjj gct wdjj ugbdrstccb egb

tc t`d rdtkhdghd ci BCDs tc dgoeod kg \CEs fdheusd ci

e pdrhdptkcg ci ugbud jkefkjkty‒icr dxenpjd, e ider

tèt t`dy wcujb fd `djb rdspcgskfjd icr t`d ‚drrcgdcus

kghjuskcg„ ci prcmdht ehtkvktkds tèt bc gct hcnpjy wkt`

t`d kghjuskcg hrktdrke stkpujetdb kg t`d prcmdht bdskog

bchundgt. Iestdr bdpjcyndgt ci t`d pHBN epprceh`

ney ejsc pckgt tc t`d gddb tc fdttdr ebbrdss hcnpjk-

hetdb ndt`cbcjcokhej kssuds kg t`d hcgtdxt ci pHBN

prcmdhts‒icr dxenpjd, jdeaeod, fesdjkgd, bcufjd-hcugtkgo, egb ncgktcrkgo (Djjks 6<<9). @cwdvdr, cghd

t`d kgktkej ùrbjds erd cvdrhcnd, pHBN wkjj hcgtkgud

tc fd jknktdb kg kts shcpd es jcgo es t`d hurrdgt rdstrkh-

tkcg tc cgd skgojd ndt`cbcjcoy rdnekgs. Kgbddb, t`ks

rdqukrdndgt jknkts t`d pctdgtkej icr suppcrtkgo jerod-

shejd kgktketkvds tèt kgvcjvd systdn wkbd knprcvd-

ndgts tèt ney rdqukrd t`d hcnfkgetkcg ci sdvdrej

HBN ndt`cbcjcokds.

\ctdgtkej icr knpjdndgtkgo prcorennetkh HBN

kg t`d JHV Bdspktd t`dsd bkiikhujtkds, stubkds ugbdrteadg fy t`d

_crjb Fega s`cw tèt t`drd ks e skogkikhegt pctdgtkej

icr bdpjcykgo pHBN prcmdhts kg Jetkg Endrkhe. Kg

\dru, icr kgsteghd, @kgcstrcze dt ej. (6<<?) s`cw tèt

t`d ncst prcnkskgo cptkcgs erd kg dgdroy diikhkdghy kg

t`d pufjkh sdhtcr, snejj jegbikjj prcorens, scjer dgdroy

kg t`d `ko`jegbs, egb kgbustrkej fckjdrs. R`d jettdr

;4




prcmdht, icr kgsteghd, ks dstknetdb tc èvd t`d pctdgtkej

icr odgdretkgo e yderjy O@O dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg ci

ncrd tèg 9<<,<<< tHC6d. Ncrd odgdrejjy, t`d pHBN

epprceh` ejjcws icr bdejkgo wkt` sdvdrej ci t`d cfstehjds

tèt jknkt t`d bdpjcyndgt ci dgdroy diikhkdghy prc-

orens, w`kh` erd hcgskbdrdb t`d skgojd jerodst scurhd ci jcw-hcst pctdgtkej rdbuhtkcgs kg O@O dnksskcg rdbuh-

tkcgs cvdr t`d gdxt bdhebds (K\HH 6<<?). Kg pertkhujer,

dgb-usd dgdroy diikhkdghy knprcvdndgts ehhcugt icr

twc-t`krbs ci dgdroy-rdjetdb efetdndgt pctdgtkejs (DKE

6<<9). Cgd dxenpjd ks t`d hcgvdrskcg ci t`d kgdiikhkdgt

egb hcgtenkgetkgo pufjkh tregspcrtetkcg systdns kg t`d

ndoehktkds ci negy bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds, w`kh` hcujb

fd ehhcnpegkdb fy e rdbuhtkcg kg t`d dxhdsskvd egb

kgdiikhkdgt usd ci prkvetd vd`khjds (Ikoudrds 6<<?).

Encgo t`d ebvegteods ci uskgo pHBN icr sup-

pcrtkgo dgdroy diikhkdghy prcorens ks t`d pcsskfkjktyci ciidrkgo oueregtddb ikgeghkej rdvdgud tc cusd`cjbs

cr fuskgdssds tèt kgvdst kg eppjkeghds cr dqukpndgt

tèt rdbuhd O@O dnksskcgs. R`ks epprceh` heg tùs

`djp cvdrhcnd t`d ‚spjkt kghdgtkvd„ ferrkdr tc dgdroy

diikhkdghy prcorens, w`kh` ks bdrkvdb ircn t`d ieht

tèt t`csd w`c pey icr t`d hcsts ci t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo

tdh`gcjcokds‒icr dxenpjd, jegbjcrbs w`c wegt tc

addp fukjbkgo hcsts es jcw es pcsskfjd‒erd citdg gct

t`d send es t`csd w`c fdgdikt ircn t`dn‒icr dxen-

pjd, tdgegts w`c pey t`d dgdroy fkjjs (Ikoudrds egb\`kjkps 6<<?). Fy uskgo t`d dxpdhtdb rdvdguds ircn

t`d sejd ci HDVs tc fd odgdretdb fy t`d prcoren tc

hcnpdgsetd t`csd w`c pey icr t`d ncrd diikhkdgt tdh`-

gcjcokds‒icr dxenpjd, jegbjcrbs cr bdvdjcpdrs‒t`d

pHBN epprceh` hcujb `djp ejkog t`dkr kghdgtkvds

wkt` t`csd ci t`d usdrs w`c fdgdikt ircn t`d dgdroy

sevkgos. Es e fy-prcbuht, t`d usd ci pHBN kg dgdroy

diikhkdghy prcorens heg hcgtrkfutd tc t`d stegberbkze-

tkcg ci getkcgej prchdburds icr rdpcrtkgo O@O dnks-

skcgs tc BGEs‒stegberbkzetkcg ks e nust okvdg t`d

jerod gunfdr ci pertkhkpegts kg t`csd prcorens‒tùshcgtrkfutkgo tc t`d strdgot`dgkgo ci t`d dgvkrcgndgtej

ocvdrgeghd ci cst hcugtrkds (@kgcstrcze dt ej. 6<<?).

Ircn prcorennetkh HBN tc frcebdr sdhtcrej egb

pcjkhy-fesdb nktkoetkcg

\rcorennetkh HBN ks t`d ikrst cpdgkgo tcwerb

pcjkhy-fesdb egb sdhtcrwkbd dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs kg

bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds. Fy esskogkgo e HDV vejud tc

rdbuhtkcgs eh`kdvdb ugbdr e prcoren ci ehtkvktkds, t`d

rdoknd ks prcvkbkgo t`d ikrst gdhdssery ejfdkt kgsuiik-

hkdgt kghdgtkvd icr bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds tc ebcpt egb

knpjdndgt hjknetd-irkdgbjy pcjkhkds egb ndesurds.

@cwdvdr, kg t`d hcgtdxt ci eg urodgt gddb tc shejd upnktkoetkcg, e ikgeghkej kgstrundgt tèt cpdretds wkt`

ncbejktkds egb prchdburds tèt wdrd bdskogdb wkt` e

prcmdht fy prcmdht jcokh ney gct fd efjd tc jdvdreod

t`d sdhtcrwkbd tregsicrnetkcg tèt ks gdhdssery. Kt ks

pcsskfjd tèt t`d neradt ndhègksn wkjj èvd tc

dvcjvd iurt`dr kg t`d bkrdhtkcg ci ehtkvdjy prcnctkgo

dgefjkgo pcjkhkds tèt wkjj kgijudghd prkvetd kgvdst-

ndgt egb s`kit kgvdstndgt pettdrgs.

\cst-6<56 hjknetd ikgeghd

Cvdr t`d pest idw yders e gunfdr ci prcpcsejs èvddndrodb cg pctdgtkej neradt egb gcgneradt ndhè-

gksns icr t`d pcst-6<56 pdrkcb tèt wcujb sèrd wkt`

t`d HBN t`d buej cfmdhtkvd ci suppcrtkgo sustekg-

efjd jcw-herfcg bdvdjcpndgt egb eh`kdvkgo hjknetd

hègod nktkoetkcg kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds. R`dsd

prcpcsejs èvd dndrodb fct` kg t`d hcgtdxt ci icrnej

gdoctketkcg prchdssds egb es e rdsujt ci t`d jerod

encugt ci rdsderh`, egejysks, egb kgicrnej bkshus-

skcgs cg iuturd rdoknds tèt èvd teadg pjehd burkgo

rdhdgt yders.

59

Rwc pertkhujerjy prcnkskgo orcups ci prcpcsejs dghcnpess t`d sc-hejjdb pcjkhy-fesdb egb

sdhtcrej epprceh`ds.

R`d pcjkhy-fesdb epprceh`

R`ks epprceh` hdgtdrs ercugb prcvkbkgo efetdndgt

iugbkgo tc hcugtrkds tèt ebcpt fkgbkgo cr gcgfkgb-

kgo pcjkhkds, vcjugtery cr negbetcry stegberbs tèt

rdbuhd O@O dnksskcgs, dvdg ki t`dy erd prknerkjy

ekndb et sustekgefjd bdvdjcpndgt cfmdhtkvds. Cg t`d

cgd ègb, bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds wcujb fd dxpdhtdb tc

nead gcgfkgbkgo hcnnktndgts kg t`d icrn ci vcj-ugtery pjdbods ci dkt`dr dnksskcg orcwt` hcgtrcjs‒

icr dxenpjd, es kg e prcpcsej fy t`d Xcut`-Gcrt`

bkejcoud (Ctt dt ej. 6<<2)‒cr kg t`d icrn ci pcjkhkds

tèt t`dy wcujb pjdbod tc knpjdndgt‒suh` es kg

t`d Xustekgefjd Bdvdjcpndgt \cjkhkds egb Ndesurds

(XB-\EN) prcpcsej crkokgejjy suoodstdb fy Feundrt

egb _kgajdr (6<<4).

;9




R`d purpcsd ci XB-\ENs ks tc hepturd t`d pctdg-

tkej hc-fdgdikts ci jchej sustekgefjd bdvdjcpndgt egb

prcnctd t`dn vke t`d nujtkjetdrej hjknetd irend-

wcra. XB-\ENs fehahest ircn t`d bdskrdb iuturd

stetd ci bdvdjcpndgt egb bdikgd ncrd sustekgefjd

(tèt ks, jcwdr dnksskcg) pet`weys tc nddt t`csd bdvdj-cpndgt cfmdhtkvds. R`d ichus ks cg jerod-shejd pcjkhkds

egb ndesurds, gct kgbkvkbuej prcmdhts. Ejt`cuo` hrdb-

ktkgo hcujb fd kghcrpcretdb, typkhejjy t`d XB-\ENs

erd e gcgneradt epprceh` fesdb cg kgtdrgetkcgej

iugbkgo nebd evekjefjd spdhkikhejjy icr t`ks purpcsd.

Bdvdjcpdb hcugtrkds wcujb suppcrt t`d vcjugtery

diicrts ci bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds, fct` ikgeghkejjy egb

t`rcuo` tdh`gcjcoy tregsidrs. XB-\ENs erd wdjj

suktdb icr sdhtcrs tèt erd knpcrtegt icr sustekgefjd

bdvdjcpndgt (dgdroy diikhkdghy, tregspcrt) egb t`csd

tèt èvd negy snejj dnksskcgs scurhds (icr dxenpjd,`cusd`cjbs, fukjbkgos, egb sc icrt`).

Xdvdrej kssuds rdnekg cpdg icr bkshusskcg ugbdr XB-

\ENs= wcujb hcugtrkds fd ejjcwdb tc prcpcsd t`d pcjk-

hkds t`dy h`ccsd, cr wcujb t`drd fd eg djkokfjd jkst ci

pcjkhkds tèt erd suppcrtdb kgtdrgetkcgejjy3 @cw

hjcsdjy wcujb dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs èvd tc fd trehadb

egb rdpcrtdb, pertkhujerjy ki kt ks gct usdb es e neradt

ndhègksn3 Es eroudb fy Hcsfdy dt ej. (6<<?), cgd ci

t`d nekg hcghdrgs wkt` pcjkhy-fesdb epprceh`ds ks t`d

bkiikhujty tc prcvd ebbktkcgejkty. Rc bdej wkt` t`kskssud, spdhkikh hrktdrke wcujb èvd tc fd eorddb upcg tc

bkstkgouks` fdtwddg pcjkhkds tèt wcujb èvd prcfefjy

gct fddg knpjdndgtdb èb kt gct fddg icr t`d suppcrt

ci herfcg ikgeghd. Ejtdrgetkvdjy, t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo

dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs hcujb fd bkshcugtdb tc ehhcugt icr

t`d bkiikhujty kg prcvkgo t`dkr ebbktkcgejkty.

R`d sdhtcrej epprceh`

Crkokgejjy prcpcsdb fy Xenegkdoc egb Ikoudrds

(6<<6), t`d sdhtcrej epprceh` heg fd sddg es eg dxtdg-

skcg ci t`d neradt ndhègksn kg t`d sdgsd tèt kt wcujbewerb HDVs tc bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds tèt cvdreh`kdvd

cg dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg cr kgtdgskty terodts ebcptdb vcj-

ugterkjy icr spdhkikh sdhtcrs.5? R`d crkokgs ci t`d sdh-

tcrej epprceh` erd rdjetdb dkt`dr tc t`d prdvkcusjy

bdshrkfdb jknktetkcgs ci t`d prcmdht-fesdb trebktkcgej

HBN, cr tc hcghdrgs cvdr jdeaeods egb gdoetkvd

hcnpdtktkvdgdss diidhts esschketdb wkt` rdokcgej cr

hcugtry-spdhkikh nktkoetkcg hcnnktndgts (Xewydr

6<<0). Nctkvetdb fy t`d ikrst typd ci hcghdrgs, cgd

vdrskcg ci t`d sdhtcrej epprceh` ichusds cg ugkjetdrej

hcugtry-spdhkikh dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs hcnnktndgts.

Eg dvejuetkcg ci t`ks prcpcsej ichusds cg Xdhtcrej

Gc-Jcsd Rerodts (XGJRs). XGJRs erd e icrn ci gcg-fkgbkgo dnksskcg terodts, ehhcrbkgo tc w`kh` bdvdjcp-

kgo hcugtrkds wcujb vcjugterkjy prcpcsd scnd icrn ci

getkcgej dnksskcg kgtdgskty terodt icr t`d sdhtcr kg quds-

tkcg, cvdr e hcnnktndgt cr ‚negeodndgt„ pdrkcb ci

tknd. R`d terodt wcujb fd fdjcw t`d fuskgdss-es-usuej

prcmdhtkcg egb kt wcujb fd gdoctketdb kgtdrgetkcgejjy.

R`d hcugtry wcujb rdeh` t`d hrdbktkgo fesdjkgd

t`rcuo` bcndstkh diicrts egb wcujb t`dg fd ejjcwdb tc

sdjj egy surpjus dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs eh`kdvdb fdycgb

t`d hrdbktkgo fesdjkgd, fut t`drd wcujb fd gc pdgejty

icr gct eh`kdvkgo tèt fesdjkgd.50

Hcugtrkds wcujb typkhejjy cpt icr sdhtcrej epprceh`ds

w`drd t`drd wes e `ko` bdordd ci ejkogndgt fdtwddg

bcndstkh bdvdjcpndgt prkcrktkds egb hjknetd hègod

negeodndgt. Kg prkghkpjd, hcugtrkds hcujb fd ettrehtdb

tc hcgskbdr XGJRs kg t`csd sdhtcrs icr w`kh` t`dy

sdda skogkikhegtjy shejdb-up prkvetd sdhtcr kgvdstndgt

egb w`drd t`d hurrdgt herfcg ikgeghd tccjs hcujb fd

kgebdquetd. Xcnd jkadjy hegbkbetds erd djdhtrkhkty odg-

dretkcg (ndesurdb kg tcgs HC6d pdr N_` odgdretdb)1

hdndgt, ejunkgun, cr stddj prcbuhtkcg (ndesurdb kgtcgs HC6d pdr tcg prcbuhdb)1 egb ‚upstrden„ dnks-

skcgs ci ckj egb oes prcbuhtkcg‒icr dxenpjd, oes vdgt-

kgo egb ijerkgo‒(ndesurdb kg tcgs HC6d pdr ferrdj ci

ckj bdjkvdrdb tc rdikgdrkds cr dxpcrt iehkjktkds, cr vcjund

ci oes bdjkvdrdb).5;

E sdhcgb vdrskcg ci t`d sdhtcrej epprceh`, nctk-

vetdb fy kgtdrgetkcgej hcnpdtktkvdgdss hcghdrgs, wcujb

kgvcjvd kgtdrgetkcgej eorddndgts ekndb et jdvdjkgo

t`d pjeykgo ikdjb icr spdhkikh kgbustrkds kg crbdr tc

evckb hcnpdtktkvdgdss oekgs fdkgo cftekgdb t`rcuo`

rdoujetcry erfktreod. R`ks ks e spdhkej hcghdrg icr trebd-dxpcsdb dgdroy kgtdgskvd kgbustrkds, suh` es hdndgt,

ejunkgun, egb stddj. Hrdbktkgo hcujb fd hcgskbdrdb

fdtwddg hcnpegkds wkt`kg t`d send kgbustry kg fct`

bdvdjcpdb egb bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds. R`ks typd ci kgk-

tketkvd wcujb gcrnejjy fd kgbustry-jdb egb wcujb ekn

et dgoeokgo e sdhtcr cg e frceb kgtdrgetkcgej fesks. Kt ks

ekndb et kgbustrkej sdhtcrs tèt erd hcghdgtretdb kg idw

;?




hcnpegkds wcrjbwkbd egb tèt erd sc dgdroy kgtdgskvd

tèt t`dy ejcgd rdprdsdgt e skogkikhegt sèrd ci dnks-

skcgs (Dodg`cidr dt ej. 6<<?).6< E hurrdgt dxenpjd ks

t`d Hdndgt Xustekgefkjkty Kgktketkvd (HXK) icrndb

ugbdr t`d euspkhds ci t`d _crjb Fuskgdss Hcughkj icr

Xustekgefjd Bdvdjcpndgt. R`d HXK kgtdgbs tc prcpcsdkgbustry fesdjkgds tc fd gdoctketdb cg e hcugtry jdvdj.

E `cst ci ct`dr hcghdpts kgvcjvkgo nktkoetkcg et

t`d sdhtcrej jdvdj èvd fddg dxpjcrdb (Fcbegsay

6<<21 Fercg egb Djjks 6<<91 Bd Hcgkgha dt ej. 6<<?1

Iksh`dr dt ej. 6<<0). R`d hcnncg ichus ks tc usd t`d

kgtdrgetkcgej rdoknd tc ehhdjdretd t`d bdherfcgkzetkcg

ci e sdhtcr fy ncvkgo ircn gcgrdoujetkcg tc rdouje-

tkcg cr et jdest tc eorddndgts ehrcss t`d sdhtcr. R`drd

erd, `cwdvdr, e gunfdr ci prehtkhej kssuds tèt hcujb

ordetjy hcnpjkhetd t`d knpjdndgtetkcg ci t`d sdhtcrej

epprceh`ds. Dodg`cidr egb Iumkwere (6<<0) dnpè-skzds t`d ieht tèt fdgh`nerakgo ks vdry bete kgtdg-

skvd egb ney gct fd rdejkstkh kg scnd hcugtrkds cr

scnd sdhtcrs. Hcsfdy dt ej. (6<<?) pckgt tc t`d hèj-

jdgod ci gdoctketkgo ebdquetd kgtdrgetkcgej fesdjkgds

tèt tead kgtc ehhcugt getkcgej hkrhunsteghds egb

fejeghd t`d rksa ci irdd-rkbkgo wkt` t`d gddb tc evckb

pdrvdrsd kghdgtkvds tèt rdwerb herfcg-èrniuj pcjk-

hkds. Ncrdcvdr, t`d gdoctketkgo pertkds wcujb èvd tc

eordd cg w`dt`dr bdvdjcpdb hcugtrkds hcujb cr hcujb

gct usd t`dkr hcgtrkfutkcgs tc t`d knpjdndgtetkcg ci sdhtcrej prcorens kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds tcwerb

t`dkr cwg nktkoetkcg hcnnktndgts, egb cg w`dt`dr

jerod bdvdjcpkgo dnkttdrs wcujb fd efjd tc usd t`dkr

sdhtcrej eh`kdvdndgts tcwerb t`dkr cwg pcsskfjd

iuturd nktkoetkcg hcnnktndgts.

Xdhtcrej epprceh`ds ney cgjy nead sdgsd icr

jerodr nkbbjd-kghcnd hcugtrkds wkt` wcrjb-shejd

herfcg kgtdgskvd kgbustrkds w`drd eoordoetkcg ci

rdvdgud pctdgtkej prcvkbds ikgeghkej jdvdreod suiik-

hkdgt tc tregsicrn t`d sdhtcr cvdr e 5< tc 6<-yder

pdrkcb (suh` es t`d krcg egb stddj kgbustry egbhdndgt kgbustrkds kg H`kge egb Kgbke, egb pujp egb

pepdr kgbustry kg Frezkj). @cwdvdr, w`kjd t`d sdh-

tcrej epprceh` ks dxpjkhktjy ndgtkcgdb es eg cptkcg

kg t`d Fejk Ehtkcg \jeg, scnd bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds

èvd dxprdssdb hcghdrg tèt kt hcujb fd usdb es e

‚fehabccr„ stretdoy tc pus` t`dn kgtc fkgbkgo

rdbuhtkcg hcnnktndgts.

Xcnd hcgskbdretkcgs efcut t`d hjknetd

ikgeghd cptkcgs

Kt ks stkjj tcc derjy tc agcw cw t`d verkcus 6<56 hjknetd

ikgeghd cptkcgs wkjj fd bdskogdb, `cw t`dy wkjj rdjetd tc

deh` ct`dr, egb w`dt`dr t`drd wkjj fd bdhkskcgs cg bkiidr-

dgtketdb ehhdss tc t`dn. Et prdsdgt, ncst ci t`d pcjktkhejsuppcrt icr t`d hcgskbdretkcg ci `cw tc struhturd nktk-

oetkcg diicrts ks hcnkgo ircn kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds,

w`kjd bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds erd ncrd hcghdrgdb wkt` t`d

gddb icr rdessureghd tèt epprcprketd egb prdbkhtefjd

hjknetd ikgeghd rdvdguds wkjj fd cg t`d tefjd.

Gct ejj t`d cptkcgs ugbdr hcgskbdretkcg wcujb fd

rdjdvegt icr e neradt-fesdb ndhègksn, fut t`csd tèt

erd hcujb cgjy fd diidhtkvd ki t`drd ks e bdnegb. Okvdg

t`d suppjy ci hrdbkts ejrdeby prcspdhtkvdjy kg t`d

pkpdjkgd ircn dxkstkgo HBN prcmdhts, bdnegb ircn t`d

DT-DRX \èsd KKK (6<58‘6<) prcvkbds jknktdb dxtrebdnegb, dvdg ki t`d Durcpdeg Tgkcg teads cg t`d 8<

pdrhdgt dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg terodt kt ès prcpcsdb icr

6<6< ki e hcnprd`dgskvd nujtkjetdrej eorddndgt ks

rdeh`db. Kg crbdr tc strdgot`dg bdnegb, enfktkcus

rdbuhtkcg terodts ci ejj kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds erd

gddbdb, w`kh` ks cgjy hcgskstdgt wkt` t`d shkdghd-fesdb

hejjs icr skogkikhegt ojcfej dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs fy 6<6<.

Cg t`d suppjy skbd, t`d HBN prchdss gddbs tc fd

heutkcus efcut t`d eutcnetkh rdgdwej ci prcmdhts tèt

èvd ejrdeby prcbuhdb jerod vcjunds ci hrdbkts, suh` es

t`d `ybrcijcurcherfcg (@IH) bdstruhtkcg prcmdhts.

_kt` t`d fuja ci kgbustrkej oesds gcw djknkgetdb fy

tdh`gkhejjy scugb egb hcst-diidhtkvd ndegs, bdvdjcpkgo

hcugtrkds hcujb fd dxpdhtdb tc rdqukrd t`dkr hcgtkgudb

djknkgetkcg es e prcbuhtkcg stegberb.65 Hcgtkgudb djk-

okfkjkty icr kgbustrkej oesds es e hcnpjkeghd essdt wcujb

dxehdrfetd dxkstkgo fkesds kg herfcg ikgeghd ijcws tc

nkbbjd kghcnd kgbustrkejkzkgo-hcugtrkds egb bkvdrt

hepktej ewey ircn bdherfcgkzkgo t`dkr dgdroy suppjy

egb kgirestruhturd.

Ikgejjy, dvdg ki suhhdssiujjy gdoctketdb, kt ks `ko`jyugjkadjy tèt egy ci t`d hjknetd ikgeghd epprceh`ds

bdshrkfdb prdvkcusjy wkjj bdjkvdr, cg t`dkr cwg, t`d

gddbdb nktkoetkcg vcjunds kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds,

okvdg t`d bkiidrdgt getkcgej hkrhunsteghds egb t`d

verkdty ci sdhtcrs tèt hcujb eh`kdvd dnksskcg rdbuh-

tkcgs. Kt ks ncrd prcfefjd tèt hcugtrkds wkjj èvd tc

usd scnd hcnfkgetkcg ci t`dsd, terodtkgo deh` tc t`d

;0




ncrd epprcprketd getkcgej rdejktkds egb typds ci nktk-

oetkcg ehtkvktkds, t`drdfy eh`kdvkgo e nutuejjy rdkg-

icrhkgo diidht.

Xpdhkikh hèjjdgods esschketdb wkt` rdbuhkgo

bdicrdstetkcg

Vdbuhkgo bdicrdstetkcg ney fd cgd ci t`csd typds ci

nktkoetkcg ehtkvktkds tèt rdqukrd spdhkej hcgskbdre-

tkcg. R`d ikrst hcnnktndgt pdrkcb ci t`d Ayctc \rc-

tchcj bkb gct kghjubd rdbuhdb dnksskcgs eh`kdvdb fy

ndegs ci evckbdb bdicrdstetkcg. R`ks wes bud kg pert

tc hcghdrgs cvdr tdh`gkhej kssuds, kghjubkgo wkt`

rdoerb tc fesdjkgd sdttkgo egb ncgktcrkgo‒tèt ks, tc

dgsurd t`d ebbktkcgejkty egb pdrnegdghd ci dnksskcg

rdbuhtkcgs‒egb wkt` rdspdht tc jdeaeods‒tèt ks,

t`d rksa tèt evckbdb bdicrdstetkcg kg scnd pjehds

hcujb fd hcnpdgsetdb fy kghrdesds kg ct`drs (Xh`je-nebkgodr dt ej. (6<<?). Ncrdcvdr, et t`d tknd t`drd

wdrd ejsc hcghdrgs wkt` e pcsskfjd trebd-cii fdtwddg

t`d usd ci t`ks pctdgtkejjy jcw-hcst nktkoetkcg cptkcg

egb t`d knpjdndgtetkcg ci bcndstkh dnksskcg rdbuh-

tkcgs kg Eggdx K hcugtrkds (Xewydr 6<<0). Ncrd rdhdgt

kgtdrgetkcgej gdoctketkcgs, `cwdvdr, èvd ncvdb

tcwerb rdhcogkzkgo bdhrdesds kg bdicrdstetkcg ircn e

prddstefjks`db fesdjkgd es odgdretkgo hrdbkts egb/cr

hcnpdgsetkcgs kg e pcst-6<56 rdoknd. Kg pertkhujer,

t`d Fejk Ehtkcg \jeg dxpjkhktjy hejjs icr ebbrdsskgo

‚pcjkhy epprceh`ds egb pcsktkvd kghdgtkvds cg kssuds

rdjetkgo tc rdbuhkgo dnksskcgs ircn bdicrdstetkcg egb

icrdst bdorebetkcg kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds.„

E hcghdptuej irendwcra icr rdbuhkgo bdicrdstetkcg

retds kg t`d Frezkjkeg Enezcg ès fddg prcpcsdb fy

Gdpsteb dt ej. (6<<?). Kg t`dkr prcpcsej, ikgeghkej kghdg-

tkvds wcujb fd usdb tc pertkejjy hcnpdgsetd icrdst-

fesdb jchej pcpujetkcgs‒icr dxenpjd, kgbkodgcus

orcups, trebktkcgej rurej pcpujetkcgs, egb scnd snejj

jegb`cjbdrs‒egb jdoej prkvetd jegb`cjbdrs, rdspdh-

tkvdjy icr t`dkr ‚icrdst stdwerbs`kp„ rcjd egb icrdst hcg-sdrvetkcg diicrts. Ncrdcvdr, e ‚ocvdrgndgt iugb„ wcujb

fd gddbdb kg crbdr tc hcnpdgsetd t`d ocvdrgndgt icr

dxpdgbkturds efcvd egb fdycgb hurrdgt cutjeys, kghjub-

kgo icr t`d negeodndgt ci pufjkh icrdsts, t`d prcvkskcg

ci sdrvkhds tc jchej pcpujetkcgs, egb t`d ncgktcrkgo ci

prkvetd icrdsts (kghjubkgo dxpegbdb dgvkrcgndgtej

jkhdgskgo). Cvdr e 8<-yder pdrkcb, t`d bdicrdstdb erde

wcujb fd 2;<,<<< an6

snejjdr egb evckbdb dnksskcgs

wcujb fd 9.8 fkjjkcg tcgs ci herfcg jcwdr tèg kg e

fuskgdss-es-usuej shdgerkc dstknetdb fy Xcerds-Ikj`c

dt ej. (6<<9).66 R`d cvdrejj hcst ci suh` e prcoren

wcujb fd efcut TX$0.6 fkjjkcg, cr efcut TX$5.8 pdr

tcg ci evckbdb herfcg dnksskcgs.@cw bcds t`ks hcnperd tc t`d cppcrtugkty hcst ci

nekgtekgkgo t`d Enezcg icrdst kgstdeb ci swkth`kgo tc

ct`dr pcsskfjd jegb usds, suh` es eorkhujturd egb hettjd

regh`kgo3 Gdpsteb dt ej. (6<<?) dstknetd tèt prdsdrv-

kgo t`d rdnekgkgo icrdsts ci t`d Frezkjkeg Enezcg‒

8.8 nkjjkcg an6 egb 2? fkjjkcg tcgs ci herfcg‒wcujb

èvd eg cppcrtugkty hcst ci TX$64? fkjjkcg. R`ks

knpjkds eg cppcrtugkty hcst ci evckbkgo dnksskcgs ircn

bdicrdstetkcg ci efcut TX$4.4 pdr tcg ci herfcg. Kt

nust fd gctdb, `cwdvdr, tèt kg 9 pdrhdgt ci t`d tctej

erde ugbdr stuby, t`d cppcrtugkty hcst ci icrdst nekgtd-

geghd ks dstknetdb tc fd efcut 5? tknds `ko`dr tèg kg

t`d rdnekgkgo ;2 pdrhdgt. Dxhjubkgo t`ks erde, w`kh`

ks jchetdb hjcsdr tc t`d eorkhujturej ircgtkdr, t`d cppcr-

tugkty hcst ci evckbkgo dnksskcgs t`rcuo` icrdst nekg-

tdgeghd wcujb fd efcut TX$6.0 pdr tcg ci herfcg, cr

efcut TX$50 fkjjkcg icr t`d dnksskcgs tèt wcujb fd

evckbdb t`rcuo` t`d prdvkcusjy bdshrkfdb VDBB prc-

oren (efcut 9 fkjjkcg tcgs ci herfcg). Es eroudb fy

Gdpsteb dt ej. (6<<?), pert ci t`d bkiidrdghd fdtwddg

t`d dstknetdb hcst ci t`dkr VDBB prcoren egb t`dcppcrtugkty hcst ci t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo evckbdb dnks-

skcgs hcujb fd bknkgks`db fy t`d hcgskbdretkcg ci t`d

sufstegtkej fdgdikts tèt evckbkgo bdicrdstetkcg hcujb

frkgo tc Frezkjkeg schkdty‒fdycgb t`d nktkoetkcg ci

hjknetd hègod.

Kg t`d hcgtdxt ci t`d hjknetd gdoctketkcgs sdvdrej

bkiidrdgt prcpcsejs èvd dndrodb cvdr rdhdgt yders

wkt` rdoerb tc pcsskfjd ojcfej irendwcras icr rdbuh-

kgo dnksskcgs ircn bdicrdstetkcg egb icrdst bdorebe-

tkcg. \drèps t`d nekg bkstkghtkcg fdtwddg t`d

verkcus prcpcsejs ks w`dt`dr bdvdjcpdb hcugtrkds

wcujb fd ejjcwdb tc oekg hrdbkts icr t`dkr pcsskfjd

hcgtrkfutkcgs tc VDBB diicrts kg t`d bdvdjcpkgo

wcrjb. Tskgo t`ks epprceh`, Hcste Vkhe egb \epue

Gdw Oukgde evd prcpcsdb tc kghcrpcretd VDBB kgtc

t`d HBN, tùs ejjcwkgo icr t`d pcsskfkjkty ci kssukgo

hrdbkts tc prcmdhts cr prcorens tèt rdbuhd bdicrdste-

tkcg wkt` rdspdht tc scnd dstefjks`db fesdjkgd.

;;




Frezkj, cg t`d ct`dr ègb, ès dstefjks`db e spdhkikh

‚gcgneradt„ iugb bdbkhetdb tc VDBB. R`d Rrcpkhej

Icrdst Iugb wkjj hèggdj hcgtrkfutkcgs ircn Eggdx K

hcugtrkds kgtc ehtkvktkds tèt rdbuhd trcpkhej bdicrdste-

tkcg, fut rdbuhtkcgs eh`kdvdb wcujb gct hcugt tcwerb

Eggdx K nktkoetkcg hcnnktndgts. R`d iugb wkjjewerb ikgeghkej kghdgtkvds, dkt`dr kg t`d icrn ci pey-

ndgts, tdh`gcjcoy tregsidr, cr hepehkty fukjbkgo, tc

hcugtrkds tèt jcwdr t`dkr bdicrdstetkcg retds fdjcw eg

dstefjks`db fesdjkgd retd. R`drd wcujb fd gc pdgejtkds

icr gct nddtkgo t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo ocejs, ejt`cuo`

iekjkgo tc bc sc hcujb hcugt eoekgst iuturd rdbuhtkcgs

fdjcw t`d fesdjkgd (Xewydr 6<<0). R`d iugb `cpds tc

rdhdkvd bcgetkcgs kg t`d crbdr ci TX$65 fkjjkcg fy

6<65. Gcrwey ès ejrdeby pjdbodb TX$5 fkjjkcg tc t`d

iugb. Ct`dr prcpcsejs èvd hcnfkgdb espdhts ci fct`

neradt-crkdgtdb egb iugb-fesdb ejtdrgetkvds. Kg ejjprcpcsejs, t`d rdscurhds ejjchetdb tc rdbuhkgo bdicrdste-

tkcg erd tc scnd dxtdgt tregsicrndb kgtc ikgeghkej

kghdgtkvds pdr evckbdb tcg ci HC6. @cwdvdr, es gctdb

fy Xtressfuro dt ej. (6<<0), kg crbdr icr t`csd ikgeghkej

kghdgtkvds tc fd diidhtkvd kg ebbrdsskgo t`d jchej brkvdrs

ci bdicrdstetkcg, egb fdheusd ci scvdrdkogty kssuds, t`d

kgtregetkcgej bkstrkfutkcg ci t`d rdscurhds tc fd ejjc-

hetdb tc rdbuhkgo bdicrdstetkcg gddbs tc fd bdhkbdb et

t`d hcugtry jdvdj egb ks ugjkadjy tc fd kghjubdb kg

kgtdrgetkcgej VDBB ndhègksns.

Gctds5. O-0 ks t`d orcup ci jdebkgo dhcgcnkds, w`kh` kghjubds

Hegebe, Ireghd, Odrnegy, Ktejy, Mepeg, Vusske, t`d Tgktdb

Akgobcn, egb t`d Tgktdb Xtetds.

6. R`d tremdhtcry s`cwg hcvdrs HC6 dnksskcgs cgjy, kghjub-

kgo epprcxknetdjy 5.4 OtH ci dnksskcgs ircn jegb usd kg gcg-

Eggdx K hcugtrkds kg 6<<< (gctd tèt deh` tcg ci herfcg

hcrrdspcgbs tc efcut 8.? tcgs ci HC6). R`d rebketkvd icrhkgo

ircn gcg-HC6 oesds ks essundb tc bdhjkgd fy efcut 4< pdrhdgt

fy nkb-hdgtury.

8. Gctd, `cwdvdr, tèt dvdg icr t`ks rdjetkvdjy hcgsdrvetkvdterodt, `ko`dr retds ci wernkgo heggct fd dxhjubdb. R`d jdvdj

ci dxpdhtdb wernkgo kg t`d `ypct`dsks ci nddtkgo t`ks terodt

rksds ircn 8˝H tc 2.;˝H w`dg uskgo `ko` dgb‒kgstdeb ci

ncbd‒dstknetds icr t`d sc-hejjdb ‚hjknetd sdgsktkvkty„ perend-

tdr, w`kh` ndesurds t`d dxpdhtdb wernkgo esschketdb wkt` e

bcufjkgo ci O@O hcghdgtretkcgs. Xtdrg (6<<0), icr kgsteghd,

uskgo e vdry sknkjer terodt ci 44< HC6d ppn, rdpcrts e ? pdrhdgt

prcfefkjkty ci tdnpdreturd kghrdesds efcvd 4˝H, w`kh` hcujb

pctdgtkejjy jdeb tc t`d ndjtkgo ci ncst ci t`d wcrjb‛s khd egb

sgcw, es wdjj es tc sde jdvdj rksds ci 5< ndtdrs cr ncrd, egb jcssds

ci ncrd tèg 4< pdrhdgt ci hurrdgt spdhkds.

2. Gctd, `cwdvdr, tèt t`drd ks e skzefjd bdordd ci `dtdrc-

odgdkty wkt`kg fct` orcups ci hcugtrkds. Mepeg egb ncst ci

Durcpd, icr kgsteghd, èvd dnksskcgs ci efcut 5< tc 56 tHC6d

pdr hepkte, w`kjd t`d Tgktdb Xtetds egb Hegebe dnkt efcuttwkhd es nuh`. Xknkjerjy, w`kjd Kgbke‛s pdr hepkte dnksskcgs erd

fdjcw 6 tHC6d, H`kge‛s erd hjcsd tc 4 tHC6d.

4. Bete erd ircn _VK (6<<0)= `ttp=//hekt.wrk.cro/hekt.p`p

(Xdptdnfdr ;, 6<<0).

9. R`dsd hcujb fd hcnpjdndgtdb wkt` ocvdrgndgt rdouje-

tkcgs ekndb et ebbrdsskgo verkcus typds ci neradt iekjurds tèt

ney jknkt t`d bkiiuskcg ci jcw-herfcg tdh`gcjcokds‒icr dxen-

pjd, jeha ci kgicrnetkcg, hrdbkt hcgstrekgts, cr t`d prdsdghd ci

spjkt kghdgtkvds.

?. TGIHHH (6<<?), Kgvdstndgt egb Ikgeghkej Ijcws tc Ebbrdss

Hjknetd Hègod.

0. Eg eorddndgt wcujb ejsc fd gddbdb cg w`dt`dr tc jccacgjy et hunujetkvd pdr hepkte dnksskcgs cr, ejtdrgetkvdjy, tc ejsc

hcgskbdr tctej efscjutd jdvdjs ci dnksskcgs. R`d jettdr hcujb fd

pertkhujerjy rdjdvegt kg t`d hcgtdxt ci strkgodgt stefkjkzetkcg

terodts, w`kh` wcujb rdqukrd e strcgo kgvcjvdndgt ci t`d

wcrjb‛s jerodst dnkttkgo getkcgs, rdoerbjdss ci t`dkr jdvdj ci

bdvdjcpndgt (Djjks 6<<9).

;. Ikoudrds, H. 6<<2. ‚Kgstktutkcgej Hepehkty tc Kgtdoretd

Dhcgcnkh Bdvdjcpndgt egb Hjknetd Hègod Hcgskbdretkcgs=

Eg Essdssndgt ci BGEs kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg.„

Kgtdr-Endrkheg Bdvdjcpndgt Fega.

5<. Kg tdrns ci wernkgo pctdgtkej, 5 tcg ci @IH ks dqukve-

jdgt tc 55?,<<< tcgs ci HC6.

55. Hurrdgtjy t`d Durcpdeg Tgkcg (DT), t`d nekg fuydr kg

t`d neradt, rdqukrds tèt HDVs bdrkvdb ircn `ybrcpcwdr prc-

mdhts ordetdr tèg 6< N_ nust hcnpjy wkt` t`d oukbdjkgds ci

t`d _crjb Hcnnksskcg cg Bens (_HB), w`kh` ebbs hcn-

pjdxkty tc prcmdht rdokstretkcg egb prehtkhejjy prdvdgts t`d rdo-

kstretkcg ci t`csd prcmdhts. Rùs t`d kghjuskcg ci jerod

`ybrcpcwdr prcmdhts kg t`d HBN ès fddg jknktdb tc ncstjy

snejjdr-skzd pjegts. @cwdvdr, Eggdx K BGEs erd scvdrdkog

w`kjd eppjykgo kts cwg hrktdrke cg w`dt`dr cr gct e okvdg

`ybrcpcwdr prcmdht hcnpjkds wkt` t`d _HB. Kg eg diicrt tc

frkgo cncodgdkty tc _HB hcnpjkeghd hrktdrke icr HBN prc-

mdhts, t`d DT Hcnnksskcg icrdsdds t`d iuturd kgtrcbuhtkcg ci

eg DT oukbdjkgd cg t`ks nettdr.56. Ikoudrds (6<<9).

58. Ikoudrds egb Gdwhcnfd (6<<?).

52. Xknkjerjy, t`d crkokgej kgtdrprdtetkcg ci t`d Nerreadh`

Ehhcrbs jdb HBN stead`cjbdrs tc fdjkdvd tèt ki e hcugtry

kssuds rdoujetkcgs tc tcuo`dg dgdroy diikhkdghy stegberbs, prc-

mdhts ekndb et uporebkgo dxkstkgo tdh`gcjcokds tc nddt t`d gdw

stegberbs hcujb gct fd djkokfjd icr HBN ikgeghkgo. Es e rdsujt,

hcugtrkds hcujb èvd eg kghdgtkvd tc addp t`dkr hjknetd-irkdgbjy

5<<




pcjkhkds kg t`d rdejn ci pjegs egb prcorens, egb tc gct tead t`d

ebbktkcgej stdp ci dnfdbbkgo t`dn kgtc t`dkr ciikhkej rdouje-

tcry irendwcra. R`ks wes rdpcrtdbjy t`d bdhkskcg nebd fy

Hcjcnfke burkgo 6<<8‘<2, icjjcwkgo hcugtrywkbd hcgsujte-

tkcgs ekndb et kbdgtkiykgo pctdgtkej HBN prcmdhts egb jcw-

herfcg pcjkhy cptkcgs kg t`d sdhtcrs ci tregspcrt, dgdroy, egb

icrdstry (@kgcstrcze dt ej. 6<<?).54. Encgo t`d verkcus prdhdbdgts tc t`dkr prcpcsej, Ikoudrds

dt ej. (6<<4) ndgtkcg t`d ‚sdhtcrej epprceh`„ prcpcsdb fy

Xenegkdoc egb Ikoudrds (6<<6), t`d ‚prcorennetkh hrdbktkgo

ndhègksn„ prcpcsdb fy Fcbegsay (6<<2), egb t`d ‚pcjkhy-

fesdb„ ndhègksns prcpcsdb fy Hcsfdy dt ej. (6<<4) egb Xtdra

egb _kttgdfdg (6<<9).

59. Hcsfdy dt ej. (6<<?) bdshrkfd 22 prcpcsejs tèt èvd fddg

nebd wkt`kg egb cutskbd ci icrnej TGIHHH prchdssds. Rùs,

scnd ci t`csd prcpcsejs èvd hcnd icrwerb kg t`d hcgtdxt ci icr-

nej gdoctketkcgs tèt erd teakgo pjehd fct` ugbdr t`d Ayctc

\rctchcj, cg pcsskfjd iuturd hcnnktndgts fdycgb 6<56‒t`d

‚\rctchcj treha„‒egb kg t`d hcgtdxt ci e gcgfkgbkgo bkejcoudcg hccpdretkvd ehtkcgs tc ebbrdss hjknetd hègod fy dgèghkgo

t`d knpjdndgtetkcg ci t`d TGIHHH‒t`d ‚Hcgvdgtkcg Rreha„

(Ikoudrds 6<<?).

5?. Xdd ejsc Fcbegsay (6<<2), Fcsk egb Djjks (6<<4),

Ikoudrds dt ej. (6<<4), Xh`nkbt dt ej. (6<<2), Hcsfdy dt ej.

(6<<4), egb Xtdra egb _kttgdfdg (6<<9). R`d kgtdrdst kg t`ks

epprceh` pdrndetdb t`d pcjktkhej sp`drds wkt` t`d 6<<4 CDHB

`ko`-jdvdj rcugbtefjd cg tregsgetkcgej sdhtcrej eorddndgts icr

hjknetd pcjkhy, t`d O-0 Ojdgdeojds \jeg ci Ehtkcg, egb t`d

Nemcr Dhcgcnkds Nddtkgos.

50. Rwc verketkcgs ci t`d XGJRs hcghdpt èvd dndrodb, cgd

fy t`d Hdgtdr icr Hjdeg Ekr \cjkhy (HHE\) egb t`d ct`dr fy

Dhciys/OtrkpjdH. Cg t`d cgd ègb, kg t`d HHE\ vdrskcg, kgtdr-

getkcgej fdgh`neras wcujb fd ideturdb dxpjkhktjy es e gdoctke-

tkcg perendtdr, tèt ks, tc brew jkgas wkt` t`d pdricrneghd ci

t`dsd sdhtcrs kg kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds icr hcnpdtktkvdgdss

rdescgs. Xdd Xh`nkbt dt ej. (6<<9) egb Hdgtdr icr Hjdeg Ekr

\cjkhy, Kgtdrgetkcgej Iuturd Ehtkcgs Bkejcoud, Euoust 6<<9.

Dhciys/OtrkpjdH, cg t`d ct`dr ègb, èvd bdvdjcpdb sdhtcrej

prcpcsej tdnpjetds, t`d purpcsd ci w`kh` ks tc prcvkbd e steg-

berbkzdb tccj fy w`kh` hcugtrkds heg prdperd egb prcpcsd

hrdbktkgo fesdjkgds wkt`cut rdidrrkgo tc kgtdrgetkcgej fdgh`-neras. Xdd www.sdhtcrej.cro.

5;. _erb (6<<0). \rcpcgdgts ci t`d XGJR ndhègksn

eroud tèt hrdbktkgo-fesdjkgds fd gdoctketdb et t`d send tknd

es Eggdx K hcugtry terodts icr pcst-6<56 erd fdkgo eorddb

upcg, sc ebbktkcgejkty wcujb gc jcgodr gddb tc fd eg kssud es kt

ks gct icr ehtkcgs teadg fy kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds tèt èvd

dnksskcg-rdbuhtkcg terodts. R`ks bkstkgouks`kgo ideturd ci

XGJRs ks kts nemcr strdgot` egb et t`d send tknd kts iugbe-

ndgtej brewfeha. R`d efsdghd ci t`d ebbktkcgejkty hrktdrkcg

suoodsts kt nko`t èvd t`d pctdgtkej icr shejkgo-up kgvdst-

ndgts, et jdest kg t`d epprcprketd sdhtcrs. @cwdvdr, t`d hrktkhej

prdrdquksktd icr bete egb prdperdb kgstktutkcgs hcujb ndeg tètprcpcsejs icr XGJRs icr scnd ady sdhtcrs kg scnd bdvdjcpkgo

hcugtrkds wkjj gct fd suiikhkdgtjy bdvdjcpdb et t`d tknd kt ks

dxpdhtdb tèt kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds‛ terodts s`cujb fd eorddb

upcg. Ki t`ks wdrd tc fd t`d hesd, kt wcujb sdvdrdjy hurtekj t`d

pctdgtkej knpeht ci XGJRs.

6<. Dodg`cidr dt ej. (6<<?).

65. Kg t`d hesd ci snejjdr dhcgcnkds tèt stkjj èvd suh`

iehkjktkds, t`d CDHB hcujb hcgskbdr e oregt prcoren tc

dgsurd tèt t`dy èvd t`d kghrdndgtej iugbs tc kgstejj t`d

rdqukrdb hetejysts egb kghkgdretkcg dqukpndgt egb cpdretd

t`ks es pdr t`d Nujtkjetdrej Iugb icr \èsdcut ci Czcgd

Bdpjdtkgo Xufsteghds.

66. Es pdr t`d dstknetds ci Xcerds-Ikj`c dt ej. (6<<9), hurrdgt

trdgbs kg eorkhujturej dxpegskcg wcujb jdeb tc t`d djknkgetkcg

ci 2< pdrhdgt ci Enezcg icrdsts fy 6<4<.

5<5






R`d JHV ès eg enpjd hjknetd nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej

wektkgo tc fd ugjchadb t`rcuo` kghrdesds kg dgdroy

diikhkdghy egb t`d bdpjcyndgt ci jcw-herfcg tdh`gcjc-

okds kg t`d erdes ci dgdroy egb jegb usd. Es eroudb kg t`d

prdvkcus hèptdr, eg dxpegbdb hjknetd ikgeghd erh`ktdh-

turd hcujb pctdgtkejjy pjey e hrktkhej rcjd kg dgsurkgotèt t`d rdokcg‛s nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej ks dxpjcktdb kg e

wey tèt ks fct` dquktefjd egb diikhkdgt. Kg crbdr tc tead

iujj ebvegteod ci t`ks pctdgtkej, `cwdvdr, kgtdrgetkcgej

tregsidrs ci tdh`gcjcoy egb ikgeghkej rdscurhds icr

nktkoetkcg wkjj èvd tc fd hcnpjdndgtdb wkt` epprc-

prketd hjknetd-irkdgbjy bcndstkh bdvdjcpndgt pcjkhkds.

Dxpjcrkgo t`d spdhkikh nktkoetkcg tdh`gcjcokds egb

hcrrdspcgbkgo pcjkhy cptkcgs evekjefjd tc JHV hcugtrkds

ks t`d cfmdhtkvd ci t`d gdxt hèptdr. Es e prdenfjd tc

tèt bkshusskcg, t`ks hèptdr neps t`d ugkqud hcnpcsk-

tkcg egb dvcjutkcg ci t`d JHV‛s O@O dnksskcgs.

Jetkg Endrkhe ks e rdjetkvdjy nkgcr scurhd ci dgdroy-

rdjetdb O@O dnksskcgs ircn t`d furgkgo ci icsskj iudjs

fut e skogkikhegt scurhd ci O@O dnksskcgs ircn jegb-

usd hègod. R`d JHV‛s bkstkghtkvd hèrehtdrkstkhs sdt kt

epert ircn t`d rdst ci t`d wcrjb. Kgbddb, t`d hcnpcsk-

tkcg ci kts O@O dnksskcgs ks ugkqud, fct` wkt` rdspdht

tc CDHB hcugtrkds egb tc t`d rdst ci t`d bdvdjcpkgo

wcrjb. Ikrst, t`d JHV ès bksprcpcrtkcgetdjy `ko`

dnksskcgs ircn jegb usd, jegb-usd hègod, egb icrdstry

(JTJTHI). Xdhcgb, t`d JHV ès e rdjetkvdjy jcw sèrdci dnksskcgs rdjetdb tc dgdroy suppjy.

Ks t`d JHV \ert ci t`d \rcfjdn3 R`d

Vdokcg‛s Xèrd ci Ojcfej O@O Dnksskcgs

Jetkg Endrkhe ks e rdjetkvdjy nkgcr scurhd ci dgdroy-

rdjetdb HC6 dnksskcgs fut e skogkikhegt scurhd ci HC6

dnksskcgs ircn jegb-usd hègod egb ci gcg-HC6 O@O

dnksskcgs. Efcut ?< pdrhdgt ci t`d jettdr erd rdjetdb tc

eorkhujturd, wkt` t`d rdnekgkgo esschketdb wkt` westd

egb kgbustrkej ehtkvktkds. Kg pertkhujer, bdspktd èvkgo

efcut 0.4 pdrhdgt ci t`d wcrjb‛s pcpujetkcg egb OB\,

kg 6<<< t`d JHV ehhcugtdb icr cgjy 4.9 pdrhdgt ci

ojcfej dgdroy-rdjetdb HC6 dnksskcgs (ikourd 4.5). Kghcgtrest, t`d JHV‛s sèrd ci ojcfej dnksskcgs ircn

jegb-usd hègod encugtdb tc 85 pdrhdgt egb tèt ci

gcg-HC6 dnksskcgs tc 54.2 pdrhdgt. _`dg ejj O@O

dnksskcgs erd hcgskbdrdb‒kghjubkgo t`csd ircn jegb-

usd hègod‒t`d JHV‛s sèrd ci ojcfej O@O dnksskcgs

rdeh`ds 56.4 pdrhdgt.

_`dg ichuskgo cgjy cg t`d dnksskcgs ci bdvdjcpkgo

hcugtrkds, t`d JHV ehhcugts icr 66 pdrhdgt ci t`d tctej

ijcw ci O@O dnksskcgs, 52 pdrhdgt ci dgdroy-rdjetdb

HC6 dnksskcgs, egb 8< pdrhdgt ci HC6 dnksskcgs ircn

jegb-usd hègod (ikourd 4.6). Kg ejj hesds, t`d JHV‛s

tctej dnksskcgs erd fdjcw t`csd ci Dest Eske. @cwdvdr,

t`dy erd efcvd t`csd ci t`d bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds ci

Durcpd egb Hdgtrej Eske, t`d Nkbbjd Dest egb Gcrt`

Eirkhe, Xcut` Eske, egb Xuf-Xeèreg Eirkhe.

Cvdrejj, ki ejj O@O dnksskcgs erd hcgskbdrdb, t`d

JHV‛s sèrd ci bdvdjcpkgo wcrjb dnksskcgs (66 pdrhdgt)

ks efcvd kts sèrd kg t`d tctej pcpujetkcg ci t`csd hcug-

trkds (55 pdrhdgt), egb kt ks hcnperefjd tc kts sèrd kg t`d

OB\ ci tèt orcup (65 pdrhdgt). R`d JHV‛s sèrd kg

gcg-HC6 dnksskcgs (68 pdrhdgt) ks ejsc hjcsd tc tèt kgbdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds‛ OB\. Kg hcgtrest, JHV ehhcugts

icr cgjy 52 pdrhdgt ci t`d dgdroy rdjetdb HC6 dnksskcgs

ci t`csd hcugtrkds egb icr 8< pdrhdgt ci t`dkr jegb-usd

hègod dnksskcgs. Rùs, es s`cwg kg ikourd 4.8, t`d

rdokcg dx`kfkts `ko`dr dnksskcgs pdr hepkte tèg t`d rdst

ci t`d bdvdjcpkgo wcrjb, wkt` 5< tcgs ci HC6d pdr

hepkte hcnperdb wkt` 8.4 icr jcw-kghcnd hcugtrkds,

5<8

H@E\RDV 4

JHV‛s O@O Dnksskcgs



5<2


0.4

58.9

65.0

6?.8

54.2

6.2

5;.?

4.9

66.5

46.?

85.<

‘5.6

69.6

8?.8

54.456.4

65.;50.6

42.5

‘2.?

‘8<

‘6<

‘5<

<

5<

6<

8<

2<

4<

9<

?<

Jcw-kghcndhcugtrkds

Nkbbjd-kghcnd hcugtrkds(dxhjubkgo Jetkg Endrkhe

egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg,H`kge, egb Kgbke)

@ko`-kghcndhcugtrkds

Jetkg Endrkheegb t`d

Herkffdeg Vdokcg

H`kge egbKgbke

\ d r h d g t c i t c t e j

Rctej orddg`cusd oes dnksskcgs (HC6, H@

2, G

6C, \IHs, @IHs, XI9) Gcg-HC

6 Dnksskcgs

HC6 dnksskcgs ircn dgdroy HC

6 dnksskcgs ircn jegb usd hègod

IKOTVD 4.5

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg‛s Xèrd ci Ojcfej Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs, 6<<<

Xcurhd= Hjknetd Egejysks Kgbkhetcrs Rccj (HEKR), Ydrskcg 4.< (6<<0).Gctd= @IH > `ybrcijcurcherfcg1 \IHs > pdrijucrcherfcgs.

66 68 52

8<

6555

8 8

6

5

6

2

;52

56

5?60

29 892; 4<

22 8;

5<

9

5850

950

952

?9

52

<

\ d r h d g t

6<

2<

9<

0<

5<<

Rctej orddg`cusd

oes dnksskcgs

Gcg-HC6

dnksskcgsDgdroy-

rdjetdb HC6

dnksskcgs

HC6 dnksskcgs

ircn jegb-usd hègod

OB\-\\\TX$6<<<

\cpujetkcg6<<<

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg Durcpd egb Hdgtrej Eske Xcut` Eske

Dest Eske egb \ehkikh Nkbbjd Dest egb Gcrt` Eirkhe Xuf-Xeèreg Eirkhe

IKOTVD 4.6

Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs fy Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg egb Ct`dr Bdvdjcpkgo Vdokcgs, vdrsus OB\ egb \cpujetkcg, 6<<<

Xcurhd= Hjknetd Egejysks Kgbkhetcrs Rccj (HEKR), Ydrskcg 4.< (6<<0).



6.0 icr H`kge egb Kgbke, egb ;.5 icr ct`dr nkbbjd-

kghcnd hcugtrkds. @cwdvdr, w`kjd JHV‛s dnksskcgs pdr

ugkt ci OB\‒efcut 5.2 tHC6 pdr 5,<<< TX$ \\\‒

erd ejsc efcvd t`csd ci H`kge egb Kgbke (<.; tHC6d), t`dy

erd fdjcw t`csd ci jcw-kghcnd egb ct`dr nkbbjd-kghcnd

hcugtrkds (rdspdhtkvdjy, 6.0 egb 5.; tHC6d). Kg hcnperk-

scg wkt` kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds, JHV‛s dnksskcgs erd

8? pdrhdgt jcwdr kg pdr hepkte tdrns egb 522 pdrhdgt`ko`dr es e irehtkcg ci OB\. @cwdvdr, w`dg t`d ichus ks

cg dgdroy-rdjetdb dnksskcgs, t`d rdokcg‛s dnksskcgs

fdhcnd, rdspdhtkvdjy, 0< egb 64 pdrhdgt jcwdr tèg

t`csd ci kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds.

R`d bkvdrskty encgo JHV hcugtrkds ejsc ebbs tc

t`d hcnpjdxkty ci t`d rdokcg‛s dnksskcgs prcikjd. Kt ks

knpcrtegt tc gctd tèt twc jerod JHV hcugtrkds‒

Frezkj egb Ndxkhc‒erd encgo t`d wcrjb‛s tcp 6<

jerodst O@O dnkttdrs. Frezkj ks regadb icurt` w`dg

hcgskbdrkgo ejj O@O dnksskcgs, kghjubkgo t`csd ircn

jegb-usd hègod, w`drdes Ndxkhc ks regadb twdjit`._`dg hcgskbdrkgo HC6 dnksskcgs wkt`cut jegb-usd

hègod, Ndxkhc ks regadb djdvdgt` egb Frezkj icur-

tddgt`. Rcodt`dr wkt` H`kge, Kgbke, egb Xcut` Eirkhe,

Frezkj egb Ndxkhc erd encgo t`d ikvd bdvdjcpkgo

hcugtrkds wkt` t`d jerodst dgdroy-rdjetdb HC6 dnks-

skcgs, kg efscjutd jdvdjs. Es s`cwg kg ikourd 4.2, t`csd

ikvd bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds ehhcugt icr efcut cgd-icurt`

ci t`d wcrjb‛s tctej O@O dnksskcgs, hcnperdb tc e

88 pdrhdgt sèrd icr t`d O-0. R`d hcghjuskcg tèt hegfd brewg ircn t`ks odgdrej pkhturd ci JHV‛s O@O

dnksskcgs ks tèt t`d rdokcg‛s nekg hcgtrkfutkcg tc

ojcfej dnksskcgs ks t`d rdsujt ci jegb usd, jegb-usd

hègod, egb icrdstry. @cwdvdr, t`d hesds ci Frezkj egb

Ndxkhc s`cw t`drd ks gctefjd `dtdrcodgdkty ehrcss t`d

JHV, fct` kg tdrns ci t`d dxtdgt egb hcnpcsktkcg ci

O@O dnksskcgs.

5<4

J H V ‛ X O @ O D N K X X K C G X

Orddg`cusd oes dnksskcgs pdr OB$tHC

6d /t`cusegb TX$, \\$

6.0

5.2

5.<<.0

<.2<.4

<.< <.5

<.2

<.?<.;

<.9<.9

<.6

<.4

5.;

<.?<.9

5.2

<.2

<.8

<.<

<.;

<.6

Orddg`cusd oes dnksskcgs pdr hepkte(6<<<, tHC

6d pdr pcpujetkcg)

<.95.?

;.5

2.<

5.?

54.;

58.9

6.96.96.06.<

9.;

5.8

8.4

5.6

8.2

‘<.2

5<.<

2.9

6.0

<.<<.;

2.5

5.9

Rctejorddg`cusd oes

Rctejorddg`cusd oes

Dgdroy Jegb-usd hègod Ct`dr Dgdroy Jegb-usd hègod Ct`dr

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg

Jcw-kghcnd hcugtrkds Nkbbjd-kghcnd (dxhjubkgo JetkgEndrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg,H`kge, egb Kgbke)

@ko`-kghcnd hcugtrkds

H`kge egb Kgbke _crjb

IKOTVD 4.8

Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs \dr Hepkte egb \dr OB\


? ?8

5;5? 54

6<

‘5

88 84

20

‘2‘5<

<

5<

6<

8<

2<

4<

9<

Frezkj egbNdxkhc

H`kge, Kgbke,egb Xcut` Eirkhe

O-0 hcugtrkds \ d r h d g t c i

t c t e j o j c f e j d n k s s k c g s

Rctej orddg`cusd oes dnksskcgs(HC

6, H@

2, G

6C, \IHs, @IHs, XI9)

Rctej HC6 dnksskcgs

Rctej HC6 dnksskcgs, dxhjubkgo

jegb usd hègodHC

6 dnksskcgs ircn

jegb usd hègod

IKOTVD 4.2

Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs fy O-0 egb Nemcr Bdvdjcpkgo Hcugtrkds




E bkiidrdgt sdhtcr hcnpcsktkcg ci O@O dnksskcgs

Gct surprkskgojy, okvdg t`d hcnperkscgs prdsdgtdb

efcvd, t`d sdhtcr hcnpcsktkcg ci t`d JHV‛s O@O dnks-

skcgs ks quktd bkiidrdgt ircn tèt icugb kg t`d rdst ci t`d

wcrjb (ikourd 4.4). Kg hcgtrest wkt` JHV, kgbustrkejkzdb

hcugtrkds hepturd ncrd herfcg tèg t`dy rdjdesd kgtct`d etncsp`drd t`rcuo` icrdstry egb jegb-usd hègod

ehtkvktkds. @evkgo ejrdeby dxèustdb ncst ci t`dkr get-

urej icrdsts, kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds t`drdicrd dx`kfkt

sjko`tjy gdoetkvd dnksskcgs ircn jegb-usd hègod.

Dnksskcgs ircn icrdstry egb jegb-usd hègod erd nuh`

ncrd knpcrtegt kg t`d JHV, rdprdsdgtkgo 29 pdrhdgt

ci t`d rdokcg‛s tctej O@O dnksskcgs, hcnperdb tc 5?

pdrhdgt icr t`d wcrjb es e w`cjd. Jcw-kghcnd hcugtrkds

èvd e sèrd ci jegb-usd hègod dnksskcgs hjcsd tc tèt

ci JHV (22 pdrhdgt). Es icr ct`dr nkbbjd-kghcnd hcug-

trkds, jegb-usd hègod (JTH) dnksskcgs erd gdoetkvd kgH`kge egb Kgbke egb t`dy rdprdsdgt 84 pdrhdgt ci t`d

dnksskcgs ci ct`dr nkbbjd-kghcnd hcugtrkds. R`d JHV

ejsc ès e `ko`dr sèrd ci dnksskcgs ircn t`d eorkhujturej

sdhtcr, w`kh` rdprdsdgts 5; pdrhdgt ci tctej dnksskcgs

hcnperdb tc 0 pdrhdgt icr `ko`-kghcnd hcugtrkds, egb

5<9


Rctej orddg`cusd oes dnksskcgs

0

6984

;

6; 6?8

9

62

;

4 58

5<

;

55

8

5<;

4

58

66

5<

8< 50

69

;

5;

68

582284

29

5?2 6 880 2

‘6<

<

6<

2<

9<

0<

5<<

\ d r h d g t

Nkbbjd-kghcndhcugtrkds (dxhjubkgoJetkg Endrkhe egb

t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg,

H`kge, egb Kgbke)

H`kge egbKgbke

_crjb@ko`-kghcndhcugtrkds

Jcw-kghcndhcugtrkds


Herkffdeg Vdokcg

Dgdroy suppjy Rregspcrt Vdskbdgtkej egb hcnndrhkej fukjbkgos Kgbustry

Eorkhujturd Icrdstry _estd egb westdwetdr

Dgdroy suppjy Rregspcrt Vdskbdgtkej egb hcnndrhkej fukjbkgos

Kgbustry _estd egb westdwetdr

\ d r h d g t

Jcw-kghcndhcugtrkds

Nkbbjd-kghcndhcugtrkds (dxhjubkgoJetkg Endrkhe egb

t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg,H`kge, egb Kgbke)



Herkffdeg Vdokcg

H`kge egbKgbke

_crjb

6?

2980

62

8? 80

55

55 64

6? ?50

88

5955

5<58

58

5?62 68

6; 8069

56 8 8 5< 4 2

<

5<

6<

8<

2<

4<

9<

?<

0<

;<

5<<

Orddg`cusd oes dnksskcgs dxhjubkgo jegb usd hègod egb eorkhujturd

IKOTVD 4.4

Xdhtcr Hcnpcsktkcg ci Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs, 6<<<






fdtwddg 5;0< egb 6<<2. Ncst ci t`ks kghrdesd ès

fddg et t`d dxpdgsd ci ckj, w`csd sèrd idjj ircn ?8

pdrhdgt tc 92 pdrhdgt. R`d bkiidrdghd fdtwddg t`d

sèrd ci scjkb icsskj iudjs kg t`d JHV‛s icsskj iudj dnks-

skcgs kg hcnperkscg wkt` ojcfej ikourds ks strkakgo.

Kgbddb, scjkb icsskj iudjs, suh` es hcej, ehhcugt icrcgjy 0 pdrhdgt ci dnksskcgs kg t`d JHV, hcnperdb

wkt` 8< pdrhdgt tc 4< pdrhdgt kg ncst rdokcgs ci t`d

wcrjb egb ejncst 0< pdrhdgt kg H`kge (ikourd 4.?).

Iurt`dr kgqukry kgtc t`d JHV‛s djdhtrkhkty odgdretkcg

nkx heg `djp dxpjekg t`d rdjetkvdjy jcw sèrd teadg up

fy t`d pcwdr sdhtcr kg t`d rdokcg‛s dgdroy-rdjetdb dnks-

skcgs. Jccakgo kg ncrd bdtekj et t`d JHV‛s djdhtrkhkty

odgdretkcg nkx heg ejsc dxpjekg w`y t`d rdokcg‛s dgdroy

sdhtcr hcgtkguds tc dx`kfkt rdjetkvdjy jcw-herfcg kgtdg-

skty. Es sddg kg ikourd 4.0, `ybrcdjdhtrkh odgdretkcg ès

ehhcugtdb icr ncrd tèg 9< pdrhdgt ci t`d odgdretkcgnkx icr ncst ci t`d pest 64 yders. Ki egyt`kgo, t`drd es

cgjy fddg e orebuej kghrdesd kg t`d pertkhkpetkcg ci

t`drnej odgdretkcg, ncstjy eitdr pcwdr sdhtcr rdicrn

egb prkvetd pertkhkpetkcg wdrd kgtrcbuhdb kg negy JHV

hcugtrkds, stertkgo kg t`d derjy 5;;<s.

5<0


68

586<

6?

52

6

22

58

88

92

29

24

2;

24

5;

68

8;

44

0

89

8262

25

?;

88

20

0

5 95

8

2 2 5 2 655

6 4 2

<

5<

6<

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9<

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J e t k g

E n d

r k h e e

g b

t d H

e r k f f

d e g V

d o k c g E i

r k h e

G c r t `

E n d

r k h e

_ d s t d r

g D u r c p

d

C h d e g k e

H d g t r e j j y

\ j e g g d b

E s k e

H d g t r e j j y

\ j e g g d b

D u r c p d

I e r D

e s t

N k b b j d D e

s t

\ d r h d g t

58

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982

68

92

052

<

5<

6<

8<

2<

4<

9<

?<

0<

;<

5<<

5;0<

\ d r h d g t

6<<2

Oes iudjs Jkqukb iudjs Xcjkb iudjs Oes ijerkgo Hdndgt prcbuhtkcg

IKOTVD 4.?

Hcnpcsktkcg ci Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs icr Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg egb t`d _crjb, 5;0< egb 6<<2

Xcurhd= Nerjegb, Fcbdg, egb Egbrds (6<<?).

Fdtwddg 5;0< egb 6<<2, djdhtrkhkty bdnegb

kghrdesdb et eg egguej retd ci 2.? pdrhdgt kg t`d JHV,

brkvdg fy dhcgcnkh bdvdjcpndgt egb nemcr prcordss kg

djdhtrkhkty hcvdreod, w`kh` rdeh`db ;< pdrhdgt kg 6<<4.

Kg t`d send pdrkcb, dnksskcgs ircn t`d pcwdr sdhtcr

ordw et e retd ci cgjy 8.? pdrhdgt pdr yder. Es e rdsujt,t`d herfcg kgtdgskty ci t`d JHV‛s pcwdr odgdretkcg wes

nuh` jcwdr tèg t`d wcrjb evdreod. Kgbddb, kg 6<<2 kt

rdprdsdgtdb 695 orens HC6 pdr a_` (akjcwett `cur)

icr t`d JHV kg hcnperkscg wkt` 4<< icr t`d wcrjb

(Busseg 6<<0).

R`d rdescgs fd`kgb t`d JHV‛s suhhdss kg rdbuhkgo

t`d herfcg kgtdgskty ci kts pcwdr sdhtcr fy 6< pdrhdgt,

bdspktd kghrdeskgo t`d sèrd ci t`drnej pcwdr odgdre-

tkcg fy 8 pdrhdgt, jkds kg t`d rdokcg‛s ugkqud dgdroy

prcikjd. Es kjjustretdb kg ikourd 4.;, t`d herfcg kgtdgskty

ci t`d pcwdr sdhtcr odgdrejjy dx`kfkts e `ko` pcsktkvdhcrrdjetkcg wkt` t`d usd ci hcgvdgtkcgej t`drnej pjegts.

@cwdvdr, kg t`d hesd ci t`d JHV, t`d jcwdr retd ci

orcwt` kg dnksskcgs kg hcnperkscg wkt` djdhtrkhkty

bdnegb heg fd trehdb tc t`d bdvdjcpndgt ci hjdegdr

iudjs, suh` es geturej oes, egb tc knprcvdndgts kg



t`d diikhkdghy ci t`drnej pjegts, nekgjy fy ndegs ci

rdtkrkgo cjb stden turfkgds egb kgtrcbuhkgo hcn-

fkgdb hyhjd oes turfkgds (HHORs) egb ndbkun-

spddb bkdsdj dgokgds.

Gcgdt`djdss, es s`cwg kg ikourd 4.;, t`d bkiidrdghds

kg dnksskcgs ircn djdhtrkhkty odgdretkcg ehrcss JHV

hcugtrkds erd strkakgo. Frezkj, icr kgsteghd, bud tc kts

`ybrc-fesdb odgdretkcg systdn egb e vdry jcw-herfcg

kgtdgskty ci djdhtrkhkty odgdretkcg (0? orens HC6/a_`

kg 6<<2), dgbdb up kghrdeskgo kts herfcg kgtdgskty es

t`d sèrd ci t`drnej odgdretkcg kghrdesdb. Kg hcgtrest,

Erodgtkge egb Ndxkhc wdrd efjd tc rdbuhd t`d rdje-

tkvdjy `ko` jdvdjs ci herfcg kgtdgskty ci t`dkr pcwdrsdhtcrs egb et t`d send tknd kghrdesd t`d sèrd ci

hcgvdgtkcgej t`drnej odgdretkcg, nekgjy fy bdvdjcp-

kgo `ko`-diikhkdghy oes-ikrdb pjegts egb rdtkrkgo cfsc-

jdtd jcw-diikhkdghy ckj-ikrdb stden pjegts t`rcuo` eg

eoordsskvd stretdoy. Xknkjerjy, Hdgtrej Endrkhe suhhdss-

iujjy rdbuhdb kts herfcg kgtdgskty w`kjd kghrdeskgo

t`d sèrd ci t`drnej odgdretkcg fy bdvdjcpkgo `ko`-

diikhkdghy bkdsdj dgokgds ruggkgo wkt` rdskbuej ckj.

Ikgejjy, Vdpýfjkhe Fcjkverkege bd Ydgdzudje nebd

spdhtehujer prcordss kg rdbuhkgo kts herfcg kgtdgskty fy

ndegs ci bdhrdeskgo t`d sèrd ci t`drnej odgdretkcgt`rcuo` t`d bdvdjcpndgt ci jcw-hcst odgdretkcg prc-

mdhts nekgjy kg t`d Hercgk Feskg.

Hcugtry-Xpdhkikh O@O Dnksskcg \ettdrgs

Frezkj egb Ndxkhc ehhcugt icr ejncst 9< pdrhdgt ci

fct` t`d rdokcg‛s tctej O@O dnksskcgs egb kts OB\.

Egct`dr 64 pdrhdgt ci t`d JHV‛s dnksskcgs egb OB\

erd ehhcugtdb icr fy Erodgtkge, Hcjcnfke, \dru, egb

Vdpýfjkhe Fcjkverkege bd Ydgdzudje (ikourd 4.5<). E

sknkjer regakgo dndrods ki cgd dxhjubds dnksskcgsircn jegb-usd hègod, wkt` t`d dxhdptkcg ci Frezkj

egb Ndxkhc, w`csd sèrd ci t`d JHV tctej dnksskcgs,

rdspdhtkvdjy, iejjs ircn 24 pdrhdgt tc 82 pdrhdgt egb

kghrdesds ircn 58 pdrhdgt tc 65 pdrhdgt.

Dnksskcgs ircn jegb-usd hègod erd rdspcgskfjd

icr 29 pdrhdgt ci t`d JHV‛s tctej O@O dnksskcgs.

@cwdvdr, jegb-usd hègod dnksskcgs erd bkstrkfutdb

`dtdrcodgdcusjy ehrcss t`d rdokcg. Es s`cwg cg t`d

rko`t skbd ci ikourd 4.55, Frezkj ejcgd ks rdspcgskfjd icr

40 pdrhdgt ci JHV dnksskcgs ircn jegb-usd hègod,

icjjcwdb fy \dru wkt` 0 pdrhdgt, egb Hcjcnfke egbVdpýfjkhe Fcjkverkege bd Ydgdzudje wkt` efcut 9

pdrhdgt deh`. R`d sèrd ci jegb-usd hègod kg tctej

dnksskcgs ejsc verkds ehrcss hcugtrkds. Kg ikvd JHV

hcugtrkds‒Fcjkvke, Frezkj, Dhuebcr, Ouetdneje, egb

\dru‒dnksskcgs ircn jegb-usd hègod erd rdspcgsk-

fjd icr et jdest efcut 9< pdrhdgt ci O@O dnksskcgs. Kg

hcgtrest, kg Erodgtkge, H`kjd, egb Ndxkhc, t`d sèrd ci

5<;


65 50 5? 59 52

5< 5< 5< 56 508 2 2

44

92 94 99 96 40

<

5<

6<

\ d r h d g t

8<

2<

4<

9<

?<

0<

;<

5<<

5;05‘04 5;09‘;< 5;;5‘;4 5;;9‘6<<< 6<<5‘<9

@ybrc-djdhtrkhkty odgdretkcg Hcej odgdretkcg

Geturej oes odgdretkcg Guhjder odgdretkcgCkj-fesdb odgdretkcg Gcg-hcgvdgtkcgej

IKOTVD 4.0

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg‛s Djdhtrkhkty Odgdretkcg

Nkx, 5;05‘6<<9

Xcurhd= Busseg (6<<0).

_crjbTgktdb Xtetds

HegebeHdgtrej Endrkhe

Herkffdeg

Xcut` Endrkhe

Ndxkhc

Frezkj

Erodgtkge

H`kge

Hcjcnfke

\dru

Ydgdzudje, V.F. bd

Rrkgkbeb egbRcfeoc

<

5<<

6<<

8<<

2<<

4<<

9<<

?<<

0<<

;<<

< 6< 2< 9< 0< 5<<

Hcgvdgtkcgej t`drnej odgdretkcg (% ci tctej odgdretkcg)

o H C 6 / a _ `

5;0< 6<<2

IKOTVD 4.;

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg‛s Herfcg Kgtdgskty ci

Djdhtrkhkty egb Xèrd ci R`drnej Odgdretkcg, 5;0<‘6<<9




jegb-usd hègod dnksskcgs ks hjcsd tc 54 pdrhdgt ci

tctej O@O dnksskcgs.

R`drd erd ejsc jerod bkiidrdghds ehrcss hcugtrkds kg

t`d sdhtcr hcnpcsktkcg ci gcg-JTJTHI dnksskcgs(ikourd 4.56). Icr dxenpjd, w`kjd t`d sèrd ci dgdroy

suppjy ks rdjetkvdjy jcw kg Frezkj egb \dru, et, rdspdh-

tkvdjy, 56 egb ? pdrhdgt, kt ks efcvd 8< pdrhdgt kg

Erodgtkge, Ndxkhc, egb Vdpýfjkhe Fcjkverkege bd

Ydgdzudje, w`kh` èvd pcwdr sdhtcrs encgo t`d ncst

herfcg kgtdgskvd ci t`d rdokcg. R`d `ko` sèrds ci t`d

tregspcrt sdhtcr kg Dhuebcr egb \dru, w`kh` nead up

ejncst 2< pdrhdgt ci gcg-JTJTHI dnksskcgs hcnperdb

tc t`d rdokcg‛s evdreod ci 6? pdrhdgt, hcgstktutd egct`dr

verketkcg wcrt` `ko`jko`tkgo. Ejsc, t`d sèrds ci t`d

kgbustrkej sdhtcr kg Frezkj, Hcjcnfke, egb Vdpýfjkhe

Fcjkverkege bd Ydgdzudje, erd sktuetdb fdtwddg 86pdrhdgt egb 8; pdrhdgt ci gcg-JTJTHI dnksskcgs

hcnperdb wkt` 6; pdrhdgt icr t`d JHV es e w`cjd.

_`kjd dnksskcgs ircn rdskbdgtkej egb hcnndrhkej

fukjbkgos ehhcugt icr cgjy 55 pdrhdgt ci t`d rdokcg‛s

gcg-JTJTHI dnksskcgs, t`dy erd rdspcgskfjd icr es

nuh` es 62 pdrhdgt ci gcg-JTJTHI dnksskcgs kg t`d

hesd ci Ouetdneje egb efcut 59 pdrhdgt icr Erodgtkge,

Dhuebcr, egb \dru. Es icr dnksskcgs ircn westd egb

55<


Rctej Jetkg Endrkhe egbt`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg‛s dnksskcgs

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg‛sdnksskcgs, dxhjubkgo jegb usd hègod

Frezkj, 82%

Ndxkhc, 65%Ydgdzudje, V.F. bd ;%

Erodgtkge, 55%

Hcjcnfke, 9%

\dru, 6%

Fcjkvke, 6%

H`kjd, 8%

Dhuebcr, 5% Ouetdneje, 5%

Vdst ci Jetkg Endrkheegb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg, 5<%

Frezkj, 24%

Ndxkhc, 58%

Ydgdzudje, V.F. bd ?%

Erodgtkge, ?%

Hcjcnfke, 4%

Fcjkvke, 8%

Vdst ci Jetkg Endrkhe

egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg, ;%

Ouetdneje, 6%Dhuebcr, 6%

H`kjd, 6%

\dru, 4%

IKOTVD 4.5<

Hcnpcsktkcg ci Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg‛s Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs, 6<<<

Xcurhd= Hjknetd Egejysks Kgbkhetcrs Rccj (HEKR), Ydrskcg 4.< (6<<0)1 Ydgdzudje, V.F. bd, _crjb Vdscurhds Kgstktutd (6<<0).

Xèrd ci jegb usd hègod kg tctej O@O dnksskcgs (%)

?8

90

9<

4;

40

2<

8;

8?

59

59

52

\dru

Ouetdneje

Dhuebcr

Frezkj

Fcjkvke

Vdst ci Jetkg Endrkheegb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg

Hcjcnfke

Ydgdzudje, V.F. bd

Erodgtkge

H`kjd

Ndxkhc

Frezkj, 40%

\dru, 0%

Hcjcnfke, 4%

Fcjkvke, 2%H`kjd, 5%

Erodgtkge, 6%Ouetdneje, 6%

Dhuebcr, 6%

Ndxkhc, 2%

Ydgdzudje, V.F. bd9%

Vdst ci


Herkffdeg Vdokcg,0%

IKOTVD 4.55

Hcnpcsktkcg egb Xèrd ci Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg‛s Dnksskcgs ircn Jegb Tsd Hègod, 6<<<




westdwetdr, t`dy rdprdsdgt 5< pdrhdgt ci JHV dnksskcgs

w`dg dxhjubkgo JTJTHI. Gcgdt`djdss, t`dkr sèrd ks

efcut 4< pdrhdgt `ko`dr kg Fcjkvke, Frezkj, H`kjd,

Ouetdneje, egb \dru.

R`d hcnpcsktkcg ci dgdroy-rdjetdb dnksskcgs ejsc

verkds hcgskbdrefjy fy typd ci icsskj iudj (ikourd 4.58).

Kgbddb, w`drdes t`d sèrd ci dnksskcgs ircn oes iudjs ks

68 pdrhdgt icr t`d JHV es e w`cjd, kt rdeh`ds 46 pdrhdgt

kg t`d hesd ci Erodgtkge fut cgjy efcut 5< pdrhdgt kg

Frezkj egb \dru. _`kjd hcej ehhcugts icr cgjy 0 pdrhdgt

ci t`d rdokcg‛s icsskj iudj dnksskcgs, kt ks efcut twkhd es

`ko` kg Frezkj egb Hcjcnfke.

Hrcss-hcugtry bkiidrdghds kg dnksskcg jdvdjs

R`drd ks hcgskbdrefjd `dtdrcodgdkty kg t`d jdvdjs ci

O@O dnksskcgs pdr hepkte (ikourd 4.52) ehrcss JHVhcugtrkds. Icr dxenpjd, tctej O@O dnksskcgs pdr hepkte

erd fdtwddg 58 egb 5? tHC6 kg Fcjkvke, Vdpýfjkhe

Fcjkverkege bd Ydgdzudje, egb Frezkj, egb fdjcw ? tHC6

kg H`kjd, Hcjcnfke, egb Ndxkhc. R`d icrndr t`rdd

hcugtrkds erd ejsc encgo t`d rdokcg‛s tcp pdr hepkte

dnkttdrs dvdg ki jegb-usd hègod ks dxhjubdb, ejt`cuo`

kg t`ks hesd t`dkr dnksskcgs pdr hepkte erd nuh` hjcsdr tc

t`csd ci Erodgtkge, H`kjd, egb Ndxkhc.

R`drd ks jdss `dtdrcodgdkty kg tdrns ci dnksskcgs pdr

ugkt ci OB\, wkt` t`d dxhdptkcg ci Fcjkvke, w`kh` cut-

regas ejj hcugtrkds kg t`d rdokcg (ikourd 4.54). Fcjkvke

w`csd dnksskcgs erd ?.8 aoHC6 pdr TX$ ci OB\

555


56

6;

0

89

52

85

6<

4

8;

4

88

69

59

5?

0

64

66

;

86

56

?

8;

50

5;

5?

62

60

0

66

50

66

6?

5<

6?

52

66

80

52

54

55

5?

6;

62

52

54

6?

86

55

65

;

86

68

0

6;

?

<

5<

6<

8<

2<

4<

9<

?<

0<

;<

5<<

\ d r h d g t

F r e z k j

N d x k h c

Y d g d z u d j e

, V . F .

b d

E r o d g t k g e

H c j c n

f k e \ d r u

F c j k v k e

H k j d

D h u e b c

r

O u e t d n

e j e

V

d s t c

i J e t k

g E n d

r k h e

e g b t d

H e r k f f d

e g V d o k c

g

Dgdroy suppjy Rregspcrt Vdskbdgtkej egb hcnndrkhkej fukjbkgos

Kgbustry _estd egb westdwetdr

IKOTVD 4.56

Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs ircn Gcg‘Jegb Tsd/Jegb Tsd Hègod egb Icrdstry, 6<<<

Xcurhd= Hjknetd Egejysks Kgbkhetcrs Rccj (HEKR) Ydrskcg 4.< (6<<0) egb Nerjegb, Fcbdg, egb Egbrds (6<<?).

46

55

64 68

0

86

22

94

4690

?9

9<

5052

4;

6 94 ? ? 82

<

5<

6<

8<

2<

4<

9<

?<

0<

;<

\ d r h d g t

5<<

E r o d g t k g e

F r e z k j

H c j c n

f k e

N d x k h

c \ d

r u

Y d g d z u d j e ,

V . F .

b d

Oes iudjs Jkqukb iudjs Xcjkb iudjs

Oes ijerkgo Hdndgt prcbuhtkcg

IKOTVD 4.58

Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs icr Xdjdhtdb Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d

Herkffdeg Vdokcg Hcugtrkds, 6<<<

Xcurhds= Hjknetd Egejysks Kgbkhetcrs Rccj (HEKR) Ydrskcg 4.< (6<<0)egb Nerjegb, Fcbdg, egb Egbrds (6<<?).



556


‘5<

‘4

<

4

5<

54

6<

F c j k v k e

t H C 6

/ p h

Y d g d z u d j e ,

V . F .

b d

F r e z k j

\ d r u

E r o d g t k g e

D h u e b c

r

O u e t d n

e j e

N d x k h

c

V d s t c i J e t k

g E n d

r k h e e g b

t d H

e r k f f

d e g V

d o k c g H

k j d

H c j c n

f k e

5?.2

54.0

58.2

;.; ;.9

0.<?.4

?.< 9.0 9.9 9.24.;

?.;?.6

5.4

2.0 4.5

5.<

6.? 6.4

5.<

?.8

;.;

4.4

6.?

0.5

8.66.2

9.<

2.5 2.<

4.2

5<.5

Rctej pdr hepkte orddg`cusd oes dnksskcgs (HC6, H@

2, G

6C, \IHs, @IHs, XI9) \dr hepkte HC6 dnksskcgs ircn jegb usd hègod

Rctej pdr hepkte orddg`cusd oes dnksskcgs, dxhjubkgo jegb usd hègod

IKOTVD 4.52

Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs \dr Hepkte icr Xdjdhtdb Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg Hcugtrkds, 6<<<

Xcurhds= Hjknetd Egejysks Kgbkhetcrs Rccj (HEKR), Ydrskcg 4.< (6<<0).

a o H C 6

/ T X $ O B \ \ \ \

‘4

‘8

‘5

5

8

4

?

;

F c j k v k e

Y d g d z u d j e

, V . F

. b d

D h u e

b c r

\ d r u

F r e z k j

O u e t d n

e j e

V d s t c i

J e t k g

E n d

r k h e e g b

t d H

e r k f f

d e g V

d o k c

g

H c j c n

f k e

E r o d g t k g

e

N d x k h c

H

k j d

Rctej orddg`cusd oes dnksskcgs/ OB\ (HC6, H@

2, G

6C, \IHs, @IHs, XI9) HC

6 dnksskcgs ircn jegb usd hègod/ OB\

Rctej HC6 dnksskcgs dxhjubkgo jegb usd hègod/ OB\

?.8

6.?6.4

6.5 5.; 5.0 5.?

5.5<.0 <.0 <.?

2.6

5.<5.4 5.4

5.55.8

<.? <.2<.5 <.5 <.5

8.5

5.?

5.<<.9 <.0 <.9

5.<<.? <.? <.9 <.9

IKOTVD 4.54

Orddg`cusd Oes Dnksskcgs pdr OB\ icr Xdjdhtdb Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg Hcugtrkds, 6<<<

Xcurhds= Hjknetd Egejysks Kgbkhetcrs Rccj (HEKR), Ydrskcg 4.< (6<<0).



(purhèskgo pcwdr perkty Q\\\^) t`d dqukvejdgt ci efcut

ikvd tknds t`d rdokcg‛s evdreod. Fcjkvke ks icjjcwdb fy

Vdpýfjkhe Fcjkverkege bd Ydgdzudje egb Dhuebcr, wkt`

efcut 6.4 aoHC6 pdr TX$ ci OB\ (\\\). R`dsd t`rdd

hcugtrkds erd t`d tcp dnkttdrs rdoerbjdss ci w`dt`dr cr

gct dnksskcgs ircn jegb-usd hègod erd dxhjubdb. Kgtdr-dstkgojy, w`dg dnksskcgs erd hejhujetdb kg tdrns ci t`dkr

retkc tc OB\, Erodgtkge, H`kjd, Hcjcnfke, egb Ndxkhc

erd wdjj fdjcw t`d rdokcg‛s evdreod.

R`d Dvcjutkcg ci JHV‛s Icsskj-Iudj Dnksskcgs

Kg 5;4<, JHV‛s icsskj iudj dnksskcgs pdr hepkte wdrd

cgjy 9 pdrhdgt ci Gcrt` Endrkhe‛s egb 68 pdrhdgt ci

_dstdrg Durcpd‛s. Fdtwddg 5;4< egb 5;0<, dnksskcgs

kg t`d JHV ordw fy 5?< pdrhdgt, hcnperdb tc t`d retds

ci orcwt` ci efcut 8< pdrhdgt kg Gcrt` Endrkhe egb

;< pdrhdgt kg _dstdrg Durcpd (ikourd 4.59). @cwdvdr,fy 5;0<, t`d JHV stkjj eb e ndrd 58 pdrhdgt ci t`d pdr

hepkte dnksskcgs ci Gcrt` Endrkhe, egb 86 pdrhdgt ci

t`csd ci _dstdrg Durcpd. Cvdr t`d pest twc-egb-e-èji

bdhebds, dnksskcgs pdr hepkte evd fddg rdjetkvdjy stefjd

kg t`d JHV w`kjd t`dy èvd iejjdg kg Gcrt` Endrkhe

egb _dstdrg Durcpd, eitdr pdeakgo kg t`d jetd 5;?<s.

E orcwt` pettdrg sknkjer tc t`d JHV‛s ès fddg

cfsdrvdb kg Eirkhe egb hdgtrejjy pjeggdb Durcpd,

ejt`cuo` kg 6<<2 t`csd rdokcgs dx`kfktdb, rdspdhtkvdjy,

efcut cgd-èji egb t`rdd tknds t`d jdvdjs ci pdr hepktednksskcg icugb kg t`d JHV. Kg hcgtrest, t`d hcugtrkds

ircn Hdgtrejjy \jeggdb Eske (nekgjy H`kge), t`d Ier

Dest (kghjubkgo Kgbke, Xcut` Acrde, egb Kgbcgdske) egb

t`d Nkbbjd Dest èvd dx`kfktdb ugkgtdrruptdb egb

dxpjcskvd retds ci orcwt` kg pdr hepkte dnksskcgs rdeh`-

kgo jdvdjs ci up tc 6< tknds t`dkr kgktkej 5;4< dnks-

skcgs fy t`d fdokggkgo ci t`d prdsdgt bdhebd. Kg

hcnperkscg wkt` t`d JHV, kg 6<<2 Ier Dest hcugtrkdsèb 84 pdrhdgt jcwdr dnksskcgs pdr hepkte w`kjd t`csd

ircn Hdgtrejjy \jeggdb Eske egb t`d Nkbbjd Dest

wdrd, rdspdhtkvdjy, 2< egb 52< pdrhdgt efcvd t`d jdvdjs

icugb kg t`d JHV.

R`d JHV‛s retkc ci dnksskcgs tc OB\, ejsc agcwg

es t`d kgbdx ci ‚dnksskcg kgtdgskty,„ ès rdnekgdb

rdjetkvdjy stefjd skghd 5;0<, nuh` es t`d retkc ci

dnksskcgs tc pcpujetkcg (ikourd 4.5?). Kg ieht, t`d

icrndr kgbdx kghrdesdb fy 6 pdrhdgt kg t`d JHV

fdtwddg 5;0< egb 6<<2. Kg hcgtrest, t`drd wes e 60

pdrhdgt ojcfej bdhjkgd kg dnksskcgs pdr ugkt ci OB\burkgo t`d send pdrkcb, e 88 pdrhdgt rdbuhtkcg kg

kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds egb e 20 pdrhdgt brcp kg t`d

hesd ci H`kge egb Kgbke. Ct`dr bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds

dxpdrkdghdb rdjetkvdjy snejj bdhjkgds= ; pdrhdgt kg

jcw-kghcnd hcugtrkds egb 2 pdrhdgt kg ct`dr nkbbjd-

kghcnd hcugtrkds (dxhjubkgo t`d JHV es wdjj es

H`kge egb Kgbke).

R`d diidht ci JHV‛s rdjetkvdjy snejj kghrdesd kg

dnksskcg kgtdgskty cg t`d dvcjutkcg ci t`d rdokcg‛s

tctej icsskj iudj dnksskcgs ès fddg nkgknkzdb, `cw-dvdr, fy t`d ieht tèt t`d rdokcg‛s pdr hepkte OB\ ès

fddg orcwkgo et e sjcwdr pehd tèg t`d rdst ci t`d

558


<

4<

5<<

54<

6<<

64<

8<<

84<

2<<

24<

K g b

d x ( 5 ; 4 < > 5 < < )

K g b

d x ( 5 ; 4 < > 5 < < )

5 ; 4 <

5 ; 4 2

5 ; 4 0

5 ; 9 6

5 ; 9 9

5 ; ? <

5 ; ? 2

5 ; ? 0

5 ; 0 6

5 ; 0 9

5 ; ; <

5 ; ; 2

5 ; ; 0

6 < < 6

Jetkg Endrkhe egbt`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg

Eirkhe Gcrt` Endrkhe

_dstdrg Durcpd Hdgtrejjy pjeggdb Durcpd

<

4<<

5,<<<

5,4<<

6,<<<

6,4<<

8,<<<

5 ; 4 <

5 ; 4 2

5 ; 4 0

5 ; 9 6

5 ; 9 9

5 ; ? <

5 ; ? 2

5 ; ? 0

5 ; 0 6

5 ; 0 9

5 ; ; <

5 ; ; 2

5 ; ; 0 6 <

< 6

Chdegke Hdgtrejjy pjeggdb Eske

Ier Dest Nkbbjd Dest

IKOTVD 4.59

\dr Hepkte Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs




Jetkg Endrkhe

<.00

5.59

5.55

<.9

<.0

5.<

5.6

5.2

5.95.0

6.<

6.6

6.2

5 ; 0 <

5 ; 0 6

5 ; 0 2

5 ; 0 9

5 ; 0 0

5 ; ; <

5 ; ; 6

5 ; ; 2

5 ; ; 9

5 ; ; 0

6 < < <

6 < < 6

6 < < 2

5 ; 0 <

5 ; 0 6

5 ; 0 2

5 ; 0 9

5 ; 0 0

5 ; ; <

5 ; ; 6

5 ; ; 2

5 ; ; 9

5 ; ; 0

6 < < <

6 < < 6

6 < < 2

5 ; 0 <

5 ; 0 6

5 ; 0 2

5 ; 0 9

5 ; 0 0

5 ; ; <

5 ; ; 6

5 ; ; 2

5 ; ; 9

5 ; ; 0

6 < < <

6 < < 6

6 < < 2

5 ; 0 <

5 ; 0 6

5 ; 0 2

5 ; 0 9

5 ; 0 0

5 ; ; <

5 ; ; 6

5 ; ; 2

5 ; ; 9

5 ; ; 0

6 < < <

6 < < 6

6 < < 2

_crjb

K g b d x ( 5 ; 0 < > 5 <

< )

K g b d x ( 5 ; 0 < > 5 < < )

K g b d x ( 5 ; 0 < > 5 < < )

K g b d x ( 5 ; 0 < > 5 <

< )

K g b d x ( 5 ; 0 < > 5 < < )

K g b d x ( 5 ; 0 < > 5 < < )

<.;9

<.?9

<.?6

5.44

<.9

<.0

5.<

5.6

5.2

5.95.0

6.<

6.6

6.2

Jcw-kghcnd hcugtrkds

<.04

5.<9<.;5

5.69

<.9

<.0

5.<

5.6

5.25.9

5.0

6.<

6.6

6.2

6.9

6.0@ko`-kghcnd hcugtrkds

5.4?

<.9

<.0

5.<

5.6

5.2

5.9

5.0

6.<

6.6

6.2

6.9

5 ; 0 <

5 ; 0 6

5 ; 0 2

5 ; 0 9

5 ; 0 0

5 ; ; <

5 ; ; 6

5 ; ; 2

5 ; ; 9

5 ; ; 0

6 < < <

6 < < 6

6 < < 2

5 ; 0 <

5 ; 0 6

5 ; 0 2

5 ; 0 9

5 ; 0 0

5 ; ; <

5 ; ; 6

5 ; ; 2

5 ; ; 9

5 ; ; 0

6 < < <

6 < < 6

6 < < 2

H`kge egb Kgbke

<.;9

<.42<.46

2.4;

<.<<

5.<<

6.<<

8.<<

2.<<

4.<<

9.<<

?.<< Nkbbjd-kghcnd hcugtrkds dxhjubkgo Jetkg Endrkhe, H`kge, egb Kgbke

<.;6

5.<2<.;9

5.44

<.9

<.0

5.<

5.6

5.2

5.9

5.0

6.<

6.6

6.2

6.9

Herfcg kgtdgskty (HC6 /R\DX) Dgdroy kgtdgskty (R\DX/ OB\)

Dnksskcg kgtdgskty (HC6 / OB\) Dgdroy (R\DX)

HC6 dnksskcgs \cpujetkcg

Kghcnd pdr hepkte (OB\ph) Kghcnd (OB\)

5.<6

<.;5

<.?8

<.9?

552


IKOTVD 4.5?

Kgtdgsktkds ci Dgdroy Tsd egb Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs

Xcurhds= Icr prknery dgdroy hcgsunptkcg= Dgdroy Kgicrnetkcg Ebnkgkstretkcg (6<<4)1 icr HC6= Dgdroy Kgicrnetkcg Ebnkgkstretkcg (6<<4) egb Nerjegb, Fcbdg, egb Egbrds (6<<?)1 icr OB\ egb pcpujetkcg= _crjb Bdvdjcpndgt Kgbkhetcrs (_crjb Fega).Gctd= R\DX > tctej prknery dgdroy suppjy.

wcrjb. Kg ieht, fdtwddg 5;0< egb 6<<2 JHV‛s pdr

hepkte OB\ ordw fy cgjy 55 pdrhdgt, hcnperdb tc 44

pdrhdgt icr t`d wcrjb, 40 pdrhdgt icr kgbustrkejkzdb

hcugtrkds egb 594 pdrhdgt icr ct`dr bdvdjcpkgo hcug-

trkds. Rùs, JHV‛s tctej dnksskcgs èvd orcwg et e

retd tèt ks cgjy sjko`tjy efcvd t`d orcwt` ci t`d

rdokcg‛s pcpujetkcg.

Xnejj kghrdesd kg dnksskcgs cvdr OB\ brkvdg fy

kghrdeskgo dgdroy kgtdgskty

Kg crbdr tc fdttdr ugbdrstegb t`d brkvdrs ci hègods kg

dnksskcg kgtdgsktkds, kt ks stegberb tc bdhcnpcsd t`dn es

t`d sun ci hègods kg t`d retkc ci dgdroy tc OB\,

rdidrrdb tc es dgdroy kgtdgskty, egb t`d retkc ci dnksskcgs

tc dgdroy, rdidrrdb tc es herfcg kgtdgskty (ikourd 4.5?).



Kg t`d hesd ci t`d JHV, t`ks bdhcnpcsktkcg rdvdejs tèt

t`d rdokcg‛s snejj kghrdesd kg dnksskcgs pdr ugkt ci

OB\, kg hcnperkscg wkt` ct`dr rdokcgs ci t`d wcrjb,

ès fddg brkvdg fy t`d rdokcg‛s kghrdeskgo dgdroy gddbs

pdr ugkt ci cutput, w`kh` evd pertkejjy fejeghdb cii t`d

rdokcg‛s rdjetkvdjy jerod rdbuhtkcgs kg t`d herfcg kgtdg-skty ci kts dgdroy. Es s`cwg kg ikourd 4.5?, kg t`d JHV

t`d dgdroy kgtdgskty kgbdx kghrdesdb fy 59 pdrhdgt ircn

5;0< tc 6<<2, w`kh` hcgtrests wkt` rdbuhtkcgs ci 62

pdrhdgt et t`d ojcfej jdvdj, 8< pdrhdgt kg kgbustrkejkzdb

hcugtrkds, egb 29 pdrhdgt kg H`kge egb Kgbke. Jcw-

kghcnd hcugtrkds egb ct`dr nkbbjd-kghcnd hcugtrkds,

`cwdvdr, èvd ejsc dxpdrkdghdb eg kghrdesd kg t`dkr

dgdroy hcgsunptkcg, ejt`cuo` jcwdr tèg kg t`d JHV=

rdspdhtkvdjy, 9 egb 2 pdrhdgt. Kg ct`dr wcrbs, w`kjd t`d

rdst ci t`d wcrjb ès rdbuhdb t`d evdreod encugt ci

dgdroy gddbdb pdr bcjjer ci occbs egb sdrvkhds prc-buhdb, t`d JHV egb ct`dr bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds (dxhdpt

icr H`kge egb Kgbke) èvd fddg kghrdeskgo t`dkr dgdroy

gddbs pdr ugkt ci cutput.

R`d knpeht ci t`d rdokcg‛s kghrdeskgo dgdroy kgtdg-

skty cg kts hcnperetkvd dnksskcg jdvdjs ès fddg nkgk-

nkzdb, cwdvdr, fy t`d ieht tèt t`d JHV ès dx`kfktdb

jerodr rdbuhtkcgs kg t`d herfcg kgtdgskty ci kts dgdroy

prcbuhtkcg. Kg ieht, t`ks kgbdx idjj fy 56 pdrhdgt

fdtwddg 5;0< egb 6<<2, hcnperdb tc e rdbuhtkcg ci

cgjy 2 pdrhdgt et t`d ojcfej jdvdj egb ; pdrhdgt kgkgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds. Jcw-kghcnd hcugtrkds èvd

ejsc dxpdrkdghdb e skzefjd rdbuhtkcg ci 54 pdrhdgt kg

tèt kgbdx, fut bdhjkgds èvd fddg snejjdr kg nkbbjd-

kghcnd hcugtrkds= 2 pdrhdgt kg H`kge egb Kgbke egb 0

pdrhdgt kg ct`dr nkbbjd-kghcnd hcugtrkds (ikourd 4.5?).

Règas tc kts hjdegdr pcwdr odgdretkcg nkx, kg 6<<<

t`d JHV dx`kfktdb e jdvdj ci herfcg kgtdgskty pdr ugkt ci

dgdroy tèt wes 5< pdrhdgt fdjcw tèt ci `ko`-kghcnd

hcugtrkds, 5? pdrhdgt fdjcw t`d wcrjb evdreod, egb

2< pdrhdgt fdjcw t d evdreod icr H`kge egb Kgbke

(ikourd 4.50). Ncrdcvdr, bdspktd èvkgo kghrdesdb cvdrt`d pest bdhebds, kg 6<<< t`d JHV‛s jdvdjs ci dgdroy

kgtdgskty wdrd stkjj 50 pdrhdgt fdjcw t`d wcrjb evdreod

egb 24 pdrhdgt fdjcw ct`dr nkbbjd-kghcnd hcugtrkds

(dxhjubkgo H`kge egb Kgbke). Kg sun, bud tc kts rdje-

tkvdjy jcw egb bdhjkgkgo herfcg dnksskcgs pdr ugkt ci

dgdroy, egb es e rdsujt ci kts rdjetkvdjy jcw, ejfdkt

kghrdeskgo, jdvdj ci dgdroy usd pdr ugkt ci OB\, t`d JHV

ès negeodb tc nekgtekg jdvdjs ci dgdroy-rdjetdb icsskj

iudj dnksskcgs pdr ugkt ci OB\ tèt erd 86 pdrhdgt

fdjcw t`d wcrjb evdreod, 69 pdrhdgt jcwdr tèg t`csd ci

kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds, egb fdtwddg 8; egb 44 pdrhdgt

jcwdr tèg ct`dr nkbbjd-kghcnd hcugtrkds.

Kg crbdr tc vksuejkzd t`d rcjd pjeydb fy t`d verkcusbrkvdrs ci icsskj iudj dnksskcgs burkgo bkiidrdgt sufpd-

rkcbs, kt ks usdiuj tc icjjcw t`d epprceh` prcpcsdb fy

Aeye (5;;<) tc bdhcnpcsd icsskj iudj HC6 dnksskcgs

kgtc t`d icjjcwkgo iehtcrs= (5) t`d hègod kg t`d herfcg

kgtdgskty ci dgdroy (dnksskcgs pdr ugkt ci dgdroy)1 (6)

t`d hègod kg t`d dgdroy kgtdgskty ci cutput (dgdroy

hcgsundb pdr ugkt ci OB\)1 (8) t`d hègod kg OB\

pdr hepkte1 egb (2) t`d hègod kg pcpujetkcg. Ejt`cuo`

t`d ‚Aeye bdhcnpcsktkcg„ ks gct fesdb cg eg dstknetdb

ncbdj ci heusej jkgas fdtwddg t`d rdjdvegt verkefjds, kt

heg fd usdiuj icr ughcvdrkgo t`d nekg iehtcrs brkvkgocfsdrvdb hègods kg HC6 dnksskcgs (sdd Fehcg egb

Fèttehèrye 6<<?).

Ikourd 4.5; prdsdgts sunnery ‚Aeye bdhcnpcsk-

tkcgs„ icr t`d JHV egb ct`dr rdokcgs ci t`d wcrjb bur-

kgo 5;0<‘6<<4. R`d ikourd rdpcrts t`d hègods kg

icsskj iudj dnksskcgs tèt heg fd ettrkfutdb tc bkiidrdgt

iehtcrs, dxprdssdb es e pdrhdgteod ci kgktkej 5;0< jdvdjs.

R`d ikourd s`cws tèt burkgo t`d pest 64 yders hègods

kg t`d JHV‛s dgdroy kgtdgskty ci cutput hcgtrkfutdb tc

kghrdeskgo dnksskcgs fy 54 pdrhdgt fut t`d rdokcg‛siejjkgo herfcg kgtdgskty ehtdb tc rdbuhd dnksskcgs fy

5? pdrhdgt. Kg hcgtrest, et t`d ojcfej jdvdj iejjkgo

dgdroy kgtdgsktkds hcgtrkfutdb tc rdbuhkgo dnksskcgs

fy 84 pdrhdgt egb rdbuhtkcgs kg herfcg kgtdgsktkds

`djpdb rdbuhd dnksskcgs fy efcut ; pdrhdgt. Ikgejjy,

t`d JHV‛s rdjetkvdjy jcw retds ci orcwt` ci pdr hepkte

OB\ erd rdijdhtdb kg e snejjdr hcgtrkfutkcg ci t`ks ieh-

tcr tc icsskj iudj dnksskcgs, dqukvejdgt tc 68 pdrhdgt ci

t`dkr kgktkej jdvdj, hcnperdb tc 06 et t`d ojcfej jdvdj,

45 pdrhdgt kg t`d hesd ci `ko`-kghcnd hcugtrkds, egb es

nuh` es 8<; pdrhdgt kg H`kge egb Kgbke.Kg crbdr tc ugbdrstegb t`d tknkgo ci t`d efcvd

diidhts, ikourd 4.6< rdpcrts sknkjer ‚Aeye„ bdhcnpc-

sktkcgs fy sufpdrkcbs. R`d ikourd s`cws tèt t`d

hcgtrkfutkcg ci rkskgo dgdroy kgtdgsktkds tc t`d

orcwt` ci t`d JHV‛s icsskj iudj dnksskcgs wes hcg-

hdgtretdb kg t`d 5;0<s. Burkgo t`d 5;;<s, dgdroy

usd ejsc kghrdesdb, fut kts hcgtrkfutkcg tc t`d

554




559


‘;4

22

560

0<

525

64

0<

45

8<;

6?6

06

9;;9

?<

5; 40

92

85

‘;‘9

‘5?

‘;

‘56‘64

‘84

54

‘84

25668

‘5;<

‘;<

5<

55<

65<

85<

25<

Jcw-kghcndhcugtrkds

\ d r h d g t

Nkbbjd-kghcndhcugtrkds

(dxhjubkgo JetkgEndrkhe egb t`d

Herkffdeg Vdokcg,H`kge, egb Kgbke)



Herkffdeg Vdokcg

H`kge egb Kgbke _crjb

Herfcg kgtdgskty (HC6 /R\DX) Dgdroy kgtdgskty (R\DX/ OB\) Kghcnd pdr hepkte (OB\ph) \cpujetkcg

IKOTVD 4.5;

Xunnery Aeye Bdhcnpcsktkcg ci Hègods kg Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs, 5;0<‘6<<4

Xcurhds= Icr prknery dgdroy hcgsunptkcg= Dgdroy Kgicrnetkcg Ebnkgkstretkcg (6<<4)1 icr HC6= Dgdroy Kgicrnetkcg Ebnkgkstretkcg (6<<4) egb Nerjegb, Fcbdg, egb Egbrds (6<<?)1 icr OB\ egb pcpujetkcg= _crjb Bdvdjcpndgt Kgbkhetcrs (_crjb Fega).

565 565 568555

59;

566

;<

505

566;?

520

5<0

662

584

592

5<4

50

9?24

8?0

<

4<

5<<

54<

6<<

64<

8<<

84<

2<<

Herfcg kgtdgskty(HC6 /R\DX)

Dgdroy kgtdgskty(R\DX/ OB\)

K g b d x ( V d j e t k v d t c J e t k g E n

d r k h e e g b

t ` d H e r r k f f d e g V d o k c g > 5 < < )

Dnksskcg kgtdgskty(HC6 / OB\)

Kghcnd pdr hepkte(OB\p/h)

_crjb Jcw-kghcnd hcugtrkds Nkbbjd-kghcnd hcugtrkds (dxhjubkgo Jetkg Endrkheegb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg, H`kge, egb Kgbke)

@ko -kghcnd hcugtrkds H kge egb Kgbke

IKOTVD 4.50

Kgbdxds ci Herfcg, Dgdroy, egb Dnksskcg Kgtdgskty, egb \dr Hepkte OB\, 6<<<

Xcurhds= Icr prknery dgdroy hcgsunptkcg= Dgdroy Kgicrnetkcg Ebnkgkstretkcg (6<<4)1 icr HC6= Dgdroy Kgicrnetkcg Ebnkgkstretkcg (6<<4) egb Nerjegb, Fcbdg, egb Egbrds (6<<?)1 icr OB\ egb pcpujetkcg= _crjb Bdvdjcpndgt Kgbkhetcrs (_crjb Fega).



rdokcg‛s dnksskcgs wes snejj. Burkgo t`d prdsdgt

bdhebd, t`drd wes e rdvdrsej ci t`d prdvkcus trdgb,

wkt` dgdroy usd pdr ugkt ci OB\ ehtuejjy hcgtrkfut-kgo tc rdbuhd t`d rdokcg‛s tctej dnksskcgs. Es icr t`d

rdbuhtkcg kg t`d herfcg kgtdgskty ci dgdroy, ncst ci

kt chhurrdb burkgo t`d 5;0<s egb tc scnd dxtdgt

burkgo t`d ikrst èji ci t`d prdsdgt bdhebd, wkt` vdry

jkttjd prcordss eh`kdvdb burkgo t`d 5;;<s. E bkiidr-

dgt tknd pettdrg ks icugb, `cwdvdr, kg ct`dr rdokcgs

ci t`d wcrjb. Kg H`kge egb Kgbke, icr dxenpjd, eitdr

skogkikhegt rdbuhtkcgs kg dgdroy kgtdgsktkds burkgo

t`d 5;;<s egb e snejjdr rdbuhtkcg kg t`d herfcg

hcgtdgt ci dgdroy, t`d prdsdgt bdhebd ès sddg hcg-skbdrefjd kghrdesds kg dgdroy useod pdr ugkt ci cutput

egb eg kghrdesd ejsc kg t`d herfcg kgtdgskty ci dgdroy.

Es icr kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds, jerod rdbuhtkcgs kg

dgdroy egb tc e jdssdr dxtdgt kg herfcg kgtdgskty

kgbdxds wdrd eh`kdvdb burkgo t`d 5;0<s, wkt`

snejjdr rdbuhtkcgs kg dgdroy useod egb e rdjetkvdjy

stefjd herfcg kgtdgskty kgbdx cfsdrvdb eitdrwerb.

55?


Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg

‘9?

592??

59;5?4

00

‘;5 ‘5‘88

588

5?

‘89

‘6<<

‘5<<

<

5<<

6<<

8<<

2<<


Kghcnd pdr hepkte (OB\ph) \cpujetkcg

_crjb

8,4262,?58

8,544

5,499

5,056

;09

‘;50 ‘4<; 596

‘6,<2< ‘6,209 ‘8;<

‘2,<<<

‘6,<<<

<

6,<<<

2,<<<

9,<<<

0,<<<

Jcw-kghcnd hcugtrkds

‘4.48 ‘6<.;95;.54

;.4< 89.86

20.8<

4;.55 82.06

‘5<.94<.0; 5;.;0

‘6.?0

‘2<

‘6<

<

6<

2<

9<

0<

5<<@ko`-kghcnd hcugtrkds

6,6;? 6,<920<9

9;0 085

224

‘?4; ‘606

?;

‘5,08<

‘5,56? ‘940

‘8,<<<

‘6,<<<

‘5,<<<

<

5,<<<

6,<<<

8,<<<

2,<<<

H`kge egb Kgbke

5,644

6,69;5,099800

29< 696

‘4 ‘5?6 0<‘494

‘5,299

8?2

‘6,<<<‘5,4<<

‘5,<<<

‘4<<

<

4<<

5,<<<

5,4<<

6,<<<

6,4<<

8,<<<

5;0<‘;< 5;;<‘6<<< 6<<<‘<4 5;0<‘;< 5;;<‘6<<< 6<<<‘<4

5;0<‘;< 5;;<‘6<<< 6<<<‘<45;0<‘;< 5;;<‘6<<< 6<<<‘<4

5;0<‘;< 5;;<‘6<<< 6<<<‘<4 5;0<‘;< 5;;<‘6<<< 6<<<‘<4

Nkbbjd-kghcnd hcugtrkds dxhjubkgoJetkg Endrkhe, H`kge, egb Kgbke

‘94 ‘24

500 6;?898

60<8<< 595

‘66

95

‘66

8

‘6<<‘5<<

<

5<<

6<<

8<<

2<<

4<<

9<<

?<<

IKOTVD 4.6<

Aeye Bdhcnpcsktkcg ci Hègods kg Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs, fy Xufpdrkcbs, 5;0<‘6<<4

Xcurhds= Icr prknery dgdroy hcgsunptkcg= Dgdroy Kgicrnetkcg Ebnkgkstretkcg (6<<4)1 icr HC6= Dgdroy Kgicrnetkcg Ebnkgkstretkcg (6<<4) egb Nerjegb, Fcbdg, egb Egbrds (6<<?)1 icr OB\ egb pcpujetkcg= _crjb Bdvdjcpndgt Kgbkhetcrs (_crjb Fega).Gctd= Dnksskcgs erd dxprdssdb kg t`cusegbs ci ndtrkh tcgs ci herfcg.



Hcnperkgo t`d nekg brkvdrs ci JHV dnksskcgs ehrcss

bdhebds, ikourd 4.6< s`cws tèt burkgo t`d 5;0<s t`d

kghrdesd kg t`d dgdroy kgtdgskty ci cutput wes ncrd

tèg hcnpdgsetdb fy rdbuhtkcgs kg t`d herfcg kgtdgskty

ci dgdroy egb pdr hepkte OB\. Burkgo t`d 5;;<s, t`d

rdsunptkcg ci kghcnd orcwt` èb e strcgo knpeht cgt`d JHV‛s dnksskcgs, tcodt`dr wkt` pcpujetkcg orcwt`.

Hègods kg t`d jdvdj ci dgdroy hcgsunptkcg egb kg t`d

herfcg kgtdgskty ci dgdroy èb e vdry snejj knpeht cg

cvdrejj dnksskcgs. Ikgejjy, burkgo t`d ikrst èji ci t`d

6<<<s, kghcnd egb pcpujetkcg orcwt` èvd hcgtkgudb

tc orcw et sknkjer retds, fut efcut èji ci t`dkr knpeht

cg dnksskcgs ès fddg hcnpdgsetdb fy iejjkgo dgdroy

useod egb bdhrdeskgo herfcg kgtdgskty ci dgdroy.

R`d ieht tèt bdvdjcpdb hcugtrkds èvd fddg efjd tc

rdbuhd t`dkr dgdroy kgtdgskty burkgo t`d pest 64 yders,

w`kjd t`d JHV ès gct s`cwg skogkikhegt knprcvd-ndgts, heg tc e jerod dxtdgt fd dxpjekgdb fy bkiidrdghds

kg prknery dgdroy usd egb dhcgcnkh bdvdjcpndgt. Es

s`cwg kg ikourd 4.65, t`d JHV‛s dgdroy kgtdgskty, et

efcut 54< tcgs ci ckj dqukvejdgt (tcd) pdr nkjjkcg OB\,

ks stkjj fdjcw t`d evdreods icr t`d wcrjb egb bdvdjcpdb

hcugtrkds, suh` es t`d Tgktdb Xtetds egb Hegebe, w`kh`

erd kg regod ci 6<< tc 64< tcd pdr nkjjkcg OB\. R`d

hcgsunptkcg ci prknery dgdroy pdr hepkte kg t`d jettdr

kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds ks efcut ikvd tknds ordetdr

tèg kg t`d JHV. @cwdvdr, t`csd hcugtrkds èvd fddgefjd tc rdbuhd t`dkr dgdroy kgtdgskty t`rcuo` eg

kghrdesd ci t`d sdrvkhd sdhtcr‛s sèrd kg t`dkr dhcgcnkds

egb e bdhjkgd kg t`d kgbustrkej sdhtcr‛s pertkhkpetkcg. Kg

hcgtrest, hcugtrkds kg t`d JHV stkjj dx`kfkt e jerodr

sèrd ci dgdroy kgtdgskvd kgbustrkds egb t`dkr pdr hepkte

prknery dgdroy usd ks stkjj orcwkgo tègas tc rkskgo

kghcnds egb kghrdesdb djdhtrkhkty hcvdreod.

E jknktdb rdehtkcg tc kghrdeskgo ckj prkhds

Ckj prkhd ijuhtuetkcgs èvd odgdrejjy èb e skogkikhegt

diidht cg t`d kgtdgskty ci ckj hcgsunptkcg egb dgdroyusd pdr ugkt ci OB\ icr ckj knpcrtkgo hcugtrkds. Rèt,

`cwdvdr, ès gct fddg t`d hesd kg t`d JHV. Kg hcgtrest

wkt` t`d dvkbdghd icr t`d CDHB, t`d ckj egb dgdroy

kgtdgsktkds ci Jetkg Endrkheg hcugtrkds (dxhjubkgo ckj

dxpcrtdrs) èvd gct fddg eiidhtdb fy `ko`dr ckj prkhds

es s`cwg fy Ejeknc egb Jcpdz (6<<0). Rc usd e ncrd

tdh`gkhej jdxkhcg, t`dy erd gct ‚Oregodr-heusdb„ fy

`ko`dr ckj prkhds. R`ks ikgbkgo ks hcgskstdgt wkt` t`d

dvkbdghd prdsdgtdb kg t`d jest sdhtkcg ci t`ks hèptdr cg

t`d jknktdb rdbuhtkcgs kg dgdroy kgtdgsktkds cfsdrvdb kg

t`d JHV kg hcnperkscg tc ct`dr rdokcgs ci t`d wcrjb.

R`ks ks kjjustretdb kg ikourd 4.66, w`kh` s`cws tèt

cvdr t`d pdrkcb ircn 5;?5 tc 6<<2 t`d ferrdjs ci ckj

hcgsundb bekjy pdr ugkt ci egguej OB\ èvd dvcjvdb

kg e vdry bkiidrdgt ies`kcg kg t`d JHV egb t`d CDHB.

Kgbddb, ckj kgtdgsktkds èvd bdhjkgdb cgjy ncbdretdjy

kg Jetkg Endrkhe, wkt` t`d ndbkeg kgtdgskty icr JetkgEndrkhe iejjkgo ircn 5.9 ferrdjs pdr bey pdr nkjjkcg

bcjjer prcbuhdb (fpbpnb) kg t`d derjy 5;?<s tc 5.8

kg t`d derjy 6<<<s. R`d cgjy dxhdptkcg wcujb fd

\egene, w`drd kgtdgsktkds bdhjkgdb ircn 6.0 tc hjcsd

tc 5.? fpbpnb. _kt` rdoerb tc t`d rdst ci Jetkg

Endrkheg hcugtrkds, cgd heg cfsdrvd e idw ncbdst

bdhjkgds egb scnd kghrdesds. Kg hcgtrest, kg t`d

CDHB, ckj kgtdgsktkds èvd bdhjkgdb nuh` ncrd

neradbjy. Icr dxenpjd, cvdr t`d pdrkcb ugbdr hcgskb-

dretkcg, t`d Tgktdb Xtetds rdbuhdb kts ckj kgtdgskty

ircn efcut 2.6 ferrdjs pdr bey pdr nkjjkcg bcjjer prc-buhdb tc efcut 6.5 fpbpnb. Xknkjerjy, w`drdes kg

5;?5 Mepeg egb Ireghd èb ckj kgtdgsktkds ci, rdspdh-

tkvdjy, 8.9 egb 8.5 ferrdjs pdr bey pdr nkjjkcg bcjjer ci

OB\, fy 6<<2 fct` hcugtrkds èb ckj kgtdgsktkds ci

efcut 6 fpbpnb. R`d ndbkeg ckj kgtdgskty icr t`d

CDHB hcugtrkds kg t`ks senpjd bdhjkgdb ircn 6.;

fpbpnb kg t`d derjy 5;?<s tc 5.? kg t`d derjy 6<<<s.

550


_crjbTgktdbXtetds

HegebeJetkg Endrkheegb

HerkffdegVdokcg H`kjd

FrezkjNdxkhc

ErodgtkgeHcjcnfke

\dru

Ydgdzudje, V.F. bd

Rrkgkbeb egb Rcfeoc

<

5<<

6<<

8<<

2<<

4<<

9<<

?<<

< 6 2 9 0 5<

\rknery dgdroy usd (tcd/hepkte)

D g d r o y k g t d g s k t y ( t c d / n k j j k c g s $ 6 < < < \ \ \ )

IKOTVD 4.65

Dgdroy Kgtdgskty egb \rknery Dgdroy Tsd, 6<<2




@cwdvdr, t`d jdvdjs ci ckj kgtdgsktkds ci JHV hcugtrkds

gcw eppder vdry sknkjer tc t`csd icugb kg t`d CDHB,

regokgo ncstjy fdtwddg 5.5 egb 6.5 ferrdjs pdr beypdr nkjjkcg bcjjer ci OB\.

Es s`cwg fy Ejeknc egb Jcpdz (6<<0), efcut twc-

t`krbs ci t`d rdbuhtkcg kg ckj kgtdgskty kg CDHB hcug-

trkds wes eh`kdvdb fy 5;04, w`kh` hcrrdspcgbs tc t`d

dgb ci t`d sdhcgb ckj hrksks. Mepeg, icr dxenpjd, hut ckj

kgtdgsktkds ircn 8.9 tc 6.6 fpbpnb fy 5;04, w`drdes

fdtwddg 5;04 egb 6<<2 t`d bdhjkgd wes nuh` ncrd

ncbdst (ircn 6.6 tc efcut 6 fpbpnb). R`d Tgktdb

Xtetds, w`drd fy 5;04 kgtdgsktkds èb fddg hut tc 6.?

fpbpnb, ks egct`dr hesd kg pckgt. Rc e jerod dxtdgttèt wes t`d rdsujt ci knprcvdb `cnd kgsujetkcg, fdt-

tdr oescjkgd nkjdeod, egb strdenjkgdb prcbuhtkcg

prchdssds tèt jdb tc e rdbuhtkcg kg t`d usd ci ckj pdr

ugkt ci cutput. Xkghd t`dg, prcordss kg rdbuhkgo ckj

kgtdgsktkds ès hcgtkgudb, ejfdkt et e nuh` sjcwdr

pehd, prcfefjy fdheusd ci t`d jcwdr jdvdj ci prdvekjkgo

rdej ckj prkhds.

Ks t`d jcw pess-t`rcuo` ircn ckj tc oescjkgd tc

fjend icr JHV‛s stefjd dgdroy kgtdgskty3

Ejeknc egb Jcpdz (6<<0) eroud tèt t`d jknktdb rdeh-tkcg ci ckj kgtdgsktkds cfsdrvdb kg t`d JHV‒egb icr

tèt nettdr kg ct`dr nkbbjd-kghcnd hcugtrkds‒dvdg

kg t`d eitdrnet` ci jerod kghrdesds kg ckj prkhds ney fd

bud tc ocvdrgndgts‛ bdhkskcgs tc rdbuhd t`d pess-

t`rcuo` ci kgtdrgetkcgej ckj prkhds tc ikgej hcgsundrs.

Kg negy nkbbjd kghcnd-hcugtrkds egb pertkhujerjy kg

Jetkg Endrkhe, dgdroy prkhds erd `devkjy rdoujetdb

egb dgdroy prkhd hègods tdgb tc fd e sdgsktkvd tcpkh.

_`kjd, cg t`d cgd ègb, t`ks heg prctdht hcgsundrs

fy kscjetkgo t`dn ircn prkhd ijuhtuetkcgs dspdhkejjyw`dg iehkgo prkhd kghrdesds, kt ney, cg t`d ct`dr

ègb, iekj tc sdgb t`d epprcprketd neradt skogejs.

Kgbddb, t`ks ndegs hcgsundrs wkjj èvd e tdgbdghy

gct tc ebmust t`dkr dgdroy hcgsunptkcg tc hègods kg

ckj prkhds.

Dxkstkgo dstknetds ci prkhd pess-t`rcuo` ircn ckj tc

oescjkgd suoodst tèt prkhd pess-t`rcuo` ks `ko`dr kg

ckj knpcrtkgo hcugtrkds egb jknktdb kg ckj dxpcrtkgo

hcugtrkds. Fehcg egb Acmkne (6<<9), icr kgsteghd,

hcnputd t`d retkc fdtwddg t`d hègod kg bcndstkhprkhds (oescjkgd, bkdsdj) egb t`d hègod kg ckj prkhds5

ircn 6<<2 tc 6<<9 icr dko`t Jetkg Endrkheg hcug-

trkds. Ikgbkgos s`cw tèt Vdpýfjkhe Fcjkverkege bd

Ydgdzudje, Erodgtkge, egb Ndxkhc èvd gdojkokfjd

pess-t`rcuo`. Kg hcgtrest, Fcjkvke egb @cgbures

wcujb èvd e pess-t`rcuo` ci efcut 9< pdrhdgt icr

oescjkgd egb 0< pdrhdgt icr bkdsdj. Ikgejjy, Ouetdneje,

Gkhereoue, egb H`kjd èvd t`d `ko`dst pess-t`rcuo`

ci t`dkr senpjd wkt` hcdiikhkdgts regokgo ircn .;4 tc

5.54 (tefjd 4.5).

R`dsd ikgbkgos erd tc e jerod dxtdgt hcgskstdgt wkt`t`csd ci t`d _crjb Fega (6<<9), w`kh` dstknetds t`d

bdordd ci pess-t`rcuo` es t`d hcdiikhkdgt ircn e rdords-

skcg ci t`d cvdrejj prkhd kgbdx ci oescjkgd prkhds cg

dgdroy prkhds. R`ks stuby hcghjubds tèt kg Erodgtkge,

Dhuebcr, Ndxkhc, egb Vdpýfjkhe Fcjkverkege bd

Ydgdzudje, t`drd ks gc pess-t`rcuo`. Cg t`d hcgtrery, kg

Frezkj, Hcjcnfke, t`d Bcnkgkheg Vdpufjkh, Dj Xejvebcr,

55;


<.8

<.0

5.8

5.06.8

6.0

8.8

8.0

2.8Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg hcugtrkds CDHB hcugtrkds

5 ; ? 5

5 ; ? 8

5 ; ? 4

5 ; ? ?

5 ; ? ;

5 ; 0 5

5 ; 0 8

5 ; 0 4

5 ; 0 ?

5 ; 0 ;

5 ; ; 5

5 ; ; 8

5 ; ; 4

5 ; ; ?

5 ; ; ; 6 <

< 5 6 <

< 8 6 <

< 2

Erodgtkge Frezkj H`kjd Hcjcnfke \ereouey \dru

<.9

5.5

5.9

6.5

6.9

8.5

8.9

2.5

2.9

F e r r d j s c i c k j

h c g s u n d b p d r

b e y / e g g u e j O

B \ p d r h e p k t e

i c s s k j i u d j H

C 6 d n k s s k c g s

F e r r d j s c i c k j

h c g s u n d b p d r

b e y / e g g u e j O

B \ p d r h e p k t e

i c s s k j i u d j H

C 6 d n k s s k c g s

5 ; ? 5

5 ; ? 8

5 ; ? 4

5 ; ? ?

5 ; ? ;

5 ; 0 5

5 ; 0 8

5 ; 0 4

5 ; 0 ?

5 ; 0 ;

5 ; ; 5

5 ; ; 8

5 ; ; 4

5 ; ; ?

5 ; ; ;

6 < < 5 6 <

< 8 6 <

< 2

Ireghd Xpekg Tgktdb Xtetds Eustrejke Mepeg

IKOTVD 4.66

Ckj Kgtdgsktkds ci Xdjdhtdb Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg egb CDHB Hcugtrkds

Xcurhd= Ejeknc egb Jcpdz (6<<0).



egb Ouyege t`d pess-t`rcuo` eppders tc fd hcnpjdtd.

Cg t`d w`cjd, t`d pkhturd tèt dndrods ircn t`dsd stub-

kds ks nkxdb. Rypkhejjy, gdt knpcrtkgo hcugtrkds ejjcw

ckj prkhd ijuhtuetkcgs tc pess t`rcuo` tc ikgej hcg-

sundrs. Kg hcgtrest, gdt dxpcrtkgo hcugtrkds s`cw e hjder

bkshcggdht fdtwddg bcndstkh egb kgtdrgetkcgej prkhd

hègods. Fy kscjetkgo ikgej hcgsundrs ircn prkhd ijuhtu-etkcgs, gdt dxpcrtkgo hcugtrkds bc gct ejjcw dgdroy hcg-

sunptkcg tc fd eiidhtdb fy neradt prkhds.

Bc t`dsd hcghjuskcgs stkjj `cjb kg t`d ncrd rdhdgt

pdrkcb, w`drd hrubd ckj prkhds erd rdeh`kgo rdhcrb jdv-

djs3 Rc ebbrdss t`ks qudstkcg, Ejeknc egb Jcpdz

(6<<0) hcjjdhtdb bete icr 58 hcugtrkds ircn Meguery

6<<4 tc Bdhdnfdr 6<<?. Refjd 4.6 prcvkbds t`d evdr-

eod prkhd ci t`rdd ckj prcbuhts= prdnkun oescjkgd, rdo-

ujer oescjkgd, egb bkdsdj kg deh` hcugtry, ndesurdb kg

bcjjers pdr oejjcg. Gdt ckj dxpcrtdr hcugtrkds èvd

jcwdr prkhds tèg gdt ckj knpcrtdrs. Icr dxenpjd, eoejjcg ci rdoujer oescjkgd wes jdss tèg e bcjjer kg

Erodgtkge, Fcjkvke, Hcjcnfke, egb Ndxkhc ircn 6<<4

tc 6<<?, w`kjd kt evdreodb 5.5; TX$/oejjcg icr gdt ckj

knpcrtdrs. Ejeknc egb Jcpdz (6<<0) s`cw tèt ckj

prkhd hègods erd pcsktkvdjy egb skogkikhegtjy hcrrd-

jetdb wkt` hègods kg prdnkun egb rdoujer oescjkgd

prkhds kg gdt ckj knpcrtdr hcugtrkds dvdg t`cuo` t`d

hcrrdjetkcg ks vdry ncbdst= TX$<.66 icr prdnkun egb

$<.59 icr rdoujer. Cg t`d hcgtrery, ckj prkhds bc gct

eppder tc fd hcrrdjetdb wkt` bkdsdj et t`d punp

rdoerbjdss ci gdt knpcrtdr cr gdt dxpcrtdr stetus cr

dvdg wkt` oescjkgd prkhds kg gdt dxpcrtdr hcugtrkds.

Gdw pess-t`rcuo` dstknetds icr t`d pdrkcb fdtwddg

6<<4 egb 6<<? erd sunnerkzdb kg tefjd 4.8 fy

Ejeknc egb Jcpdz (6<<0). R`d rdsujts kgbkhetd tèt

gdt ckj dxpcrtdrs iejj kgtc t`d ‚gc pess-t`rcuo` hetd-ocry„ wkt` rdoerb tc ejj typds ci iudjs. Icr dxenpjd,

\dru bcds gct s`cw skogs ci pess-t`rcuo` icr rdoujer

oescjkgd.6 Xknkjerjy, \ereouey eppders gct tc èvd

pess-t`rcuo` kg t`d hesd ci rdoujer oescjkgd, fut bcds

s`cw skogs ci jcw pess-t`rcuo` icr prdnkun oescjkgd

egb bkdsdj, encugtkgo tc 54 pdrhdgt egb 68.? pdrhdgt,

rdspdhtkvdjy. Hcste Vkhe stegbs cut es t`d cgjy Hdgtrej

Endrkheg hcugtry wkt` gc pess-t`rcuo` icr twc typds

ci bdrkvetkvds, prdnkun egb bkdsdj, dvdg t`cuo` kt bcds

tregsjetd ckj prkhd hègods kgtc rdoujer oescjkgd prkhds

et e 22 pdrhdgt retd. Kg ebbktkcg tc Truouey, t`drdnekgkgo Hdgtrej Endrkheg hcugtrkds s`cw dvkbdghd

ci ndbkun cr `ko` pess-t`rcuo`. Kg pertkhujer, dstk-

netkcgs suoodst tèt Gkhereoue egb Truouey èvd

`ko` pess-t`rcuo` icr prdnkun egb rdoujer oescjkgd

prkhds egb ndbkun pess-t`rcuo` icr bkdsdj prkhds. Dj

Xejvebcr ejsc s`cws dvkbdghd ci `ko` pess-t`rcuo` icr

rdoujer oescjkgd. Ikgejjy, Ouetdneje egb @cgbures

56<


REFJD 4.5

\ess-R`rcuo` Dstknetkcgs ci \rdvkcus Xtubkds

Oescjkgd Bkdsdj

Eut`crs

Fehcg egb

Acmkne, 6<<9

_crjb Fega,

6<<9

Fehcg egb

Acmkne, 6<<9

[ders hcvdrdb 6<<2‘<9 nkb-;<s, 6<<<s 6<<2‘<9

Erodgtkge <.<6 Gcgd <.55

Fcjkvke <.92 <.02

Frezkj Hcnpjdtd

H`kjd 5.54 5.55

Hcjcnfke Hcnpjdtd

Bcnkgkheg Vdp. Hcnpjdtd

Dhuebcr Gcgd

Dj Xejvebcr Hcnpjdtd

Ouetdneje <.;8 <.;;

Ouyege Hcnpjdtd

@cgbures <.9< Hcnpjdtd <.0?

Ndxkhc <.54 Gcgd <.55

Gkhereoue <.;4 <.00Ydgdzudje, V. F. bd <.<< Gcgd <.<<

Xcurhds= Fehcg egb Acmkne (6<<9)1 _crjb Fega (6<<9).

REFJD 4.6

Evdreod Oescjkgd egb Bkdsdj \rkhds kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d

Herkffdeg Vdokcg, 6<<4‘<?

(TX$/oejjcg)

\rdnkun

oescjkgd

Vdoujer

oescjkgd Bkdsdj Cfs.

Erodgtkge <.0; <.?; <.9? 89

Fcjkvke <.06 <.49 <.49 8<

Hcjcnfke g.e. <.;9 g.e. 89

Hcste Vkhe 5.64 5.6< <.00 6;

Dj Xejvebcr 5.52 5.<0 <.;4 6;

Ouetdneje 5.52 5.56 <.;5 6;

@cgbures 5.62 5.5? 5.<6 6;

Ndxkhc 5.<5 <.08 <.94 89

Gkhereoue 5.5; 5.52 5.<6 6;

\egene 6.86 g.e. g.e. 89

\ereouey 5.5; 5.<? <.;; 89

\dru g.e. 5.68 g.e. 89

Truouey 5.4; 5.44 5.6? 6<

Xcurhd= Ejeknc egb Jcpdz (6<<0).



erd hjesskikdb es hcugtrkds wkt` ndbkun pess-t`rcuo`

icr rdoujer oescjkgd, prdnkun oescjkgd, egb bkdsdj.

Hrcss-hcugtry bkiidrdghds kg dnksskcg trdgbs

Ikourd 4.68 rdpcrts `kstcrkh retds ci orcwt` ci icsskj

iudj HC6 dnksskcgs kg sdjdhtdb JHV hcugtrkds. R`d

iestdst retds ci orcwt` erd icugb kg Frezkj egb Ndxkhc,

wkt` e 8<< pdrhdgt kghrdesd kg dnksskcgs fdtwddg 5;4<

egb t`d derjy 5;0<s. _`kjd kg Ndxkhc, dnksskcgs èvd

fddg rdjetkvdjy stefjd eitdr tèt pdrkcb1 kg t`d hesd ci

Frezkj, egct`dr spur ks dvkbdgt burkgo t`d pest bdhebd,

wkt` dnksskcgs rdeh`kgo 4<< pdrhdgt ci t`dkr kgktkej

5;4< jdvdj fy t`d nkb-6<<<s. Rrdgbs èvd prcvdg tc

very ehrcss t`d ct`dr icur jerod JHV dnkttdrs. Kg t`dhesd ci Erodgtkge, Hcjcnfke, egb \dru, dnksskcgs bur-

kgo t`d prdsdgt bdhebd wdrd efcut twkhd t`dkr 5;4<

jdvdj, wkt` ncst ci t`d orcwt` èvkgo teadg pjehd

fdicrd t`d 5;0<s. R`d pkhturd ks sjko`tjy bkiidrdgt icr

Vdpýfjkhe Fcjkverkege bd Ydgdzudje, w`kh` ès neg-

eodb tc stefkjkzd kts dnksskcgs cvdr t`d pest 4< yders,

ejfdkt et nuh` `ko`dr jdvdjs tèg kg t`d hesd ci t`d

ct`dr ikvd jerod JHV dnkttdrs prdsdgtdb kg ikourd 4.68.

_`dg dnksskcgs erd dxprdssdb es e retkc tc OB\,

Vdpýfjkhe Fcjkverkege bd Ydgdzudje egb Frezkj erd t`d

cgjy hcugtrkds encgo t`d JHV‛s jerodst dnkttdrs wkt`kgtdgskty ci icsskj iudj HC6 dnksskcgs `ko`dr kg 6<<4

tèg kg 5;0<. R`d kghrdesd wes rdjetkvdjy snejj kg

Frezkj, w`drd dnksskcgs pdr ugkt ci OB\ wdrd efcut

54 pdrhdgt `ko`dr fy t`d nkb-6<<<s tèg t`dy wdrd kg

5;0< hcnperdb tc eg kghrdesd ci ncrd tèg 2< pdrhdgt

kg t`d hesd ci Vdpýfjkhe Fcjkverkege bd Ydgdzudje.

Kg neradb hcgtrest, dnksskcg kgtdgsktkds èvd fddg

iejjkgo burkgo t`d pest bdhebd kg Hcjcnfke, Ndxkhc,

egb \dru, egb, tc e jdssdr dxtdgt, kg Erodgtkge. Fy

6<<4, dnksskcg kgtdgsktkds kg Erodgtkge wdrd efcut 8

pdrhdgt fdjcw t`dkr 5;0< jdvdj. \dru, Ndxkhc, egb

Hcjcnfke eh`kdvdb jerodr rdbuhtkcgs ci 54, 6<, egb

82 pdrhdgt, rdspdhtkvdjy, kg t`d send pdrkcb ci tknd

(ikourd 4.62).

R`d brkvdrs ci hègods kg icsskj iudj dnksskcgkgtdgsktkds èvd fddg bkiidrdgt ehrcss JHV hcugtrkds

(ikourd 4.64). Icr kgsteghd, kg Frezkj, t`d kghrdesd kg kts

retd ci dnksskcgs pdr ugkt ci OB\ ès fddg brkvdg

nekgjy fy t`d rkskgo kgtdgskty ci dgdroy hcgsunptkcg

cvdr OB\. @cwdvdr, es t`d rko`t skbd s`cws, t`ks

kghrdesd ès fddg pertkejjy hcnpdgsetdb fy t`d iejjkgo

herfcg kgtdgskty ci dgdroy. E sknkjer pettdrg ès fddg

565


REFJD 4.8

E Rexcgcny ci \ess-R`rcuo` fy Hcugtry

Jdvdj ci \ess-t`rcuo` \rdnkun Oescjkgd Vdoujer Oescjkgd Bkdsdj Oescjkgd

Gcgd (*) Erodgtkge, Fcjkvke, Hcste Vkhe,Ndxkhc

Erodgtkge, Fcjkvke, Hcjcnfke,Ndxkhc, \ereouey, \dru

Erodgtkge, Fcjkvke, Hcste Vkhe,Ndxkhc

Jcw (:.88) \ereouey \ereoueyNdbkun (.88‘.99) Dj Xejvebcr, Ouetdneje, @cgbures,

\egeneHcste Vkhe, Ouetdneje, @cgbures Dj Xejvebcr, Ouetdneje,

@cgbures, Gkhereoue, Truouey

@ko` (7.99) Gkhereoue, Truouey Dj Xejvebcr, Gkhereoue, Truouey

Xcurhd= Ejeknc egb Jcpdz (6<<0).(*) Gcgd ndegs tèt dkt`dr t`d hcdiikhkdgts icr ckj prkhd hègods wdrd gct skogkikhegt cr t`dy wdrd skogkikhegt fut gdoetkvdjy rdjetdbtc t`d oescjkgd prkhd hègod.

K g b d x ( 5 ; 0 < > 5 < < )

<

5<<

6<<

8<<

2<<

4<<

9<<

5 ; 4 <

5 ; 4 2

5 ; 4 0

5 ; 9 6

5 ; 9 9

5 ; ? <

5 ; ? 2

5 ; ? 0

5 ; 0 6

5 ; 0 9

5 ; ; <

5 ; ; 2

5 ; ; 0

6 < < 6

Erodgtkge Frezkj Hcjcnfke

Ndxkhc \dru Ydgdzudje, V.F. bd

IKOTVD 4.68

Rrdgbs kg \dr Hepkte Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs icr Xdjdhtdb Jetkg

Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg Hcugtrkds




cfsdrvdb kg Erodgtkge, ejt`cuo` kg t`ks hesd t`d

rdbuhtkcg kg t`d herfcg kgtdgskty ci dgdroy, w`kh`

encugtdb tc 6< pdrhdgt fy t`d nkb-6<<<s, ès ncrd

tèg hcnpdgsetdb t`d hcugtry‛s kghrdeskgo dgdroy

kgtdgskty. Rùs, Erodgtkge wes ncrd suhhdssiuj kg fej-

eghkgo t`d kghrdesd kg dgdroy kgtdgskty kt wktgdssdbwkt` e sufstegtkej rdbuhtkcg kg t`d herfcg kgtdgskty

ci dgdroy.

E bkiidrdgt pettdrg ks epperdgt kg Vdpýfjkhe Fcjkv-

erkege bd Ydgdzudje, w`kh` ès dxpdrkdghdb fct` e

`ko`dr jdvdj ci dgdroy hcgsunptkcg egb eg kghrdeskgo

retkc ci dnksskcgs pdr ugkt ci dgdroy. Ikgejjy, w`dg

hcgskbdrkgo t`d w`cjd pdrkcb, Hcjcnfke, Ndxkhc, egb

\dru‛s dgdroy kgtdgsktkds èvd fddg dkt`dr bdhjkgkgo crsteogetkgo. Ejjkdb tc t`d iejjkgo herfcg kgtdgsktkds ci

dgdroy, t`dsd trdgbs èvd fddg brkvdg fy e rdbuhtkcg

kg cvdrejj retkcs ci dgdroy hcgsunptkcg tc OB\. R`dsd

pettdrgs erd vkskfjd kg t`d ‚Aeye bdhcnpcsktkcgs„

rdpcrtdb kg ikourd 4.69. Gctkhdefjy, Frezkj eh`kdvdb

skzefjd rdbuhtkcgs kg t`d herfcg kgtdgskty ci dgdroy

burkgo t`d 5;0<s, icjjcwdb fy Ndxkhc egb Hcjcnfke

skghd t`d 5;;<s. R`d ikourd ejsc kjjustretds t`d hcgskb-

drefjd encugt ci dnksskcgs tèt wdrd brkvdg fy

kghrdesds kg dgdroy kgtdgsktkds burkgo t`d 5;0<s kg

Erodgtkge, egb fdtwddg 5;;< egb 6<<< kg Frezkj egbVdpýfjkhe Fcjkverkege bd Ydgdzudje.

\rcmdhtdb Orcwt` kg Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs

Dgdroy bdnegb ks t`d nekg brkvdr ci wcrjb dnksskcgs‛

orcwt` prdbkhtkcgs. R`d _crjb Dgdroy Cutjcca (KDE

6<<?) prdbkhts tèt ugbdr e fuskgdss-es-usuej shdgerkc,

kg 6<8< t`d wcrjb‛s dgdroy gddbs wkjj fd 44 pdrhdgt

`ko`dr tèg tcbey, kghrdeskgo et eg epprcxknetd egguej

retd ci 5.0 pdrhdgt. Es nuh` es ?2 pdrhdgt ci t`d

566


K g b d x ( 5 ; 0 < > 5

< < ) 8 - y d e r

n c v k g o e v d r e o d s

9<

0<

5<<

56<

52<

59<

5 ; 0 <

5 ; 0 4

5 ; ; <

5 ; ; 4

6 < < <

Erodgtkge Frezkj HcjcnfkeNdxkhc \dru Ydgdzudje, V.F. bd

IKOTVD 4.62

Kgtdgskty ci Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs \dr Hepkte OB\, Xdjdhtdb Jetkg

Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg Hcugtrkds, 5;0<‘6<<4

Xcurhds= Icr HC6 egb prknery dgdroy hcgsunptkcg= DgdroyKgicrnetkcg Ebnkgkstretkcg (6<<4) egb Nerjegb, Fcbdg, egb Egbrds(6<<?)1 icr OB\ egb pcpujetkcg= _crjb Bdvdjcpndgt Kgbkhetcrs,_crjb Fega (6<<4).

Herfcg kgtdgsktky (HC6/R\DX)

?<

0<

;<

5<<

55<

56<

58<

52<

5 ; 0 <

5 ; 0 4

5 ; ; <

5 ; ; 4

6 < < <

6 < < 4

Dgdroy kgtdgsktky (R\DX/OB\)

K g b d x ( 5 ; 0 <

> 5 < < ) 8 - y d e r n c v k g o e v d r e o d s

K g b d x ( 5 ; 0 <

> 5 < < ) 8 - y d e r n c v k g o e v d r e o d s

0<

;<

5<<

55<

56<

58<

52<

54<

59<

5 ; 0 <

5 ; 0 4

5 ; ; <

5 ; ; 4

6 < < <

6 < < 4

Erodgtkge Frezkj Hcjcnfke

Ndxkhc \dru Ydgdzudje, V.F. bd

IKOTVD 4.64

Kgtdgskty ci Dgdroy Tsd egb Herfcg Kgtdgskty ci Dgdroy, Xdjdhtdb Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg Hcugtrkds, 5;0<‘6<<4

Xcurhds= Icr HC6 egb prknery dgdroy hcgsunptkcg= Dgdroy Kgicrnetkcg Ebnkgkstretkcg (6<<4) egb Nerjegb, Fcbdg, egb Egbrds (6<<?)1 icr OB\egb pcpujetkcg= _crjb Bdvdjcpndgt Kgbkhetcrs, _crjb Fega (6<<4).



orcwt` ks prcmdhtdb tc chhur kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds.

Kg ieht, fy 6<8<, bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds wkjj ehhcugt icr

ncrd tèg èji ci t`d ojcfej dgdroy neradt, up ircn

25 pdrhdgt tcbey. @cwdvdr, kt ks knpcrtegt tc gctd tètH`kge egb Kgbke erd t`d prknery orcwt` getkcgs,

ehhcugtkgo icr 24 pdrhdgt ci t`d tctej kghrdesd kg wcrjb

bdnegb.8 Kg tdrns ci ojcfej dgdroy suppjy, icsskj iudjs

erd dxpdhtdb tc hcgtkgud tc bcnkgetd. Kgbddb, icsskj

iudjs wkjj ehhcugt icr 02 pdrhdgt ci t`d cvdrejj kghrdesd

kg dgdroy bdnegb ugbdr t`d fuskgdss-es-usuej shd-

gerkc. Fdheusd dgdroy gddbs erd prdbkhtdb tc kghrdesd

sufstegtkejjy bud tc rkskgo bdnegb kg bdvdjcpkgo

hcugtrkds, icsskj iudjs erd prdbkhtdb tc nekgtekg skogkik-

hegt wdko`t es eg dgdroy suppjy. Icr t`dsd rdescgs, t`d

fuskgdss-es-usuej shdgerkc hcgskbdrs e sufstegtkejkghrdesd kg O@O dnksskcgs es knnkgdgt.

Kg ebbktkcg tc fdkgo e rdjetkvdjy jcw dnkttdr ircn

dgdroy-rdjetdb scurhds, t`d JHV‛s prcmdhtdb orcwt`

kg egguej dnksskcgs rdnekgs hcgskbdrefjy jcwdr tèg

tèt ci ct`dr bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds. Ehhcrbkgo tc t`d

KDE‛s _crjb Dgdroy Cutjcca 6<<9, dgdroy-rdjetdb

HC6 dnksskcgs kg Jetkg Endrkhe erd dxpdhtdb tc

568


Erodgtkge

‘56 ‘588

<

60

‘55‘60

82

9

52 58

9

‘4<‘2<‘8<‘6<‘5<

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2<4<9<

\ d r h d g t e o d h ` e

g o d

\ d

r h d g t e o d h ` e g o d

\ d r h d g t e o d h ` e g o d

\ d r h d g t e o d h ` e

g o d

\ d

r h d g t e o d h ` e g o d


5;0<‘;< 5;;<‘6<<< 6<<<‘<4 5;0<‘;< 5;;<‘6<<< 6<<<‘<4

5;0<‘;< 5;;<‘6<<< 6<<<‘<45;0<‘;< 5;;<‘6<<< 6<<<‘<4

Frezkj

‘4<

; ‘5

2< 80

‘5?

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66

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Ydgdzudje, V.F. bd

6 9 0

6< 55

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59

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\dru

‘6

85

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‘5<‘0‘9‘2‘6<6290

5<56



IKOTVD 4.69

Aeye Bdhcnpcsktkcg ci \rcmdhtdb Hègods kg Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs, fy Xufpdrkcbs, Xdjdhtdb Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg

Hcugtrkds, 5;0<‘6<<4

Xcurhds= Icr HC6 egb prknery dgdroy hcgsunptkcg= Dgdroy Kgicrnetkcg Ebnkgkstretkcg (6<<4) egb Nerjegb, Fcbdg, egb Egbrds (6<<?)1 Icr OB\egb pcpujetkcg= _crjb Bdvdjcpndgt Kgbkhetcrs, _crjb Fega (6<<4).Gctd= Dnksskcgs erd dxprdssdb kg t`cusegbs ci ndtrkh tcgs ci herfcg.



Xcurhd= KDE (6<<?).Gctd= Ndxkhc ks kghjubdb wkt` t`d CDHB hcugtrkds, gct wkt` t`d JetkgEndrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg hcugtrkds.

orcw fy 6? pdrhdgt fdtwddg 6<<2 egb 6<54 egb fy

?5 pdrhdgt fdtwddg 6<<2 egb 6<8< (ikourd 4.6?).

@cwdvdr, t`d kghrdesd kg Jetkg Endrkheg dgdroy

rdjetdb HC6 dnksskcgs ks ncrd ncbdst tèg kg t`d rdst

ci t`d bdvdjcpkgo wcrjb, w`drd t`dy erd dxpdhtdb tc

ncrd tèg bcufjd, kghrdeskgo fy 45 pdrhdgt kg 6<54egb fy 5<0 pdrhdgt kg 6<8<. Kg hcnperkscg, t`d

CDHB‛s icsskj iudj dnksskcgs erd prcmdhtdb tc hjknf

fy 65 pdrhdgt fdtwddg 6<<2 egb 6<8<, ci w`kh` 56

pdrhdgt wkjj fd ettekgdb fy 6<54.

Kg kts fesdjkgd fuskgdss-es-usuej shdgerkc, t`d Kgtdr-

getkcgej Dgdroy Eodghy teads kgtc ehhcugt ejj t`csd

ocvdrgndgt pcjkhkds egb ndesurds tèt wdrd dgehtdb cr

ebcptdb fy nkb-6<<9, dvdg ki negy ci t`dn èb gct

fddg iujjy knpjdndgtdb fy tèt tknd. R`d KDE ejsc

hcgskbdrs e ncrd cptknkstkh ejtdrgetkvd pcjkhy shdgerkc

kg w`kh` hcugtrkds wcujb ebcpt ejj ci t`d pcjkhkds tètt`dy wdrd hcgskbdrkgo kg 6<<9 rdjetdb tc dgdroy sdhu-

rkty egb dgdroy-rdjetdb HC6 dnksskcgs. R`d rdsujt ks e

prcmdhtkcg ci iuturd dnksskcgs orcwt` tèt ks efcut 88

pdrhdgt jcwdr icr bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds, kghjubkgo t`d

JHV, egb ejncst ;< pdrhdgt jcwdr icr t`d CDHB. Kg

t`ks shdgerkc, fy 6<8< dnksskcgs ircn t`d CDHB wcujb

fd cgjy 8 pdrhdgt efcvd t`dkr 6<<2 jdvdj, w`kjd t`d JHV

wcujb kghrdesd kts dnksskcgs fy cgjy 2? pdrhdgt egb t`d

rdst ci t`d bdvdjcpkgo wcrjb fy ?< pdrhdgt.

R`d sjcwdr orcwt` ci dgdroy-rdjetdb dnksskcgs

prcmdhtdb fy t`d KDE icr t`d Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d

Herkffdeg Vdokcg ks brkvdg tc e jerod dxtdgt fy t`d

essunptkcg tèt cutput kg t`d rdokcg wkjj orcw et e

sjcwdr pehd tèg kg t`d rdst ci t`d bdvdjcpkgo wcrjb.

Icr kgsteghd, t`d JHV‛s cutput wcujb orcw et e retd ci 8.6 pdrhdgt hcnperdb tc 2.? pdrhdgt pdr yder icr ct`dr

bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds egb 6.6 pdrhdgt icr t`d CDHB.

Okvdg t`dsd dxpdhtdb retds ci OB\ orcwt` egb t`d

essunptkcg tèt pcpujetkcg orcwt` wkjj fd hjcsd tc

5 pdrhdgt pdr yder kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds egb <.2

pdrhdgt kg t`d CDHB, t`d KDE suppcrts t`d prcmdhtdb

retds ci dnksskcg orcwt` tèt èvd fddg bdshrkfdb,

wkt` essunptkcgs rdoerbkgo brestkh rdbuhtkcgs kg

dgdroy kgtdgskty kgbdxds.

Kgbddb, es kjjustretdb kg ikourd 4.60 t`rcuo` ‚Aeye

bdhcnpcsktkcgs„ ci t`d KDE‛s prcmdhtdb hègods kg dnks-skcgs, gc skogkikhegt hcgtrkfutkcgs erd dxpdhtdb tc hcnd

ircn rdbuhtkcgs kg t`d herfcg kgtdgskty ci dgdroy, gdk-

t`dr kg t`d JHV gcr kg t`d CDHB. Icr ct`dr bdvdjcpkgo

hcugtrkds, t`d KDE ehtuejjy dxpdhts t`d vcjund ci dnks-

skcgs pdr ugkt ci dgdroy tc kghrdesd, dspdhkejjy kg t`d

6<<2‘54 pdrkcb. Gdvdrt`djdss, skogkikhegt rdbuhtkcgs kg

dgdroy kgtdgskty erd dxpdhtdb kg t`d fesdjkgd shdgerkc,

dspdhkejjy kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds. Kg t`d JHV, t`csd

rdbuhtkcgs wcujb hcgtrkfutd tc rdbuhkgo dnksskcgs fy

eg encugt dqukvejdgt tc ;2 pdrhdgt ci t`d rdokcg‛s 6<<2dnksskcgs, hcnperdb tc 4; pdrhdgt kg t`d CDHB. Kg

ct`dr bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds sknkjer rdbuhtkcgs wcujb

jdeb tc e 628 pdrhdgt bdhrdesd kg dnksskcgs.

R`d KDE‛s cptknkstkh ejtdrgetkvd prcmdhtkcg ettrkf-

utds eg kghrdesdb rcjd tc pcsskfjd rdbuhtkcgs kg t`d

herfcg kgtdgskty ci dgdroy. \rcmdhtdb rdbuhtkcgs kg

herfcg kgtdgskty wcujb hcgtrkfutd tc dnksskcg

rdbuhtkcgs fy eg encugt dqukvejdgt tc 9 pdrhdgt ci

t`d rdokcg‛s 6<<2 dnksskcgs. E jerodr hcgtrkfutkcg ci

56 pdrhdgt ks dxpdhtdb kg t`d CDHB. Kg t`d hesd

ci t`d JHV, wèt ugbdrjkds t`dsd prcmdhtkcgs ks egdxpdhtdb kghrdesd kg t`d sèrd ci oes iudjs kg t`d

rdokcg‛s tctej prknery dgdroy suppjy, ircn 6< pdrhdgt

tc 6; pdrhdgt burkgo t`d 6<<2‘8< pdrkcb. R`ks

kghrdesd wcujb tead pjehd nekgjy et t`d dxpdgsd ci

ckj egb fkcness, wkt` t`d sèrd ci ct`dr dgdroy

scurhds, suh` es hcej, `ybrc pcwdr, egb ct`dr rdgdw-

efjds, rdnekgkgo feskhejjy hcgstegt (ikourd 4.6;). Kg

562


56 0

4584

22

69

;

‘4

49

84

6<6?

‘6<

<

6<

2<

9<

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56<

J e t k g

E n d

r k h e e

g b t d

H e r k f f d

e g V d o k c

g = F e

s d j k g d

J e t k g

E n d

r k h e e

g b t d

H e r k f f d

e g V d o k c

g = C p

t k n k s t k h

B d v d j c p

k g o h c u g t r k d

s =

F e s d j k g d

C D H B

= C p t k n k s

t k h

C D H B

= F e s d j k

g d

B d v d j c p

k g o h c u g t r k d

s =

C p t k n

k s t k h

\ d r h d g t c i t c t e j

6<<2‘54 6<54‘8<

?5

2?

65

8

5<0

?<

IKOTVD 4.6?

\rcmdhtdb Kghrdesds kg Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs, Fesdjkgd, egb

Cptknkstkh KDE Xhdgerkcs icr Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg

Vdokcg, CDHB, egb Ct`dr Bdvdjcpkgo Hcugtrkds, 6<<2‘8<



564


Fesdjkgd Kgtdrgetkcgej Dgdroy Eodghy Xhdgerkc

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg hcugtrkds

‘6<0

854

549

‘5;

‘859

464

5;8

‘6

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‘6<<

<

6<<

2<<

9<<

0<<

\ d r h d g t e o d h ` e g o

d

CDHB hcugtrkds

‘6,9?0

8,990

?9?

‘5;8

‘8,4<0

2,509

909

‘695

‘9,<<<

‘2,<<<

‘6,<<<

<

6,<<<

2,<<<

9,<<<

6<<2‘54 6<54‘8<6<<2‘54 6<54‘8< 6<<2‘54 6<54‘8<

Bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds (dxhjubkgoJetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg)

‘9,888

0,;<9

5,;62

?6;

‘0,492

55,55;

6,;52

62?

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‘4,<<<

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4,<<<

5<,<<<

54,<<<

6<,<<<

Cptknkstkh Kgtdrgetkcgej Dgdroy Eodghy Xhdgerkc

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg hcugtrkds


CDHB hcugtrkds

‘629

8<9

546

‘60‘808

2?6

5?2

‘62

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‘6<<

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‘282

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‘9,?04

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6,49<

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‘54,<<<

‘5<,<<<

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4,<<<

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54,<<<

IKOTVD 4.60

Aeye Bdhcnpcsktkcg ci \rcmdhtdb Hègods kg Icsskj Iudj HC6 Dnksskcgs, Fesdjkgd, egb Cptknkstkh Kgtdrgetkcgej Dgdroy Eodghy Xhdgerkcs icr Jetkg

Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg, CDHB, egb Ct`dr Bdvdjcpkgo Hcugtrkds, 6<<2‘8<

Xcurhd= KDE ( 6<<?).Gctd= Ndxkhc ks kghjubdb wkt` t`d CDHB hcugtrkds, gct wkt` Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg hcugtrkds.

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcghcugtrkds (dxhjubkgo Ndxkhc)

4 2 222

24 25 80 2< 89

6< 62 6;

5?

5

54

6 5 5

62 6?

5 655 55

5 6 655 55 56

50 5050

<

6<

2<

9<

0<

5<<

\ d r h d g t

6<<2 6<54 6<8< 6<54 6<8<

Vdidrdghd shdgerkc Ejtdrgetkvd shdgerkc

\ d r h d g t

<

6<

2<

9<

0<

5<<

6<<2 6<54 6<8< 6<54 6<8<

CDHB hcugtrkds (kghjubkgo Ndxkhc)

65 6< 54

25 8; 80 8;

62 66

5; 5;

8?

66 6868

55 5< ; 5556

29 4 ?

88

5 5 6 8


\ d r h d g

t

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6<

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6<<2 6<54 6<8< 6<54 6<8<


89 80 82

60 60

52

60

59

6?

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60

56 52 54

66

5 5 5 5 8

5? 52 5? 59


Hcej Ckj Oes Guhjder @ybrc

Fkcness egb westd Ct`dr rdgdwefjds

IKOTVD 4.6;

\rcmdhtdb Rctej \rknery Dgdroy Xuppjy ugbdr Fesdjkgd egb Cptknkstkh KDE Xhdgerkcs icr Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg, CDHB, egb Ct`dr

Bdvdjcpkgo Hcugtrkds, 6<<2‘8<

Xcurhd= KDE (6<<?).Gctd= Ndxkhc ks kghjubdb wkt` t`d CDHB hcugtrkds, gct wkt` Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg hcugtrkds.



ks dxpdhtdb tc hcgtkgud rdjykgo `devkjy cg hcej, ckj,

egb, tc e jdssdr dxtdgt, oes, dvdg kg t`d ncst cptk-

nkstkh KDE shdgerkc (ikourd 4.6;).

Gctds5. R`d bcndstkh iudj prkhd egb ckj prkhd hègod retkcs erd

fct` ndesurdb kg bcjjers.6. Oescjkgd ks t`d cgjy typd ci iudj evekjefjd kg t`dkr senpjd.

8. KDE (6<<?).

t`d ncrd cptknkstkh shdgerkc, `ybrc pcwdr, guhjder

pcwdr, fkcness, egb ct`dr rdgdwefjds wcujb rdeh`

84 pdrhdgt ci tctej prknery dgdroy suppjy fy 6<8<,

hcnperdb tc 8< pdrhdgt kg 6<<2. Es icr t`d CDHB,

t`d KDE‛s cptknkstkh shdgerkc dgvkseods e rdbuhtkcg ci

5< pdrhdgt kg t`d sèrd ci hcej egb ckj, wkt` hcrrd-spcgbkgo kghrdesds kg rdgdwefjd dgdroy scurhds. Es

cppcsdb tc t`d JHV, t`d rdst ci t`d bdvdjcpkgo wcrjb

569




Es s`cwg kg hèptdr 4, t`d JHV ès rdjetkvdjy jcwO@O dnksskcgs ircn dgdroy hcgsunptkcg fct` kgefscjutd tdrns egb kg t`d herfcg kgtdgskty ci dgdroyusd, bud kg pert tc t`d `kstcrkhejjy jerod rcjd ci `ybrc-djdhtrkhkty. @cwdvdr, dnksskcgs ircn t`d JHV rksd sko-gkikhegtjy w`dg eorkhujturej egb jegb-usd hègods erdhcgskbdrdb, egb bdicrdstetkcg rdnekgs t`d jerodst skgojdscurhd ci O@O dnksskcgs. Fut dgdroy hcgsunptkcg kgJetkg Endrkhe ès fddg orcwkgo iestdr tèg t`d wcrjbevdreod, egb et hurrdgt orcwt` retds dgdroy-rdjetdbdnksskcgs wcujb kghrdesd fy ?< pdrhdgt fy 6<8<. Kgt`ks hcgtdxt, t`ks hèptdr essdssds t`d pctdgtkej icrrdbuhtkcg ci O@O dnksskcgs ircn t`d nekg hcgtrkfut-

kgo scurhds= dgdroy hcgsunptkcg, tregspcrtetkcg, eork-hujturej egb westd negeodndgt, egb icrdstry. R`dnktkoetkcg cptkcgs wkt` t`d jerodst pctdgtkej heg citdgfd knpjdndgtdb wkt` dxkstkgo tdh`gcjcokds egb et rdj-etkvdjy jcw hepktej hcsts, kghjubkgo evckbdb bdicrdste-tkcg, dgdroy diikhkdghy, urfeg tregspcrt, egb westdnegeodndgt, fut t`ks wkjj rdqukrd gdw pcjkhkds egbkgstktutkcgej bdvdjcpndgt tc cvdrhcnd `ko` tregseh-tkcg hcsts. Icrtugetdjy, t`drd erd nujtkpjd gcghjknetdhègod fdgdikts icr negy ci t`dsd nktkoetkcg cptkcgs,w`kh`, ki hcnfkgdb wkt` t`d ijcw ci kgtdrgetkcgej her-

fcg peyndgts, heg `djp tc skogkikhegtjy rdbuhd JetkgEndrkhe‛s cvdrejj O@O dnksskcgs.

Kgtrcbuhtkcg

Es t`d ojcfej hcnnugkty ncvds hjcsdr tcwerb hcnnkt-tkgo ktsdji tc ojcfej dnksskcgs rdbuhtkcgs tc evckbpctdgtkejjy hetestrcp`kh knpehts esschketdb wkt` ojcfej

hjknetd hègod, kt ks kghunfdgt upcg ejj hcugtrkds‒fct` kgbustrkej egb bdvdjcpkgo‒tc tead ehtkcgs tcrdbuhd orddg`cusd oes dnksskcgs. R`d JHV ès s`cwgkts hcnnktndgt tc s`cujbdrkgo kts sèrd ci dnksskcgsrdbuhtkcgs t`rcuo` t`d derjy skogkgo ci t`d TGIHHHegb t`d Ayctc \rctchcj ejcgo wkt` t`d vest nemcrkty ci hcugtrkds. Ndxkhc ès ebcptdb e prcehtkvd hjknetdhègod pcjkhy tèt‒fdskbds bdncgstretkgo kts jdebdr-s`kp encgo nkbbjd-kghcnd hcugtrkds‒kt `cpds wkjjbdjkvdr ct`dr dhcgcnkh egb schkej fdgdikts, egb t`d ocv-drgndgt ks hurrdgtjy dvejuetkgo t`d prkcrktkds icr fctèbeptetkcg egb nktkoetkcg. R`d JHV ès ugkqud hepehk-tkds egb cppcrtugktkds icr rdbuhkgo O@O dnksskcgs, fut

wèt es gct fddg dgtkrdjy hjder ks t`d rdjetkvd prkcrkty ci bkiidrdgt nktkoetkcg ndesurds egb t`d ‚gdt„ hcsts ci t`dkr knpjdndgtetkcg.

Es eroudb kg hèptdr 5, kg crbdr icr t`d ojcfejrdspcgsd tc t`d hèjjdgod ci nktkoetkgo hjknetd hègodtc fd diikhkdgt, kt ks hrktkhej tc tead ebvegteod ci t`djcw-hcst cppcrtugktkds dxkstkgo kg t`d JHV egb ct`drrdokcgs ci t`d bdvdjcpkgo wcrjb. @cwdvdr, icr ojcfejnktkoetkcg diicrts tc ejsc fd dquktefjd, kt ks ady tèt t`dhcst ci ugbdrteakgo t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo prcmdhts fdsèrdb fy t`d ojcfej hcnnugkty, kghjubkgo fy ndegs

ci eg dxpegbdb egb rdicrndb HBN (es cutjkgdb kghèptdr 2) egb t`d prcordsskvd rcjjcut ci jcw-herfcgpcjkhkds kg t`d bdvdjcpkgo wcrjb. @cwdvdr, e iurt`drnctkvetkcg icr JHV hcugtrkds tc pursud e jcwdr-herfcgbdvdjcpndgt pet` ès tc bc wkt` t`d ieht tèt negy ci t`d pcjkhkds gddbdb tc ebveghd kg tèt bkrdhtkcg ejscèvd ct`dr ebvegteods, kghjubkgo ikgeghkej oekgs (icr

56?

H@E\RDV 9

Hjknetd Hègod Nktkoetkcg kg t`dJHV= Gc Vdordts egb Fdycgb



dxenpjd, w`dg uskgo jdss hcstjy jcw-herfcg dgdroyscurhds cr kghrdeskgo dgdroy diikhkdghy) egb pctdgtkejknprcvdndgts kg dgdroy sdhurkty. Kg ebbktkcg, t`drd erdschkej prctdhtkcg egb fkcbkvdrskty hcgsdrvetkcg fdgdiktsircn knprcvdb jegb usd egb icrdstry negeodndgt. R`d

cfmdhtkvd ci t`ks hèptdr ks tc kbdgtkiy t`d nekg hjknetdnktkoetkcg cppcrtugktkds tèt dxkst kg t`d rdokcg egbtc prkcrktkzd t`csd cptkcgs kg tdrns ci t`dkr rdjetkvdhcgtrkfutkcg tc dnksskcgs rdbuhtkcg, tdh`gcjcoy egbknpjdndgtetkcg hcsts, egb hc-fdgdikts. Kg ebbktkcg, t`dhèptdr dxpjcrds t`d pcjkhy hèjjdgods kg cvdrhcnkgoverkcus knpjdndgtetkcg ferrkdrs egb t`d pctdgtkejsygdrokds tèt ney prcvkbd ebbktkcgej nctkvetkcgs icrpursukgo t`dn.

O@O Dnksskcgs egb \rcmdhtkcgs icr t`d JHV

R`d JHV ks e rdjetkvdjy snejj hcgtrkfutcr tc ojcfejdnksskcgs‒9 pdrhdgt ci dgdroy dnksskcgs egb 56.4pdrhdgt ci tctej O@O dnksskcgs‒fut iehds bksprcpcr-tkcgetd knpehts ci hjknetd hègod (hèptdr 6). R`dnktkoetkcg pctdgtkej ks jerodst kg t`d sdhtcrs tèt hcg-trkfutd ncst O@O dnksskcgs kg t`d JHV tcbey egb kgt`csd sdhtcrs w`csd dnksskcgs erd dxpdhtdb tc dxpdrk-dghd `ko` orcwt`. Rùs, eg essdssndgt ci t`d ncstprcnkskgo erdes icr nktkoetkcg fdokgs wkt` e hjcsdjcca et t`d dnksskcgs prcikjd kg t`d JHV. Kt ks strka-

kgojy bkiidrdgt ircn t`d ojcfej dnksskcgs prcikjd, wkt`bdicrdstetkcg egb eorkhujturd ehhcugtkgo icr t`d fujaci tctej dnksskcgs, icjjcwdb fy dnksskcgs esschketdbwkt` dgdroy usd egb djdhtrkhkty hcgsunptkcg kg t`dkgbustrkej egb rdskbdgtkej sdhtcrs. Fy hcgtrest, dgdroyusd kg t`dsd twc sdhtcrs ks t`d jdebkgo scurhd ci O@Odnksskcgs kg t`d wcrjb, egb tregspcrtetkcg hcgtrkfutdse sufstegtkejjy ko`dr sèrd tc tctej dnksskcgs ojcfejjytèg kg t`d JHV (hèptdr 4). Egct`dr spdhkikh espdht ci JHV‛s dnksskcgs prcikjd ks t`d pertkhujerjy `ko` sèrdci t`d eorkhujturej sdhtcr kg tctej gcg-HC6 dnks-

skcgs‒ncrd tèg ?< pdrhdgt hcnperdb tc t`d ojcfejevdreod ci 44 pdrhdgt. Ndtègd ircn dgtdrkh idrndg-tetkcg kg t`d jkvdstcha sdhtcr egb gktrcus cxkbd ircnsckjs erd t`d fuja ci gcg-HC6 dnksskcgs kg t`d JHVegb t`dy erd prcmdhtdb tc rksd kg efscjutd vejud es wdjjes rdnekgkgo `ko` kg rdjetkvd tdrns.

Bdpdgbkgo cg scnd essunptkcgs efcut t`d neogk-tubd ci iuturd dnksskcgs ircn jegb-usd hègod, t`dy

hcujb fdhcnd sc jerod kg t`d iuturd es tc ier cutwdko`t`d hcgtrkfutkcg ircn ct`dr sdhtcrs‒cr hcujb rdnekget t`d jdvdj hcnperefjd tc dnksskcgs ircn t`d dgdroysdhtcr. R`ks ughdrtekgty hcnds efcut ircn t`d bdpdg-bdghd cg t`d ehtuej dnksskcg jdvdjs ircn bdicrdstetkcg

cr icrdst bdorebetkcg cg trdd spdhkds, dgb-usd ci tknfdrprcbuhts, egb sdvdrej ct`dr iehtcrs. Icr dxenpjd, uskgoèrvdstdb tknfdr icr iurgkturd stcrds herfcg, w`drdesfurgkgo icrdsts knndbketdjy rdjdesds herfcg kgtc t`detncsp`drd. Addpkgo kg nkgb tèt ughdrtekgty, rdhdgtdstknetds suoodst tèt dnksskcgs ircn bdicrdstetkcg kgt`d JHV ney èvd fddg bdhjkgkgo skghd t`d derjy5;;<s ircn ncrd tèg 8 NtHC6 kg 5;;5 tc jdss tèg6.4 NtHC6 kg 6<<4 (@cuo`tcg 6<<0). Ki tèt trdgbhcgtkguds w`kjd dgdroy sdhtcr dnksskcgs orcw, t`d rdje-tkvd hcgtrkfutkcg tc tctej O@O dnksskcgs ircn t`d

dgdroy sdhtcr kg t`d JHV ney kgbddb fdhcnd hcnpere-fjd tc t`d knpcrteghd ci t`d dnksskcgs ircn jegb-usdhègod kg t`d iuturd.

_èt bc t`d hurrdgt pettdrg ci dnksskcgs egb t`dkrdxpdhtdb iuturd tremdhtcry knpjy icr t`d nktkoetkcgcppcrtugktkds kg t`d JHV3 R`d rdokcg ney nead t`d`ko`dst hcgtrkfutkcg tc t`d ojcfej nktkoetkcg diicrtsfy rdbuhkgo dnksskcgs ircn bdicrdstetkcg‒egb t`ks ks`ko` cg t`d ojcfej eodgbe‒fut hurfkgo t`d orcwt`ci dgdroy-rdjetdb dnksskcgs, pertkhujerjy kg t`d kgbus-

trkej egb rdskbdgtkej sdhtcrs, wkjj dndrod es egct`drprkcrkty erde cg t`d nktkoetkcg eodgbe icr JHV es wdjjes ojcfejjy.

Dgdroy‒Vdjetkvdjy Jcw-Herfcg Kgtdgskty kg t`d

JHV Rcbey fut cg e Vkskgo \et`

R`d dgdroy sdhtcr hcgtrkfutds e jcwdr sèrd ci tctejdnksskcgs kg t`d JHV tèg kg t`d wcrjb fdheusd ci t`drdokcg‛s nuh` jcwdr herfcg kgtdgskty ci dgdroy suppjyegb kts hcnperetkvdjy jcw pdr hepkte dgdroy usd (tefjd9.5). Jcw-herfcg kgtdgskty ks t`d rdsujt ci e jcw sèrd

ci hcej egb e rdjetkvdjy `ko` sèrd ci rdgdwefjddgdroy‒pertkhujerjy `ybrc‒kg t`d JHV‛s dgdroy sup-pjy. @cwdvdr, fct` kgbkhetcrs‒herfcg kgtdgskty egbpdr hepkte dgdroy usd‒erd cg t`d rksd kg t`d rdokcg,egb t`ks trdgb wkjj hcgtkgud ugjdss ndesurds erd teadgtc tep t`d jerod pctdgtkej ci jcw-herfcg dgdroy suppjkdsegb dxpegb dgdroy diikhkdghy ndesurds kg t`d rdokcg.Ejt`cuo` t`d JHV ks stertkgo ircn e jcw dnksskcgs

560

J C _ - H E V F C G B D Y D J C \ N D G R = J E R K G E N D V K H E G V D X \ C G X D X R C H J K N E R D H @ E G O D



fesd, dgdroy-rdjetdb HC6 dnksskcgs ordw et e iestdr

pehd burkgo 5;;<‘6<<2 tèg t`d ojcfej evdreodnekgjy fdheusd ci t`d `ko`dr tèg evdreod orcwt` kgdgdroy suppjy. Ki t`ks trdgb hcgtkguds, dnksskcgs kg t`dJHV wcujb bcufjd fy 6<8<.

R`d hcnpcsktkcg egb dvcjutkcg ci t`d prknerydgdroy netrkx kg t`d JHV burkgo t`d pest 64 yderss`cws scnd sknkjerktkds fut ejsc skogkikhegt bkiidr-dghds wkt` t`d wcrjb. R`d sèrd ci geturej oes kg t`dprknery dgdroy suppjy èb rksdg tc efcut 65 pdrhdgtfy 6<<4, t`d pertkhkpetkcg ci jcw-herfcg dgdroy

(`ybrc, guhjder, egb snejj rdgdwefjd) èb rksdg tcefcut 5< pdrhdgt, egb t`d sèrd ci ckj wes `ko` futbdhjkgdb fy efcut 5< pdrhdgt burkgo t`ks pdrkcb. JHVès e hjdegdr odgdretkcg nkx rdjetkvd tc t`d wcrjbevdreod, wkt` e nuh` jcwdr hcgtrkfutkcg ci hcej egb erdjetkvdjy `ko` sèrd ci `ybrc (ikourd 9.5). R`d hcgtrk-futkcg ci trebktkcgej fkcness ks ejsc `ko`dr kg t`dJHV tèg kg t`d wcrjb, ejt`cuo` kt ès bdhrdesdb esdjdhtrkhkty hcvdreod egb ehhdss tc ct`dr ncbdrg dgdroyscurhds (jkqudikdb pdtrcjdun oes, scjer) evd rksdg, bks-pjehkgo t`d usd ci ikrdwccb.

E `ko` fut bdhjkgkgo sèrd ci rdgdwefjds kg

djdhtrkhkty odgdretkcg

Djdhtrkhkty odgdretkcg ks hjdegdr kg t`d JHV es e w`cjdtèg cg evdreod kg t`d wcrjb, fut tèt hcujb hègod. Kg6<<2, JHV prcbuhdb 9 pdrhdgt ci t`d wcrjb‛s djdhtrkh-kty fut cgjy hcgtrkfutdb efcut 8 pdrhdgt ci djdhtrkhktysdhtcr dnksskcgs wcrjbwkbd, knpjykgo tèt t`d herfcg

kgtdgskty ci djdhtrkhkty odgdretkcg kg t`d JHV wesefcut èji t`d wcrjb evdreod (tefjd 9.6). @cwdvdr,HC6 dnksskcgs ircn djdhtrkhkty odgdretkcg ordw et eiestdr pehd kg t`d JHV rdjetkvd tc t`d wcrjb cr kgbus-trkej hcugtrkds kg t`d pdrkcb 5;0<‘6<<2. R`d nekgrdescg icr JHV‛s rdjetkvdjy jcw herfcg kgtdgskty ks t`djerod sèrd ci `ybrc egb geturej oes kg t`d rdokcg‛spcwdr sdhtcr iudj nkx. R`cuo` nktkoetkcg ci HC6

dnksskcgs wes gct eg dxpjkhkt pcjkhy cfmdhtkvd et t`d

tknd, t`d bdvdjcpndgt ci `ybrcdjdhtrkh prcmdhts wesvdry diidhtkvd kg addpkgo t`d herfcg kgtdgskty ci djdh-trkhkty odgdretkcg jcw.

Eg egejysks ci t`d brkvdrs egb bygenkhs ci HC6

dnksskcgs kg t`d pcwdr sdhtcr rdvdejs nemcr bkiidrdghdsfdtwddg hcugtrkds kg t`d JHV kg tdrns ci t`d herfcgkgtdgskty ci djdhtrkhkty odgdretkcg. _`kjd Frezkj odg-dretdb cgjy 0? orens ci HC6 pdr ugkt ci djdhtrkhkty(oHC6/a_`), Ndxkhc dnkttdb 446 oHC6/a_`, ejdvdj sknkjer tc t`d Tgktdb Xtetds. R`d Herkffdeg,w`kh` rdjkds prknerkjy cg snejj t`drnej odgdretkcg

ugkts, prcbuhdb ?56 oHC6/a_`. Xcut` Endrkhe egbHdgtrej Endrkhe, wkt` e rdjetkvdjy jerod fesd ci ybrc-djdhtrkh odgdretkcg, èb e herfcg kgtdgskty fdjcw 64<oHC6/a_`, e jdvdj sknkjer tc Hegebe. Bdspktd t`d rdj-etkvdjy hjdeg odgdretkcg nkx kg t`d JHV, t`d `koòrcwt` retd ci dnksskcgs ès knpcrtegt knpjkhetkcgsicr hjknetd hègod. Ejt`cuo` t`d rdokcg sterts ircn ejcw fesd ci herfcg kgtdgskty, kt ks jkadjy tèt t`ks kgbdx

56;

H J K N E R D H @ E G O D N K R K O E R K C G K G R @ D J H V = G C V D O V D R X E G B F D [ C G B

REFJD 9.5

Jcwdr Herfcg Kgtdgskty fut @ko`dr Dgdroy Bdnegb Orcwt`

kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg tèg Ojcfejjy

JHV _crjb

Dgdroy usd (tcd/hepkte) 5.5; 5.??Dnksskcgs (tHC6 /hepkte kg 6<<2) 6.2 2.6

Herfcg kgtdgskty ci dgdroyusd (tHC6 /tcd)

5.;0 6.80

OB\ (TX$ 6<<< \\\/hepkte) ?,69? 0,5;5\rknery dgdroy suppjy orcwt`(% pdr yder 5;;<‘6<<2)

6.4% 5.0%

Dgdroy rdjetdb HC6 dnksskcgs orcwt`(% pdr yder 5;;<‘6<<2)

6.9% 5.0%


4<

2<

8<

6<

5<

< \ d r h d g t c i t c t e j

p r k n e r y

d g d r o y s u p

p j y

C k j

H c e j

O e s

@ y b r

c p c w

d r

F k c n

e s s

C t d

r

r d g d

w e f j

d s

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg _crjb

IKOTVD 9.5

Jcw Vdjkeghd cg Hcej egb @ko` Vdjkeghd cg @ybrc-Djdhtrkh, Ckj, egbFkcness kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg, 6<<4

Xcurhd= KDE cgjkgd bete sdrvkhds, `ttp=//bete.kde.cro/kdestcrd/stetsjkstkgo.esp.



egb t`d sèrd ci tctej dgdroy-rdjetdb dnksskcgs ircnt`d pcwdr sdhtcr wkjj kghrdesd kg t`d iuturd.

R`d sèrd ci rdgdwefjd dgdroy kg t`d odgdretkcgnkx ks dxpdhtdb tc orebuejjy bdhrdesd, es dvkbdgt ircnt`d rdidrdghd pjeggkgo shdgerkcs (sdd tefjd 9.8).5 Bdspktdsufstegtkej orcwt` kg t`d usd ci rdgdwefjd rdscurhds,tèt orcwt` ks gct iest dgcuo` tc addp pehd wkt` t`d

rkskgo bdnegb icr dgdroy. Es e rdsujt, HC6 dnksskcgsircn djdhtrkhkty odgdretkcg kg t`d rdokcg erd dxpdhtdbtc hcgtkgud tc orcw et egguej retds ci efcut 8.; pdr-hdgt. Vdjetkvdjy jcw herfcg kgtdgskty jdvdjs erd nekg-tekgdb kg t`d shdgerkcs nekgjy fdheusd ncst t`drnejdxpegskcg ks fesdb cg geturej oes1 `cwdvdr, herfcgkgtdgskty ks dxpdhtdb tc kghrdesd kg hcugtrkds w`drd t`dsèrd ci `ybrc egb ct`dr jcw-herfcg scurhds ks ejrdeby`ko` (Frezkj) egb bdhrdesd kg hcugtrkds wkt` sufsteg-tkej t`drnej odgdretkcg (Ndxkhc).

Ordet pctdgtkej icr rdgdwefjd dgdroy‒fut

ebbrdsskgo t`d dgvkrcgndgtej hcghdrgs

Es e w`cjd, JHV ks dgbcwdb wkt` sufstegtkej dgdroyrdscurhds tc nddt iuturd djdhtrkhkty gddbs. R`d `ybrc-djdhtrkh pctdgtkej ks efcut 90? okoewetts (O_) sprdebt`rcuo`cut Ndxkhc egb Xcut` egb Hdgtrej Endrkhe, ci w`kh` cgjy 69 pdrhdgt wkjj fd utkjkzdb fy 6<54, ehhcrb-kgo tc hurrdgt dxpegskcg pjegs. R`drd erd sufstegtkej

geturej oes rdsdrvds kg Vdpýfjkhe Fcjkverkege bdYdgdzudje, Rrkgkbeb egb Rcfeoc, egb Fcjkvke, w`kh` erdpertkejjy usdb kg rdokcgej pkpdjkgd neradts (Fcjkvke) crkg t`d jkqudikdb geturej oes (JGO) neradt (Rrkgkbebegb Rcfeoc). R`drd erd sufstegtkej rdsdrvds ci occbquejkty stden hcej kg Hcjcnfke, w`kh` erd kghrdeskgojyettrehtkvd tc t`d rdokcg es ckj prkhds rksd.

Bdvdjcpkgo snejj-shejd rdgdwefjd prcmdhts ks ejsc eprcnkskgo prcspdht kg t`d JHV ircn t`d purdjy tdh`gk-hej pckgt ci vkdw. Hcugtrkds rkh` kg jerod `ybrcdjdhtrkhrdscurhds ejsc èvd e skogkikhegt pctdgtkej ci snejj`ybrcdjdhtrkh prcmdhts. Negy hcugtrkds èvd erdes wkt`dxhdjjdgt wkgb hcgbktkcgs, wkt` e wkgb pcwdr hjessdquej cr `ko`dr tc 21 t`drd ks `ko` pctdgtkej icr scjerdgdroy wkt` rebketkcg jdvdjs ci ncrd tèg 4 a_`/n6 kgjerod erdes ci t`d Xcut`drg Hcgd, Ndxkhc, egb t`dHerkffdeg1 negy hcugtrkds erd jchetdb kg vcjhegkh erdeswkt` odct`drnej rdscurhds1 egb suoerhegd feoessd

ejrdeby hcgtrkfutds efcut 9 pdrhdgt ci prknery dgdroy.@cwdvdr, kgicrnetkcg efcut t`d pctdgtkej ci rdgdwefjddgdroy tèt hcujb fd bdvdjcpdb dhcgcnkhejjy, egb hcg-scjkbetdb et e rdokcgej jdvdj, ks ireondgtery egb kghcn-pjdtd. R`d ieht ks tèt kg 6<<4 t`d kgstejjdb hepehkty ci rdgdwefjd dgdroy (gct kghjubkgo `ybrc) icr djdhtrkhpcwdr wes cgjy efcut 9,0<< N_, rdprdsdgtkgo jdss tèg8 pdrhdgt ci tctej odgdretkcg hepehkty kg t`d rdokcg.

58<


REFJD 9.6

HC6 Dnksskcgs ircn Djdhtrkhkty Odgdretkcg

Dnksskcgs Djdhtrkhkty odgdretkcg

Herfcg kgtdgskty

(6<<2), oHC6/a_`Kghrdesd kg herfcg kgtdgskty

(5;;<‘6<<2), %

_crjb 6.4 8.5 4<< 5<

Tgktdb Xtetds 5.4 6.8 444 2Hegebe 6.5 5.; 6<4 6

JHV 8.? 2.? 696 8Hdgtrej Endrkhe 2.; 4.8 8<6 65?Herkffdeg 4.5 4.9 ?56 ;Xcut` Endrkhe 6.? 2.9 594 <

Frezkj 4.0 2.8 0? 4?Erodgtkge 5.4 8.4 886 6<Ydgdzudje, V. F. bd <.9 2.? 646 62H`kjd 9.9 9.6 849 59Hcjcnfke 6.8 8.; 59; 65\dru 6.2 8.0 6<9 ?Ndxkhc 2.0 2.; 446 8

Xcurhds= Dnksskcgs (KDE cgjkgd bete sdrvkhds), odgdretkcg (DKE).

Egguej orcwt` (5;0<‘6<<2), %



R`d rdokcg ès skogkikhegt pctdgtkej icr jcw-herfcgdgdroy, dspdhkejjy ndbkun egb jerod `ybrcdjdhtrkhpjegts, fut ejsc wkgb egb fkcness tèt erd hcnpdtk-tkvd tcbey kg scnd hcugtrkds egb tèt hcujb pjey enemcr rcjd kg iuturd djdhtrkhkty dxpegskcg pjegs.

Bkiidrdgt knpjkhetkcgs ci e ndgu ci rdgdwefjd

dgdroy pcjkhkds

Jdoej, rdoujetcry, kgstktutkcgej, egb ikgeghkgo sh`dnds

tc prcnctd t`d usd ci rdgdwefjds icr djdhtrkhkty odgdr-etkcg erd et bkiidrdgt steods ci bdvdjcpndgt kg t`drdokcg. R`dsd pcjkhkds èvd rdhdgtjy fddg knpjd-ndgtdb kg negy hcugtrkds bud tc t`d brcp kg kgvdst-ndgt kg geturej oes kgirestruhturd, `ko` hcst ci icsskjiudjs, egb Dj Gkõc‘ egb Je Gkõe‘rdjetdb brcuo`tstèt s`cwdb `cw sushdptkfjd `ybrc odgdretkcg heg fdtc hjknetd verkefkjkty. Negy hcugtrkds èvd dgehtdbrdgdwefjd dgdroy jdoksjetkcg rdhdgtjy kg rdspcgsd tc`ko` icsskj iudj prkhds. R`d pcjkhkds knpjdndgtdb kgt`d rdokcg iejj kgtc icur hetdocrkds= tex dxdnptkcgs

egb hrdbkts, negbetds, terkii egb sufskby suppcrt icrrdgdwefjds, egb rdscurhd jews. Iurt`drncrd, scndsuppcrt ndesurds, suh` es oueregtddb purhèsd prkhds(iddb-kg prkhds), erd ncrd ebvegteodcus ugbdr rdje-tkvdjy ughdrtekg dhcgcnkh hcgbktkcgs, w`kjd ct`drkgstrundgts, suh` es negbetds, pdricrn wdjj w`dgprkhd ughdrtekgty ks gct e nemcr iehtcr kg kgvdstcr bdhk-skcgs (fcx 9.5).

Hèjjdgods icr dxpegbkgo `ybrcpcwdr wkt` idw

dgvkrcgndgtej egb schkej knpehts

@ybrcpcwdr pctdgtkej kg t`d JHV ks vdry skogkikhegt.[dt t`d bdvdjcpndgt ci ncrd tèg 5<<,<<< N_ ci ndbkun egb jerod `ybrcdjdhtrkh prcmdhts kg XcutÈndrkhe egb scnd Hdgtrej Endrkheg hcugtrkds, w`khèrd kghjubdb kg t`d odgdretkcg dxpegskcg pjegs fy6<54 egb 6<8<, iehd negy bkiikhujtkds egb ney gct fdrdejkstkh (ikourd 9.6, tefjd 9.8). Negy ci t`d ncst

ettrehtkvd `ybrcdjdhtrkh prcmdhts rdqukrd t`d hcgstruh-tkcg ci jerod rdsdrvckrs tc rdoujetd t`d sufstegtkej sde-scgej verketkcgs kg rkvdr kgijcws egb prcvkbd e rdjkefjdscurhd ci dgdroy. @cwdvdr, t`d hcgstruhtkcg ci jerodbens ès fddg et t`d `dert ci t`d cppcsktkcg tèt èstypkhejjy ehhcnpegkdb jerod `ybrcdjdhtrkh prcmdhts kgJetkg Endrkhe cvdr t`d pest 64 yders bud tc pcpujetkcgbkspjehdndgt, kghjubkgo kgbkodgcus orcups egb dt`gkhnkgcrktkds, kgugbetkcg ci vest encugts ci jegb egb t`djcss ci fkcbkvdrskty, egb ebvdrsd knpehts cg equetkhèfktets egb ct`dr dhcsystdns. Hjknetd hègod reksds

rksas icr `ybrcdjdhtrkh pjegts t`rcuo` ordetdr verketkcgkg rekgiejj cr rugcii pettdrgs tèt ney rdqukrd ncbkik-hetkcgs tc `ybrcpcwdr bdskogs egb pjegs. Ejt`cuo`t`d dgvkrcgndgtej egb schkej knpehts heg fd negeodbkg negy hesds fy epprcprketd dgvkrcgndgtej knpehtessdssndgt stubkds egb nktkoetkcg pjegs, t`d dgvkrcg-ndgtej jkhdgskgo prchdss ks citdg kgdiikhkdgt egb kgdi-idhtkvd et eh`kdvkgo t`d dgvkrcgndgtej cfmdhtkvds, egb

585


REFJD 9.8

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg-Odgdretkcg Dxpegskcg 6<<4‘8<= Vdidrdghd Hesd Odgdretkcg Nkx egb HC6 Dnksskcgs

KDE _crjb Dgdroy Cutjcca6<<? (JHV dxhdpt Ndxkhc)

CJEBD-Dgdroy\rcspdhtkvd (JHV)

FVE]KJ-Getkcgej Dgdroy \jeg 6<8<(cgjy Frezkj)

NDPKHC-HID \CKXD

6<<0‘5? (cgjyNdxkhc)

6<<4 6<54 6<8< 6<<0 6<50 6<<4 6<6< 6<8< 6<<9 6<5?

Xèrd ci rdgdwefjd dgdroy ?5% 98% 40% 09% ?;% ?0% 59% 55%

Ndbkun egb jerod ybrc 90% 9<% 48% 06% ?8% 90% 58% ;%Ct`dr rdgdwefjds 6% 8% 2% 2% ?% ;% 8% 8%

HC6 dnksskcgs (kg nkjjkcg tcgsHC6/yder)

5?; 698 256 8<6 280 65 20 08 55? 5?0

Herfcg kgtdgskty ci odgdretkcg(orens HC6 /a_`)

5;0 5;6 6<< 62; 625 4? 9? ?0 45; 292

Egguej retd ci orcwt` Odgdretkcg 2.6% 6.?% 2.5% 2.?% 8.;% 4.<%Dnksskcgs 8.;% 8.<% 8.0% 4.?% 4.9% 8.;%




w`dg t`d jkhdgskgo prchdss ks jdgot`y, rksay, egb dxpdg-skvd, kt heusds bdjeys kg t`d prdperetkcg egb dxdhutkcgci t`d prcmdhts, rekskgo prcmdht rksas egb hcsts. R`dhèjjdgod ks tc nead t`d prchdss ci dgvkrcgndgtejknpeht essdssndgt egb jkhdgskgo fct` ncrd diidhtkvd et

ettekgkgo dgvkrcgndgtej cfmdhtkvds egb diikhkdgt ircnt`d dhcgcnkh vkdwpckgt (fcx 9.6).

Kg ncst hcugtrkds tèt èvd ebcptdb e hcnpdtktkvddjdhtrkhkty neradt wkt` prkvetd pertkhkpetkcg, kgvdstcrsèvd evckbdb `ybrc prcmdhts fdheusd ci `ko` prcmdht

586


Rex dxdnptkcgs egb hrdbkts. Kg eg diicrt tc stknujetd kgvdst-

ndgts kg rdgdwefjd dgdroy prcmdhts, hcugtrkds ney djdht

tc rdbuhd cr djknkgetd hdrtekg texds‒suh` es kghcnd egb

knpcrt texds egb bdprdhketkcg ejjcweghds‒icr e sdt

gunfdr ci yders ci prcmdht cpdretkcg. R`d kghdgtkvd jews

ci Erodgtkge, Hcjcnfke, t`d Bcnkgkheg Vdpufjkh, Dj

Xejvebcr, Ouetdneje, @cgbures, Gkhereoue, \egene, egb

\dru erd ci suh` e geturd. Egct`dr kgstrundgt, e prcbuh-

tkcg tex hrdbkt (\RH), `djps rdgdwefjds hcnpdtd wkt`

ct`dr typds ci odgdretkcg tdh`gcjcokds fy hcnpdgsetkgo

rdgdwefjd dgdroy prcbuhdrs icr t`d bkiidrdghd kg odgdre-

tkcg hcsts rdjetkvd tc icsskj iudjs. Fut \RHs heg ejsc fd e

bdtrkndgt tc eg kgbustry ki t`dy erd gct hcgskstdgtjy sup-

pcrtdb fy t`d idbdrej ocvdrgndgt. Kg t`d Tgktdb Xtetds

t`d \RH icr wkgb odgdretkcg ès dxpkrdb egb fddg

rdgdwdb sdvdrej tknds, heuskgo e fccn egb fust kg t`d

wkgb kgbustry. Ki e bdvdjcpdr fdokgs t`d prdperetcry stub-

kds egb eppjkds icr pdrnkts fut ks ugefjd tc fdokg odgdre-

tkcg cg t`d sktd fdicrd t`d \RH ès dxpkrdb, `d ks gct

djkokfjd icr t`d hrdbkt. Kg t`d rdokcg, cgjy Erodgtkge ès

ebcptdb e \RH.

Rerkii egb sufskby suppcrt. Iddb-kg jews rdqukrd bkstrkf-

utcrs tc fuy rdgdwefjd dgdroy et e ikxdb retd tèt ks

`ko`dr tèg t`d evdreod w`cjdsejd neradt prkhd egb usu-

ejjy hjcsd tc t`d rdtekj prkhd ci djdhtrkhkty. E iddb-kg terkii

ks eg esschketdb kghdgtkvd struhturd tc dghcureod t`d

ebcptkcg ci rdgdwefjd dgdroy t`rcuo` ocvdrgndgt jdoks-

jetkcg, kg w`kh` rdokcgej cr getkcgej djdhtrkhkty utkjktkds

erd cfjkoetdb tc fuy djdhtrkhkty odgdretdb ircn rdgdwefjd

scurhds et retds sdt fy t`d ocvdrgndgt et jdvdjs efcvd t`d

neradt retd. R`ks kghdgtkvd ndhègksn icr rdgdwefjds

ès fddg ebcptdb kg Hcste Vkhe, Dhuebcr, egb \dru. Iddb-

kg jews erd diidhtkvd et prcnctkgo rdgdwefjds skghd bdvdj-

cpdrs heg odt jcegs icr prcmdhts es ughdrtekgty efcut pcwdr

purhèsd prkhds ks rdbuhdb. @cwdvdr, iddb-kg terkiis prc-

vkbd jkttjd kghdgtkvd icr kggcvetkcg cr hcst nkgknkzetkcg

skghd odgdretcrs erd gct hcnpdtkgo eoekgst deh` ct`dr, es

ugbdr dgdroy euhtkcgs. E iurt`dr bksebvegteod ks t`d bki-

ikhujty ci pèskgo cut iddb-kg terkiis dvdg ki dhcgcnkh

hcgbktkcgs hègod, es typkhej ci egy sufskby.

Vdgdwefjd dgdroy negbetds. E rdgdwefjd dgdroy neg-

betd rdqukrds dxkstkgo egb gdw odgdretcrs tc prcbuhd e

hdrtekg pdrhdgteod ci t`dkr odgdretkcg ircn rdgdwefjd

scurhds fy e okvdg terodt yder. Fkgbkgo negbetds typk-

hejjy kgvcjvd idds icr gcghcnpjkeghd. Vdgdwefjd dgdroy

negbetds `djp ettekg prcbuhtkcg diikhkdghy es t`dy ejjcw

neradt prdssurds tc jcwdr t`d hcst ci odgdretkcg. Odgdre-

tcrs stkjj hcnpdtd eoekgst deh` ct`dr tc prcvkbd t`d jdest-

hcst dgdroy egb erd sdjdhtdb egb hcgtrehtdb fy pcwdr

prcvkbdrs kg pcwdr purhèsd eorddndgts. R`ks sktuetkcg

bkiidrs ircn e iddb-kg terkii, w`kh` prcvkbds odgdretcrs

wkt` e ikxdb purhèsd prkhd icr rdgdwefjd dgdroy ircn

spdhkikdb scurhds egb bcds gct dghcureod kggcvetkcg tc

jcwdr odgdretkcg hcsts. @cwdvdr, negbetds tèt erd gct

wdjj-struhturdb ney prcnctd h`drry-pkhakgo ci tdh`gcjc-

okds ret`dr tèg prdsdrvkgo t`d jdvdj pjeykgo ikdjb icr

bkvdrsd tdh`gcjcokds. H`kjd ès ebcptdb e rdgdwefjd

dgdroy negbetd kg tdrns ci e pdrhdgteod ci odgdretkcg

tèt nust fd scurhdb ircn rdgdwefjds, w`drdes negbetds

kg Frezkj egb Truouey erd kg t`d icrn ci spdhkikdb N_

hepehkty ebbktkcgs fy terodt yders.

Vdgdwefjd dgdroy rdscurhd jews. Tskgo rdgdwefjd rdscurhds

tc odgdretd djdhtrkhkty rdqukrds spdhkikh jdoksjetkcg tèt

ocvdrgs t`dkr usd. Icr dxenpjd, teppkgo odct`drnej

rdscurhds icr pcwdr odgdretkcg ks ncrd suhhdssiuj w`dg

ocvdrgdb fy e odct`drnej rdscurhds jew tèg ugbdr odgdrkh

nkgdrej cr wetdr ehts. Odct`drnej rdscurhd jews, suh` es

t`csd kg Dj Xejvebcr, Ouetdneje, Gkhereoue, egb \dru,

ebbrdss suh` nettdrs es brkjjkgo rko`ts, rdscurhd hcghds-

skcgs, egb dgvkrcgndgtej prctdhtkcg tèt ks ugkqud tc t`d

kgbustry. Xknkjer pcjkhkds gddb tc fd icrnujetdb icr

`ybrcpcwdr, wkgb, egb fkcness rdscurhds.

FCP 9.5

Xuppcrtkgo \cjkhkds @evd Bkiidrdgt Diidhts cg Kghdgtkvds, Kgvdstndgt Hdrtekgty, egb Hcsts



588


F r e z k j

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6<,<<<

2<,<<<

9<,<<<

0<,<<<

5<<,<<<

56<,<<<

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k h c H

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e g e

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t d n

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\ d r h d g t

\jeggdb kgstejjdb hepehkty fy 6<54 \drhdgt ci pctdgtkej hepehkty

IKOTVD 9.6

@ybrcdjdhtrkh \ctdgtkej kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg

Xcurhd= Busseg (6<<0).Gctd= R`ks ikourd s`cws pjeggdb kgstejjdb hepehkty fy 6<54 es e pdrhdgt ci pctdgtkej hepehkty. N_ > ndoewett.

Nkgknkzkgo ebvdrsd dgvkrcgndgtej egb schkej diidhts ci

`ybrcpcwdr egb ct`dr hjdeg-dgdroy prcmdhts tèt kgvcjvd

jerod kgirestruhturd wcras rdqukrds stretdokh pjeggkgo et

t`d sdhtcr egb sufsdhtcr jdvdjs, eg diidhtkvd rdoujetcry

irendwcra, dgvkrcgndgtej kgicrnetkcg, egb kgstktutkcgs

tèt heg ncgktcr egb dgicrhd stegberbs egb rdoujetkcgs.

R`d dgvkrcgndgtej jkhdgskgo prchdss icr `ybrcpcwdr

prcmdhts kg t`d JHV gddbs tc fdhcnd ncrd diikhkdgt‒

knpcsd jcwdr-hcsts cg t`d dhcgcny‒egb, et t`d send

tknd, ncrd diidhtkvd et eh`kdvkgo dgvkrcgndgtej prctdhtkcg

cfmdhtkvds. R`d prknery kgstrundgt icr negeokgo t`ddgvkrcgndgtej knpjkhetkcgs ci `ybrcpcwdr kgvdstndgts ks

t`d Dgvkrcgndgtej Knpeht Essdssndgt (DKE) w`drdfy eg

dgvkrcgndgtej eodghy kssuds jkhdgsds. Tskgo hcnpjdndg-

tery kgstrundgts‒kghjubkgo zcgkgo egb Xtretdokh Dgvk-

rcgndgtej Essdssndgt (XDE)‒wkjj knprcvd kgirestruhturd

pjeggkgo egb essdssndgt ci dgvkrcgndgtej knpehts. R`d

ebvegteod ci XDE ks t`d pcsskfkjkty tc essdss hunujetkvd

diidhts (icr dxenpjd, knpehts ci fukjbkgo sdvdrej ret`dr

tèg cgd `ybrcpcwdr pjegt kg t`d send rkvdr feskg) egb

hcnperd ejtdrgetkvds tèt erd gct essdssdb kg t`d stegberb

DKE prchdss. ]cgkgo pjegs heg ejsc fd kgstrundgtej icr

sdjdhtkgo t`d sktds icr `ybrcpcwdr pjegts egb bens egb

`djpkgo evckb hrktkhej wkjbjkid èfktets. R`ks epprceh` heg

fd usdb kg pjeggkgo `ybrcpcwdr kgvdstndgts, egb kt ès

fddg suhhdssiujjy eppjkdb kg ct`dr sdhtcrs wkt` pctdgtkejjy

`ko` dgvkrcgndgtej knpehts. \jeggkgo rcebs es e gdt-

wcra kg t`d Rchegtkgs stetd kg Frezkj `djpdb evckb hrktk-

hej èfktets w`kjd et t`d send tknd kghrdeskgo t`ddhcgcnkh egb schkej fdgdikts. Tskgo t`dsd hcnpjdndg-

tery kgstrundgts ci dgvkrcgndgtej negeodndgt heg

dgèghd t`d DKE prchdss, knprcvd kts diikhehy, egb rdbuhd

t`d rdoujetcry hcsts egb bdjeys, t`drdfy `djpkgo cvdr-

hcnd t`d nekg cfstehjds tc rdejkzkgo t`d pctdgtkej ci t`d

rdokcg tc nddt e jerod sèrd ci t`d orcwkgo dgdroy

bdnegb ircn jcw-herfcg scurhds.

FCP 9.6

Ncrd Diidhtkvd egb Diikhkdgt Dgvkrcgndgtej Jkhdgskgo Ks Gddbdb tc Tgjdes` t`d Vdokcg‛s \ctdgtkej icr @ybrcpcwdr



rksas= `ko` hepktej hcst, gddb icr dxpdgskvd egb tknd-hcgsunkgo ideskfkjkty stubkds, `ko`dr hcgstruhtkcg rksas,jcgo dxdhutkcg egb encrtkzetkcg pdrkcbs, egb prctrehtdbegb pcjktkhejjy sdgsktkvd prchdssds tc cftekg dgvkrcgndg-tej jkhdgsds. Bdvdjcpndgt ci jerod ybrc prcmdhts rdqukrds

strcgo ocvdrgndgt suppcrt tc `djp negeod t`dsd rksascr t`d pertkhkpetkcg ci ikgeghkejjy scjkb stetd-cwgdbdgtdrprksds tèt erd wkjjkgo egb hepefjd tc essund t`dsdrksas. Fdheusd ci t`dsd rksas, negy kgstktutkcgs (kghjub-kgo nujtkjetdrej fegas) èvd rdbuhdb t`dkr kgvcjvdndgtkg ybrcdjdhtrkh prcmdhts cvdr t`d pest 6< yders.

Dvdg Frezkj, e hcugtry tèt ès fddg vdry suhhdss-iuj kg bdvdjcpkgo e jerod pctdgtkej ci jcw-hcst `ybrc-djdhtrkh odgdretkcg, ès dxpdrkdghdb bdjeys kg t`dbdvdjcpndgt ci gdw `ybrc prcmdhts. Frezkj ès fddguskgo pufjkh euhtkcgs skghd 6<<2 tc ewerb jcgo-tdrn

dgdroy suppjy hcgtrehts, egb cgd ci t`d `cpds ci t`dprcoren wes tèt kt wcujb iehkjktetd t`d bdjkvdry ci `ybrcdjdhtrkh prcmdhts. @cwdvdr, t`d pertkhkpetkcg ci `ybrc kg t`d euhtkcg prchdss wes hcgstrekgdb fybdjeys kg cftekgkgo dgvkrcgndgtej jkhdgsds, egb cgjyefcut 4< pdrhdgt ci t`d `ybrc prcmdhts tèt kgtdgbdbtc pertkhkpetd kg t`d ikrst euhtkcg kg jetd 6<<4 rdhdkvdbeg dgvkrcgndgtej jkhdgsd egb wdrd efjd tc sufnkt eprcpcsej (_crjb Fega 6<<0e). Hcgsdqudgtjy, t`dewerbkgo ci hcgtrehts icr `ybrcdjdhtrkhkty kg gdw

odgdretkcg hepehkty tc fd hcnnksskcgdb kg 6<<0‘5<ès fddg jcwdr tèg dgvkseodb kg t`d kgbkhetkvd odg-dretkcg dxpegskcg pjegs, egb, es e rdsujt, t`d sèrd ci icsskj iudj pjegts ès kghrdesdb.

@ybrcpcwdr prcmdhts bc gct gdhdsserkjy èvd tcprcbuhd gdoetkvd dgvkrcgndgtej hcgsdqudghds. Nekg-strdenkgo dgvkrcgndgtej hcgskbdretkcgs kg prcmdhtbdskog et eg derjy steod heg skogkikhegtjy rdbuhdkgirestruhturd‛s dgvkrcgndgtej icctprkgt. R`ks heg fdeh`kdvdb t`rcuo` evckbkgo hrktkhej geturej èfktets kgkgirestruhturd sktkgo, nkgknkzkgo beneod tc ct`dr

(gcghrktkhej) geturej èfktets, egb t`rcuo` suh` nktk-oetkcg ndesurds es herdiuj dgokgddrkgo bdskog egbdhcjcokhej hcnpdgsetkcg prcorens.

Cppcrtugktkds icr wkgb‒bkiikhujtkds hcnpdtkgo

wkt` jcw egb ugstefjd dgdroy prkhds

R`d wkgb pcwdr pctdgtkej kg t`d JHV ks hcgskbdrefjd,wkt` t`d fdst wkgb rdscurhds jchetdb kg Ndxkhc, Hdgtrej

Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg, gcrt`drg Hcjcnfke, egb\eteocgke (fct` Erodgtkge egb H`kjd). Ndxkhc‛s HID(Idbdrej Djdhtrkhkty Hcnpegy) es dstknetdb t`d ideskfjdpctdgtkej ci wkgb et fdtwddg ? tc 56 O_, kg hcnperk-scg tc t`d hurrdgt kgstejjdb hepehkty ci 45 O_, wkt`

bdtekjdb wkgb rdscurhd stubkds hcnpjdtdb icr Feme\dgkgsuje (5,4<<‘6,4<<N_) egb t`d Kst`nus ci Rdùegtdpdh hdgtdrdb kg Cexehe (6,<<<‘8,<<<N_)(ikourd 9.8).

_kgb pcwdr tdgbs tc fd hcnpdtktkvd kg jchetkcgswkt` e ievcrefjd pcjkhy dgvkrcgndgt, rdscurhd dgbcw-ndgts, evekjefjd kgirestruhturd, egb wkt`cut jcw-hcstejtdrgetkvd scurhds ci dgdroy. _kgb pcwdr cpdretkgowkt` `ko` hepehkty iehtcrs egb hjcsd tc e tregsnksskcgorkb ks fdhcnkgo hcnpdtktkvd icr ncst hcugtrkds kgHdgtrej Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg tèt odgdretd e

jerod sèrd ci t`dkr djdhtrkhkty wkt` ckj, bc gct èvdehhdss tc jcw hcst `ybrcdjdhtrkh odgdretkcg, egb èvdkgtrcbuhdb jdoksjetkcg tc prcnctd bdvdjcpndgt ci snejj rdgdwefjd pcwdr. Kg t`ks hesd, wkgb prcmdhts hegfd hcnpdtktkvd egb hcvdr t`dkr jdvdjkzdb odgdretkcghcsts et t`d nerokgej hcsts ci gdw hepehkty.6 _kgb ksejsc jkadjy tc fd quktd hcnpdtktkvd kg H`kjd egb Ndxkhc,w`drd nerokgej odgdretkcg hcsts erd `ko` fesdb cggeturej oes, iudj ckj, cr knpcrtdb hcej cr JGO. KgHcjcnfke, egct`dr erde wkt` occb wkgb rdscurhds,

wkgb ks jdss hcnpdtktkvd. Kg hcugtrkds wkt` ehhdss tcjcw-hcst odgdretkcg (`ybrc cr oes-ikrdb), kghjubkgoFrezkj, Hcjcnfke, egb \dru wkgb prcmdhts heggct

582


IKOTVD 9.8

_kgb \cwdr \ctdgtkej kg Ndxkhc



hcvdr t`dkr jdvdjkzdb odgdretkcg hcsts. Kg t`d prdsdghdci jcw-hcst odgdretkcg scurhds, es kg t`dsd hesds, rdv-dguds ircn dgdroy sejds et nerokgej odgdretkcg hcsts,prcmdhtdb tc fd kg t`d regod ci 64 tc ?< TX$/N_`,erd jcw egb tèt neads kt bkiikhujt icr `ko`dr-hcst

wkgb pcwdr tc hcnpdtd.

8

\rkvetd bdvdjcpdrs ci wkgb prcmdhts‒es wkt` ct`drjcgo-tdrn kgvdstndgts, suh` es `ybrc‒typkhejjyrdqukrd jcgo-tdrn hcgtrehts wkt` stefjd dgdroy prkhdssuiikhkdgt tc rdhcvdr t`dkr ikxdb hcsts. _`kjd wkgb neyfd hcnpdtktkvd tcbey kg hdrtekg hcugtrkds kg hcnperk-scg tc icsskj iudjs, t`d cppcrtugkty hcst ney brcp kgt`d iuturd tc jdvdjs tèt bc gct hcvdr t`dkr hcsts, egbnegy wkgb bdvdjcpdrs bc gct èvd bddp pchadts. Rcebbrdss t`dsd ùrbjds, kg scnd hcugtrkds, jkad @cg-bures, t`d bdvdjcpdr heg usd e jcgo-tdrn hcgtreht tc

jcha hurrdgt `ko` nerokgej hcsts kg t`d dgdroy prkhd.Ebbktkcgej rdvdguds ircn t`d sejd ci HDVs wcujb djpfut erd stkjj snejj et hurrdgt herfcg prkhds.2

Es eg ejtdrgetkvd dxenpjd, Frezkj dstefjks`db equcte-fesdb kghdgtkvd prcoren (\VCKGIE) icr t`dbdvdjcpndgt ci wkgb, fkcness, egb snejj `ybrc, hcg-skbdrdb es t`rdd bkiidrdgt neradts, deh` cgd wkt` ktscwg dgdroy prkhd. Kg t`d ikrst pèsd ci t`d prcoren ehepehkty ci efcut 5,268 N_ wes ewerbdb tc wkgbpcwdr et e nuh` ko`dr dgdroy prkhd tèg fkcness cr

snejj `ybrc. Kg 6<<?, t`d ocvdrgndgt bdhkbdb tceppjy t`d sh`dnd ci pufjkh euhtkcgs wkt` e hdkjkgoprkhd tc purhèsd dgdroy ircn snejj rdgdwefjdpcwdr, fut t`d rdsujts wdrd gct pcsktkvd. _kt` e hdkj-kgo prkhd ci efcut TX$??/N_@, cgjy 980 N_wdrd ewerbdb, 04 pdrhdgt tc fkcness egb t`d rdst tcsnejj `ybrc (_crjb Fega 6<<0h), prcfefjy eg kgbk-hetkcg tèt wkgb egb ncst snejj `ybrc prcmdhts heggct hcnpdtd et tèt prkhd.

Cvdr t`d pest t`rdd yders t`d kghrdeskgo bdnegbicr wkgb, dspdhkejjy kg t`d Tgktdb Xtetds egb ct`dr

kgbustrkej hcugtrkds, ès rdsujtdb kg e s`crt-tdrns`crteod egb eg kghrdesd kg prkhd ci wkgb turfkgdsegb ct`dr dqukpndgt, wkt` kgstejjdb hcsts kghrdeskgofy es nuh` es 5? pdrhdgt kg 6<<9. Dvdg wkt` t`dsdhcst kghrdesds, Ndxkhc (egb spdhkikhejjy Cexehe)rdnekgs encgo t`d jcwdst-hcst rdokcgs icr wkgb odg-dretkcg wkt` rdhdgt fkbs kg t`d regod ci TX$92/a_`(tefjd 9.2).

Fkcdgdroy‒kbdgtkiykgo sustekgefjd jkqukb fkciudjs

tc evckb pdrvdrsd cuthcnds

R`d usd ci fkcdgdroy ircn eorkhujturd, icrdstry, egbnugkhkpej scjkb westds rdprdsdgts e pctdgtkejjy jerodnktkoetkcg scurhd kg t`d diicrts tc hcnfet hjknetdhègod w`dg iddbstchas icr fkcdgdroy heg fd hcjjdhtdbegb prcbuhdb kg e sustekgefjd neggdr. Iudjwccb hcgtkg-uds tc prcvkbd e jerod sèrd ci t`d wcrjb‛s egb JHV‛sdgdroy gddbs. @cwdvdr, okvdg t`d ugsustekgefjd geturdci nuh` iudjwccb prcbuhtkcg, pertkhujerjy w`dg ktbrkvds bdicrdstetkcg, egb t`d dejt` hcsts esschketdb wkt`kgdiikhkdgt iudjwccb stcvds icr hccakgo egb `detkgo (egb

t`d ojcfej wernkgo pctdgtkej ci kghcnpjdtd hcnfus-tkcg), trebktkcgej iudjwccb usd ks gct e ideskfjd cptkcg icrrdbuhkgo O@O dnksskcgs. _`kjd fkcdgdroy kghjubds ejjfkcness usdb es iudj, t`drd ès rdhdgtjy fddg e jct ci kgtdrdst kg jkqukb fkciudjs, dspdhkejjy kg t`d JHV.

Jkqukb fkciudjs erd cgd ci idw ejtdrgetkvd iudjs icrtregspcrt‒e sdhtcr w`csd dnksskcgs erd repkbjy rkskgokg tegbdn wkt` dhcgcnkh orcwt` egb knprcvkgo jkv-kgo stegberbs kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds. _kt` ckj prkhdskg 6<<0 rdeh`kgo rdhcrb `ko`s, Frezkj, t`d DurcpdegTgkcg, egb t`d Tgktdb Xtetds, encgo ct`drs, erd

ehtkvdjy suppcrtkgo t`d prcbuhtkcg ci jkqukb fkciudjsircn eorkhujturd‒usuejjy nekzd cr suoerhegd icrdtègcj egb verkcus ckj hrcps icr fkcbkdsdj. R`d sèrdci fkcness hcgsunptkcg kg t`d tctej dgdroy fesadt kgt`d JHV ks cg t`d bdhjkgd, w`kjd t`d sèrd ci fkciudjsks `ko`dr tèg kg egy ct`dr rdokcg‒tègas tc t`djerod prcbuhtkcg pctdgtkej kg Frezkj‒egb ks rkskgo(tefjd 9.4).

584


REFJD 9.2

Jdvdjkzdb Odgdretkcg Hcsts ci _kgb \cwdr

TX$/N_`

Frezkj 569

Hegebe ?0.2559.6H`kge 4?.290.9Hcste Vkhe ?6.0Dstcgke ?2.6Ncgocjke 0;.9Xwdbdg ;5Ndxkhc 92.8

Xcurhds= _crjb Fega steii dstknetds1 _kgb \cwdr Ncgt`jy,

Meguery 6<<0, wkt` prkhds kg durcs hcgvdrtdb tc TX$ etTX$5.2/durc.



R`d ojcfej dhcgcnkh nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej ci fkc-ness ircn eorkhujturd ks dstknetdb et efcut 92< tc6,62< Nt HC6d pdr yder, wkt` ebbktkcgej nktkoetkcgpctdgtkej ircn fkciudjs.4 @cwdvdr, ughdrtekgty efcutjegb evekjefkjkty egb iuturd ykdjbs rdsujt kg e vdryfrceb regod ci dstknetds. Iurt`drncrd, t`d wey kg

w`kh` fkcness ks usdb‒ugsustekgefjd èrvdstkgo egbhcnfustkcg kg kgdiikhkdgt egb pcjjutkgo stcvds‒jkn-kts kts pctdgtkej tc hcgtrkfutd tc O@O rdbuhtkcg. R`dnktkoetkcg pctdgtkej ci fkciudjs ks dvdg ncrd hcg-tdgtkcus es t`d knpjkhetkcgs ci fkciudjs‛ usd cg O@Odnksskcgs very bdpdgbkgo cg t`d typd ci iddbstcha,prchdss, egb t`d dgvkrcgndgtej knpeht ci hujtkvetkgoe spdhkikh iddbstcha.

Frezkj egb t`d Tgktdb Xtetds ehhcugtdb icr ejncst;< pdrhdgt ci ojcfej dtègcj prcbuhtkcg‒4< fkjjkcgjktdrs‒kg 6<<?. Kg t`d send yder, t`d DT hcugtrkds

prcbuhdb gderjy 9< pdrhdgt ci t`d wcrjb‛s tctejfkcbkdsdj cutput ci ;.9 fkjjkcg jktdrs. Frezkj ks egdtègcj pkcgddr, wkt` prcbuhtkcg stertkgo kg t`d 5;8<s1kt rdnekgs t`d wcrjb‛s ncst hcnpdtktkvd prcbuhdr, eswdjj es t`d jcwdst-hcst suoerhegd prcbuhdr. @eji ci Frezkj‛s suoerhegd ks gcw bdvctdb tc dtègcj, icr w`khè neradt ès fddg oueregtddb fy jdoksjetkcg rdqukrkgodtègcj-oescjkgd fjdgbs. R`d Tgktdb Xtetds usdb 62

pdrhdgt ci kts nekzd hrcp tc prcbuhd dtègcj kg6<<?‘<0, egb dxtdgbs odgdrcus suppcrt tc t`d kgbustryt`rcuo` tex kghdgtkvds egb sufskbkds icr fkciudj prcbuh-tkcg egb hcgsunptkcg, hcupjdb wkt` hcgsunptkcgnegbetds. Negy bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds erd jeugh`kgofkciudj prcorens tèt rdjy cg ncjessds, suoerhegd, egb

ckj-rkh` hrcps, suh` es scyfdegs, ckj pejn, egb metrcpè.Kg t`d JHV, Erodgtkge, Hdgtrej Endrkhe, Hcjcnfke,egb \ereouey erd scnd ci t`d gdw dndrokgo pjeydrs cgt`d fkciudjs neradts, ejt`cuo` t`dkr prcbuhtkcg vcj-unds erd ier jcwdr tèg kg Frezkj. Ehhcrbkgo tc scnddstknetds, ncrd tèg 2< nkjjkcg ebbktkcgej `dhterds ci erefjd jegb tèt ks suktefjd icr suoerhegd hujtkvetkcg hegfd frcuo`t kgtc prcbuhtkcg kg Frezkj. Bdspktd t`ks jerodugteppdb pctdgtkej, knpcrtegt schkej egb dgvkrcgndg-tej trebd-ciis gddb tc fd hcgskbdrdb.

Rc nead fkciudjs ikgeghkejjy vkefjd, ncst ocvdrg-

ndgts dxtdgb ikgeghkej egb pcjkhy suppcrt tc t`dkgbustry. Iddbstcha hcsts ehhcugt icr ncrd tèg èji t`d hcsts ci prcbuhkgo fkciudjs. Bdspktd rdneraefjdrdbuhtkcgs kg prcbuhtkcg hcsts kg Frezkj egb djsd-w`drd, t`d fkciudjs kgbustry ès struoojdb ugtkjrdhdgtjy. Kt es fddg efjd tc stegb cg kts cwg kg purdjydhcgcnkh tdrns kg must e ègbiuj ci hesds, suh` esFrezkj kg 6<<2‘<4 (fut gct 6<<9 w`dg kgtdrgetkcgej

589


REFJD 9.4

Xèrds ci Dgdroy Hcgsunptkcg kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg fy Dgdroy Xcurhd

Kgbustry Rregspcrt Vdskbdgtkej, sdrvkhds egb eorkhujturd

6<<2 6<8< 6<<2 6<8< 6<<2 6<8<

Hcej ? 9 < <Ckj 68 65 ;< 02 60 64Oes 64 64 55 54Djdhtrkhkty 5; 69 85 2<@det < < < <Fkcness egb westd 69 65 8< 5;Ct`dr rdgdwefjds < < < 5Fkciudjs 9 5<Ct`dr iudjs 2 9Rctej 5<< 5<< 5<< 5<< 5<< 5<<

Xcurhd= KDE (6<<9).Gctd= R`ks tefjd s`cws t`d sèrds ci dgdroy hcgsunptkcg kg t`d JHV fy dgdroy scurhd ugbdr t`d KDE rdidrdghd shdgerkc. Kg t`d KDE‛sejtdrgetkvd pcjkhy shdgerkc, t`d sèrds ci hcej, ckj, oes, djdhtrkhkty, egb `det erd prcmdhtdb tc bdhrdesd fy efcut 5< tc 59 pdrhdgt icrejj sdhtcrs (egb eg cvdr 6< pdrhdgt rdbuhtkcg ci ckj hcgsunptkcg fy t`d tregspcrt sdhtcr) rdjetkvd tc t`d rdidrdghd shdgerkc, w`kjd

t`d sèrd ci ct`dr rdgdwefjds wcujb kghrdesd fy 55< pdrhdgt hcnperdb tc t`d rdidrdghd shdgerkc. R`d sèrd ci fkciudjs kgtregspcrt wcujb kghrdesd fy 62 pdrhdgt rdjetkvd tc t`d rdidrdghd shdgerkc.



suoer prkhds sayrchadtdb) egb 6<<?‘<0. Djsdw`drd,fkciudjs prcbuhtkcg ès gct fddg ikgeghkejjy vkefjdwkt`cut ocvdrgndgt suppcrt egb prctdhtkcg. Bcnds-tkh prcbuhdrs kg t`d Durcpdeg Tgkcg egb t`d TgktdbXtetds rdhdkvd ebbktkcgej suppcrt t`rcuo` ko` knpcrt

terkiis cg dtègcj.\csskfjd dgvkrcgndgtej egb schkej fdgdikts, kghjub-kgo nktkoetkcg ci hjknetd hègod egb hcgtrkfutkcg tcdgdroy sdhurkty, erd hktdb es t`d nekg rdescgs icr puf-jkh sdhtcr suppcrt ci t`d repkbjy orcwkgo fkciudjskgbustry. [dt bdspktd t`d pctdgtkej ci fkciudjs fct` es erdgdwefjd dgdroy rdscurhd egb e scurhd ci suppcrt icreorkhujturej prcbuhdrs, t`drd ks ncugtkgo dvkbdghdtèt t`dy herry schkej egb dgvkrcgndgtej rksas. R`dsdkghjubd upwerb prdssurd cg iccb prkhds, kgtdgskikdbhcnpdtktkcg icr jegb egb wetdr, egb jegb-usd hègod

tèt kghrdesds orddg`cusd oes dnksskcgs. R`d hjknetdnktkoetkcg pctdgtkej ci fkciudjs, kg pertkhujer, bdpdgbscg t`d typd ci iddbstcha egb prcbuhtkcg prchdss usdb,es wdjj es cg t`d kgbkrdht dnksskcgs rdsujtkgo ircnjegb-usd hègod.

_kt`cut hègods kg jegb usd, Frezkjkeg suoerhegd ksdstknetdb tc rdbuhd O@O dnksskcgs hcnperdb tcoescjkgd fy efcut ;< pdrhdgt. Kg hcgtrest, t`d rdbuh-tkcg ci O@Os icr dtègcj ircn nekzd kg t`d TgktdbXtetds ks cgjy kg t`d regod ci 5< tc 8< pdrhdgt fdicrd

teakgo kgtc ehhcugt t`d kgbkrdht O@O dnksskcgsircn jegb-usd hègod.9 Fy scnd dstknetds, t`d hcstci rdbuhkgo cgd tcg ci herfcg bkcxkbd dnksskcgst`rcuo` t`d prcbuhtkcg egb usd ci nekzd-fesdbdtègcj hcujb fd es `ko` es $4<< e tcg, cr 8< tkndst`d hcst ci cgd tcg ci HC6 ciisdts kg t`d DurcpdegHjknetd Dxhègod.?

Icr fkcbkdsdj, t`d dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs erd dstk-netdb kg t`d regod ci 4< tc 9< pdrhdgt‒eoekg, wkt`-cut hcgskbdrkgo jegb-usd hègods‒wkt` t`d dhcgcnkhvejud ci rdbuhtkcgs nuh` jcwdr tèg t`d sufskbkds

typkhejjy okvdg tc fkciudjs. Et t`d prkhds icrdhest kgherfcg neradts‒fdtwddg TX$0 egb TX$6< pdr ndt-rkh tcg= HC6 dqukvejdgt‒t`d vejud ci O@O rdbuh-tkcgs ks jkadjy tc iejj fdtwddg TX$<.<5 egb TX$<.<2pdr jktdr ci fkciudj.0,; Kg negy hesds, bdnegb-skbd egbdiikhkdghy ndesurds kg t`d tregspcrt sdhtcr erd jkadjytc fd nuh` ncrd hcst-diidhtkvd tèg fkciudjs kgrdbuhkgo O@Os.

Ki iddbstcha prcbuhtkcg kg cgd pert ci t`d wcrjbprcnpts egct`dr rdokcg tc hègod kts jegb-usd preh-tkhds, ojcfej O@O dnksskcgs ney ehtuejjy rksd. Jkidhyhjd egejysks‒w`kh` ks e wey tc ehhcugt icr t`d tctejdnksskcgs ci O@Os t`rcuo`cut t`d dgtkrd prchdss ci

hujtkvetkcg ci iddbstchas egb prcbuhtkcg ci fkciudjs‒kgbkhetds e 6< pdrhdgt egguej sevkgos kg HC6 dnksskcgsrdjetkvd tc ckj w`dg dtègcj ks prcbuhdb ircn nekzd kgt`d Tgktdb Xtetds. @cwdvdr, e rdhdgt stuby dstknetdstèt jegb hcgvdrskcg kg t`d Tgktdb Xtetds egb djsd-w`drd tc prcbuhd ncrd nekzd ney ehtuejjy rdsujt kg ebcufjkgo ci O@O dnksskcgs cvdr 8< yders egbkghrdesd O@Os icr 59? yders.5<

Fdgdikts heg iejj iurt`dr eitdr ehhcugtkgo icr dgvk-rcgndgtej knpehts esschketdb wkt` prcbuhtkcg ci fkc-iudjs= bdpjdtkcg ci geturej rdscurhds, rezkgo ci icrdsts

egb pdet suriehds tc cpdg jegb icr hujtkvetkcg, egbbeneod tc dhcsystdns. Dgvkrcgndgtej hcsts ci gderjyèji ci t`dsd fkciudjs, kghjubkgo t`d dhcgcnkhejjyncst knpcrtegt cgds‒suh` es T.X. nekzd dtègcj, scybkdsdj, egb Nejeyskeg pejn-ckj bkdsdj‒ney èvdordetdr dgvkrcgndgtej hcsts tèg icsskj iudjs. R`dregakgo ci fkciudjs fy t`dkr cvdrejj dgvkrcgndgtejknpeht bdpdgbs hruhkejjy cg w`dt`dr t`d hujtkvetkcgci iddbstchas rdsujts kg bkrdht cr kgbkrdht jegb-usdhègod. Hcgvdrskcg ci icrdst erdes es e hcgsdqudghd ci

t`d dxpegbkgo fkciudjs prcbuhtkcg heg chhur kgbk-rdhtjy es suoerhegd cr scy pjegtetkcgs bkspjehd hrcperdes egb pesturds, w`kh`, kg turg, dxpegb kgtc icrdsterdes. R`ks typd ci kgbkrdht jegb-usd hègod ks pertkhu-jerjy bkiikhujt tc ndesurd egb fdheusd ci tèt hcnpjdx-kty kt ks citdg cvdrjccadb kg sustekgefkjkty essdssndgtsci fkciudjs.

R`d ikgbkgos ci vdry `ko` dgvkrcgndgtej hcsts ci jegb-usd hègod erd hcrrcfcretdb fy stubkds tèt jcca etspdhkikh rdokcgs egb essdss t`d ‚herfcg peyfeha tknd,„cr tknd tèt kt teads icr t`d egguej rdbuhtkcgs kg dnks-

skcgs w`dg fkciudjs rdpjehd icsskj iudjs tc hcnpdgsetdicr t`d cgd-tknd dnksskcgs ci herfcg ircn jegb hcgvdr-skcg tc fkciudjs. Hcgvdrskcg ci pdet jegb cr trcpkhejicrdsts tc hrcpjegb tc hujtkvetd iddbstchas icr fkciudjs,w`dt`dr ikrst- cr sdhcgb-odgdretkcg, wkjj heghdj cut egyci t`d dnksskcgs rdbuhtkcgs icr bdhebds. \rcbuhtkcg ci egguej fkciudj hrcps, suh` es nekzd, hesseve, cr scyfdegs,cg bdicrdstdb jegb wkt` ikrst odgdretkcg tdh`gcjcokds

58?




rdqukrds epprcxknetdjy 8<<‘5,4<< yders ci fkciudj her-fcg sevkgos tc rdeh` e herfcg frdeadvdg pckgt.Fkcbkdsdj hcnpdgsetds icr icrdst herfcg jcssds cgjy eitdr8<‘56< yders icr gcgpdet sckjs egb eitdr ncrd tèg ;<<yders icr icrdst orcwkgo cg pdet jegbs kg Xcut` Eske.55

Herfcg ijcws ircn kgktkej jegb hjderkgo egb ircn herfcgsevkgos esschketdb wkt` t`d rdpjehdndgt ci icsskj iudjswkt` fkciudjs chhur et bkiidrdgt tknd pdrkcbs egb t`dygddb tc fd bkshcugtdb, w`kh` wcujb scndwèt rdbuhdt`d herfcg peyfeha pdrkcbs, fut t`d h`ckhd ci eg epprc-prketd bkshcugt retd icr herfcg ks surrcugbdb fy pcjktk-hej hcgtrcvdrsy egb idw stubkds èvd ebbrdssdb t`kskssud.56 Ki icrdsts cr oressjegbs erd gct hcgvdrtdb icr t`dprcbuhtkcg ci fkciudjs‒kghjubkgo kgbkrdht knpehts‒t`d herfcg peyfeha wcujb fd skogkikhegtjy jdss. Frezkj-keg rdsderh`drs dstknetd tèt t`d herfcg peyfeha ircn

prcbuhkgo dtègcj ircn suoerhegd orcwg cg icrndrpesturd jegb wcujb fd jdss tèg icur yders.

Kg t`d pcjkhy bkshusskcgs, `ko` `cpds rdst wkt`sdhcgb-odgdretkcg fkciudjs egb t`d dxpdhtetkcg tètt`dkr ebvdgt wcujb rdbuhd t`d prdssurd cg jegb. [dtrdsujts ircn cgd ci t`d idw stubkds tèt essdss t`dkgtdrehtkcgs fdtwddg jegb usd egb fkciudjs prcbuh-tkcg cg t`d ojcfej shejd bc gct suppcrt tèt `cpd.

\cjkhy sknujetkcgs ircn e shdgerkc ci hcstjdss jegbhcgvdrskcg suoodst tèt es nuh` es 2< pdrhdgt ci jegb hurrdgtjy ugbdr geturej icrdsts ercugb t`dwcrjb ney fd hcgvdrtdb tc fkciudjs prcbuhtkcg fy65<< rdjetkvd tc 6<<< dvdg wkt` sdhcgb-odgdretkcg

fkciudjs.

58

Icrdst hcgvdrskcg ks nuh` jcwdr w`dgicrdst hcgvdrskcg ks ncrd hcstjy (ikourd 9.2f) tègwkt` jcw hcgvdrskcg hcsts (ikourd 9.2e). R`dsd rdsujtsugbdrshcrd t`d knpcrteghd ci knpjdndgtkgo hcgsdr-vetkcg pcjkhkds egb kghdgtkvds icr icrdst prdsdrvetkcgtèt wcujb kghrdesd t`d rdjetkvd hcst ci jegb hcgvdr-skcg ircn icrdsts tc eorkhujturd. Ejt`cuo` t`d stubyusds rdokcgejjy bkseoordoetdb bete wkt`kg e odgdrejdqukjkfrkun irendwcra, t`d rdsujts s`cujb fd trdetdbwkt` scnd heutkcg fdheusd ci t`d ojcfej ichus ci t`dstuby egb t`d ugbdrstegbefjd odgdrej geturd ci t`d

hcghjuskcgs. Essdssndgts ci t`d jkadjy bkrdht knpehtci fkciudjs cg jegb usd wkt`kg e odgdrej dqukjkfrkunirendwcra egb e `ko` jdvdj ci rdokcgej bkseoordoe-tkcg, wkt` e ichus cg spdhkikh hcugtrkds egb rdokcgs,erd nuh` gddbdb tc ekb pcjkhy bdskog.

Xdhcgb-odgdretkcg fkciudjs ney rdqukrd jdss ebbk-tkcgej jegb kgscier es t`dy wcujb utkjkzd hrcp rdskbudsegb westd cr dgdroy hrcps orcwg cg pccr quejkty

580


e. Nktkoetkcg shdgerkc wkt` jcw hcgvdrskcg hcsts(wkt` trebd kg fkciudjs)

<5<6<8<2<4<9<?<0<;<

5<<

\ d r h d g t c i t c t e j j e g b e r d e

\ d r h d g t c i t c t e j j e g b e r d e

5 ; ; ?

6 < < 4

6 < 5 4

6 < 6 4

6 < 8 4

6 < 2 4

6 < 4 4

6 < 9 4

6 < ? 4

6 < 0 4

6 < ; 4

f. Nktkoetkcg shdgerkc wkt` ko` hcgvdrskcg hcsts(wkt` trebd kg fkciudjs)

<5<6<8<2<4<9<?<0<;<

5<<

5 ; ; ?

6 < < 4

6 < 5 4

6 < 6 4

6 < 8 4

6 < 2 4

6 < 4 4

6 < 9 4

6 < ? 4

6 < 0 4

6 < ; 4

Geturej icrdst

Geturej oress

Fkciudjs

Negeodb icrdst

\esturds

Hrcps

Geturej icrdst

Geturej oress

Fkciudjs

Negeodb icrdst

\esturds

Hrcps

IKOTVD 9.2

Hcgvdrskcg ci Geturej Icrdst tc Xdhcgb-Odgdretkcg Fkciudjs kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg

Xcurhd= Ourodj dt ej. (6<<0). R`d bkseoordoetdb rdsujts icr t`d JHV wdrd prcvkbdb fy t`d eut`crs.Gctd= Vdsujts erd ircn t`d odgdrej dqukjkfrkun ncbdjkgo nktkoetkcg pcjkhy shdgerkcs, w`kh` ejjcw ugrdstrkhtdb hcgvdrskcg ci geturej icrdst egboressjegb (es jcgo es hcgvdrskcg hcsts erd hcvdrdb fy rdturgs), egb icr hcstjy hcgvdrskcg (essunkgo t`d send hcsts es wèt èb fddg cfsdrvdb kg t`dpest). R`d twc ncbdjs rdprdsdgt wèt nko`t fd hcgskbdrdb t`d twc dxtrdnds ci jegb hcgvdrskcg, egb t`d neogktubd ci iuturd hcgvdrskcg ks jkadjytc jkd scndw`drd fdtwddg t`d rdsujts ci t`dsd twc ncbdjs.



jegb tèt ks gct suktefjd icr ct`dr eorkhujturej prc-buhtkcg. R`d dxtdgt tc w`kh` O@O dnksskcgs hegfd evckbdb uskgo nerokgej egb bdorebdb jegb crwestd prcbuhts ks bdfetdb. Dvdg ki trujy dxhdss hrcp-jegbs erd usdb, fkciudjs wcujb stkjj gct evckb t`d

dnksskcgs es t`dsd hrcpjegbs wcujb hcgvdrt dkt`dr tcicrdst cr oressjegb egb stert sdqudstdrkgo herfcg ki t`dy wdrd gct usdb icr fkciudjs. R`d gdt dnksskcgsbdpdgb cg herfcg sdqudstretkcg fy fkciudjs hrcpshcnperdb tc t`d ejtdrgetkvd jegb hcvdr. Iurt`drncrd,hujtkvetkcg ci dgdroy hrcps cg nerokgej egb bdorebdbjegb wcujb jkadjy rdqukrd idrtkjkzdr egb krrkoetkcg, wkt`suh` pcsskfjd dgvkrcgndgtej knpehts es idrtkjkzdrrugcii egb orcugbwetdr bdpjdtkcg. _estd prcbuhts‒es t`dy wcujb gct heusd jegb-usd hègod‒èvd fddgkbdgtkikdb es e trujy sustekgefjd rew netdrkej icr

fkciudjs.52

Nkgknkzkgo pctdgtkej dgvkrcgndgtej rksas ircnjerod-shejd fkciudjs prcbuhtkcg hcujb fd pcsskfjdt`rcuo` hdrtkikhetkcg sh`dnds tc ndesurd egb hcnnu-gkhetd t`d dgvkrcgndgtej pdricrneghd ci fkciudjs (icrdxenpjd, e Orddg Fkciudjs Kgbdx hcujb rdijdht t`d prc-buhtkcg pet` egb hcgtrkfutkcg tc O@O rdbuhtkcgs).54

Xknkjer stegberbs ejrdeby dxkst icr croegkh prcbuhtsegb icr t`d sustekgefjd prcbuhtkcg ci tknfdr, pujp,egb icrdst prcbuhts (Icrdst Xtdwerbs`kp Hcughkj).

Ircn t`d pckgt ci vkdw ci rdbuhkgo dgvkrcgndgtejrksas ircn fkciudjs, cwdvdr, cgjy wcrjbwkbd hdrtkikhe-tkcg ci ncst fkciudjs tèt ks diidhtkvdjy dgicrhdb neyèvd e rdescgefjd hèghd ci neakgo e bkiidrdghd. R`kswcujb eroud icr repkbjy fukjbkgo e hcgsdgsus cg wètwcujb fd e rdejkstkh wey icrwerb tc dgsurd ojcfej dgvk-rcgndgtej sustekgefkjkty. Essdssndgt ci t`d kgbkrdhtknpeht ci fkciudj prcbuhtkcg cg jegb-usd hègod wkjjfd hèjjdgokgo cr gderjy knpcsskfjd dvdg ki suh` e hdr-tkikhetkcg sh`dnd hcujb fd knpjdndgtdb.

R`d hcgijkht fdtwddg iccb egb iudj ks egct`dr

knpcrtegt dhcgcnkh egb schkej rksa pcsdb fy prcbuh-tkcg ci scnd fkciudjs. Vkskgo dgdroy prkhds, encgosdvdrej iehtcrs, èvd hcgtrkfutdb tc iccb prkhd kghrdesds,fut fkciudj prcbuhtkcg ès ejsc pus`db up iddbstchaprkhds. R`d hjderdst dxenpjd ks nekzd, w`csd prkhd rcsdfy 0? pdrhdgt ircn Meguery 6<<4 tc Bdhdnfdr 6<<?.Brkvdg fy sufskbkds, negbetds, egb knpcrt ferrkdrs, erepkbjy rkskgo prcpcrtkcg ci t`d T.X. nekzd hrcp ks

bdvctdb tc dtègcj prcbuhtkcg, hckghkbkgo wkt` e sèrpbrcp kg T.X. nekzd rdsdrvds. Fkcbkdsdj prcbuhtkcg kgt`d Durcpdeg Tgkcg‒eoekg brkvdg fy sufskbkds egbnegbetds‒egb djsdw`drd, encgo ct`dr iehtcrs, èshcgtrkfutdb tc sknkjer prkhd kghrdesds icr vdodtefjd

ckjs (hegcje, scyfdeg, egb pejn). R`d kghrdesdb bdnegbicr iddbstcha hrcps fy fkciudj kgbustrkds, fy scnd dstk-netds, es ehhcugtdb icr efcut 6< pdrhdgt ci t`d cvdrejjkghrdesd kg rdej rkhd egb w`det prkhds egb efcut 2< pdr-hdgt icr nekzd ircn 6<<< tc 6<<?.59 Cg t`d hcgtrery,Frezkj‛s dtègcj prcbuhtkcg ircn suoerhegd ès gcthcgtrkfutdb epprdhkefjy tc t`d rdhdgt kghrdesd kg iccbhcnncbkty prkhds.5? Vkskgo iccb prkhds èvd `kt negyiccb-knpcrtkgo hcugtrkds èrb, heuskgo skogkikhegtwdjierd jcssds icr t`d pccr, negy ci w`cn erd gdt fuy-drs ci stepjd hrcps.

Xdhcgb-odgdretkcg tdh`gcjcokds hcujb dgefjd e s`kitircn rdjkeghd cg iccb hrcps tc bdbkhetdb dgdroy hrcpsuskgo e regod ci iddbstchas, kghjubkgo eorkhujturej,nugkhkpej, kgbustrkej, egb tknfdr westds, tùs ettdguet-kgo t`d trebd-ciis fdtwddg iccb egb fkciudjs prcbuhtkcg.R`ks hcujb rdbuhd prdssurd cg iccb hrcp prkhds, fut cgjyki prcbuhkgo t`dsd ejtdrgetkvd iddbstchas egb rew netd-rkejs rdqukrds jdss jegb tèg tèt usdb icr fkciudjs et prd-sdgt. Encgo t`d ncst prcnkskgo sdhcgb-odgdretkcgtdh`gcjcokds erd jkogchdjjujcskh dtègcj tèt heg usd e

regod ci fkcness iddbstchas egb ckjs bdrkvdb ircn ejoed.Xuh` tdh`gcjcokds erd gct ydt hcnndrhkejjy vkefjd‒egb wkjj gct fd icr et jdest sdvdrej ncrd yders. Frkbokgot`ks oep wkt` rdsderh` kgvdstndgts, fy fct` prkvetdhcnpegkds egb pufjkh eut`crktkds, s`cujb fd e prkcrkty.

Fkciudjs trebd jkfdrejkzetkcg wcujb kghrdesd hcnpd-tktkcg kg t`d sdhtcr. R`ks wcujb knprcvd diikhkdghy,frkgo bcwg hcsts, egb dgefjd t`d wcrjb‛s ncst diikhkdgtprcbuhdrs tc dxpegb t`dkr sèrd ci t`d fkciudjs neradt.Fut icr t`ks tc bdjkvdr gdt oekgs kg wdjierd icr bdvdjcp-kgo hcugtrkds, diicrts tc rdncvd trebd ferrkdrs nust fd

ehhcnpegkdb fy e hcnnktndgt fy rkh` hcugtrkds tcrdbuhd cr djknkgetd bcndstkh prctdhtkcg ci iddbstchaprcbuhdrs egb fkciudjs kgbustrkds. E jdvdj pjeykgo ikdjbicr fkciudjs wcujb rdscjvd scnd ci t`d bkjdnnes,ettdguetd t`d rksas, egb hjerkiy t`d h`ckhds icr pcjkhyneadrs sddakgo wdjierd oekgs ircn fkciudjs.

Fkciudjs prcnctkcg pcjkhkds suh` es eorkhujturej suf-skbkds egb tex dxdnptkcgs gct cgjy bkstcrt kgtdrgetkcgej

58;






6<58 (icr e prcmdhtdb pdea jceb bdnegb ci efcut8,<<< N_), fdheusd ci `ko` ckj egb JGO prkhds. Fy

hcnperkscg, jerod `ybrc heg fd bdvdjcpdb et e jcwdrhcst tèg hcej (es kg Frezkj, Hcjcnfke, egb \dru) egbscndtknds ejsc jcwdr tèg oes (es kg Frezkj, Hcjcnfke,egb Hdgtrej Endrkhe) es jcgo es t`d dgvkrcgndgtejegb schkej hcsts tèt knpdbd ybrcpcwdr bdvdjcpndgtheg fd nkgknkzdb.

R`d dxpegskcg ci hcej-ikrdb odgdretkcg kg t`d JHVreksds dgvkrcgndgtej hcghdrgs, gct cgjy kg t`d kghrdesd

kg HC6 dnksskcgs egb t`d rekskgo ci t`d herfcg kgtdg-skty, fut ejsc icr jchej dgvkrcgndgtej hcghdrgs‒wetdr,

jegb, egb ekr pcjjutkcg bud tc t`d tregspcrt, prchdsskgo,egb furgkgo ci hcej. Es gctdb efcvd, hcej ks hurrdgtjy eferoekg hcnperdb tc ckj-ikrdb odgdretkcg, egb kg scndhesds ks hcnpdtktkvd hcnperdb tc `ybrc egb geturejoes. @cwdvdr, jdest-hcst odgdretkcg dxpegskcg pjegsusuejjy bc gct tead kgtc ehhcugt t`d dxtdrgejkty hcst ci HC6 (gcr ebdquetdjy ehhcugt icr t`d hcst ci jchej pcjju-tegts suh` es \N, XC6 cr GCx), dstknetdb kg t`d regod

525


Xkghd Bdhdnfdr 6<<?, t`d gdw negbetd skogdb kgtc jew kg

t`d Tgktdb Xteds rdqukrds t`d usd ci et jdest 89 fkjjkcg oej-

jcgs ci fkciudjs kg 6<66, e ikvdicjb kghrdesd cvdr t`d hurrdgt

Vdgdwefjd Iudj Xtegberb (VIX) jdvdjs kg t`d rdhdgtjy

pessdb Dgdroy Kgbdpdgbdghd egb Xdhurkty Eht. Fy 6<66,

fkciudjs hcujb rdprdsdgt ncrd tèg 6< pdrhdgt ci T.X.

eutcncfkjd iudj hcgsunptkcg. Et t`d send tknd, t`d gdw

jdoksjetkcg hejjs icr t`d hcgtkguetkcg ci t`d idbdrej fkciudj

tex hrdbkt ci TX$<.45 pdr oejjcg w`kh`, w`dg hcnfkgdb

wkt` stetd tex hrdbkts, wkjj pctdgtkejjy hcst texpeydrs cvdr

TX$69 fkjjkcg fy 6<66.

Eg dhcgcnkh ncbdj bdvdjcpdb fy bd Ocrtdr, Must, egb

Ajkeuoe (6<<0) s`cws t`d diidht ci tex hrdbkts hcnperdb tc

fkciudj negbetds cg oescjkgd egb fkciudj prcbuhtkcg egbhcgsunptkcg egb oescjkgd egb dtègcj prkhds, egb t`d

hcnfkgdb diidht ci tex hrdbkts knpjdndgtdb sknujtegd-

cusjy wkt` hcgsunptkcg negbetds. Es t`ks ncbdj bdncg-

stretds, egy fdgdikhkej diidhts cg dgdroy sdhurkty egb t`d

dgvkrcgndgt ci t`d gdw VIX ney fd hcnpjdtdjy ciisdt fy

t`d tex hrdbkt tèt ks kg pjehd.

R`d ady bkiidrdghd fdtwddg tex hrdbkts egb negbetds ks

t`d wey t`dy eiidht iudj hcgsunptkcg, nkjdeod, oescjkgd,

egb dtègcj prkhds egb w`c t`d hepturds t`d sufskby. Rex

hrdbkts fy t`dnsdjvds dghcureod dtègcj prcbuhtkcg es e

rdpjehdndgt icr ckj-fesdb oescjkgd hcgsunptkcg. Hcnperdbtc tex hrdbkts tèt eh`kdvd t`d send jdvdj ci dtègcj hcg-

sunptkcg, e negbetd rdsujts kg `ko`dr iudj prkhds egb jcwdr

iudj hcgsunptkcg (ejt`cuo` e negbetd heg odgdretd eg

kghrdesd kg iudj hcgsunptkcg). R`ks ndegs e negbetd ks

prdidrrdb tc e tex hrdbkt w`dg t`drd ks e sufcptknej oescjkgd

tex, jkad kg t`d Tgktdb Xtetds. E negbetd ejsc sevds tex-

peydr hcsts egb bcds gct kghur t`d bdebwdko`t hcsts ci tex-

etkcg. Negbetds erd ncrd diikhkdgt tèg tex hrdbkts icr t`d

send jdvdj ci dtègcj prcbuhtkcg fdheusd negbetds rdsujt

kg rdjetkvdjy `ko`dr oescjkgd prkhds egb jcwdr HC6 dnks-

skcgs egb nkjds trevdjdb. Oescjkgd prcbuhdrs ejweys jcsd

ircn e negbetd, dtègcj prcbuhdrs oekg, w`kjd iudj hcg-

sundrs heg oekg cr jcsd.

E iurt`dr bksebvegteod ci tex hrdbkts hcnperdb tc neg-

betds ks t`d ebbktkcgej kgstefkjkty tèt tex hrdbkts frkgo tc t`d

hcrg neradts egb t`drdicrd t`d eorkhujturej egb iccb neradts

kg odgdrej. Rex hrdbkts hrdetd eg kghdgtkvd tc brestkhejjy

hègod dtègcj prcbuhtkcg kg rdspcgsd tc e jerod ijuhtuetkcg

kg ckj prkhds. Kg ebbktkcg, bd Ocrtdr, Must, egb Ajkeuoe (6<<0)s`cw tèt trebd rdstrkhtkcgs t`rcuo` eg knpcrt terkii kg t`d

Tgktdb Xtetds èvd e snejjdr gdoetkvd knpeht cg wcrjb

dtègcj prkhds wkt` e negbetd hcnperdb tc e tex hrdbkt.

Hcnfkgkgo negbetds wkt` tex hrdbkts jdebs tc e pdrvdrsd

cuthcnd, ugdxpdhtdb fy pcjkhy neadrs. _kt` fkgbkgo neg-

betds kg pjehd, t`d tex hrdbkts wkjj ugkgtdgtkcgejjy sufskbkzd

oescjkgd hcgsunptkcg. R`ks hcgtrebkhts t`d dgdroy fkjj‛s

stetdb cfmdhtkvds ci rdbuhkgo bdpdgbdghy cg ckj, knprcvkgo

t`d dgvkrcgndgt, egb dgèghkgo rurej prcspdrkty. Fdheusd ci

t`d ugkqud wey kg w`kh` negbetds rdvdrsd t`d neradt

diidhts ci e tex hrdbkt, t`d kgtdgtkcgs ci pcjkhy neadrs heggctgdhdsserkjy fd ieujtdb. Iurt`drncrd, hcnfkgkgo negbetds

wkt` tex hrdbkts ks e wcrjbwkbd drrcr ci mubondgt es ncst

hcugtrkds usd fct` kgstrundgts sknujtegdcusjy. R`d pcjkhy

knpjkhetkcg ks hjder= ejjcw t`d negbetd tc wcra fy ktsdji,

djknkgetd t`d tex hrdbkt, egb sevd fkjjkcgs tc texpeydrs.

FCP 9.8

Tgkgtdgbdb Hcgsdqudghds ci Hcnfkgkgo Fkciudj Negbetds wkt` Rex Hrdbkts

Xcurhd= Ebeptdb ircn Bd Ocrtdr, Must, egb Ajkeuoe (6<<0).



ci 59 tc 5<4 TX$/tcg HC6.6< Es eg ejtdrgetkvd tc t`d

dvejuetkcg ci schkej herfcg hcsts, cgd heg hejhujetd t`d

‚swkth`kgo hcst,„ t`d prkhd pekb icr herfcg tèt wkjjnead e bdvdjcpdr kgbkiidrdgt fdtwddg bdvdjcpkgo e`ko`-herfcg egb t`d gdxt fdst jcwdr-herfcg ejtdrgetkvd.Rùs, ‚swkth`kgo hcsts„ erd e fdgh`nera icr essdsskgohcnpdtktkvdgdss ci jcw-herfcg ejtdrgetkvds wkt` icsskjiudjs.

Refjd 9.9 s`cws t`d rdsujts ci e sknpjkikdb egejysksci swkth`kgo prkhds icr scnd sdjdhtdb hcugtrkds kg t`drdokcg. Icr dxenpjd, t`d tefjd s`cws tèt kg HdgtrejEndrkhe, et e prkhd ci herfcg ci TX$0.0/tcg HC6, ktwcujb fd pcsskfjd tc swkth` ircn e hcej tc e `ybrc

pjegt, fut t`d hcst wcujb rksd tc TX$80.6/tcg HC6

tc swkth` tc e hcnfkgdb hyhjd geturej oes turfkgd.Jkadwksd, `ybrc ks ejrdeby t`d prdidrrdb ejtdrgetkvdtc hcej kg Frezkj, Hcjcnfke, egb \dru essunkgo endbkun vejud ci jdvdjkzdb hcsts icr `ybrc. R`d jerodregod kg swkth`kgo prkhds icr scnd pcwdr scurhds ksbud tc t`d jerod regod kg dstknetdb jdvdjkzdb hcsts(ikourd 9.4).

@cwdvdr, t`dsd rdsujts ugbdrdstknetd t`d bkiikhujtkdsegb knpjkhkt hcsts tèt negy hcugtrkds iehd w`dg bdvdj-cpkgo `ybrcdjdhtrkhkty. Kg tdrns ci t`d egejysks, e bdjeyci cgd yder kg t`d hcnnksskcgkgo ci e `ybrc prcmdht kgHdgtrej Endrkhe wkjj kghrdesd t`d swkth`kgo hcsts ircnhcej tc `ybrc fy efcut 9.4 TX$/tcg HC6. Et e prkhd ci TX$5<</ferrdj ci ckj egb e hcst ci HC6 ci TX$6</tcg,t`d retd ci rdturg icr t`d Mdpkreh`k wkgb pcwdr prcmdhtkg Hcjcnfke kghrdesds ircn ;.9 pdrhdgt tc ncrd tèg55.5 pdrhdgt (DXNE\ 6<<0 icrt`hcnkgo).

Reppkgo t`d \ctdgtkej ci Dgdroy Diikhkdghy‒Cgd

ci t`d Ncst \rcnkskgo Cptkcgs

Fy egy ndesurd, t`drd ks sufstegtkej ugteppdb dgdroydiikhkdghy pctdgtkej wcrjbwkbd egb kg Jetkg Endrkhetèt hcujb rdbuhd orddg`cusd oes dnksskcgs et jcwhcst. Ojcfejjy, ncrd tèg èji ci t`d dgdroy rdjetdbpctdgtkej tc efetd O@O dnksskcgs wkt`kg t`d gdxt6<‘2< yders ks ettekgefjd t`rcuo` knprcvdndgts kgdgdroy diikhkdghy.65 Hcugtrkds kg t`d JHV hcujb rdbuhddgdroy hcgsunptkcg fy 5< pdrhdgt cvdr t`d gdxt

bdhebd fy kgvdstkgo kg dgdroy diikhkdghy et e hcst tètks TX$8? fkjjkcg jdss tèg t`d hcst ci kgvdstkgo kg gdwdjdhtrkhkty odgdretkcg hepehkty.66 Knprcvkgo dgdroydiikhkdghy ès knpcrtegt fdgdikts fdycgb hjknetd hègodnktkoetkcg= jcwdrkgo dgdroy bdnegb, bdjeykgo t`d gddbtc kgstejj gdw odgdretkcg hepehkty, rekskgo hcnpdtk-tkvdgdss, egb rdbuhkgo hcgsunptkcg ci icsskj iudjs ejcgowkt` e rdbuhtkcg kg ekr pcjjutkcg. Dgdroy diikhkdghy ks

526


REFJD 9.9

Xwkth`kgo Hcsts ircn Ncrd tc Jdss Herfcg Kgtdgskvd Dgdroy Xcurhds

(TX$/N_`)

Hdgtrej

Endrkhe Frezkj Hcjcnfke \dru

Hcej tc jerod`ybrc 0.9 tc 0.0 < tc 54.8 < <Oes tc jerod`ybrc < < tc 6.; < tc 6.8 5?.4Hcej tc oes 8?.6 tc 80.6 64.4 < tc 54.8 <

Xcurhd= Busseg (6<<0).Gctd= Hejhujetkcgs essund herfcg kgtdgskty ci 0;9 tHC6 /O_ìcr hcej-fesdb odgdretkcg, 2<2 tHC6 /O_` icr oes, egb zdrc icr`ybrc. R`d regods erd icr t`d ndbkun (t`d ikrst gunfdr kg t`dregod ci swkth`kgo hcsts) egb `ko` jdvdjs (t`d sdhcgb gunfdr kgt`d regod) ci odgdretkcg hcsts tèt hcrrdspcgb tc t`d hcstss`cwg kg ikourd 9.4.< 6< 2< 9< 0< 5<< 56< 52<

Jerod `ybrcNXB

Hcej-ikrdb stdenHHOR-JGO

Jerod `ybrcHcej-ikrdb stden

HHOR-GO

Jerod `ybrcHcej-ikrdb stden

HHOR-GO

Jerod `ybrc

Hcej-ikrdb stdenHHOR-GO

_kgb

TX$/ndoewett curs

\dru

Hcjcnfke

Frezkj

Hdgtrej Endrkhe

IKOTVD 9.4

Odgdretkcg Hcsts ci @ybrc Erd Citdg Jcwdr tèg icr Oes egbHcej-Fesdb \cwdr


Gctd= HHOR-GO > hcnfkgdb hyhjd oes turfkgd ircn geturej oes1HHOR-JGO > HHOR ircn jkqudikdb geturej oes1 egb NXB > ndbkun-spddb bkdsdj. R`d jdvdjkzdb odgdretkcg hcsts wdrd hejhujetdb fesdbcg typkhej kgvdstndgt egb cpdretkcg hcsts icr odgdretkcg dxpegskcgpjeggkgo kg t`d rdokcg, egb fesdb cg twc iudj prkhd shdgerkcs(essunkgo eg ckj prkhd ci 9< TX$/ffj egb e `ko` prkhd hesd ci 5<<TX$/ffj). Knpcrtdb hcej egb JGO prkhds erd hcgskstdgt wkt` t`d twcckj prkhd shdgerkcs. Hcej egb geturej oes prkhds kg jchej neradts erdt`d prkhds usdb kg odgdretkcg dxpegskcg pjegs kg prcbuhdr hcugtrkds.



pertkhujerjy knpcrtegt icr hcugtrkds iehkgo dgdroysuppjy hcgstrekgts.

Eg errey ci dgdroy diikhkdghy ndesurds heg fd ugbdr-teadg kg e wkbd regod ci sdhtcrs (tefjd 9.?). Xcnd nde-surds erd fdst esschketdb wkt` gdw hcgstruhtkcg (suh`

es fukjbkgo bdskog), w`kjd ct`drs heg fd diidhtkvdjyrdtrcikt wkt` dxkstkgo dqukpndgt cr struhturds (gdwfckjdrs cr wkgbcws). _kt` negy ndesurds kg t`d fukjb-kgo sdhtcr, t`d ebbktkcgej hcst ci kghcrpcretkgo diikhkdghyndesurds et t`d pjeggkgo steod ks typkhejjy e irehtkcg ci t`d hcst ci rdtrcikttkgo kt jetdr (Bdrgfeh` 6<<0).

Xc ki dgdroy diikhkdghy es suh` e jerod pctdgtkej egbès jerod ikgeghkej egb dhcgcnkh fdgdikts krrdspdhtkvdci kts orddg`cusd oes fdgdikts, w`y ès t`drd fddg esjcw uptead ci dgdroy diikhkdghy kgvdstndgts3 R`dhcrd prcfjdn kg negy hcugtrkds, fct` bdvdjcpkgo egb

kgbustrkej, ks t`d pdrhdkvdb `ko` rksa esschketdb wkt`dgdroy diikhkdghy prcmdhts, `ko` tregsehtkcg hcsts essc-hketdb wkt` negy snejj fut rdpjkhefjd kgvdstndgts,egb bkiikhujtkds kg struhturkgo wcraefjd hcgtrehts icrprdperkgo, ikgeghkgo, egb knpjdndgtkgo dgdroy diik-hkdghy kgvdstndgts.

Diikhkdghy vs. hcgsdrvetkcg

Dgdroy diikhkdghy ndesurds erd typkhejjy bdikgdb estdh`gcjcokhej swkth`ds tèt prcvkbd t`d send cutput

wkt` jdss dgdroy, suh` es rdpjehkgo eg cjb kgdiikhkdgtfckjdr wkt` e ncrd diikhkdgt cgd cr eg kghegbdshdgt

jko`t fujf wkt` e hcnpeht ijucrdshdgt. Kg Ndxkhc, egdgdroy sevkgos trust iugb (IKBD) ès `djpdb ikgeghddgdroy diikhkdghy kgvdstndgts cvdr t`d pest bdhebd.Dgdroy hcgsdrvetkcg heg fd bdikgdb es hègods kgfdèvkcr w`drdfy hcgsundrs usd jdss dgdroy wkt`cut

hègods kg tdh`gcjcoy cr t`d hepktej stcha. Eg dxen-pjd ci eg diidhtkvd dgdroy hcgsdrvetkcg prcoren wesFrezkj‛s rdspcgsd tc t`d djdhtrkhkty suppjy hrksks kg6<<5 (fcx 9.2). Fct` diikhkdghy egb hcgsdrvetkcg hegfd brkvdg fy neradt icrhds egb ocvdrgndgt pcjkhkds,wkt` t`d jettdr ci pertkhujer knpcrteghd okvdg e verk-dty ci neradt iekjurds egb dxtdrgejktkds tèt kg`kfkt t`d‚neradt„ icr diikhkdghy egb hcgsdrvetkcg.

\rkhds brkvd t`d kghdgtkvds icr diikhkdghy

knprcvdndgts

Dgdroy prkhds‒suh` es djdhtrkhkty terkiis cr oescjkgdprkhds‒heg skogkikhegtjy eiidht t`d kghdgtkvds tèthcgsundrs èvd icr ugbdrteakgo dgdroy diikhkdghy crhcgsdrvetkcg ndesurds. Vdhdgt surods kg pdtrcjdunprkhds èvd nebd kt ncrd ettrehtkvd icr hcnpegkds tcknpjdndgt dgdroy diikhkdghy kgvdstndgts egb tc jccaicr ejtdrgetkvd iudjs w`drd pcsskfjd. Cvdr t`d pestbdhebd, evdreod rdej djdhtrkhkty terkiis kg Frezkj èvdkghrdesdb skogkikhegtjy, prcvkbkgo ebbktkcgej kghdg-tkvds icr knprcvkgo diikhkdghy (ikourd 9.9).

@cwdvdr, scnd hcgsundrs rdnekg kgsujetdb ircn`ko`dr dgdroy prkhds, suh` es djdhtrkhkty hcgsundrs

528


REFJD 9.?

Dgdroy Diikhkdghy Cppcrtugktkds egb Ndesurds kg Ady Hcgsunkgo Xdhtcrs

Xdhtcr Dgdroy diikhkdghy knprcvdndgt cppcrtugktkds

Fukjbkgos Kgtdoretdb fukjbkgo bdskog egb ndesurds suh` es fdttdr kgsujetkcg, ebveghdb wkgbcws, dgdroy diikhkdgtjko`tkgo, spehd hcgbktkcgkgo, wetdr detkgo, egb rdirkodretkcg tdh`gcjcokds

Kgbustry Kgbustrkej prchdssds, hcodgdretkcg, westd det rdhcvdry, prd detkgo, diikhkdgt brkvds (nctcr, punp,hcnprdsscrs)

Hktkds egb nugkhkpejktkds Bkstrkht `detkgo systdns, hcnfkgdb `det egb pcwdr, diikhkdgt strddt jko`tkgo, diikhkdgt wetdr suppjy,punpkgo, egb sdweod rdncvej systdns

Eorkhujturd Diikhkdgt krrkoetkcg punpkgo egb diikhkdgt wetdr usd, suh` es brkp krrkoetkcg\cwdr Xuppjy Gdw t drnej pcwdr pjegts= hcnfkgdb hyhjd, supdrhrktkhej fckjdrs, kgtdoretdb oeskikhetkcg hcnfkgdb hyhjd,

egb sc icrt`. Dxkstkgo odgdretkcg iehkjktkds= rdiurfks`ndgt egb rdpcwdrkgo (kghjubkgo ybrc), knprcvdbcpdretkcg egb nekgtdgeghd prehtkhds, egb fdttdr rdscurhd utkjkzetkcg (`ko`dr pjegt jceb iehtcrs egbevekjefkjkty). Vdbuhdb tregsnksskcg egb bkstrkfutkcg jcssds= ko` vcjteod jkgds, fdttdr kgsujetdb hcgbuhtcrs,hepehktcrs, diikhkdgt egb jcw-jcss tregsicrndrs, egb knprcvdb ndtdrkgo systdns egb kgstrundgtetkcg

Rregspcrt Diikhkdgt oescjkgd/bkdsdj dgokgds, urfeg ness tregspcrt systdns, ncbej s`kits tc kgtdr- egb kgtrehkty rekj egbwetdr tregspcrt, knprcvdb ijddt useod, hcnprdssdb geturej oes vd`khjds

@cusd`cjbs Jko`tkgo, eppjkeghd diikhkdghy, knprcvdb hcca stcvds

Xcurhd= _crjb Fega steii.



w`c dgmcy sufskbkzdb terkiis cr oescjkgd prkhds tèt erdhcgtrcjjdb et fdjcw-neradt jdvdjs. Kg Vdpýfjkhe Fcjk-verkege bd Ydgdzudje, prkhds ci oescjkgd rdnekg ko`jysufskbkzdb, jdebkgo fct` tc `ko` bdnegb egb okvkgorksd tc snuoojkgo fdtwddg gdko`fcrkgo hcugtrkds

suh` es Hcjcnfke wkt` nuh` `ko`dr oescjkgd prkhds.Kg Ndxkhc evdreod rdskbdgtkej djdhtrkhkty terkiis hcvdrcgjy efcut 2< pdrhdgt ci t`d hcst ci suppjy, wkt` jdsstèg twc pdrhdgt ci hustcndrs peykgo terkiis efcvd t`dnerokgej hcst ci suppjy. Es e rdsujt, djdhtrkhkty hcg-sunptkcg (egb t`d hcgsdqudgt sufskby sèrd) encgordskbdgtkej hcgsundrs kg Ndxkhc ks skogkikhegtjy`ko`dr icr t`csd pdcpjd kg t`d ncst `ko`jy sufskbkzdb

terkii hetdocrkds (hetdocrkds 5D egb 5I) egb encgo`ko`dr kghcnd orcups (ikourd 9.?). _`kjd rekskgo rdsk-bdgtkej djdhtrkhkty terkiis heg fd eg diidhtkvd nktkoetkcgndesurd ircn t`d hjknetd hègod pdrspdhtkvd, terkii rdicrns erd bkiikhujt tc knpjdndgt fdheusd ci t`deiicrbefkjkty hcghdrgs egb t`dkr sdgsktkvkty cg t`dpcjktkhej eodgbe.

Xuppjy-skbd diikhkdghy knprcvdndgts ney fd t`d

ncst pejetefjd wey tc knprcvd diikhkdghy

Knprcvkgo dgdroy diikhkdghy ks prcfefjy t`d ncst dhc-gcnkh egb diidhtkvd wey tc nktkoetd HC6 dnksskcgsircn pcwdr odgdretkcg. R`d ndgu ci ndesurdskghjubds t`d rdpcwdrkgo ci dxkstkgo odgdretkcg pjegtstc prcbuhd ncrd djdhtrkhkty uskgo t`d send encugt ci prknery dgdroy, rdbuhkgo djdhtrkhkty jcssds, bdvdjcp-kgo hcodgdretkcg egb bkstrkfutdb odgdretkcg, egbuskgo ko` diikhkdghy tdh`gcjcokds icr t`drnej odgdre-tkcg. Et `ko` icsskj iudj prkhds, knprcvkgo t`d diik-

hkdghy ci t`drnej pjegts heg prcbuhd strcgo ikgeghkejrdturgs icr djdhtrkh pcwdr odgdretcrs. R`dsd diikhkdghyknprcvdndgts hcupjdb wkt` t`d kghrdeskgo sèrd ci geturej oes odgdretkcg erd t`d nekg bdtdrnkgkgo ieh-tcrs ci herfcg kgtdgskty ci djdhtrkhkty odgdretkcg kg t`dJHV. Vdbuhkgo bkstrkfutkcg jcssds ks ejsc occb fusk-gdss icr pcwdr hcnpegkds egb heg rdbuhd odgdretkcggddbs egb HC6 dnksskcgs.68

522


Kg 6<<5, Frezkj dxpdrkdghdb e sdvdrd pcwdr suppjy s`crt-

eod es e rdsujt ci e prcjcgodb brcuo`t tèt rdbuhdb t`d

suppjy ci `ybrcpcwdr (w`kh` ehhcugtdb icr gderjy ;<

pdrhdgt ci tctej kgstejjdb hepehkty) egb bud tc t`d ugbdr-

kgvdstndgt kg gdw odgdretkgo hepehkty. Kg rdspcgsd, t`d

ocvdrgndgt kgstktutdb eg eoordsskvd dgdroy retkcgkgo

systdn tèt hcgskstdb ci ncgt`jy dgdroy hcgsunptkcg

terodts icr ejncst ejj hcgsundrs egb e sdt ci rujds icr treb-

kgo quctes encgo usdrs, sdttkgo fcgusds icr cvdreh`kdvdrs,

egb pdgejtkds icr vkcjetcrs. Es e rdsujt ci t`d prcoren,

ircn Mugd tc Bdhdnfdr 6<<5 t`drd wes e 6< pdrhdgt

rdbuhtkcg kg djdhtrkhkty bdnegb hcnperdb wkt` t`d prdvk-

cus yder‛s hcgsunptkcg jdvdj. R`d qucte systdn diidhtkvdjy

nkgknkzdb t`d beneod ci t`d hrksks fy gct rdscrtkgo tc

fjehacuts. R`drd ks ejsc dvkbdghd tèt scnd ci t`d dgdroy

diikhkdghy ndesurds ebcptdb fy hcgsundrs fdhend

pdrnegdgt‒gderjy t`rdd quertdrs ci t`d hcgsundrs w`c

rdpjehdb kghegbdshdgt fujfs wkt` hcnpeht ijcrdshdgt

jenps (HIJ) burkgo t`d hrksks hcgtkgudb uskgo HIJs

t`drdeitdr ehhcrbkgo tc t`d neradt survdy fy t`d Frezkj

Getkcgej Djdhtrkhkty Hcgsdrvetkcg \rcoren. Encgo t`d

jdsscgs ircn Frezkj‛s retkcgkgo prcoren ks tèt t`drd ks

skogkikhegt ‚sjeha„ kg djdhtrkhkty hcgsunptkcg tèt heg fd

rdbuhdb t`rcuo` e systdn ci rdwerbs egb pdgejtkds egb

wkt`cut rdscrtkgo tc icrhdb fjehacuts cr sehrkikhkgo feskh

gddbs prcvkbdb fy djdhtrkhkty.

FCP 9.2

Hcgsdrvkgo Djdhtrkhkty kg Frezkj

65?.<

?8.4

<

4<

5<<

54<

6<<

64<

5 ; ? 2

5 ; ? ?

5 ; 0 <

5 ; 0 8

5 ; 0 9

5 ; 0 ;

5 ; ; 6

5 ; ; 4

5 ; ; 0

6 < < 5

6 < < 2

6 < < 9

6 < < 4 V $ / N _ `

IKOTVD 9.9

Evdreod Djdhtrkhkty Rerkii kg Frezkj, 5;?2‘6<<9

Xcurhd= K\DE (Kgstktutd ci Eppjkdb Dhcgcnkh Vdsderh`, Ocvdrgndgtci Frezkj), DJDRVCFVÅX, ebmustdb tc kgijetkcg retds fy K\H-IK\D kgMc`gscg dt ej. (6<<0).



Ndxkhc hcgtkguds tc rdbuhd herfcg kgtdgskty ircn e`ko` jdvdj fy rdpjehkgo cjb egb kgdiikhkdgt pjegts egbdxpegbkgo t`drnej odgdretkcg ircn `ko`-diikhkdghygeturej oes pjegts (hcnfkgdb-hyhjd oes turfkgds). R`devdreod t`drnej diikhkdghy ci hcgvdgtkcgej t`drncdjdh-trkh pjegts ks dxpdhtdb tc kghrdesd ircn 8; tc ncrdtèg 94 pdrhdgt kg 6<<9‘5?, hcgskstdgt wkt` egkghrdesd ci t`d pertkhkpetkcg ci HHORs kg tèt orcup

ircn 28 pdrhdgt tc 9< pdrhdgt (ikourd 9.0).Dgdroy diikhkdghy prcorens kg t`d JHV egb djsd-

w`drd typkhejjy ichus cg t`d rdskbdgtkej egb hcnndr-hkej sdhtcr, citdg t`rcuo` t`d prcvkbdr ci djdhtrkhkty kgwèt erd agcwg es utkjkty bdnegb-skbd negeodndgt(BXN) prcorens. Xuh` prcorens èvd t`d ebvegteodci fdkgo efjd tc terodt e jerod gunfdr ci hcgsundrs,wkt` utkjktkds efjd tc rdeh` ejj ci t`dkr hustcndrs, icr

dxenpjd t`rcuo` dbuhetkcg prcorens cr hcghdsskcgejikgeghkgo ci dgdroy-diikhkdgt dqukpndgt. R`d brew-feha ci BXN prcorens ks tèt djdhtrkh utkjktkds bc gctgeturejjy èvd eg kghdgtkvd tc rdbuhd t`dkr sejds ci djdhtrkhkty, w`kh` ks t`d ujtknetd ocej ci dgdroy diik-hkdghy cr dgdroy hcgsdrvetkcg prcorens.62 R`d ncstpcpujer typd ci BXN prcoren ks w`drd t`d utkjktyprcnctds t`d purhèsd ci ncrd dgdroy-diikhkdgt

dqukpndgt‒suh` es jko`tkgo egb eppjkeghds‒egbprcvkbds t`d ikgeghkgo ci suh` dqukpndgt wkt` rdpey-ndgt t`rcuo` t`d hcgsundrs‛ djdhtrkh fkjj. Ndxkhcès èb suhhdss wkt` gundrcus BXN prcorens,kghjubkgo e gdw prcoren tèt wcujb prcnctd dgdroydiikhkdgt rdirkodretcrs egb ekr hcgbktkcgdrs t`rcuo`t`d getkcgej utkjkty, HID, egb kts dgdroy sevkgo trustiugb, IKBD (fcx 9.4).

524


8

Hcgsunptkcg bdhkjd

<.<<

6<<.<<

2<<.<<

9<<.<<

0<<.<<

5,<<<.<<

5,6<<.<<

5 6 8 2 4 9 ? 0 ; 5<

a _ ` / n c g t `

5 5E 5F 5H 5B 5D 5I

IKOTVD 9.?

Ndxkhc‛s Rerkii Xtruhturd egb Djdhtrkhkty Hcgsunptkcg

Xcurhd= Acnkvds dt ej. (6<<;).Gctd= Djdhtrkhkty sufskbkds wdrd ikrst kgtrcbuhdb kg Ndxkhc kg 5;?8 kg rdspcgsd tc pdrskstdgt kgijetkcg, w`dg t`d skgojd djdhtrkhkty terkii wes hègodbkgtc e t`rdd-pert, kghrdeskgo fjcha terkii, wkt` sufskbkzdb retds icr t`d ikrst twc fjchas. R`d ikrst ‚sunndr sufskby„ (Rerkii 5E) wes kgtrcbuhdb kg5;?2, prcvkbkgo ebbktkcgej sufskbkzdb retds tc hustcndrs jkvkgo kg `cttdr erdes (5E wes bdikgdb es rdokcgs wkt` ncrd tèg icur ncgt`s ci evdreodtdnpdreturds efcvd 64 bdordds Hdjskus Q¼H^). Xuhhdsskvd hjknetd-fesdb terkiis wkt` kghrdeskgojy sufskbkzdb retds cvdr jerodr vcjunds wdrdkgtrcbuhdb kg 5;00 (Rerkii 5F 7 60 ¼H1 5H 7 8< ¼H), 5;;< (5B 7 85 ¼H), 5;;4 (5D 7 86 ¼H), egb 6<<6 (5I 7 88 ¼H). Rcbey, Ndxkhc ès eg dxtrdndjyhcnpjdx terkii systdn wkt` cvdr 556 bkiidrdgt fkjjkgo pcsskfkjktkds icr rdskbdgtkej hcgsundrs.



\ufjkh sdhtcr dgdroy diikhkdghy‒egct`dr

vdry prcnkskgo erde

R`d dgdroy sevkgos pctdgtkej kg t`d pufjkh sdhtcr ksjerod egb typkhejjy hcst diidhtkvd fut citdg suiidrsncrd tèg ct`dr sdhtcrs ircn e jeha ci kghdgtkvds tcugbdrtead dgdroy diikhkdghy ndesurds. Dgdroy sevkgoskg t`d pufjkh sdhtcr‒kghjubkgo ejj jdvdjs ci ocvdrg-ndgt egb ejj pufjkh sdrvkhds egb kgirestruhturd, suhès wetdr egb segktetkcg, pufjkh strddt jko`tkgo, pufjkh

tregskt, egb vd`khjd ijddts‒heg dxhddb 6< pdrhdgt ci dgdroy usd1 retds ci rdturg icr dgdroy diikhkdghy kgvdst-ndgts typkhejjy regod ircn 6< tc 8< pdrhdgt. R`dpufjkh sdhtcr typkhejjy hcgstktutds fdtwddg 5< egb 6<pdrhdgt ci t`d getkcgej dhcgcnkh prcbuht, egb ks citdgt`d jerodst fuydr ci dgdroy-uskgo dqukpndgt.64

Cgd ci t`d prcnkskgo pufjkh sdhtcr erdes icr dgdroydiikhkdghy knprcvdndgt ks t`d wetdr suppjy egb segkte-tkcg (_X&X) sdhtcr. Dgdroy hcgsunptkcg (nekgjy djdh-trkhkty icr punpkgo) ks typkhejjy t`d jerodst verkefjdhcst ktdn icr e wetdr utkjkty eitdr pdrscggdj. Dgdroy

diikhkdghy heg fd knprcvdb bkrdhtjy t`rcuo` e gunfdrci tdh`gkhej egb cpdretkcgej ndesurds, suh` es knprcv-kgo t`d diikhkdghy egb skzkgo ci punps egb ct`drdqukpndgt, egb rdbuhkgo dxhdsskvd wetdr prdssurd kgt`d bkstrkfutkcg systdn. Ttkjktkds heg citdg sevd hcg-skbdrefjd ncgdy sknpjy fy ncvkgo punpkgo cpdre-tkcgs tc cii-pdea tknds. Kg ebbktkcg, dgdroy es wdjj esejj kgputs heg fd rdbuhdb fy t`d rdbuhtkcg ci p`yskhej

wetdr jcssds‒dvdry jktdr ci wetdr, w`dt`dr kt rdeh`ds t`dikgej hcgsundr cr gct, rdqukrds skogkikhegt encugts ci kgputs, kghjubkgo t`d dgdroy usdb icr dxtrehtkcg, trdet-ndgt, egb bkstrkfutkcg. E survdy ci scnd ci t`d jerodstegb fdttdr-pdricrnkgo _X&X utkjktkds kg Frezkj icugbtèt t`d nemcrkty ci t`dsd utkjktkds èb gcg-rdvdgud

wetdr

69

regokgo ircn 84 tc 2< pdrhdgt.Bdspktd t`d sufstegtkej fdgdikts ci pufjkh sdhtcrdgdroy diikhkdghy prcorens, negy ocvdrgndgts èvdfddg rdjuhtegt tc ugbdrtead suh` prcorens bud tc sdv-drej typds ci ferrkdrs, kghjubkgo= (5) pufjkh prchurdndgtrujds egb egguej fubodt hyhjds tèt nead t`d knpjd-ndgtetkcg ci dgdroy diikhkdghy prcorens bkiikhujt1 (6)t`d jeha ci kghdgtkvds egb kgicrnetkcg icr t`d pufjkhsdhtcr dgbusdrs1 egb (8) tko`t fubodts egb jknkts cgbdft. Icr dxenpjd, e pufjkh `cspktej cr sh`ccj neyrdhdkvd e fubodtery ejjchetkcg icr kts dgdroy dxpdgbk-

turds ircn e nugkhkpej cr stetd fubodt egb ès jkttjd crdvdg e gdoetkvd kghdgtkvd tc rdbuhd kts dgdroy hcgsunp-tkcg.6? R`d nugkhkpejkty cr stetd eodghy, kg turg, neygct fd kg e pcsktkcg tc agcw cr fd efjd tc kbdgtkiy t`dcppcrtugktkds icr dgdroy diikhkdghy egb es suh` bcds gctejjchetd t`d gdhdssery hepktej fubodt.

Cgd wey ci prcnctkgo dgdroy diikhkdghy kgvdst-ndgts kg t`d _X&X sdhtcr ks t`rcuo` t`d usd ci

529


R`d \rkvetd Rrust Iugb icr Djdhtrkhkty Xevkgos (Ikbd-

khcnksc pere dj E`crrc bd Dgdroîe Djëhtrkhe, IKBD) wes

hrdetdb kg 5;;< es e gcgprcikt kgstktutkcg wkt` t`d pur-

pcsd ci kgvdstkgo kg dgdroy diikhkdghy. Es ci 6<<?, IKBD

èb hcnpjdtdb 64,;5? dgdroy eubkts, egb hcghjubdb

8,0;; djdhtrkh dgdroy sevkgo prcmdhts, wkt` bkrdht djdhtrkh-

kty sevkgos ci 58,5;5 O_` egb 5,499 N_ kg kgstejjdb

hepehkty (ncstjy fy rdbuhkgo t`d pdea bdnegb). R`dsd

sevkgos erd dqukvejdgt tc efcut 8 pdrhdgt ci tctej kgstejjdb

hepehkty egb ? pdrhdgt ci djdhtrkhkty hcgsunptkcg, cr t`d

send es t`d bcndstkh hcgsunptkcg ci ikvd Ndxkheg stetds=

Gudvc Jdcg, Mejkshc, Reneujkpes, Nëxkhc, egb Eoues-

hejkdgtds. Kg tdrns ci O@O dnksskcgs, t`dsd ndesurds

rdbuhdb epprcxknetdjy 0 nkjjkcg tHC6, cr 6 pdrhdgt ci HC6 dnksskcgs (gct kghjubkgo jegb-usd hègod).

FCP 9.4

Dgdroy Diikhkdghy kg Ndxkhc

Xcurhd= Eut`crs.

IKOTVD 9.0

Ndxkhc‒Knprcvdndgts kg R`drnej Odgdretkcg Diikhkdghy

Xcurhd= HID (Hcnkskøg Idbdrej bd Djdhtrkhkbeb) (6<<0f), \rcorenebd Cfres d Kgvdrskcgds bdj Xdhtcr Djëhtrkhc 6<<0‘6<5? . Evekjefjd et=tkgyurj.hcn/pcksd6<5?.

2<

24

4<

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O r c s s d i i k h k d g h y ( % )

Orcss diikhkdghy Xèrd HHOR



dgdroy pdricrneghd hcgtrehts (D\H) w`drd e prkvetdsdhtcr hcnpegy herrkds cut eg dgdroy diikhkdghy kgvdst-ndgt, typkhejjy prcvkbkgo ikgeghkgo, oueregtddkgo t`dpdricrneghd ci t`d kgvdstndgt (tèt ks, t`d sevkgos)egb ks rdnugdretdb fesdb cg kts pdricrneghd. R`d pdr-

icrneghd oueregtdd rdbuhds t`d rksa icr t`d cst dgtdr-prksd, kg t`ks hesd e wetdr utkjkty, w`kjd ejsc cvdrhcnkgoikgeghkgo ferrkdrs. Kg 6<<?, t`d wetdr utkjkty sdrvkgoXèc \eujc kg Frezkj, XEFDX\, skogdb eg D\H hcgtrehtwkt` e prkvetd ikrn, t`d ikrst suh` hcgtreht kg t`d wetdrsdhtcr kg Frezkj. Tgbdr t`d hcgtreht, e Frezkjkegdgdroy sdrvkhd hcnpegy (DXHC) prcvkbdb t`d dgtkrdikgeghkgo (TX$2 nkjjkcg) tc knprcvd t`d diikhkdghy ci e westdwetdr trdetndgt pjegt, w`kh` ès e sknpjdpeyfeha pdrkcb ci 8.? yders.

Rregsicrnkgo RregspcrtOjcfej dnksskcgs ircn t`d tregspcrt sdhtcr erddxpdhtdb tc rksd ircn efcut cgd-t`krb tc cgd-èji ci tctej dnksskcgs ircn dgdroy usd. @kstcrkhejjy, t`d bcn-kgeghd ci dnksskcgs fy t`d tregspcrt sdhtcr ès fddgncrd hèrehtdrkstkh ci kgbustrkej hcugtrkds tèg bdvdj-cpkgo hcugtrkds, fut kg t`d JHV, t`d tregspcrtetkcgsdhtcr ès ehhcugtdb icr e jerod sèrd ci dgdroy sdhtcrdnksskcgs icr e gunfdr ci yders, rdijdhtkgo t`d repkborcwt` ci prkvetd vd`khjd ijddts kg negy hcugtrkds=

Erodgtkge, Frezkj, Hcjcnfke, Ndxkhc, egb VdpýfjkheFcjkverkege bd Ydgdzudje. Kg Ndxkhc‒t`d sdhcgbjerodst hcugtry kg t`d rdokcg eitdr Frezkj kg tdrns ci t`d efscjutd jdvdj ci tregspcrt sdhtcr dnksskcgs‒hercwgdrs`kp ks dxpdhtdb tc kghrdesd et eg egguej retd ci 4 pdrhdgt ircn e ijddt ci 62 nkjjkcg kg 6<<0 tc ?< nkj-jkcg vd`khjds kg 6<8<.60 Kg ebbktkcg, treiikh hcgodstkcgkg urfeg erdes egb e jerod sèrd ci `ko`jy pcjjutkgoegb kgdiikhkdgt vd`khjds cg t`d rceb ès ndegt tèttregspcrt ks ejsc t`d jdebkgo heusd ci ekr pcjjutkcg kgJetkg Endrkheg hktkds. R`d repkbjy rkskgo dnksskcgs

egb jerod fdgdikts ircn jchej dgvkrcgndgtej knprcvd-ndgts ndeg tèt t`d tregspcrtetkcg sdhtcr kg t`d JHVciidrs skogkikhegt pctdgtkej icr nktkoetkcg‒dspdhkejjyw`dg kgstktutkcgej ferrkdrs heg fd cvdrhcnd‒w`kjd ett`d send tknd bdjkvdrkgo knpcrtegt euxkjkery fdgdikts.

Kt ks gct surprkskgo tèt t`d JHV es cgd ci t`d ko`-dst nctcrkzetkcg retds kg t`d bdvdjcpkgo wcrjb, wkt` eidw jerod hcugtrkds rdspcgskfjd icr t`d fuja ci t`d

sdhtcr‛s dnksskcgs. _kt` eg evdreod ci efcut ;< vd`khjdspdr t`cusegb pdcpjd, t`d nctcrkzetkcg retd kg t`d JHVdxhddbs Eirkhe, Eske, egb t`d Nkbbjd Dest, fut kt ks jdsstèg èji ci tèt kg Destdrg Durcpd egb e irehtkcg ci t`dCDHB hcugtrkds‛ nctcrkzetkcg retd ci gderjy 4<< vd`k-

hjds pdr t`cusegb pdcpjd.

6;

Kg efscjutd tdrns, 6<<4dnksskcgs ircn t`d tregspcrt sdhtcrs ci Frezkj egbNdxkhc wdrd nuh` `ko`dr tèg djsdw`drd kg t`d rdokcg(ikourd 9.;). Ncrd tèg ;< pdrhdgt ci t`dsd dnksskcgsegb iudj hcgsunptkcg ci t`d tregspcrt sdhtcr wdrd ircnrceb tregspcrt, wkt` t`d dxhdptkcg ci sjko`tjy jcwdrsèrds kg Fcjkvke egb Dhuebcr. E idw hcugtrkds hcg-trkfutd ncst ci t`d dnksskcgs, fut t`ks bcds gct knpjytèt nktkoetkcg diicrts kg t`d sdhtcr gddb tc ichus cgjycg t`csd hcugtrkds. Xkogkikhegt `dejt` fdgdikts ircnknprcvdndgts kg ekr quejkty, tknd sevkgos, egb rdbuhdb

hcgodstkcg ircn scnd ci t`d kgtdrvdgtkcgs ney mustkiyt`d knpjdndgtetkcg ci e wkbd regod ci nktkoetkcgndesurds kg t`d snejjdr hcugtrkds es wdjj.

Vdejkzkgo t`d sdhtcr‛s nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej egb t`dhcnpjdndgtery jchej fdgdikts rdqukrds e t`crcuoùgbdrstegbkgo ci t`d iehtcrs fd`kgb t`d rkskgo dnks-skcgs trdgb= (5) t`d kghrdeskgo gunfdr ci vd`khjds, (6)t`d bksteghd trevdjdb fy deh` typd ci vd`khjd, egb (8)t`d dnksskcgs ci deh` typd ci vd`khjd pdr akjcndtdrtrevdjdb. R`d JHV‛s tregspcrt sdhtcr ks iest orcwkgo kg

tdrns ci O@O dnksskcgs fdheusd ci t`d repkb dhc-gcnkh orcwt` egb t`d esschketdb rksd kg her cwgdrs`kpegb usd, e ncbej s`kit ewey ircn pufjkh tregspcrte-tkcg tc prkvetd vd`khjds, egb t`d rkskgo jdgot` egbgunfdr ci trkps pdr vd`khjd es hktkds sprewj. R`d hcrrd-spcgbkgo stretdokds tc rdbuhd dnksskcgs iejj wkt`kgt`dsd t`rdd hetdocrkds (ikourd 9.5<).

E bdhcnpcsktkcg ci dnksskcgs kg e rdhdgt essdss-ndgt ci t`d tregspcrt sdhtcr kg t`d rdokcg ircn5;0<‘6<<4 s`cws tèt kghcnd orcwt` ès fddg t`djdebkgo heusd ci rkskgo dnksskcgs kg t`d sdhtcr kg

scnd hcugtrkds cr rdokcgs (Erodgtkge, Frezkj, HcsteVkhe, \dru, egb Truouey). R`d rkskgo dgdroy kgtdg-skty ci t`d tregspcrt sdhtcr‒pcsskfjy es e rdsujt ci jcw dgdroy diikhkdghy egb rkskgo hcgodstkcg‒èsfddg t`d bcnkgegt iehtcr kg t`d ct`drs (Fcjkvke,Herkffdeg, Hufe, Dhuebcr, Ouetdneje, @cgbures,\egene, \ereouey) burkgo ncst yders kg t`d stubypdrkcb1 egb kg t`d rdnekgkgo hcugtrkds (H`kjd,

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IKOTVD 9.;

Rregspcrt Xdhtcr Dnksskcgs kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg

DnksskcgsGunfdr ci vd`khjds

trevdjkgoBksteghd trevdjdb

Dnksskcgs ci deh` typd civd`khjd pdr an trevdjdb

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‘ Ncbej s`kit‘ Kghrdesd jceb iehtcr‘ Hcgodstkcg prkhkgo‘ Dhcgcnkh kghdgtkvds

‘ ]cgkgo prehtkhds‘ Bdgskty ci `cuskgo‘ Nkxdb jegb usd‘ Rregspcrt hcrrkbcr bdgskikhetkcg

‘ Iudj typd‘ Yd`khjd tdh`gcjcoy‘ _dko`t ci vd`khjd‘ Nekgtdgeghd‘ Brkvdr fdèvkcr‘ Hcgodstkcg‘ Ncfkjkty negeodndgt‘ Cpdretkcgej bdskog

IKOTVD 9.5<

Dnksskcg Jdvdjs Heg Fd Bdtdrnkgdb fy R`rdd Yerkefjds

Xcurhd= Eut`crs.

Hcjcnfke, Dj Xejvebcr, Ndxkhc, Gkhereoue, egbVdpýfjkhe Fcjkverkege bd Ydgdzudje) fct` iehtcrsèvd fddg knpcrtegt.8< R`d nekg hèjjdgod kg tdrnsci rdbuhkgo O@O dnksskcgs ircn t`d tregspcrt sdh-tcr ks tc bdhcupjd dnksskcgs ircn rkskgo kghcnds,bdspktd `ko`dr retds ci vd`khjd cwgdrs`kp tèt èsehhcnpegkdb kghcnd orcwt` kg t`d rdokcg.

_kt` t`d hurrdgt orcwt` kg vd`khjd cwgdrs`kp egbusd, dspdhkejjy kg urfeg erdes, t`drd ks e prdsskgo gddbtc ebbrdss kssuds rdjetdb tc dnksskcgs ircn prkvetdvd`khjds. R`d ichus ci eg dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg stretdoys`cujb fd vd`khjd useod egb gct cwgdrs`kp. @cwdvdr,cwgdrs`kp egb dnksskcg jdvdjs erd kg ieht hjcsdjy hcrrd-jetdb icr sdvdrej rdescgs. Ikrst, epprcxknetdjy cgd-t`krb



ci e vd`khjd‛s jkidtknd dnksskcgs stdn ircn t`d upstrdenneguiehturkgo prchdss ci t`d vd`khjd. Xdhcgb, cghd evd`khjd ks purhèsdb, t`d hcgvdgkdghd ci usd kgbuhdsebbktkcgej trevdj (Okjfdrt 6<<<). R`krb, kg t`d bdvdj-cpkgo wcrjb, negy vd`khjds purhèsdb erd `ko`jy pcj-

jutkgo, sdhcgbègb vd`khjds.R`d dgdroy diikhkdghy ci tregspcrt vd`khjds ks jkadjytc knprcvd, fut t`dsd knprcvdndgts erd dxpdhtdb tcfd ncrd tèg ciisdt fy e hcnfkgetkcg ci kghrdesds kgt`d gunfdr ci vd`khjds egb kg evdreod vd`khjd utkjkze-tkcg. _`kjd dtègcj kg Frezkj ès rdpjehdb efcut ikitypdrhdgt ci oescjkgd hcgsunptkcg fy t`d jko`t-butyvd`khjd ijddt, t`d rdst ci t`d tregspcrt sdhtcr kg t`dJHV wkjj hcgtkgud tc bdpdgb cvdrw`djnkgojy cgpdtrcjdun-fesdb iudjs icr t`d icrdsddefjd iuturd. Essuh`, hègods kg t`d herfcg kgtdgskty ci tregspcrt iudjs

erd sddg tc èvd e nkgcr knpeht cg tregspcrt-rdjetdbO@O dnksskcgs, egb wèt wkjj fd ncrd knpcrtegt erdt`d diikhkdghy ci tregspcrt ijddts egb t`d sèrd ci bki-idrdgt tregspcrt ncbds.

E orcwkgo nkbbjd hjess ès `djpdb spur t`d bdnegbicr prkvetd vd`khjds. E stuby kg 6<<4 ci jcw-kghcndienkjkds kg icur icrndr ievdjes kg Xèc \eujc icugb tèt6; pdrhdgt ci ienkjkds cwgdb e her.85 Cvdr t`d yders,diikhkdghy knprcvdndgts egb hcnpdtktkcg èvd jdb tce sjcw bdhjkgd kg vd`khjd prkhds wkt` vd`khjds fdhcnkgo

ncrd ehhdsskfjd tc jerodr orcups ci pdcpjd. R`drd ks egkghrdesdb hcnpdtktkcg ircn kgdxpdgskvd vd`khjds ircnEske egb t`d sdhcgbègb vd`khjd neradt ks ejsc orcw-kgo. Yd`khjd sejds kg Jetkg Endrkhe erd frdeakgo rdhcrbsegb erd dxpdhtdb tc hcgtkgud tc pcst scjkb oekgs,fucydb fy dhcgcnkh orcwt`. Frezkj egb Ndxkhc erdt`d jerodst eutc neradts kg Jetkg Endrkhe, fut \dru kst`d rdokcg‛s iestdst-orcwkgo neradt. Burkgo t`d ikrstt`rdd quertdrs ci 6<<9, vd`khjd sejds kg \dru scerdb fy25 pdrhdgt. R`d jetdst trdgbs wcrjbwkbd èvd vd`khjdneguiehturdrs bdvdjcpkgo sturby egb kgdxpdgskvd

vd`khjds, spdhkikhejjy egb suhhdssiujjy ebvdrtksdb tc t`dnkbbjd egb jcwdr-nkbbjd-kghcnd hjessds. Icr dxen-pjd, kg Xèc \eujc t`d ijddt ks orcwkgo et e retd ci ?.4pdrhdgt pdr yder, wkt` ejncst 5,<<< gdw hers fcuo`tkg t`d hkty dvdry bey, egb t`ks ès ehhdjdretdb nctcr-kzetkcg retds kg ejrdeby hcgodstdb hktkds egb heusdb erepkb bdtdrkcretkcg ci t`d dxkstkgo tregspcrt systdnsegb kgirestruhturd. R`d rdsujt ks bdtdrkcretkgo ekr

quejkty, gundrcus treiikh bdet`s egb kgmurkds, nkjjkcgsci `curs ci jcst prcbuhtkvkty, egb kghrdesdb iudj hcg-sunptkcg egb hcgsdqudgtjy rkskgo O@O dnksskcgs.Ehhcrbkgo tc Rknd neoezkgd, Xèc \eujc ès t`d wcrjb‛swcrst treiikh mens.86 Kg 6<<0, t`d ehhunujetdb hcgods-

tkcg rdeh db eg evdreod ci ncrd tèg 5;< akjcndtdrsburkgo rus` `cur, egb cg Ney ;, 6<<0, t`d ejj-tkndrdhcrb wes sdt et 699 akjcndtdrs, w`kh` ndegt tèt 8<pdrhdgt ci t`d ncgktcrdb rcebs wdrd hcgodstdb.

Kg t`d JHV, t`drd ès fddg e stdeby trdgb ci pdcpjdswkth`kgo tc ncrd pcjjutkgo egb jdss diikhkdgt vd`khjds.Es kghcnd egb her egb nctcrfkad cwgdrs`kp èvdkghrdesdb, pdcpjd èvd prdidrrdb t`d usd ci t`dsd vd`k-hjds cvdr t`d pufjkh egb ness tregspcrt systdns, fct` ci w`kh` èvd nuh` jcwdr pcjjutkcg jdvdjs pdr akjcndtdrpdr pessdgodr. Ejt`cuo` wejakgo ks stkjj knpcrtegt,

dspdhkejjy icr t`d pccr, t`d kgirestruhturd kgvdstndgtsegb spetkej orcwt` ci hktkds èvd ievcrdb nctcrkzdbncfkjkty egb kg`kfktdb t`d ehhdss fy icct tc dejt` herd,mcfs, dbuhetkcg, egb ct`dr sdrvkhds. R`d rdhdgt repkbkghrdesd ci nctcrfkad cwgdrs`kp kg negy hktkds ks per-tkhujerjy wcrrkscnd, es kt citdg chhurs et t`d dxpdgsd ci pufjkh tregspcrt usdrs egb iurt`dr eiidhts t`d diikhkdghyci t`d cvdrejj tregspcrt systdns. Kghrdesdb treiikh mensegb nctcrkzetkcg iurt`dr bdtdrkcretd t`d ettrehtkvdgdssegb hcnpdtktkvdgdss ci pufjkh tregspcrtetkcg hcnpdt-

kgo wkt` t`d send rceb spehd es prkvetd vd`khjds. R`kshrdetds e vkhkcus hkrhjd ci bdhjkgkgo pufjkh tregspcrtquejkty egb usd egb orcwkgo nctcrkzdb trevdj.

Trfeg sprewj kg Jetkg Endrkheg hktkds ks prcfefjyt`d iugbendgtej iehtcr fd`kgb t`d repkb orcwt` ci vd`khjd dnksskcgs. Es hktkds sprewj, t`d jdgot` egb gun-fdr ci trkps rksds. Jetkg Endrkheg hktkds erd sprewjkgoegb es gdw tregspcrt kgirestruhturd ks fdkgo bdvdj-cpdb, crkokgs egb bdstkgetkcgs erd iurt`dr epert ircndeh` ct`dr. Jkad negy hktkds ercugb t`d wcrjb, t`djerod urfeg hdgtdrs kg Jetkg Endrkhe prdsdgt ehutd

hèjjdgods kg tdrns ci erregokgo dhcgcnkh ehtkvktkdsehrcss spehd. Ncst gdw bdvdjcpndgt chhurs et t`dpdrkp`dry ci jerod hktkds egb et rdjetkvdjy jcw bdgsktkds.R`dsd erd t`d erdes w`drd t`d jegb ks h`depdst1 `cw-dvdr, t`dsd erd ejsc t`d erdes w`drd sdrvkhd prcvkskcg,kghjubkgo tregspcrtetkcg, wkjj fd ncst dxpdgskvd. Ett`d send tknd, t`d nekg hktkds hcgtkgud tc fd neogdtsicr pdcpjd egb mcfs, icrhkgo hcnnutdrs tc trevdj jcgodr

52;




bksteghds. \ufjkh tregspcrt sdrvkhds, `cwdvdr occb kgirdqudghy egb hcvdreod, erd gct hcnpdtktkvd kg sprewj-kgo sufurfeg erdes egb cgjy ettrehts rdskbdgts tètèvd gc ct`dr h`ckhd. Hcgodstkcg ks eoorevetdb fy t`dieht tèt t`d bkiidrdgt ncbds citdg hcnpdtd icr t`d usd

ci t`d send rceb spehd.Ikgejjy, e jerod gunfdr ci `ko`jy pcjjutkgo egb cjbvd`khjds erd stkjj brkvdg kg hktkds. _`kjd t`d tregspcrtijddt, fct` pufjkh egb prkvetd, ks qukhajy orcwkgo egbgdw tdh`gcjcokds erd fdkgo kgtrcbuhdb, t`d vd`khjd ijddtkg usd ks stdebkjy orcwkgo egb bdtdrkcretkgo. Ejt`cuo`fdttdr tdh`gcjcokds dxkst egb erd fdkgo purhèsdb, t`d`ko`jy pcjjutkgo kg-usd egb sdhcgbègb vd`khjds erd gctshreppdb egb hcgtkgud tc fd wkbdjy usdb kg JetkgEndrkhe. R`dsd vd`khjds bksprcpcrtkcgetdjy hcgtrkfutdtc ko` ekr pcjjutkcg jdvdjs egb hjknetd hègod egb ocv-

drgndgts citdg jeha diidhtkvd kgstrundgts egb pcjkhkdstc rdstrkht cr feg t`dkr usd. Iurt`drncrd, bud tc ird-qudgt frdeabcwgs, t`dsd vd`khjds eiidht t`d treiikh ijcwsegb hcgtrkfutd tc hcgodstkcg kg hktkds.

O@O dnksskcg nktkoetkcg kg t`d tregspcrt

sdhtcr‒jcw ègokgo irukt egb gc rdordts

Kg crbdr tc bdjkvdr t`d `ko`dst dgvkrcgndgtej, schkej,egb dhcgcnkh fdgdikts, tregspcrtetkcg pcjkhkds gddb tckgtdoretd kssuds jkad tregskt crkdgtdb jegb-usd pjeg-gkgo, prkvetd vd`khjd ncfkjkty negeodndgt, knprcvd-ndgts kg ness tregspcrtetkcg egb kgtdoretkcg wkt`gcgnctcrkzdb ncbds ci tregspcrt, irdko`t tregspcrte-tkcg, egb rdjetdb kgirestruhturd bdvdjcpndgt pjeg-gkgo. Rregsperdgt essdssndgts ci gddbs, fdgdikts, egbrdejkstkh cptkcgs heg dgsurd trujy sustekgefjd tregs-pcrtetkcg pcjkhkds.

Xuh` eg kgtdoretdb epprceh` ès fddg ebcptdb kgNdxkhc‛s rdhdgt essdssndgt ci t`d nktkoetkcg pctdgtkejegb nerokgej efetdndgt hcsts t`rcuo` kgtdrvdgtkcgstèt eiidht t`d tregspcrt sdhtcr‛s dnksskcgs.88 Nktkoetkcg

stretdokds speg spetkej egb sdhtcrej fcugberkds egbkghjubd e sdrkds ci cptkcgs tèt iejj ugbdr t`d frcebdrhetdocrkds ci jegb-usd pjeggkgo‒sc es tc ebbrdss t`dkssuds ci jcgodr trevdj tknds esschketdb wkt` urfegsprewj1 iudjs egb tdh`gcjcoy1 pufjkh, gcgnctcrkzdb, egbheroc tregspcrt1 egb tregspcrt bdnegb negeodndgt.

Encgo t`d pcjkhkds tèt erd fdgdikhkej icr tregspcrtnegeodndgt egb w`kh` prcvkbd jerod O@O dnksskcg

rdbuhtkcgs erd bdvdjcpkgo ko` quejkty egb kgtdoretdbpufjkh tregspcrt systdns, gcgnctcrkzdb tregspcrte-tkcg, urfeg egb spetkej pjeggkgo tc rdbuhd tregspcrtbdnegb, knprcvkgo t`d diikhkdghy ci fct` gdw egbusdb vd`khjds t`rcuo` stegberbs egb kgspdhtkcg egb

nekgtdgeghd prcorens, egb irdko`t negeodndgt. Xuh`ndesurds heg fd diidhtkvd hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcgndesurds, dspdhkejjy w`dg t`dy erd bdskogdb es pert ci eg kgtdoretdb stretdoy.

Bdvdjcpndgt ci @ko` Uuejkty Ness Rregspcrtetkcg Xys-

tdns. JHV hktkds stkjj èvd rdjetkvdjy `ko` pufjkh tregs-pcrt rkbdrs`kp, fut pufjkh tregspcrt sèrds erd orebuejjybdhrdeskgo. R`drdicrd, t`drd ks eg urodgt gddb tc prkcrk-tkzd t`d bdvdjcpndgt ci `ko` quejkty pufjkh tregspcrte-tkcg systdns. Dgsurkgo jchej ocvdrgndgt kgvdstndgtstc suppcrt prcmdhts tèt sdenjdssjy kgtdoretd nctcrkzdb

egb gcgnctcrkzdb tregspcrtetkcg kgirestruhturd ks t`dikrst egb ncst hrktkhej stdp. Et t`d send tknd, kt ks gdh-dssery tc kgtdoretd egb cptknkzd t`d negy hcnpcgdgtsci pufjkh tregspcrtetkcg systdns t`rcuo` e sdrkds ci ndesurds, suh` es knprcvdb croegkzetkcg egb negeod-ndgt prehtkhds, sdttkgo rdescgefjd ierds, prdidrdgtkejtreiikh ijcw icr pufjkh tregspcrt, knprcvdb seidty, cut-rdeh` kghdgtkvds, egb trekgkgo icr systdn cpdretcrs egbpjeggdrs. Hurktkfe egb Fcocte pcpujerkzdb t`d ‚fusrepkb tregskt„ systdn tèt nknkhs t`d diikhkdghy ci

ndtrc systdns t`rcuo` bdbkhetdb fus jegds ejcgo adytregspcrt hcrrkbcrs fut et e irehtkcg ci t`d hcst ci rekjsystdns. Rcbey, bczdgs ci hktkds kg t`d JHV egb wcrjb-wkbd èvd dstefjks`db sknkjer systdns fesdb cg t`d suh-hdssiuj dxpdrkdghds ci Hurktkfe egb Fcocte.

Dstefjks`ndgt ci Kgtdoretdb Rregspcrtetkcg egb Jegb Tsd

\jeggkgo Xystdns. Hktkds heg knpjdndgt pcjkhkds egb

kghdgtkvds tc nkx jegb usds egb kghrdesd bdgskty ejcgo

nemcr tregspcrt hcrrkbcrs sc es tc djp t`d ehhdsskfkjkty tc

ness tregspcrt systdns cr rdbuhd t`d gddb tc trevdj ejtc-

odt`dr. Kg t`d 5;?<s Hurktkfe Frezkj dstefjks`db eg kgtd-

oretdb jegb-usd egb urfeg pjeggkgo systdn tèt oevdprkcrkty tc pufjkh tregspcrtetkcg egb t`d jchetkcg ci

kgbustry, sh`ccjs, egb rdskbdghds kg hjcsd prcxknkty tc

hcgvdgkdgt tregspcrt. R`d pcpujerkty ci Hurktkfe‛s Fus

Vepkb Rregskt (FVR) systdn ès ettrehtdb nctcrksts,

bdspktd e `ko` retd ci eutcncfkjd cwgdrs`kp rdjetkvd

tc t`d rdst ci Frezkj. E 5;;5 trevdj survdy rdpcrtdb

tèt efcut 60 pdrhdgt ci ‚bkrdht fus„ usdrs prdvkcusjy

54<




trevdjdb fy eutcncfkjd. FVR sdrvkhd rdsujtdb kg

6? nkjjkcg idwdr eutcncfkjd trkps deh` yder egb efcut

6? nkjjkcg idwdr jktdrs ci iudj egguejjy. Hurktkfe usds

efcut 8< pdrhdgt jdss iudj pdr hepkte fdheusd ci kts `devy

tregskt useod, egb kts enfkdgt ekr pcjjutkcg ks cgd ci t`d

jcwdst kg Frezkj. Kg t`d 5;;<s, Hcjcnfke pessdb getkcgejjdoksjetkcg tèt ks hcgskbdrdb e ncbdj icr retkcgej jegb-usd

kg `ko`-bdgskty urfeg erdes, wkt` pufjkh tregspcrtetkcg

fdkgo e hdgtrej pkjjer ci t`d jdoksjetkcg (fcx 9.9). R`dsd

pcjkhkds heg dgsurd e rdbuhtkcg kg dnksskcgs ci fct` hcg-

vdgtkcgej pcjjutegts egb orddg`cusd oesds fy pjehkgo

tregspcrtetkcg hcgskbdretkcgs et t`d hdgtdr ci bdvdjcp-

ndgt. Fy hcgskbdrkgo tregspcrtetkcg gddbs egb hèj-

jdgods es eg kgtdorej pert ci jegb usd pjeggkgo, hktkds heg

evckb ugh`dhadb sprewj, bdhrdesd t`d gddb icr trevdj kg

pdrscgej vd`khjds, egb ejjcw icr jcw-hcst, `ko`-vcjund

ejtdrgetkvd tregspcrtetkcg cptkcgs.Dgèghdndgt ci Gcgnctcrkzdb Rregspcrtetkcg. _ejakgo

ks stkjj t`d prdvejdgt ncbd ci tregspcrt kg negy JetkgEndrkheg hktkds egb, surdjy, t`d cgd tèt t`d pccr evdehhdss tc. Jetkg Endrkheg hktkds hcujb skogkikhegtjyfdgdikt ircn fdttdr egb dxpegbdb gcgnctcrkzdb tregs-pcrtetkcg kgirestruhturd. Dstefjks`kgo ndesurds bdskogdbtc dghcureod wejakgo egb hyhjkgo, es wdjj es knprcv-kgo kgtdrncbej kgtdoretkcg wkt` `ko` hepehkty tregs-pcrt systdns heg evd eg knpcrtegt fdgdikt kg tdrns ci

quejkty ci jkid egb rdbuhtkcg ci dnksskcgs. E gunfdrci hktkds èvd prcnctdb fkhyhjds es eg ejtdrgetkvd tcnctcrkzdb tregspcrtetkcg, kghjubkgo Fcocte, Vkc bd Megdkrc, egb Xegtkeoc, fct` icr s`crt trkps egb es hcn-nutdr vd`khjds egb t`rcuo` ‚pera-egb-rkbd„ erregod-

ndgts jkgakgo tc pufjkh tregspcrtetkcg. Negy ct`drhktkds kg Jetkg Endrkhe erd stertkgo tc icjjcw t`dsddxenpjds egb prcnctkgo fkhyhjd usd.

Hcgtrcj ci \rkvetd Yd`khjds. Gcgd ci t`d efcvd pcjkhkdswkjj fd trujy diidhtkvd kg rdbuhkgo O@O dnksskcgswkt`cut scnd ndesurds tc rdbuhd cr rdstrkht prkvetdvd`khjd usd kg ko`jy hcgodstdb urfeg erdes. Es e hcn-pjdndgt tc knprcvkgo t`d pufjkh tregspcrt systdns,Jetkg Endrkheg hktkds gddb tc bdskog pcjkhkds tc fdttdrnegeod prkvetd vd`khjd ncfkjkty. Xystdns tèt knpcsdcgd cr ncrd ci t`d icjjcwkgo ndesurds èvd fddg suh-

hdssiujjy knpjdndgtdb kg ct`dr perts ci t`d wcrjb.Xcnd ci t`dsd ndesurds kghjubd t`d knpjdndgtetkcg ci Kgtdjjkodgt Rregspcrt Xystdns tdh`gcjcokds tc rdbkrdhttreiikh, hcgtrcj rcebwey hcgodstkcg egb prcvkbd kgicr-netkcg tc brkvdrs, egb `djp pjeg egb negeod urfegtregspcrt systdns182 knpjdndgt verkdb perakgo retds1hrdetd kghdgtkvds icr kgtdrncbej kgtdoretkcg fdtwddgprkvetd vd`khjds egb pufjkh tregspcrt stetkcgs kg t`dsufurfs egb kghrdesd chhupeghy retds ci vd`khjds1 egbfdttdr rdoujetkcg ci nctcrhyhjd ncfkjkty kg hktkds.

545


Kg 6<<< egb 6<<4 t`d Rregsnkjdgkc Hcnpegy hcgbuhtdb

hdgsusds ci urfeg ehtkvkty ejcgo t`d hcrrkbcrs ci \èsd K=

Herehes Evdgud, Eutcgcrtd, egb 0<t` Xtrddt. Dvdry prcp-

drty ejcgo t`d hcrrkbcrs wes survdydb tùs bknkgks`kgo

stetkstkhej drrcr. R`d nekg ikgbkgos rdoerbkgo t`d knpehts

cg jegb usd erd t`d icjjcwkgo=

Ikrst, t`d hdgsus s`cwdb tèt kg 6<<<, ;9 pdrhdgt ci

t`d fukjbkgos èb ikvd stcrkds cr jdss. Fy 6<<4 t`ks gun-

fdr eb brcppdb fy ;5.6 pdrhdgt. Hcgsdqudgtjy, t`d sèrd

ci fukjbkgos wkt` ncrd tèg ikvd stcrkds ncrd tèg bcu-

fjdb kg ikvd yders, suoodstkgo e hcgskbdrefjd bdgskikhetkcg

ci t`d hcrrkbcr. \ert ci t`d rdescg icr t`d kghrdeskgo bdg-

skty rdjetds tc t`d `ko`dr rdgtej retds ejcgo t`d hcrrkbcr.

Kg dssdghd, es urfeg rdgts kghrdesd, ncrd ugkts pdr ugkt

erde erd gddbdb kg crbdr tc hcvdr t`d `ko`dr vejud ci jegb,

tùs kghrdeskgo bdgskty. Xdhcgb, t`d gunfdr ci `cuskgo

ugkts ejcgo pèsd K kghrdesdb fy 56 pdrhdgt kg t`d ikvd

yders fdtwddg t`d twc hdgsusds. R`krb, egb rdjetdb, pdc-

pjd w`c jkvd kg t`d hcrrkbcrs ci pèsd K h`csd tc stey

jcgodr kg t`dkr `cuskgo ugkts. Kg 6<<<, 20 pdrhdgt ci rds-

kbdgts èb jkvdb skx yders cr jcgodr kg t`dkr `cuskgo ugkts

egb fy 6<<4 t`ks gunfdr èb kghrdesdb tc 46 pdrhdgt.

Eoekg, fdheusd kt wes e hdgsus, t`d rdsujts erd skogkikhegt.

Icurt`, ncrd pdcpjd cwg t`dkr `cuskgo ugkt ejcgo t`d

hcrrkbcrs (29 pdrhdgt kg 6<<< egb 46 pdrhdgt kg 6<<4),

s`cwkgo `ko`dr wkjjkgogdss tc kgvdst kg prcpdrtkds ejcgo

pèsd K. R`dsd rdsujts erd pertkejjy dxpjekgdb fy kghrdesdb

ehhdsskfkjkty egb ejsc e `ko`dr pdrhdptkcg ci sdhurkty.

FCP 9.9

Dxenpjds ci Rregspcrt egb Jegb-Tsd \jeggkgo kg Fcoctå, Hcjcnfke



Irdko`t Rregspcrt Negeodndgt kghjubds stretdokds tckghrdesd t`d diikhkdghy ci irdko`t egb hcnndrhkejtregspcrt. Fdttdr jcokstkhs ks e wey tc bdvdjcp ncrddiikhkdgt irdko`t negeodndgt, kghjubkgo tregspcrte-tkcg prehtkhds (icr dxenpjd, vd`khjd typd, s`kpndgt

skzd, irdqudghy, egb sc cg), iehkjkty sktkgo, egb rdjetdbehtkvktkds. Ejt`cuo` jcokstkhs ks ichusdb cg kghrdeskgodiikhkdghy egb nkgknkzkgo tregspcrtetkcg hcsts, kt hegejsc `djp kg rdbuhkgo hcgodstkcg egb pcjjutkcgknpehts. Eg knpcrtegt ndesurd ks tc dghcureod rekjegb wetdr tregspcrt ret`dr tèg truha icr jcgodr- bksteghd s`kppkgo. Rruhakgo usds nuh` ncrd dgdroypdr ugkt ci tregspcrt tèg rekj cr wetdr (5< tknds esnuh` kg negy sktuetkcgs), ejt`cuo` cgjy hdrtekg typdsci occbs egb bdjkvdrkds erd suktefjd icr suh` s`kitkgo.Rc ehhcnpjks` t`ks, t`drd ks e struhturej gddb tc

knprcvd rekj egb nerkgd tregspcrtetkcg kgirestruhturdegb sdrvkhds tc nead t`dsd ncbds ncrd hcnpdtktkvdwkt` truhakgo. R`drd ks ejsc e gddb tc croegkzdrdokcgej bdjkvdry systdns, dspdhkejjy kg ndtrcpcjktegrdokcgs, sc idwdr vd`khjd trkps erd gddbdb tc bkstrkfutdoccbs (icr dxenpjd, uskgo hcnncg herrkdrs tèt hcg-scjkbetd jcebs, ret`dr tèg hcnpegy ijddts) egb usdsnejjdr vd`khjds egb ùneg pcwdrdb tregspcrt, per-tkhujerjy icr bkstrkfutkcg kg urfeg erdes. Knprcvdbnekgtdgeghd egb cpdretkcg es wdjj es trekgkgo tc

dghcureod ncrd diikhkdgt brkvkgo ejsc èvd prcvdg tcfd vdry hcst-diidhtkvd kg rdbuhkgo iudj hcgsunptkcgegb O@O dnksskcgs. Rruha bdskog knprcvdndgts egbgdw tdh`gcjcokds heg ejsc `djp kghrdesd diikhkdghy.Xknpjd egb hcst-diidhtkvd ndesurds tèt erd ejrdebyfdkgo knpjdndgtdb kg e gunfdr ci hktkds erd jknktkgoirdko`t tregspcrt egb evckbkgo bdjkvdry burkgo treiikhpdea `curs kg hktkds.

R`d hcnpjdxkty ci tregspcrt systdns rdqukrds teakgokgtc hcgskbdretkcg e regod ci hrktdrke, suh` es kghrdeskgovcjund ci pessdgodr egb vd`khjd ijcws, trevdj tknd,

ehhdsskfkjkty, seidty, dgvkrcgndgtej, egb dqukty knpehts._`drd negy ci t`d desy h`ckhds èvd ejrdeby fddgnebd, kghrdeskgojy kgtrkhetd tregspcrt bdhkskcgs ekn tceh`kdvd eg cptknej fejeghd fdtwddg scndtknds hcgijkht-kgo kgtdrdsts. _`kjd tregspcrt hcst egb dgdroy hcgsunp-tkcg èvd ejweys fddg knpcrtegt cfmdhtkvds, hjknetdhègod ks fdhcnkgo kghrdeskgojy knpcrtegt. R`d kghju-skcg ci hjknetd hègod ciidrs e skogkikhegt cppcrtugkty tc

rdvkskt t`d rdjetkcgs`kps fdtwddg ejtdrgetkvd cfmdhtkvdstc fdttdr ugbdrstegb sygdrokds egb trebd-ciis.

Rregspcrtetkcg kgktketkvds èvd negy hc-fdgdikts.Vdbuhtkcgs kg dnksskcgs rdsujt kg O@O bdhrdesds futejsc kg knprcvdndgt ci t`d jchej ekr dgvkrcgndgt,

wkt` knpcrtegt `dejt` fdgdikts. \rcnctkcg ci nesstregskt systdns egb gcgnctcrkzdb tregspcrt, w`kjdjcwdrkgo dnksskcgs, ejsc hcgtrkfutd tc pcvdrty ejjdvke-tkcg t`rcuo` prcvkbkgo knprcvdb ncfkjkty egb ehhdssicr pccrdr sdondgts ci schkdty. Vdbuhtkcg kg iudj useodegb knprcvdndgt kg t`d diikhkdghy ci tregspcrt sys-tdns, w`kjd hcgtrkfutkgo tc bdhrdesds kg dnksskcgs,ejsc rdprdsdgts knprcvdndgts kg t`d cpdretkcg ci tregspcrtetkcg gdtwcras. Knprcvkgo t`d ijcw ci treiikhtc hcnfet hcgodstkcg, w`kjd rdsujtkgo kg jcwdr dnks-skcgs ircn kbjkgo vd`khjds, ejsc rdbuhds ehhkbdgt retds.

Rùs, negy nktkoetkcg ndesurds kg t`d tregspcrtsdhtcr erd gc-rdordts cptkcgs, w`kh` heg fd knpjd-ndgtdb gct cgjy et e jcw hcst fut rdsujt kg jerod sevkgosdvdg fdicrd hcgskbdrkgo t`d hc-fdgdikts. Fut kgstktu-tkcgej egb rdoujetcry cfstehjds es wdjj es hcjjdhtkvdehtkcg prcfjdns eiidht t`d ideskfkjkty ci t`dkr knpjd-ndgtetkcg. E hcnprd`dgskvd epprceh` dxtdgbkgofdycgb t`d tregspcrt sdhtcr ktsdji ks t`d hcrgdrstcgd ci e jcgo-tdrn vkskcg tc diidhtkvdjy ebbrdss t`d t`rdd brk-vdrs ci dnksskcgs‒t`d gunfdr ci vd`khjds, bksteghd

trevdjdb, egb vd`khjd dnksskcgs retd‒egb fdgdiktircn t`d skzefjd pcsktkvd dxtdrgejktkds (fcx 9.?).Uuegtkikhetkcg ci t`dsd hc-fdgdikts egb eg essdssndgt

ci t`d ideskfkjkty ci knpjdndgtetkcg ks eg knpcrtegthcnpcgdgt ci eg cvdrejj dvejuetkcg ci ejtdrgetkvd‒egbscndtknds hcnpjdndgtery‒nktkoetkcg cptkcgs. Epertircn t`d Ndxkhc= Dstubkc scfrd je Bksnkguhkcg bdDnkskcgds bd Herfcgc (NDBDH) (Jcw-Herfcg Xtuby)stuby, e sdrkds ci ct`dr stubkds essdsskgo t`d nktkoetkcgpctdgtkej egb hcsts (cr fdgdikts) esschketdb wkt` t`d nkt-koetkcg ndesurds kg bkiidrdgt sdhtcrs èvd rdhdgtjy fddg

hcnpjdtdb fy t`d jchej ugkvdrsktkds egb rdsderh` hdgtdrsicr Erodgtkge, Frezkj, H`kjd, Hcjcnfke, egb \dru1 egbct`dr diicrts èvd prdvkcusjy fddg knpjdndgtdb es pertci scnd ci t`d getkcgej hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcgstretdokds kg t`d rdokcg.84 R`d evekjefkjkty ci hrcss-hcug-try kgicrnetkcg cg t`d pctdgtkej tc rdbuhd dnksskcgs kgt`d tregspcrt sdhtcr ks eg knpcrtegt hcgtrkfutkcg tciehkjktetd t`d sdttkgo ci prkcrktkds kg sdhtcrej nktkoetkcg

546




pcjkhkds, fut dstknetds ircn t`d evekjefjd stubkds erd gctbkrdhtjy hcnperefjd fdheusd ci bkvdrodgt egb scndtkndsughjder essunptkcgs. Kg t`d tregspcrt sdhtcr, t`dsdessdssndgts gddb tc dvejuetd t`d nktkoetkcg pctdgtkejegb t`d fdgdikts ircn dgdroy sevkgos, rdbuhtkcg kg jchejekr pcjjutkcg, egb tknd sevkgos uskgo hcgskstdgtndt`cbcjcokds tc dgsurd hcnperefkjkty ehrcss hcugtrkds.Fdheusd ci kts pufjkh occb, prcvkskcg ci t`ks typd ci kgicrnetkcg kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds gddbs tc fd èrnc-gkzdb et t`d ojcfej cr et jdest t`d rdokcgej jdvdj.

_estd Negeodndgt‒Xkogkikhegt Jchej Fdgdikts

ci Nktkoetkcg Cptkcgs

Ojcfejjy, O@O dnksskcgs ircn scjkb westd egb westd-wetdr hcgtrkfutd cgjy efcut 8 pdrhdgt ci t`d tctejdnksskcgs fut t`dy hcgstktutd es nuh` es 50 pdrhdgt ci t`d egt`rcpcodgkh ndtègd dnksskcgs. Dvdg t`cuo`dnksskcgs ircn westd egb westdwetdr ejsc erd rdjetkvdjy

jcw kg t`d JHV, t`dy erd prcmdhtdb tc kghrdesd kg tegbdnwkt` t`d rkskgo pcpujetkcg egb t`d jdvdj ci dhcgcnkhehtkvkty. _estd odgdretkcg tdgbs tc kghrdesd kg prcpcr-tkcg wkt` OB\ pdr hepkte‒es nuh` es 8 pdrhdgt pdryder kg pdrkcbs ci sustekgdb dhcgcnkh orcwt`.89

R`rcuo`cut t`d JHV, scjkb westd negeodndgt kseg knpcrtegt prkcrkty, prknerkjy fdheusd ci t`d jchej`dejt` egb dgvkrcgndgtej fdgdikts, fut cftekgkgosustekgefjd ikgeghds egb iujj pufjkh hccpdretkcg ks ehèjjdgod. Nugkhkpej westd hcjjdhtkcg ks odgdrejjy

ehhdptefjd, pertkhujerjy kg jerodr hktkds kg t`d rdokcg.Cg evdreod, hktkds ci ncrd tèg 4<<,<<< kgèfktegtshcjjdht ncrd tèg 0< pdrhdgt, w`kjd tdh`gkhej egbikgeghkej bkiikhujtkds rdsujt kg e jcwdr hcjjdhtkcg retdci efcut 9; pdrhdgt kg snejjdr hktkds. _estd bkspcsejkg t`d JHV ks odgdrejjy bdikhkdgt. Cgjy 68 pdrhdgtci t`d westd hcjjdhtdb ks bkspcsdb ci kg segktery jegb-ikjjs, egct`dr 62 pdrhdgt ocds tc hcgtrcjjdb jegbikjjs,

548


Eg egejysks ci tregspcrt nktkoetkcg cptkcgs kg Ndxkhc

bdncgstretds tèt t`drd erd gundrcus hc-fdgdikts ci tregs-

pcrt cptkcgs, kghjubkgo ikgeghkej, tknd sevkgos, egb jchej

dgvkrcgndgtej knprcvdndgt. Encgo t`d cptkcgs tèt

ney prcvkbd t`d jerodst O@O rdbuhtkcgs kg Ndxkhc erd

vd`khjd kgspdhtkcg egb nekgtdgeghd prcorens, cptknkzdb

tregspcrt pjeggkgo, vd`khjd diikhkdghy stegberbs, egb bdg-

skikhetkcg pcjkhkds. R`d dhcgcnkh fdgdikts rdsujtkgo ircn

t`dsd kgtdrvdgtkcgs kghjubd t`d ikgeghkej fdgdikts hcn-

perdb tc ejtdrgetkvd ndegs ci tregspcrtetkcg, tknd sevkgos

tc kgbkvkbuejs, icr kgsteghd fy rdbuhkgo hcgodstkcg, egb

t`d jchej `dejt` fdgdikts bud tc bdhrdesdb jchej ekr pcjju-

tkcg dnksskcgs (ehhrukgo tc fct` hcnnutdrs egb tc jchej

kgèfktegts)‒w`kh` jdebs tc gdoetkvd hcsts icr rdbuhkgo

O@O dnksskcgs icr negy ci t`d kgtdrvdgtkcgs dvejuetdb.

Es ks typkhej ci suh` stubkds, ct`dr knpcrtegt hcsts tèt

erd bkiikhujt tc dstknetd erd gct quegtkikdb, suh` es t`d

hcsts ci knpjdndgtkgo ncgktcrkgo systdns, cvdrhcnkgo

kgicrnetkcg iekjurds, cr pcjkhy cr rdoujetcry hègods,

`cwdvdr, t`dsd hcsts wdrd essdssdb fy tregspcrt dxpdrts

quejktetkvdjy egb wdrd vkdwdb tc fd ‚surncugtefjd.„

Xcnd typds ci kgtdrvdgtkcgs erd dxpdhtdb tc evd vdry

jerod dstknetdb hc-fdgdikts kg Ndxkhc. Fy rdbuhkgo t`d

bksteghd ci urfeg hcnnutkgo, e prcoren tc dghcureod

bdgsd urfeg bdvdjcpndgt wcujb gct cgjy heusd dnks-

skcg rdbuhtkcgs ci up tc 55? NtHC6, fut ejsc e hunuje-

tkvd rdbuhtkcg ci pertkhujetd nettdr (\N 6.4) fy 55,0<<

tcgs egb gktrcus cxkbds fy 044,<<< tcgs cvdr t`d

6<<;‘8< pdrkcb. Knpjdndgtkgo diikhkdghy stegberbs

wcujb rdsujt kg e hunujetkvd rdbuhtkcg ci 5;4 NtHC6

egb e skogkikhegt rdbuhtkcg kg t`d dnksskcg ci pcjjutegts

cg t`d crbdr ci 0,<<< tcgs ci \N 6.4 egb 5,582,<<<

tcgs ci gktrcus cxkbds. Rregspcrt cptkcgs wkt` `ko` nkt-

koetkcg pctdgtkej kg Ndxkhc‒prcnctkcg ci urfeg puf-

jkh tregspcrtetkcg‒wcujb gct cgjy rdsujt kg vdry

skogkikhegt rdbuhtkcg kg ekr pcjjutkcg. R`dy wcujb ejsc

frkgo efcut tknd sevkgos egb ct`dr schkej fdgdikts, es

jcgo es t`dsd ndesurds erd wdjj kgtdoretdb kgtc eg cvdr-

ejj stretdoy tèt dgsurds diikhkdgt hcggdhtkcg fdtwddg

bkiidrdgt tregspcrt ncbds egb suiikhkdgt urfeg bdgskty

tèt wcujb nead t`dsd cptkcgs vkefjd.

FCP 9.?

Hcst-Fdgdikt Egejysks ci Nktkoetkcg Ndesurds kg Ndxkhc‛s Rregspcrt Xdhtcr

Xcurhd= Hdgtdr icr Xustekgefjd Rregspcrt (6<<;), fehaorcugb rdpcrt prdperdb icr t`d _crjb Fega NDBDH jcw-herfcg stuby.



wkt t d rdnekgbdr dgbkgo up kg cpdg bunps cr fcbkds ci wetdr. Cvdrejj, 96 pdrhdgt ci t d westd odgdretdb kg t d JHVks furgdb cr dgbs up kg ugagcwg bkspcsej sktds.8?

Epert ircn prcpdr westd bkspcsej kg segktery crhcgtrcjjdb jegbikjjs, rdhyhjkgo egb hcnpcstkgo `djp

nkgknkzd t`d vcjunds ci westd icr bkspcsej. Cgjyefcut 6 pdrhdgt ci nugkhkpej westd ks dstknetdb tcfd icrnejjy rdhyhjdb kg t`d rdokcg, dvdg t`cuo`scnd hcugtrkds cr hktkds bc sc1 Ndxkhc egb H`kjdrdpcrt tèt efcut 5< pdrhdgt ci t`dkr urfeg westdstrden ks rdhyhjdb.80 Kg ebbktkcg, eg dstknetdb 4<<,<<<westd pkhadrs kg t`d JHV cpdretd kg t`d kgicrnejrdhyhjkgo sdhtcr.

Kg ebbktkcg tc t`d bksendgktkds ircn e iekjurd tchcjjdht egb prcpdrjy bkspcsd ci westd icr edst`dtkh rde-scgs, kt ès knpcrtegt `dejt` egb dgvkrcgndgtej hcg-

sdqudghds. Kgebdquetd westd hcjjdhtkcg egb t`d rdsujtkgohjegbdstkgd bunpkgo ci westd kg hktkds kghrdesds t`drksa ci ijccbkgo w`dg westd fjchas urfeg wetdrweysegb brekgeod hèggdjs1 furgkgo ci westd cg hktystrddts cr kg cpdg bunps dnkts herhkgcodgkh bkcxkgsegb iuregs fdheusd ci kghcnpjdtd hcnfustkcg egb ct`drhcgtenkgegts1 oerfeod bunps erd e nemcr scurhd ci jdehètds tc suriehd egb orcugbwetdr egb t`dy prcjki-dretd t`d sprdeb ci vdhtcr-fcrgd bksdesds fy kgsdhts,rcbdgts, egb fkrbs. Xcjkb westd bkspcsej sktds tèt bc

gct èvd oes negeodndgt systdns ehhcnpegkdb fyijerkgo cr dgdroy rdhcvdry erd nemcr scurhds ci ndtègdbkshèrods, egb jdeakgo ndtègd oes heg dxpjcbd kgpdcpjd‛s cusds cr kg pufjkh erdes.

Ndtègd dnksskcgs ircn scjkb westd jegbikjjs erddxpdhtdb tc kghrdesd kg t`d JHV bud tc t`d orcwt` ci scjkb westd odgdretkcg retds heusdb fy t`d kghrdesd kgpcpujetkcg egb dhcgcnkh ehtkvkty, egb t`d knprcvd-ndgts kg jegbikjj cpdretkcgej prehtkhds tèt erddxpdhtdb tc kghrdesd egedrcfkh hcgbktkcgs kg jegbikjjs.Hcnpcst prehtkhds ney hcgtrkfutd tc e rdbuhtkcg kg

ndtègd odgdretkcg, fut kt ks dxtrdndjy bkiikhujt tcprdbkht t`d pctdgtkej ci hcnpcstkgo prehtkhds kg t`ds`crt egb ndbkun tdrn. Gdvdrt`djdss, pcjkhkds egbikgeghkej kghdgtkvds hcujb ehhdjdretd t`d hepturd egbijerd cr usd ci t`d ndtègd kg t`d s`crt tdrn, bdhrdes-kgo t`d gdt diidht ci t`d kghrdesd ci ndtègd dnksskcgs.

Ikgeghkej egb kgstktutkcgej cfstehjds knpdbd iestdrprcordss tcwerb knprcvdb hcjjdhtkcg egb bkspcsej ci

scjkb westd kg t`d JHV. Xegktery jegbikjjs erd e ncrddxpdgskvd scjutkcg tèg cpdg bunps fdheusd ci t`d`ko`dr upircgt kgvdstndgt egb nekgtdgeghd rdqukrd-ndgts. Xegktery jegbikjjs cpdretd wkt` e systdn ci pkpds tèt hepturd ndtègd oes w`kh` ks t`dg ijerdb,

dnkttkgo herfcg bkcxkbd w`kh` bcds gct pcsd t`d rksaci dxpjcskcg egb ks 5;‘6< tknds jdss pctdgt tègndtègd kg tdrns ci t`d ojcfej wernkgo pctdgtkej.Rc prdvdgt irdd bkspdrskcg ci ndtègd kgtc t`d etncs-p`drd, westd gddbs tc fd pdrkcbkhejjy hcvdrdb wkt` ejeydr ci sckj.

Fut negeodndgt ci scjkb westd tdgbs tc fd egugiugbdb pufjkh negbetd kg t`d rdejn ci nugkhkpejocvdrgndgts, egb kt es fddg hèjjdgokgo tc sdhurd sus-tekgefjd scurhds ci ikgeghkgo kg t`d sdhtcr bdspktd t`dhjder pufjkh occb egb pcsktkvd dxtdrgejktkds ircn prcpdr

westd hcjjdhtkcg egb bkspcsej. Iurt`drncrd, prcpdrwestd negeodndgt kg snejj hktkds citdg rdqukrds hccp-dretkcg wkt` ct`dr nugkhkpejktkds tc eh`kdvd t`d gdhds-sery dhcgcnkds ci shejd icr ncrd ebveghdb tdh`gkhejscjutkcgs. Xchkej cppcsktkcg tc t`d pjehdndgt ci jegbikjjsktds egb t`d iekjurd ci hcjjdhtkvd ehtkcg fy nugkhkpejk-tkds egb stead`cjbdrs t`rcuo`cut t`d dgtkrd hèkg ci westd negeodndgt ebb iurt`dr hcnpjdxkty. Kgtdoretdbwestd negeodndgt stretdokds tèt scndtknds hrcssnugkhkpejkty fcugberkds erd t`d ikrst knpcrtegt stdp

tcwerb dgsurkgo t`d jcgo-tdrn cfmdhtkvds.Icr dxenpjd, e scjkb westd negeodndgt stretdoyjeugh`db kg 5;;8 kg Fdjc @crkzcgtd, Frezkj, suhhddbdbkg dstefjks`kgo e iujjy iughtkcgej westd negeodndgtsystdn kg must icur yders. Kt kghjubdb e tdh`gcjcokhejhcnpcgdgt icr bkiidrdgtketdb hcjjdhtkcg, rdhyhjkgo, egbbkspcsej systdns ci bkiidrdgt typds ci westd netdrkejs1hcgstruhtkcg ci rdhyhjkgo pjegts1 egb e ùneg rdscurhdsbdvdjcpndgt prcoren. Ct`dr hcnpcgdgts ci t`d stret-doy prcnctdb hktkzdg pertkhkpetkcg egb ncbdrgkzetkcgci t`d nugkhkpej westd negeodndgt eodghy. Kg t`ks

sdgsd, bdspktd t`d jcw prkcrkty ci scjkb westd negeod-ndgt kg t`d JHV es e O@O nktkoetkcg cptkcg fdheusdci t`d jcw dvdg ki orcwkgo hcgtrkfutkcg ci t`d sdhtcrtc tctej dnksskcgs, negy kgtdrvdgtkcgs erd t`d ‚jcw-ègokgo irukt„ tèt wcujb rdhdkvd strcgo pcjktkhej sup-pcrt egb rdsujt kg vdry skogkikhegt jchej fdgdikts.

Rctej ndtègd dnksskcgs ircn t`d jegbikjjkgo ci scjkb westd kg t`d JHV erd prcmdhtdb tc rksd ircn

542




efcut ;6 Nt HC6d pdr yder kg 6<<4 tc 5<; Nt HC6dkg 6<6<.8; Hepturkgo egb furgkgo t`d ndtègd oesdnkttdb ircn westd sktds heg nead e sufstegtkej hcgtrk-futkcg tc nktkoetkcg ci hjknetd hègod, dvdg t`cuo`t`d diikhehy ci jegbikjj oes (JIO) prcmdhts bdpdgbs cg

t`d quejkty ci westd negeodndgt. Jeha ci ebdquetdhcnpehtkcg, pccr jdehètd negeodndgt, westd prchd-burds bkiidrdgt ircn t`d crkokgej prcmdht bdskog, egbkgepprcprketd perendtdrs usdb tc dstknetd dnksskcgrdbuhtkcgs èvd ndegt tèt ehtuej rdbuhtkcgs wdrdjcwdr tèg crkokgejjy egtkhkpetdb kg negy JIO prc-mdhts. Kg prehtkhd, jdss tèg 5<< pdrhdgt ci dnksskcgs erdnktkoetdb. Xhdgerkcs ci pctdgtkej dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgt`rcuo` t`d HBN kg e regod ci shdgerkcs s`cw tètdnksskcgs ircn jegbikjj oesds kg t`d JHV hcujb fd

brestkhejjy rdbuhdb (ikourd 9.55). \ctdgtkej dnksskcgrdbuhtkcgs ircn jegbikjj oes prcmdhts tèt hcujb fdkghjubdb kg t`d HBN regod ircn efcut 45 Nt HC6dpdr yder fy 6<6<‒essunkgo tèt èji ci ejj dnksskcgskg hktkds wkt` ncrd tèg 4<<,<<< kgèfktegts heg fd

nktkoetdb‒tc ?5 Nt essunkgo tèt ?< pdrhdgt heg fdnktkoetdb. Icr hcnperkscg, hurrdgt jegbikjj oes prcmdhtsrdokstdrdb kg t`d HBN icr t`d JHV wcujb rdsujt kg erdbuhtkcg ci westd-rdjetdb dnksskcgs fy 2 tc 54 pdrhdgt.

R`d eghkjjery fdgdikts esschketdb wkt` herfcg ikgeghdehtkvktkds kg t`d negeodndgt ci scjkb westd erd skogkik-hegt, egb usuejjy cutwdko` t`d ebbktkcgej kghrdndgtejhcsts. Icr dxenpjd, e segktery jegbikjj, w`kh` ks e prd-rdquksktd icr JIO rdhcvdry prcmdhts ugbdr HBN,djknkgetds prcfjdns esschketdb wkt` hcnncg bunps,

544


<

6<,<<<

2<,<<<

9<,<<<

0<,<<<

5<<,<<<

56<,<<<

52<,<<<

6<<4 6<5< 6<54 6<6< 6<64 6<8<

[ders

H C 6 d , t ` c u s e g b

t c g s

Xhdgerkc 5. D\E dnksskcgs‒FET

Xhdgerkc 6. \rdbkhtdb dnksskcgs‒ehtuej HBN

Xhdgerkc 8. \rdbkhtdb dnksskcgs‒<.4 ehtuej HBN

Xhdgerkc 2. Dnksskcgs pctdgtkej rdbuhtkcgs 4<%

Xhdgerkc 4. Dnksskcgs pctdgtkej rdbuhtkcgs ?<%

Xhdgerkc 9. Dnksskcgs pctdgtkej rdbuhtkcgs 5<<%

IKOTVD 9.55

Xkx Xhdgerkcs Dstknetkgo Rdh`gkhej \ctdgtkej tc Vdbuhd Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg‛s Dnksskcgs t`rcuo` Jegbikjj Oes \rcmdhts kg t`d HBN

Xcurhd= T.X. D\E.Gctd= Xhdgerkc 5 prdsdgts t`d prdbkhtdb dnksskcgs fy t`d D\E kg t`d fuskgdss-es-usuej (FET) shdgerkc. Xhdgerkc 6 prdsdgts t`d prdbkhtdb dnksskcgsfy t`d D\E teakgo kgtc ehhcugt t`d rdbuhtkcgs wkt` t`d ehtuej rdokstdrdb HBN prcmdhts, essunkgo tèt 5<<% ci t`d prdbkhtdb HDVs erd hepturdb.Xhdgerkc 8 prdsdgts t`d prdbkhtdb dnksskcgs fy t`d D\E wkt` 4<% ci t`d dstknetdb rdbuhtkcgs wkt` t`d ehtuej rdokstdrdb HBN prcmdhts1 t`ks ks fesdbcg _crjb Fega dxpdrkdghd. Xhdgerkc 2 prdsdgts t`d prdbkhtdb dnksskcgs fy t`d D\E, kghjubkgo t`d dstknetdb pctdgtkej rdbuhtkcgs ircn 4<% ci t`dhktkds wkt` ncrd tèg 4<<,<<< kgèfktegts. Xhdgerkc 4 usds t`d pctdgtkej rdbuhtkcgs ircn ?<% ci t`d hktkds wkt` ncrd tèg 4<<,<<< kgèfktegts, egbshdgerkc 9 usds t`d pctdgtkej rdbuhtkcgs fy 5<<% ircn hktkds wkt` ncrd tèg 4<<,<<< rdskbdgts.



suh` es cbcrs1 orcugb- egb suriehd wetdr hcgtenkge-tkcg1 egb rdbuhds t`d sprdeb ci bksdesds egb t`d rksa ci ndtègd dxpjcskcg.

Kg tdrns ci pcjkhy, t`d rdokcg gddbs tc stert wcra-kgo cg verkcus ircgts. R`d ikrst prkcrkty kg t`d ndbkun

tdrn ks neakgo t`d furgkgo ci jegbikjj oes negbetcryicr sdhurkty egb segktery rdescgs. Egct`dr prkcrkty icrt`d hcugtrkds kg t`d rdokcg ks tc kgktketd essdssndgts ci hurrdgt egb prcmdhtdb neradts icr rdhyhjdb prcbuhtsegb pkjct kgktketkvds tc tdst t`d ideskfkjkty ci prcnkskgowestd nkgknkzetkcg egb rdhyhjkgo prcorens. \rehtkhdstèt nkgknkzd t`d odgdretkcg ci westd (rdbuhtkcg,rdusd, rdhyhjkgo) egb dgèghd t`d odgdretkcg ci hcn-pcst gddb tc fd kgstktutdb icr segktery, dgvkrcgndgtej,egb dhcgcnkh rdescgs. Vdhyhjkgo ci pepdr, ndtej, egbojess heg fd e nemcr scurhd ci dgdroy sevkgos skghd t`d

encugt ci dgdroy gddbdb tc prchdss rdhyhjdb netdrkejsks e irehtkcg ci tèt rdqukrdb icr prcbuhkgo vkrokgnetdrkejs. R`drd heg ejsc fd knpcrtegt schkej hc-fdgdiktsci rdhyhjkgo prcorens cg t`d wdjierd ci westd pkhadrs,icr w`cn westd hcjjdhtkcg egb scrtkgo icr rdhyhjkgo kse nemcr scurhd ci kghcnd.

Nktkoetkcg \ctdgtkej ci Eorkhujturd‒Jerod

egb Jchetkcg Xpdhkikh

R`d ojcfej tdh`gkhej nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej ircn eork-

hujturd fy 6<8< ks vdry skogkikhegt1 kt ks dstknetdb etefcut 4,4<<‘9,<<< Nt HC6d pdr yder icr ejj orddg-`cusd oesds, kghjubkgo t`d dnksskcgs ircn jegb-usdhègod. Efcut ?< pdrhdgt ci t`ks pctdgtkej rdijdhtsnktkoetkcg cppcrtugktkds kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds, egbe iurt`dr 5< pdrhdgt kg hcugtrkds wkt` dhcgcnkds kgtregsktkcg, wkt` pertkhujerjy ko` nktkoetkcg pctdgtkejkg t`d JHV (nep 9.5). R`d nktkoetkcg cppcrtugktkdsiejj kgtc t`rdd frceb hetdocrkds= (5) rdbuhkgo dnksskcgst`rcuo` fdttdr negeodndgt ci ijuxds ci herfcg bkcx-kbd, ndtègd, gktrcodg bkcxkbd, egb ct`dr orddg`cusd

oes dnksskcgs t`rcuo` eorcgcny egb knprcvdb jkvd-stcha negeodndgt1 (6) rdncvkgo dnksskcgs t`rcuo`dgèghkgo herfcg stcreod kg sckjs cr vdodtetkvd hcvdrt`rcuo` suh` ndesurds es hcgsdrvetkcg tkjjeod egbrdstcretkcg ci bdorebdb jegbs1 egb (8) bkspjehkgo dnks-skcgs t`rcuo` fkcdgdroy iddbstchas egb t`d evckbdbhujtkvetkcg ci gdw jegbs ugbdr icrdst egb ct`dr vdod-tetkvd hcvdr.

R`d dhcgcnkh nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej fct` ojcfejjyegb kg t`d JHV ks nuh` jcwdr tèg t`d tdh`gkhejpctdgtkej bud tc e nujtktubd ci dhcgcnkh, kgstktu-tkcgej, pcjktkhej, dbuhetkcgej, egb hujturej hcgstrekgtstèt prdvdgt t`d knpjdndgtetkcg ci nktkoetkcg nde-

surds. Et iujj fkcp`yskhej pctdgtkej, eorkhujturd hcujbciisdt gderjy cgd-t`krb ci tctej egguej HC6 dqukvejdgtdnksskcgs ircn ejj scurhds. @cwdvdr, t`d iujj tdh`gkhejpctdgtkej wcujb cgjy fd rdejkzdb wkt` dxhdptkcgejjy`ko` prkhds icr HC6 dqukvejdgts, w`kjd kt ks dstknetdbtèt jcwdr prkhds ci < tc 6<, < tc 4<, egb < tc 5<< TX$pdr tcg ci HC6d wcujb bdjkvdr 84, 28, egb 49 pdrhdgt,rdspdhtkvdjy, ci eorkhujturd‛s tctej nktkoetkcg pctdgtkejfy 6<8<.2< Cfstehjds tc knpjdndgtetkcg tèt erd spd-hkikh tc t`d eorkhujturej sdhtcr kghjubd t`d kssuds ci pdr-negdghd ci O@O rdbuhtkcgs (pertkhujerjy icr herfcg

skgas), sjcw rdspcgsd ci geturej systdns egb verykgotknd prcikjd ci dnksskcgs, egb `ko` tregsehtkcg egbncgktcrkgo hcsts. Es e rdsujt, kt ks jkadjy tèt jdss tèg8< pdrhdgt ci t`d fkcp`yskhej nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej neyfd eh`kdvdb kg eorkhujturd fy 6<8< ugjdss e frcebregod ci hjknetd egb gcghjknetd pcjkhkds ks diidhtkvd etcvdrhcnkgo t`dsd ferrkdrs tc knpjdndgtetkcg.

R`d dnksskcgs prcikjd ci t`d eorkhujturej sdhtcrverkds fy rdokcg. Ojcfejjy, G6< dnksskcgs ircn sckjsbcnkgetd ct`dr scurhds, fut kg t`d JHV t`d jerodst

sèrd ci dnksskcgs ks ndtègd ircn dgtdrkh idrndgte-tkcg. Ct`dr knpcrtegt scurhds erd gktrcodg bkcxkbdegb ndtègd dnksskcgs ircn sckjs egb fkcness furg-kgo (ikourd 9.56).

Ojcfej icrdhests prcmdht e skogkikhegt kghrdesd kgorddg`cusd oes dnksskcgs ircn eorkhujturd bud tc t`ddshejetkgo bdnegb icr iccb. @ko`dr gktrcodg idrtkjkzdrusd egb kghrdesdb prcbuhtkcg ci egknej negurd erd t`dnekg brkvkgo iehtcrs fd`kgb t`d prcmdhtdb kghrdesd kgeorkhujturej dnksskcgs ci efcut 84 pdrhdgt tc 9< pdr-hdgt fdtwddg 6<<4 egb 6<6<. Kg tegbdn wkt` t`d rks-

kgo ojcfej iccb bdnegb, jkvdstcha rdjetdb dnksskcgswcujb kghrdesd fy 9< pdrhdgt up tc 6<8< rdjetkvd tc6<<4 ki H@2 dnksskcgs erd essundb tc orcw prcpcr-tkcgejjy tc eg kghrdesd kg jkvdstcha gunfdrs1 cr fy 54tc 65 pdrhdgt wkt` knprcvdb iddbkgo prehtkhds egbnegurd negeodndgt. R`d JHV ks dxpdhtdb tc hcg-trkfutd e sufstegtkej sèrd ci t`d ojcfej kghrdesd kgeorkhujturej dnksskcgs fy 6<6<, pertkhujerjy icr gktrcodg

549




bkcxkbd dnksskcgs ircn sckjs egb ndtègd ircn dgtdrkhidrndgtetkcg (ikourd 9.58). R`ks ks gct surprkskgookvdg t`d knpcrteghd ci t`d eorkhujturej sdhtcr egbpertkhujerjy hettjd iernkgo kg t`d rdokcg‛s dhcgcny

54?


NE\ 9.5

@ko` Nktkoetkcg \ctdgtkej ci Jetkg Endrkheg Eorkhujturd

Xcurhd= Xnkt` dt ej. (6<<0).

5,9<<

N k j j k c g t c g s H C 6 d q . / y d e r

5,6<<

0<<

2<<

<

D e s t

E s k e

e g b \ e

h k i k h

C D H B

h c u g

t r k d s

J e t k g

E n

d r k h e

e g b t

d

H e r k f f d

e g V d o k c

g

X c u t ` E

s k e

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X e e

r e g E

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s k e

N k b

b j d D e

s t e g

b

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H@2, G6C ircn furgkgo H@2, G6C ircn negurd

H@2 ircn orcwkgo rkhd H@2 dgtdrkh

G6C ircn sckjs

IKOTVD 9.56

Eorkhujturej Gcg-HC6 Dnksskcgs fy Vdokcg egb Xcurhd, 6<<4

Xcurhd= Ebeptdb ircn T.X. D\E (6<<9).

egb t`d rdhdgt brenetkh kghrdesd kg hrcpjegb erdes egbeppjkhetkcg ci gktrcodg idrtkjkzdrs.

R`d frceb regod ci nktkoetkcg ndesurds kg eorkhuj-turd regods ircn hrcpjegb egb orezkgo jegb negeod-

ndgt tc rdstcretkcg ci bdorebdb jegbs1 negeodndgt ci croegkh sckjs‒cr prdvkcusjy ijccbdb sckjs tèt stcrdorddg`cusd oesds ugtkj t`dy erd brekgdb1 egb jkvdstchaegb negurd negeodndgt. Dnksskcgs ircn hrcpjegbheg fd rdbuhdb t`rcuo` knprcvdb eorcgcnkh prehtkhds,suh` es uskgo knprcvdb hrcp verkdtkds1 dxtdgbkgo hrcprctetkcg1 egb rdbuhkgo rdjkeghd cg gktrcodg idrtkjkzdrsfy uskgo rctetkcg wkt` jdound hrcps cr knprcvkgo t`dprdhkskcg egb diikhkdghy ci idrtkjkzdr eppjkhetkcgs. Kghdrtekg hjknetkh egb sckj hcgbktkcgs, hcgsdrvetkcg crzdrc tkjjeod heg fd diidhtkvd et knprcvkgo hrcp ykdjbs,

rdstcrkgo bdorebdb sckjs, egb dgèghkgo herfcg stcreodkg sckjs. Ndtègd dnksskcgs ircn runkgegt jkvdstcha,suh` es hettjd egb s`ddp, erd e nemcr scurhd ci eorkhujturejdnksskcgs kg t`d JHV. Ndesurds tc rdbuhd dnksskcgsircn jkvdstcha kgvcjvd e hègod kg iddbkgo prehtkhds, usdci bkdtery ebbktkvds, egb frddbkgo spdhkds egb negeokgojkvdstcha wkt` t`d cfmdhtkvd ci nkgknkzkgo dnksskcgs pdrugkt ci egknej prcbuhts.



R`d diidhtkvdgdss egb hcst ci nktkoetkcg ndesurdsircn t`ks pejdttd ci eorkhujturej prehtkhds very fy hjk-netkh zcgd egb schkcdhcgcnkh hcgbktkcgs. Hcgsdrvetkcgcr zdrc tkjjeod‒eg eorkhujturej prehtkhd tèt ès fddg

suhhdssiujjy eppjkdb cvdr gderjy 24 pdrhdgt ci hrcpjegbkg Frezkj‒ks e hesd kg pckgt (fcx 9.0). Kg hcgtrest tchcgvdgtkcgej tkjjeod, zdrc tkjjeod kgvcjvds gc pjcwkgo ci sckjs egb kghcrpcretds t`d usd ci rctetkcgs wkt` hrcphcvdr verkdtkds egb nujh`kgo (eppjkhetkcg ci hrcprdskbuds). R`d rdsujt ks eg kghrdesd kg t`d stcreod (sdquds-tretkcg) ci herfcg kg sckjs. Herfcg ks sdqudstdrdb kg zdrc-tkjj systdns bud tc jcwdr bdhcnpcsktkcg retds ci croegkhsckj nettdr kg ugbksturfdb sckj‒e prchdss w`drdfy her-fcg ks dnkttdb‒egb t`d rdhyhjkgo ci croegkh nettdrt`rcuo` t`d usd ci nujh`kgo. Jcwdr iudj rdqukrdndgts

icr pjcwkgo cpdretkcgs tèt erd gc jcgodr gddbdb erdegct`dr scurhd ci orddg`cusd oes rdbuhtkcgs. @cwdvdr,eppjkhetkcg ci gktrcodg idrtkjkzdrs tc hcugtdreht gktrcodgbdpjdtkcg, w`kh` citdg chhurs kg t`d ikrst idw yders eitdrhcgvdrskcg ircn hcgvdgtkcgej tc zdrc tkjjeod, neygdoetd scnd ci t`d rdbuhtkcgs kg O@O dnksskcgs.25

]drc tkjjeod heg nead e sufstegtkej hcgtrkfutkcg tcnktkoetkcg ci hjknetd hègod, ejt`cuo` t`d dxtdgt ci

orddg`cusd oes rdbuhtkcgs verkds fy hjknetkh hcgbk-tkcgs egb ks e sufmdht ci shkdgtkikh bdfetd. R`d pctdg-tkej tc usd zdrc tkjjeod tc nktkoetd O@O dnksskcgsverkds bdpdgbkgo cg t`d sckj hèrehtdrkstkhs, wetdrevekjefkjkty, egb ct`dr hjknetkh hcgbktkcgs1 kt ks `ko`dr

kg wern egb nckst hjknetds tèg kg hccj cr bry cgds.Hcnperdb tc ct`dr hrcpjegb negeodndgt prehtkhds,pdr-`dhterd fdgdikts kg tdrns ci herfcg sdqudstretkcgney fd ncbdst, fut zdrc tkjjeod ejsc ès skogkikhegtjchej fdgdikts, dspdhkejjy kg erdes tèt erd eiidhtdb fysckj drcskcg cr tèt erd pertkhujerjy wdjj-suktdb icr zdrctkjjeod. Iurt`drncrd, t`dsd ncbdst pdr-`dhterd rdbuh-tkcgs hcujb chhur cvdr jerod hrcppkgo erdes stkjj ugbdrhcgvdgtkcgej tkjjeod.

Must es t`d diidhtkvdgdss ci eorkhujturej prehtkhds kgrdbuhkgo dnksskcgs verkds fdtwddg hjknetd zcgds egb

wkt`kg rdokcgs, t`d hcsts ci nktkoetkcg erd ejsc spdhkikhtc kgbkvkbuej eorkhujturej systdns wkt` pertkhujer dhc-jcokhej egb schkcdhcgcnkh hcgbktkcgs. R`ks ndegs tètprcpcsdb prehtkhds gddb tc fd dvejuetdb wkt`kg t`dsdspdhkikh sdttkgos egb t`drd ks gc ugkvdrsejjy ehhdptefjdjkst ci prdidrrdb kgtdrvdgtkcgs.26 Iurt`drncrd, hcnpd-tktkcg icr jegb encgo bkiidrdgt usds ndegs tèt negyscjutkcgs erd ncrd diidhtkvd et eh`kdvkgo rdbuhtkcgs kgdnksskcgs egb ncrd hcst diidhtkvd w`dg t`dy erd knpjd-ndgtdb es pert ci eg kgtdoretdb stretdoy tèt spegs

eorkhujturej sufsdhtcrs egb icrdstry. Gdvdrt`djdss, kt kskgicrnetkvd tc hcnperd t`d neogktubd ci t`d hcst ci nktkoetkcg ndesurds ehrcss eorkhujturej prehtkhds.R`dsd ojcfej evdreods pckgt tc t`d odgdrejjy `ko`drhcst ci nktkoetkcg ndesurds kg t`d jkvdstcha sdhtcr(jkvdstcha iddbkgo egb frddbkgo) tèg suh` ndesurds estkjjeod negeodndgt, rdstcretkcg ci bdorebdb sckjs, egbt`d evckbdb bdicrdstetkcg (sdt eskbd/jegb-usd hègod).Jkvdstcha ebbktkvds, suh` es egtkfkctkhs egb èjc-odgetdb hcnpcugbs, eppder es e hcst-diidhtkvd wey tcrdbuhd dnksskcgs, fut t`dkr diidht cg dnksskcgs ney fd

tregsktcry egb scnd ci t`d ebbktkvds èvd fddg feggdbkg t`d Durcpdeg Tgkcg.28 Egct`dr pcsskfjy prcnkskgovdgud ks rdsderh` tc bdvdjcp jcw-hcst vehhkgds eoekgstndtègcodgkh fehtdrke1 t`dy èvd fddg bdvdjcpdb futerd gct ydt hcnndrhkejjy evekjefjd. Kg t`d JHV, Ndxkhcès kghcrpcretdb knprcvdb prcbuhtkcg diikhkdghyt`rcuo` `ko`dr quejkty orezkgo systdns egb icreodsegb knprcvdb iddb negeodndgt es t`d ady ndesurd tc

540


6,<<<

5,4<<

5,<<<

4<<

<

‘4<<

N t H C 6 d

E j j g

c g - H C 6

e o r k h

u j t u

r e j d

n k s s

k c g s

G 6 C i r

c n s c k j s

H @ 2 d g

t d r k h

H @ 2 i r c

n o r c

w k g o

r k h d

H @ 2 , G

6 C i r

c n n e g

u r d

H @ 2 , G

6 C i r

c n f u r

g k g o

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`dHerkffdeg Vdokcg

Dest Eske egb \ehkikh

Xcut` Eske

Xuf-Xeèreg EirkheCDHB hcugtrkds

Nkbbjd Dest egb Gcrt` Eirkhe

Durcpd egb Hdgtrej Eske

IKOTVD 9.58

\rcmdhtdb Hunujetkvd Dnksskcgs ircn Eorkhujturd, fy Vdokcg,5;;<‘6<6<

Xcurhd= Ebeptdb ircn T.X. D\E (6<<9).



rdbuhd O@O dnksskcgs ircn dgtdrkh idrndgtetkcg1t`d usd ci `ko` quejkty icreods ney rdbuhd ndtègddnksskcgs t`drd fy 4< pdrhdgt hcnperdb tc neturdpesturds.22

Es t`d diikhehy ci e regod ci nktkoetkcg ndesurdsegb t`d neogktubd ci hc-fdgdikts verkds fy oes, rdokcg,

sktd spdhkikhkty, egb tknd prcikjd ci dnksskcgs, e ugkvdr-sej rdhkpd icr rdbuhkgo dnksskcgs bcds gct dxkst icr t`dJHV es e w`cjd cr dvdg icr spdhkikh rdokcgs. Dhcsystdnhcnpjdxkty iurt`dr ebbs tc t`d dtdrcodgdcus rdspcgsdci dnksskcgs tc eorkhujturej kgvdstndgts egb prehtkhds.Xcnd nktkoetkcg ndesurds knpeht ncrd tèg cgdO@O, kgvcjvkgo sygdrokds cr trebd-ciis fdtwddg t`ddnksskcgs. Rùs, e prehtkhd tèt ks `ko`jy diidhtkvd kgcgd rdokcg ney fd hcugtdrprcbuhtkvd kg egct`dr. Gdv-drt`djdss, sdvdrej prkcrkty sufsdhtcrs stegb cut fdheusdci t`dkr `ko` hcgtrkfutkcg tc t`d cvdrejj dnksskcgs

ircn eorkhujturd, pertkhujerjy kg t`d iuturd bdvdjcp-ndgt shdgerkcs, egb `ko` nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej. R`dsdprkcrkty erdes erd t`d rdbuhtkcg ci orddg`cusd oesdnksskcgs ircn sckjs egb ndtègd dnksskcgs ircndgtdrkh idrndgtetkcg, egb dgèghkgo herfcg skgas kgsckjs egb vdodtetkvd hcvdr.

Es kbdgtkikdb fy e rdokcgej ncbdj, ‚jcw ègokgoirukts„ kg t`d nktkoetkcg ci O@Os kg JHV‛s jkvdstcha

sdhtcr kghjubd knprcvdndgts ci egknej prcbuhtkvktyegb usd ci ebbktkvds tc knprcvd iddb hcgvdrskcg egbkgtdgskikhetkcg ci jkvdstcha prcbuhtkcg systdns.24,29

Ejtcodt`dr, t`d hunujetkvd rdbuhtkcg pctdgtkej kg t`djkvdstcha sdhtcr kg t`d rdokcg fy 6<6< ks dstknetdb etefcut ;< Nt HC6d pdr yder, cr 5< pdrhdgt ci t`d jkvd-

stcha sdhtcr‛s fesdjkgd dnksskcgs. Kg t`d hrcppkgo sdh-tcr, t`d rdbuhtkcg pctdgtkej ks jcwdr kg efscjutd tdrns(efcut 54.4 Nt HC6d pdr yder) egb t`drd erd hcnpjdxkgtdrehtkcgs fdtwddg HC6 rdbuhtkcg ircn zdrctkjjeod‒t`d cptkcg wkt` t`d ncst skogkikhegt pctdg-tkej egb jcwdst hcsts‒egb ct`dr O@O dnksskcgs,dspdhkejjy gktrcus cxkbd. Reakgo t`dsd kgtdrehtkcgskgtc ehhcugt, t`d nekg ‚jcw ègokgo irukts„ erd t`dkgtrcbuhtkcg ci zdrc-tkjj systdns kg Erodgtkge (icrnekzd egb w`det) egb kg Ndxkhc (icr nekzd).2?

Negy eorkhujturej nktkoetkcg cptkcgs, must jkad kg

ct`dr sdhtcrs, èvd gdoetkvd hcsts egb kt ks bkiikhujt tcessdss w`dt`dr knpcrtegt hcsts evd fddg cnkttdb cr ki ferrkdrs tc ebcptkcg dxkst tèt erd gct ehhcugtdb icr kgt`dsd dstknetds (ikourds 9.52e egb 9.52f).20 Ehhcugt-kgo icr ebcptkcg ferrkdrs egb neradt iekjurds w`kh`ney prdvdgt frcebdr ebcptkcg, tc oekg e ncrd hcn-pjdtd pkhturd ci orddg`cusd oes nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej kseg knpcrtegt erde icr iuturd rdsderh`.

54;


Bdspktd skogkikhegt hèjjdgod kg t`d eppjkhetkcg ci zdrc-

tkjjeod prehtkhds, pertkhujerjy kg erdes wkt` sèjjcw,

ehkbkh, cr hcnpeht sckjs, zdrc tkjjeod ès fdhcnd prcords-

skvdjy ncrd wkbdsprdeb t`rcuo`cut t`d wcrjb kg suh`hcugtrkds es Erodgtkge, Eustrejke, Frezkj, Hegebe, egb t`d

Tgktdb Xtetds. Ojcfejjy, t`d erde ugbdr zdrc-tkjj systdns

ès dxpegbdb tc ncrd tèg ?6 nkjjkcg `dhterds. Kg

Frezkj‒t`d ncst irdqudgtjy hktdb suhhdss stcry egb t`d

jdebkgo getkcg kg tdrns ci t`d ebcptkcg ci t`ks

tdh`gcjcoy‒zdrc tkjjeod ès dxpjcbdb ircn jdss tèg

5,<<< `dhterds kg 5;?8‘?2 tc gderjy 66 nkjjkcg, cr 24

pdrhdgt ci tctej hujtkvetdb jegb, kg 6<<8‘<2. R`d repkb

sprdeb ci t`d zdrc-tkjj tdh`gcjcoy kg Frezkj prdhkpktetdb

ircn sdvdrd sckj bdorebetkcg kg t`d jetd 5;9<s egb 5;?<s

kg suftrcpkhej scut`drg Frezkj tèt rdsujtdb ircn t`d

dxpegskcg ci scyfdeg egb wkgtdr w`det hujtkvetkcg wkt`

kgtdgskvd pjcwkgo egb furgkgo ci rdskbuds. Fy scnd

dstknetds, icr deh` akjcoren ci scyfdeg èrvdstdb, 5<akjcorens ci sckj wdrd jcst fdheusd ci sckj drcskcg uskgo

hcgvdgtkcgej tkjjeod. R`d tdh`gcjcoy ès sprdeb tc

\ereouey egb t`d hdrrebc‒cr trcpkhej wdt-bry sevegge`‒

rdokcg ci Frezkj. Frezkj ks cgd ci t`d idw hcugtrkds ki gct

t`d cgjy cgd wkt` e sufstegtkej erde ugbdr zdrc-tkjj kg t`d

trcpkhs egb wkt` e `ko` ebcptkcg retd fy snejj`cjbdr

ierndrs1 es negy es ;< pdrhdgt ci scut`drg Frezkj‛s snejj-

`cjbdrs èvd swkth`db tc zdrc tkjjeod ejt`cuo` gct ejj ci

t`dn èvd swkth`db pdrnegdgtjy egb ebcptdb t`d iujj

regod ci tdh`gcjcoy.

FCP 9.0

Xdvdrd Xckj Drcskcg \rdhkpktetds t`d Ebcptkcg ci ]drc Rkjjeod kg Frezkj

Xcurhd= Fcjjkodr dt ej. (6<<9).



R`d ehtuej pctdgtkej ks nuh` jcwdr tèg t`d tdh`-gkhej pctdgtkej fdheusd ci `ko` knpjdndgtetkcg hcstsegb ct`dr dhcgcnkh, schkej, egb pcjktkhej ferrkdrs.R`dsd knpjdndgtetkcg kssuds kg eorkhujturd regodircn t`d bkiikhujtkds kg dstknetkgo t`d prcikjd ci herfcg sdqudstretkcg egb dnksskcgs cvdr tknd (pdrne-gdghd ci dnksskcgs rdbuhtkcgs), vdrkiykgo t`d rdbuh-tkcgs, ughdrtekgty efcut t`d hcnpjdx fkcjcokhejprchdssds egb iddbfeha ndhègksns, egb jdeaeod,w`drdfy prcbuhtkcg heg s`kit ircn rdokcgs wkt` t`d

eorddb upcg O@O dnksskcgs heps tc rdokcgs wkt`cutsuh` hcgstrekgts. @ko` ncgktcrkgo egb tregsehtkcghcsts stegb cut es pertkhujerjy skogkikhegt ferrkdrs tcknpjdndgtetkcg. _`kjd t`d neogktubd ci ncgktcr-kgo hcsts kg eorkhujturd ks stkjj bdfetdb, kggcvetkvdtdh`gcjcokhej scjutkcgs‒suh` es rdnctd sdgskgo egbndesurkgo sckj fuja bdgskty‒egb ndesurdndgtndt`cbcjcokds wkjj jkadjy ejjdvketd t`ks ferrkdr estdh`gcjcokds bdvdjcp. Rregsehtkcg hcsts‒cr t`dencugt ci ncgdy ierndrs rdhdkvd icr knpjdndgtkgonktkoetkcg prehtkhds‒rdnekg e icrnkbefjd hèjjdgod

egb e jerod irehtkcg ci t`d neradt prkhd ci herfcgugbdr t`d HBN. Fdheusd tregsehtkcg hcsts tdgb tcbdhrdesd wkt` t`d skzd ci t`d hcgtreht, snejj ierndrswkjj hcgtkgud tc iehd `ko` ferrkdrs tc pertkhkpetkcg kgt`d prcoren. Icr snejj`cjbdr ierndrs, tregsehtkcghcsts ney encugt tc e quertdr ci t`d neradt prkhd ci herfcg.2; R`d hrdetkcg ci prcbuhdr croegkzetkcgs egbsnejj`cjbdr hccpdretkvds ks e prcnkskgo vdgud icrcvdrhcnkgo t`ks ferrkdr.

Xckj herfcg sdqudstretkcg egb rdbuhtkcg ci dnks-skcgs ircn dgtdrkh idrndgtetkcg erd erdes wkt` `ko`nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej tèt gddb tc fd ebbrdssdbt`rcuo` ebbktkcgej rdsderh`, ebeptetkcg ci prehtkhds tct`d jchej hcgbktkcgs, egb t`d ojcfej sèrkgo ci tdh`-gcjcokds. Ejt`cuo` t`d HBN hurrdgtjy bcds gct sup-pcrt herfcg sdqudstretkcg kg sckjs, dndrokgo neradtskg Hegebe egb t`d Tgktdb Xtetds erd fdokggkgo tctrebd herfcg ciisdts kg t`dsd typds ci prcmdhts. R`dkrdxpdrkdghd wkjj prcvd vktej icr kts kghjuskcg kg iuturd

herfcg trebkgo sh`dnds egb rdejkzkgo t`d jerodugteppdb pctdgtkej ci t`d JHV kg t`ks erde. Gcghjk-netd pcjkhkds, regokgo ircn gcghjknetd TG Hcgvdg-tkcgs tc trebd, nehrcdhcgcnkh, egb dgvkrcgndgtejpcjkhkds egb rdjetkvd prkhd hègods ci eorkhujturejprcbuhts, heg evd eg dvdg ordetdr fderkgo cg jegb usdegb dnksskcgs ci O@Os ircn eorkhujturd.

Jegb-Tsd Hègod egb Icrdstry‒R`d \kjjer ci

Nktkoetkcg kg t`d JHV

Jegb-usd hègod egb icrdstry erd t`d skgojd jerodst

scurhd ci O@Os kg t`d JHV. Ncrd tèg èji ci t`csddnksskcgs erd ircn Frezkj, icjjcwdb fy \dru egbVdpýfjkhe Fcjkverkege bd Ydgdzudje wkt` jdss tègcgd sdvdgt` ci t`d jdvdj ci Frezkj‛s dnksskcgs. Jerod-shejddxpegskcg ci eorkhujturej prcbuhtkcg skghd t`d 5;9<segb icrdst hjderkgo fy ct`dr eodgts èvd jdb tc e repkbkghrdesd kg bdicrdstetkcg egb dnksskcgs ircn trcpkhejicrdsts kg Eske egb t`d JHV1 egb 94 pdrhdgt tc9; pdrhdgt ci t`d tctej bdicrdstetkcg kg t`d JHV ircn

59<


‘4<

<

4<

5<<

54<

6<<

\drhdgteod rdbuhtkcg kg gdt O@O dnksskcgs

$ / t H C 6 d

< 6 2 9 0 5< 56

$ / t H C 6 d

‘4<

<

4<

5<<

54<

6<<

< 6 2 9 0 5< 56

\drhdgteod rdbuhtkcg kg gdt O@O dnksskcgs

IKOTVD 9.52e

Nerokgej Efetdndgt Hcst ci Vdbuhkgo Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`dHerkffdeg Vdokcg‛s Jkvdstcha Xdhtcr Dnksskcgs

IKOTVD 9.52f

Nerokgej Efetdndgt Hcst ci Vdbuhkgo Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`dHerkffdeg Vdokcg‛s Dnksskcgs t`rcuo` Xckj Negeodndgt

Xcurhd= Djefcretkcg icr Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg fesdb cg Fdeh` dt ej. (6<<0) egb prcvkbdb fy t`d T.X. D\E, pdrscgejhcnnugkhetkcg, 6<<;.



5;;<‘6<<4 ks dstknetdb tc èvd chhurrdb kg Frezkj4<

(ikourds 9.54e egb 9.54f). Vdhdgt dstknetds suoodst tètdnksskcgs ircn jegb-usd hègod egb icrdstry èvd fdougtc bdhjkgd kg t`d JHV, ejt`cuo` kt ks ughjder tc wètdxtdgt tèt trdgb ès ejsc fddg cfsdrvdb kg Frezkj

(@cuo`tcg 6<<0).45

R`d evekjefjd dstknetds ci dnksskcgsircn jegb-usd hègod erd eiidhtdb fy e `ko` nerokg ci drrcr kg prcmdhtkcgs ci bdicrdstetkcg retds egb dvdg ordetdrughdrtekgty efcut `cw tèt tregsjetds kgtc herfcg dnks-skcgs, es t`d jdvdj ci dnksskcgs ejsc bdpdgbs cg t`d ikgejusd ci tknfdr prcbuhts. Bdpdgbkgo cg t`d trud jdvdj ci dnksskcgs ircn bdicrdstetkcg egb bdorebetkcg kg trcpkhejicrdsts okvdg skogkikhegt ughdrtekgty kg t`dkr dstknetkcg,t`dy hcujb bweri dnksskcgs ircn ct`dr sdhtcrs kg t`d JHVcr t`csd dnksskcgs hcujb fdhcnd hcnperefjd wkt` t`diuturd‒egb rkskgo‒dnksskcgs ircn t`d dgdroy sdhtcr.

Es eroudb, dxpjcrkgo t`d jerod nktkoetkcg pctdgtkejesschketdb wkt` jegb-usd hègod egb icrdstry s`cujb fde prkcrkty icr t`d JHV. _`kjd rdbuhtkcgs kg dnksskcgsircn dgdroy hcgsunptkcg hcujb fd pctdgtkejjy skogkik-hegt ki epprcprketd pcjkhkds egb prcmdhts erd knpjd-ndgtdb, t`d jerodst pctdgtkej icr brestkhejjy rdbuhkgo

O@O dnksskcgs kg t`d JHV ks esschketdb wkt` rdbuh-kgo bdicrdstetkcg egb ct`dr jegb-usd hègod dnksskcgs.\cjkhkds tc rdbuhd bdicrdstetkcg èvd fddg put kg pjehdkg e gunfdr ci hcugtrkds. @cwdvdr dhcgcnkh icrhds,suh` es eg kghrdesd kg scyfdeg cr fddi prkhds heg cvdr-

w`djn icrdstry hcgsdrvetkcg pcjkhkds. Bcndstkh egbkgtdrgetkcgej pcjkhkds tc evckb bdicrdstetkcg egb jegbbdorebetkcg heg rdbuhd iuturd O@O dnksskcgs ircnt`d JHV egb s`cujb fd encgo t`d `ko`dst prkcrktypcjkhkds icr hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg icr t`d rdokcg.

Diidhtkvd bcndstkh icrdst pcjkhkds erd t`d

hcrgdrstcgd ci nktkoetkcg diicrts kg t`d sdhtcr

Negy hcugtrkds kg t`d JHV èvd bdskogdb occb jewsegb rdoujetkcgs kg t`d icrdstry sdhtcr, fut diidhtkvdjyknpjdndgtkgo t`dn egb dgsurkgo tèt t`dy eh`kdvd

icrdst hcgsdrvetkcg cfmdhtkvds ks hèjjdgokgo. Negeod-ndgt ci icrdst jegbs ks kgtrkhetdjy jkgadb tc t`d kssudsci jegb tdgurd, rdstrkhtkcgs cg t`d usd ci icrdst erdes,egb t`d trebd-ciis egb sygdrokds fdtwddg sustekgefjdicrdstry egb pcvdrty. Diidhtkvd knpjdndgtetkcg ci icr-dst pcjkhkds ney okvd rksd tc schkej hcgijkhts w`dg

595


IKOTVD 9.54e

Herfcg Dnksskcgs ircn Bdicrdstetkcg

IKOTVD 9.54f

Egguej Bdicrdstetkcg kg t`d Enezcg, 5;;<‘6<<5

Xcurhds= Djefcretkcg icr Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcgfesdb cg Fdeh` dt ej. (6<<0), egb prcvkbdb fy t`d T.X. D\E (6<<0)1@cuo`tcg dt ej. 6<<4f.Gctd= \oH/yr > pdteorens ci herfcg/yder.

Xcurhds= TGD\ (5;;;)1 Je Vcvdrd (6<<<)1 Hrendr (6<<2).

2.<

8.4

8.<

6.4

6.<

5.4

E g g u e j i j u x c i h e r f c g ( \ o H / y r )

5.<

<.4

<

‘<.4 5 0

9 < 5 0

4 < 5 0

? < 5 0

0 < 5 0

; < 5 ;

< < 5 ;

5 < 5 ;

6 < 5 ;

8 < 5 ;

2 < 5 ;

4 < 5 ;

9 < 5 ;

? < 5 ;

0 < 5 ;

; < 6 <

< <

Icrdst ikrds, Enezcg/Fcrgdc Rrcpkhej Eirkhe

Rrcpkhej Endrkhe Rrcpkhej Eske

Gcg-trcpkhej rdokcgs

H C 6 d n k s s k c g s t c g s , n k j j k c g s

HC6 dnksskcgs ircn bdicrdstetkcg

@ d h t e r d s , n k j j k c g s

5,6<<

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rdstrkhtkcgs cg t`d usd ci icrdst jegbs gdoetkvdjy eiidhtst`d jchej hcnnugktkds w`csd scurhds ci jkvdjk`ccbbdpdgb cg icrdst kghcnd. Knpjdndgtetkcg ci icrdstpcjkhkds heg ejsc èvd `ko` dhcgcnkh hcsts egb fdbdnegbkgo kg tdrns ci ùneg hepehkty fdheusd ci t`d

gddb icr ncgktcrkgo egb dgicrhdndgt ci icrdst rdouje-tkcgs. Essdsskgo ideskfkjkty ci pertkhujer negeodndgtstretdokds ircn eg dhcgcnkh egb schkej pdrspdhtkvd‒kghjubkgo t`d hcgskbdretkcg ci t`d cppcrtugkty hcstsicr ejtdrgetkvd usds ci icrdst erdes egb t`d schkejknpeht ci rdstrkhtkcgs cg t`d usd ci icrdsts‒ks egknpcrtegt djdndgt ci bdvdjcpkgo getkcgej icrdst pcjk-hkds. Egct`dr hruhkej djdndgt ks kgstktutkcgej hepehktytc knpjdndgt t`csd pcjkhkds.

Rwc prcnkgdgt epprceh`ds tc negeodndgt ci puf-jkhjy cwgdb icrdsts erd prctdhtdb erdes egb rdoujetdb

hcghdsskcgs cg prkvetdjy cwgdb jegb. \rkvetdjy cwgdbicrdsts kghjubd erdes negeodb fy jchej hcnnugktkds,jchej ocvdrgndgts, cr kgbkvkbuej cwgdrs. Negeodndgtci e rdjetkvdjy snejj fut orcwkgo sèrd ci icrdsts kg t`dJHV ks fdkgo bdhdgtrejkzdb tc jchej ocvdrgndgts egbkgbkodgcus hcnnugktkds, dspdhkejjy skghd t`d rdhcogk-tkcg ci kgbkodgcus jegb rko`ts ès icugb pertkhujerjystrcgo rdscgeghd kg t`ks rdokcg. R`d sèrd ci prkvetdjycwgdb icrdsts kg t`d JHV ier dxhddbs prkvetd icrdstcwgdrs`kp kg ct`dr rdokcgs, wkt` 49 pdrhdgt kg Hdgtrej

Endrkhe1 5? pdrhdgt kg Xcut` Endrkhe, dxhjubkgoFrezkj1 egb 54 pdrhdgt kg t`d Herkffdeg hcnperdb tct`d ojcfej evdreod ci 58 pdrhdgt.46 Hcnnugkty-fesdbicrdst negeodndgt kg Ndxkhc ès rdeh`db e shejdugneth`db egyw`drd djsd kg t`d wcrjb1 eg dstknetdbt`rdd-icurt`s ci Ndxkheg icrdsts erd hcnnugejjycwgdb dkt`dr fy dmkbcs, cr kgbkodgcus hcnnugktkds.

Jegb tdgurd cvdr icrdst jegb egb trdds nettdrs icrt`d wey icrdsts erd negeodb. Vdhdgt rdsderh` dnpkrk-hejjy hcnperkgo bkiidrdgt typds ci icrdst cwgdrs`kpkgbkhetds tèt kg hcnnugejjy cwgdb icrdsts, fct` her-

fcg sdqudstretkcg egb jkvdjk`ccbs fdgdikts heg fdst fdeh`kdvdb fy kghrdeskgo t`d erde ci t`d kgbkvkbuej icrdstsugbdr hcnnugkty hcgtrcj, okvkgo ordetdr eutcgcnytc jchej hcnnugktkds kg negeokgo t`dkr icrdsts, egbhcnpdgsetkgo t`dn tc rdbuhd icrdst usd.48 Kg prkvetdjycwgdb icrdsts, suhhdssiuj kggcvetkvd epprceh`ds kghjubde s`kit ircn rdoujetkcg tc dhcgcnkh kgstrundgts, suhès tregsidrefjd icrdst cfjkoetkcgs kg t`d Enezcg kg

Frezkj egb peyndgt icr dgvkrcgndgtej sdrvkhds prc-orens. Es icr getkcgejjy negeodb prctdhtdb erdes, t`dytdgb tc fd ncrd diidhtkvd ki t`dy èvd suiikhkdgt steii1ouerbs erd knpcrtegt icr tregsicrnkgo ‚pepdr peras„kgtc wcrakgo peras egb wcrakgo wkt` jchej rdskbdgts.42

Fut tcc citdg suh` prctdhtdb erdes erd ugbdriugbdb,wkt` t`d rdsujt tèt bdicrdstetkcg hcgtkguds ugefetdb.Cg t`d ijkp skbd, strkgodgt dgicrhdndgt ney èvdebvdrsd schkej hcgsdqudghds cg t`d icrdst hcnnugktkdski rdoujetkcgs prc`kfkt t`d usd ci icrdst prcbuhts. R`ddhcgcnkh egb schkej hcsts ci hrdetkgo peras nust fdwdko`db eoekgst t`d dhcgcnkh cppcrtugktkds prd-sdgtdb fy ct`dr typds ci negeodndgt tc knprcvd fct`t`d schkej cuthcnds egb t`d pcjktkhej ideskfkjkty ci icr-dst prctdhtkcg ndesurds.

\cjkhkds egb jerod kgvdstndgts cutskbd t`d icrdst

sdhtcr‒dgdroy egb eorkhujturej pcjkhy, rceb fukjbkgo,egb ct`dr jerod kgirestruhturd prcmdhts‒èvd e vdryjerod knpeht cg icrdst rdscurhds. Fy cpdgkgo up gdwicrdst ircgtkdrs icr eorkhujturej egb jcookgo ehtkvktkds,rcebs erd t`d skgojd ncst knpcrtegt brkvdr ci bdicr-dstetkcg. Eorcdhcjcokhej zcgkgo ks cgd ci t`d weys tcnktkoetd t`d bdicrdstetkcg prdssurd hrdetdb fy rcebhcgstruhtkcg. R`d pertkhkpetcry eorcdhcjcokhej zcgkgoprchdss kgvcjvds kbdgtkikhetkcg ci erdes ci `ko` fkcbk-vdrskty vejud egb prkcrktkzetkcg ci kgirestruhturd egb

ct`dr bdvdjcpndgt derjy cg kg t`d pjeggkgo prchdss,w`kjd teakgo kgtc ehhcugt t`d dhcgcnkh orcwt` egbhcgsdrvetkcg cfmdhtkvds.

Ncbdjkgo diicrts pckgt tc e vdry jerod shcpd icr rdbuh-kgo O@O dnksskcgs ircn jegb-usd hègod kg Frezkjt`rcuo` e hcnfkgetkcg ci bcndstkh pcjkhkds. Fdttdr rcebpjeggkgo, eorcdhcjcokhej zcgkgo egb t`d dxpegskcg,diidhtkvd dgicrhdndgt ci hcgsdrvetkcg cfmdhtkvds kg prc-tdhtdb erdes egb‒vdry knpcrtegt‒ejsc kg prkvetd jegbskg Frezkj ejcgd heg rdbuhd iuturd dnksskcgs ircn bdicr-dstetkcg kg Frezkj fy èji.44 Vdsujts ci e hcnfkgdb

eorcdhcjcokhej egb pcjkhy ncbdj ci t`d Enezcg s`cwtèt bdicrdstetkcg retds kg t`d Enezcg very skogkikhegtjybdpdgbkgo cg e pcjkhy shdgerkc egb essunptkcgs efcutt`d strkgodghy ci hcgsdrvetkcg diicrts, kghjubkgodxtdgskcg ci t`d prctdhtdb erdes gdtwcra, hcnpjkeghdwkt` jdoksjetkcg rdqukrkgo icrdst rdsdrvds cg prkvetdjegb, egb rceb hcgstruhtkcg egb pevkgo kg t`d Enezcg.Hurrdgt trdgbs kg eorkhujturej dxpegskcg ney djknkgetd

596




e tctej ci 2< pdrhdgt ci Enezcg icrdsts fy 6<4< kg efuskgdss-es-usuej shdgerkc, rdjdeskgo 86/0 \o ci herfcg tc t`d etncsp`drd, dqukvejdgt tc icur yders ci hurrdgt egguej herfcg dnksskcgs wcrjbwkbd.49 Kg t`d‚ocvdrgeghd„ shdgerkc tèt essunds dgicrhdndgt ci

negbetcry icrdst rdsdrvds cg prkvetd jegb, eorcdhcjco-khej zcgkgo ci jegb usd, egb t`d dxpegskcg ci t`d prc-tdhtdb erdes gdtwcra, t`d bdicrdstetkcg retd kgktkejjyrksds bud tc rceb pevkgo egb bdhjkgds cvdr tknd. Tgbdrt`d ocvdrgeghd shdgerkc, 2.4 nkjjkcg an6 ci t`d icrdstwcujb rdnekg fy 6<4< hcnperdb tc 8.6 nkjjkcg an6‒cr 48 pdrhdgt ci t`d crkokgej erde ci t`d Enezcg icrdst‒ugbdr fuskgdss es usuej. Kg t`d ocvdrgeghd shdgerkc,dnksskcgs ircn bdicrdstetkcg erd prcmdhtdb tc iejj tcefcut 54/2 \o ci herfcg (ikourd 9.59). Gcgd ci t`dsd hejhujetkcgs tead kgtc ehhcugt t`d pcsskfjd

bkdfeha ci t`d Enezcg kg t`d ncrd dxtrdnd shdgerkcsci t`d knpeht ci hjknetd hègod tèt wcujb dxehdrfetdt`d bkiidrdghd kg t`d dnksskcg kg t`d fuskgdss-es-usuejegb ocvdrgeghd shdgerkcs.

Cgjy e hcghdrtdb, nujtksdhtcrej epprceh` heg neadicrdst hcgvdrskcg jdss ettrehtkvd rdjetkvd tc ct`dr jegb-usd cptkcgs egb rdbuhd t`d prdssurds stdnnkgo ircnt`dsd sdhtcrs. Fut tekjcr-nebd pcjkhy scjutkcgs erd

gddbdb tc ebbrdss pertkhujer brkvdrs ci bdicrdstetkcgw`kjd rdhcogkzkgo t`d spdhkikhktkds ci deh` hcugtry‛sschkej egb dhcgcnkh sdttkgo egb kts stetd ci icrdstrdscurhds. Kg t`ks rdoerb, t`d JHV ciidrs e vdry frcebregod ci sktuetkcgs= ircn ko` bdicrdstetkcg (icr dxen-

pjd, kg Gkhereoue) tc gdt rdicrdstetkcg (icr dxenpjd, kgHcste Vkhe) tc `kstcrkhejjy jcw bdicrdstetkcg (icrdxenpjd, kg Ouyege). Citdgtknds eorkhujturd ks e adybdicrdstetkcg brkvdr, scndtknds es e rdsujt ci pcjkhykghdgtkvds icr dxtdgskvd hettjd iernkgo cr hrcp hujtkve-tkcg. Tghjder jegb tdgurd ks eg cutstegbkgo ideturd ci sdvdrej ci t`d rdokcg‛s hcugtrkds tèt gddbs tc fdebbrdssdb. Ci pertkhujer rdjdveghd tc VDBB, tdh`gkhejegb ùneg ncgktcrkgo hepehkty, icrdst negeodndgtagcw-`cw, egb hepefkjkty very skogkikhegtjy encgohcugtrkds wkt`kg t`d rdokcg. @dghd, e nkx ci hus-

tcnkzdb pcjkhkds ks gddbdb tc ebbrdss t`d icrdst-hjknetdgdxus kg deh` ci t`d rdokcg‛s hcugtrkds. Kgktketkvds jkadt`d Icrdst Herfcg \ertgdrs`kp Iehkjkty (IH\I) ci t`d_crjb Fega rdhcogkzd t`d `dtdrcodgdkty fy hcugtryegb sdda tc fukjb hepehkty icr hustcn-nebd scjutkcgsebbrdsskgo VDBB (fcx 9.;).

Hcugtrkds kg t`d JHV erd t`d wcrjb‛s jdebdrs kgknpjdndgtkgo kghdgtkvd-fesdb peyndgt sh`dnds icricrdst hcgsdrvetkcg. Kg 5;;9, Hcste Vkhe pessdb IcrdstJew ?4?4, w`kh` rdhcogkzds tèt icrdst dhcsystdns

odgdretd vejuefjd dhcsystdn sdrvkhds egb prcvkbds t`djdoej fesks icr t`d cwgdrs ci icrdst jegbs tc sdjj t`dsdsdrvkhds. E jerod gunfdr ci hcgtrehts wdrd kgtdrndbk-etdb fy t`d Getkcgej Iugb icr Icrdst Ikgeghkgo es erdsujt. Ncst ci t`dsd peyndgts tc jegbcwgdrs èvdfddg icr `ybrcjcokhej sdrvkhds egb wetdrs`db prctdh-tkcg‒ikgeghdb fy suh` dgtdrprksds es `ybrcpcwdrodgdretcrs egb fy nugkhkpejktkds‒fut evekjefkjkty ci gdw ikgeghkgo t`rcuo` t d HBN icr eiicrdstetkcg egbrdicrdstetkcg ehtkvktkds egb peyndgts icr VDBB erd eprcnkskgo scurhd ci rdvdgud icr Hcste Vkhe kg t`d

iuturd (\eokcje 6<<0). Rc e jerod dxtdgt, Hcste Vkhe ksgcw ekjdb es t`d ojcfej pkcgddr ci peyndgts icr dgvk-rcgndgtej sdrvkhds prcbuhdb fy icrdsts. Ndxkhc‛sdxpdrkdghd wkt` t`d \rcÅrfcj \rcoren (fcx 9.5<)kjjustretds tèt t`dsd prcorens èvd ordet pctdgtkej tcettreht kgtdrdst ircn jegb usdrs. Fut t`dy nust fdherdiujjy bdskogdb egb kgsujetdb ircn pcjktkhej prds-surds tc fd diidhtkvd. E hcgsdrvetkcg fegakgo sh`dnd

598


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Rctej herfcgstchas fy

6<<8

Dnksskcgugbdr

fuskgdss esusuej

Dnksskcgugbdr

ocvdrgeghd

Evckbdbdnksskcg

R c g s c i h e r f c g ,

f k j j k c g s

Frezkj \dru Fcjkvke Ouyege

Hcjcnfke Ydgdzudje, V.F. bd Dhuebcr

IKOTVD 9.59

Iejjkgo Dnksskcgs Fdheusd ci Xtrcgo Hcgsdrvetkcg kg t`d Enezcg

Xcurhds= Xcerds-Ikj`c dt ej. (6<<9)1 Gdpsteb dt ej. (6<<?).



kg Ouyege (fcx 9.55) ks egct`dr rdneraefjd dxenpjdci t`d dndrokgo kggcvetkcgs kg t`d rdokcg w`kh`‒ki t`dy prcvd suhhdssiuj‒heg fd rdpjkhetdb kg ct`dr pertsci t`d wcrjb.

R`d shcpd tc eh`kdvd O@O rdbuhtkcgs t`rcuo`bcndstkh pcjkhkds bdpdgbs cg t`d tdh`gkhej pctdgtkej egbfkcp`yskhej hèrehtdrkstkhs ci icrdsts egb sckjs, egb cgt`d dhcgcnkh iehtcrs. R`d hcst ci knpjdndgtkgo icrdst

592


R`d IH\I kgtdgbs tc fukjb t`d hepehkty ci bdvdjcpkgo

hcugtrkds, kghjubkgo et jdest 5< ircn t`d JHV (tèt ks,

Erodgtkge, Fcjkvke, Hcjcnfke, Hcste Vkhe, Ouyege, Ndxkhc,

Gkhereoue, \egene, \ereouey, egb \dru), tc fdgdikt ircniuturd systdns ci pcsktkvd kghdgtkvds icr VDBB. Es pert

ci t`d hepehkty fukjbkgo, hcugtrkds rdhdkvd essksteghd tc

ebcpt cr rdikgd t`dkr getkcgej stretdoy icr rdbuhkgo dnks-

skcgs ircn bdicrdstetkcg egb icrdst bdorebetkcg.

R`d Vdebkgdss \jeg Kbde gctds prdperdb fy t`d JHV

hcugtrkds pertkhkpetkgo kg t`d IH\I sc ier suoodst tèt

ncst ci t`dkr prcorens egb ehtkvktkds bdskogdb tc rdbuhd

dnksskcgs ircn bdicrdstetkcg egb bdorebetkcg wkjj iejj kg

t`d icjjcwkgo hetdocrkds= (5) odgdrej dhcgcnkh pcjkhkds

egb rdoujetkcgs1 (6) icrdst pcjkhkds egb rdoujetkcgs1 (8)

dhcgcnkh ndhègksns icr icrdst hcgsdrvetkcg1 (2) rurejbdvdjcpndgt prcorens1 egb (4) schkej prcorens.

Dxenpjds ci odgdrej dhcgcnkh pcjkhkds egb rdouje-

tkcgs icr VDBB kghjubd Hcjcnfke‛s hcgtdnpjetkcg ci

djknkgetkgo pdrvdrsd kghdgtkvds ircn sdhtcrs heuskgo bdicr-

dstetkcg, Ouyege‛s wkjjkgogdss tc prcnctd jdss bdstruhtkvd

prehtkhds kg nkgkgo egb rceb bdvdjcpndgt, egb Ndxkhc‛s

diicrts tc nekgstrden icrdst hcgsdrvetkcg kg eorkhujturd

egb tregspcrtetkcg.

Icrdst pcjkhkds egb rdoujetkcgs erd jkadjy tc icrn

t`d fuja ci JHV‛s VDBB prcorens egb ehtkvktkds.

Erodgtkge, Ndxkhc, egb Gkhereoue erd dstefjks`kgo ejtdr-

getkvd icrdst negeodndgt prehtkhds tc hrdetd ejtdrgetkvd

jkvdjk`ccb icr icrdst-bdpdgbdgt hcnnugktkds. Fcjkvke egb

Ndxkhc erd prcnctkgo hcnnugkty icrdstry. Hcjcnfke

egb Ouyege ievcr rdbuhdb knpeht jcookgo. Hcste Vkhe,

Ouyege, Ndxkhc, Gkhereoue, egb \egene prcvkbd kghdg-

tkvds icr rdicrdstetkcg egb pjegtetkcgs tc rdjkvd prdssurd

cg geturej icrdsts. Hcste Vkhe egb Ndxkhc sdd t`d gddb tc

rdkgicrhd t`d prctdhtkcg egb negeodndgt ci t`dkr systdn

ci prctdhtdb erdes. Xdvdrej hcugtrkds dnpèskzd t`d gddb icr

fdttdr icrdst jew dgicrhdndgt. \ereouey wks`ds tc bdhdg-

trejkzd icrdst negeodndgt tc dnpcwdr jchej ocvdrgndgts

kg t`d hcgsdrvetkcg egb sustekgefjd usd ci icrdst rdscurhds.

Ouyege rdjkds cg jco teookgo egb trehakgo tc rdbuhd kjjd-

oej jcookgo.

Xdvdrej typds ci dhcgcnkh ndhègksns icr icrdst

hcgsdrvetkcg erd kg usd cr kg prdperetkcg kg JHV hcugtrkds.

Hcste Vkhe egb Ndxkhc wkjj hcgtkgud tc rdjy cg peyndgts

icr dgvkrcgndgtej sdrvkhds icr prctdhtkcg, rdicrdstetkcg,

egb icrdst rdodgdretkcg, egb Hcjcnfke ney stert bckgo

sc. Ouyege ès fddg uskgo icrdst hcghdsskcgs. \egene

ney shejd up kts dxpdrkdghd wkt` bdft-icr-geturd sweps.

Fcjkvke ks t`kgakgo efcut dxpdrkndgtkgo wkt` trebefjd

bdicrdstetkcg pdrnkts.

_kt` rdspdht tc rurej bdvdjcpndgt prcorens, Fcjkvke

rdhcogkzds t`d gddb icr skjvcpestcrej systdns es e ncrd diik-

hkdgt egb jdss bdstruhtkvd ejtdrgetkvd icr hettjd regh`kgo,egb icr t`d bdvdjcpndgt ci kghcnd odgdretkcg ehtkvktkds kg

t`d `ko`jegbs sc es tc rdbuhd nkoretkcg tc t`d jcwjegbs ci

t`d Enezcg rdokcg. Ouyege prcpcsds tc rdbuhd bdicrdstetkcg

tc icstdr dhctcurksn, ègbkhreit uskgo gcgtknfdr icrdst

prcbuhts, equehujturd, egb rurej djdhtrkikhetkcg. \egene

wkjj knprcvd kts jegb ebnkgkstretkcg egb hcgtkgud tc prc-

nctd kgvdstndgt prcmdhts et t`d sufgetkcgej jdvdj, w`kjd

\dru ks jeugh`kgo e gunfdr ci VDBB pkjct prcmdhts tc

kbdgtkiy t`d ehtkvktkds tèt erd gdhdssery tc rdbuhd pcvdrty.

Ikgejjy, sdvdrej JHV hcugtrkds erd prcpcskgo e regod ci

schkej prcorens dxpdhtdb tc odgdretd bkrdht cr kgbkrdht

fdgdikts kg tdrns ci VDBB. Erodgtkge prcpcsds tc hcgidr

cwgdrs`kp rko`ts cvdr icrdst jegb tc kgbkodgcus egb rurej

hcnnugktkds egb èjt t`d kgtdrgej bkspjehdndgt ci kgbkod-

gcus pdcpjds. Fcjkvke wegts tc prcnctd t`d sustekgefjd

usd ci gcgtknfdr icrdst rdscurhds, wkjbjkid, egb dgvkrcg-

ndgt sdrvkhds fy pdesegt hcnnugktkds egb kgbkodgcus

pcpujetkcgs, ehhcrbkgo tc t`dkr agcwjdbod, usds, egb hus-

tcns. Ouyege wkjj dgoeod wkt` Endrkgbkeg hcnnugk-

tkds tc usd t`dkr tktjdb jegbs kg sustekgefjd weys. \egene

wkjj rdjy cg t`d cgockgo Xustekgefjd Vurej Bdvdjcpndgt

prcoren ci t`d Goùfd Fuojë Vdokcg.

FCP 9.;

Xuppcrtkgo Hustcnkzdb Xcjutkcgs t`rcuo` t`d IH\I



594


Kg 6<<8, Ndxkhc kgstktutdb e prcoren ci peyndgts icr

`ybrcjcokhej dgvkrcgndgtej sdrvkhds. R`ks dvcjvdb kgtc e

frcebdr prcoren ci peyndgts icr dgvkrcgndgtej sdrvkhds

ci icrdsts, w`kh`, kg turg, ks pert ci e prcoren ci suppcrttc icrdsts, \rcÅrfcj1 5.2 nkjjkcg è wdrd ugbdr hcgsdrve-

tkcg hcgtrehts kg derjy 6<<01 t`d 6<<0 hcgtrehts s`cujb

frkgo t`ks tctej tc ncrd tèg 6 nkjjkcg è. R`d prcoren

peys jegbcwgdrs tc hcgsdrvd dxkstkgo icrdsts, nekgjy icr

t`d sdrvkhds t`dy prcvkbd kg negeokgo wetdr rdscurhds.

\eyndgts erd nebd dx pcst, eitdr t`d hcgsdrvetkcg ès

fddg vdrkikdb. Hcgsdrvetkcg hcgtrehts erd icr ikvd yders,

egb erd hcgbktkcgejjy rdgdwefjd. \eyndgts erd ugkicrn

hcugtrywkbd. R`dy erd stetdb kg nujtkpjds ci t`d nkgk-

nun weod, egb encugt tc efcut TX$2< pdr `dhterd pdr

yder icr hjcub icrdst egb TX$8< pdr `dhterd pdr yder icrct`dr icrdsts. Bdspktd e rdjetkvdjy herdiuj prdperetkcg, t`d

occb kgtdgtkcgs ci t`d prcoren bdskogdrs evd citdg fddg

cvdrw`djndb fy kgtdgsd pcjktkhej prdssurds. Icr dxenpjd,

w`dg kt fdhend hjder tèt t`d crkokgej kgtdgtkcg tc ichus

peyndgts cg erdes w`drd equkidrs erd ncst cvdrdxpjcktdb

wcujb hcghdgtretd peyndgts kg cgjy e idw stetds, hrktdrke

wdrd hègodb tc sprdeb peyndgts ncrd frcebjy ehrcss t`d

hcugtry, krrdspdhtkvd ci rdjetkvd knpcrteghd icr wetdr sdr-

vkhds. R`d prcoren ès ejsc fddg usdb es e vd`khjd tc

ebbrdss ugiugbdb negbetds, suh` es e hcnnktndgt tèt

Ndxkhc nebd et t`d Fksàda Ncugtekg Xunnkt tckghrdesd spdgbkgo cg hcgsdrvetkcg kg ncugtekg erdes. R`d

rdsujt wes pccr terodtkgo, et jdest kgktkejjy (Nuõcz dt ej.

6<<0). Ircn 6<<8 tc 6<<4, es nuh` es ;< pdrhdgt ci icr-

dst erde ugbdr hcgtreht wdrd kg erdes wkt` equkidrs kg

dqukjkfrkun cr ugbdrdxpjcktdb equkidrs, egb es nuh` es

?6 pdrhdgt wdrd kg erdes ci jcw cr vdry jcw rksa ci bdicr-

dstetkcg. Ncrd rdhdgt essdssndgts erd gct evekjefjd, fut kt

ks t`cuo`t tèt diikhkdghy ès kghrdesdb scndwèt (icr

dxenpjd, jchetkcg kg eg erde ci `ko` bdicrdstetkcg rksa ks

gcw e prkcrktkzetkcg hrktdrkcg). E pcjktkhejjy brkvdg

rdqukrdndgt icr ugkicrn peyndgts ejsc ndegs tèt pey-ndgt jdvdjs erd citdg kjj-suktdb tc jchej hcgbktkcgs‒peykgo

nuh` ncrd tèg cppcrtugkty hcsts kg scnd erdes (rdsujt-

kgo kg nuh` `ko`dr jdvdjs ci bdnegb icr pertkhkpetkcg

tèg iugbkgo ejjcws) egb nuh` jdss tèg cppcrtugkty

hcsts kg ct`dr erdes (rdsujtkgo kg jknktdb pertkhkpetkcg

kg erdes tèt hcujb prcvkbd vdry `ko` jdvdjs ci dgvkrcg-

ndgtej sdrvkhds).

FCP 9.5<

\eykgo tc \rctdht Icrdsts t`rcuo` \rcÅrfcj kg Ndxkhc

Egct`dr kggcvetkcg kg t`d rdokcg tc rdbuhd bdicrdstetkcg

ks Ouyege‛s \rdskbdgt, Fèrret Meobdc‛s ciidr tc hdbd t`d

negeodndgt ci `ks hcugtry‛s dgtkrd rekg icrdst (ncrd

tèg 50 nkjjkcg `dhterds, hcvdrkgo ncrd tèg 0< pdrhdgt

ci Ouyege‛s jegb ness) tc t`d Frktks` ocvdrgndgt kg

rdturg icr dhcgcnkh essksteghd. _`kjd t`d ciidr ks stkjj cg

t`d tefjd, t`d ocvdrgndgt egb t`d 8?5,<<<-`dhterd

Kwcarene Icrdst Vdsdrvd evd rdhdgtjy gdoctketdb e

ncrd jknktdb bdej wkt` Hegcpy Hepktej, eg kgvdstndgt

orcup. Dxeht bdtekjs èvd gct fddg rdjdesdb, fut feskhejjy

kg dxhègod icr iugbkgo e ‚skogkikhegt„ pert ci

Kwcarene‛s TX$5.6 nkjjkcg egguej rdsderh` egb hcgsdr-

vetkcg prcoren icr ikvd yders, Hegcpy Hepktej wkjj

rdhdkvd pertkej ‚cwgdrs`kp„ ci t`d icrdst‛s dhcsystdns

sdrvkhds. Kt wkjj èvd t`d rko`t tc 59 pdrhdgt ci t`d

prchddbs odgdretdb ircn iuturd dgvkrcgndgtej sdrvkhds

peyndgts, w`kjd 0< pdrhdgt wcujb oc tc jchej hcnnugk-

tkds egb 2 pdrhdgt tc t`d Ojcfej Hegcpy \rcoren, eg

ejjkeghd ci 6; shkdgtkikh kgstktutkcgs kg 5; hcugtrkds.

Xknkjer bdejs kg ct`dr bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds kghjubd e

TX$; nkjjkcg kgvdstndgt fy Ndrrkjj Jygh` kg Xunetre

kg t`d dxpdhtetkcg ci dvdgtuej prcikts ircn sejd ci herfcg

hrdbkts, egb e ‚wkjbjkid hcgsdrvetkcg fegakgo sh`dnd„ kg

Nejeyske dstefjks`db fy Gdw Icrdsts (e Xybgdy-fesdb

kgvdstndgt ikrn), w`kh` dxpdhts tc rdhdkvd e rdturg ci

54 tc 64 pdrhdgt fy sdjjkgo ‚fkcbkvdrskty hrdbkts.„ R`ks

ugbdrshcrds t`d pctdgtkej icr icrdsts tc odgdretd ikgeghkej

rdscurhds dvdg cutskbd ci t`d icrnej herfcg neradt.

FCP 9.55

Hcgsdrvetkcg Fegakgo tc Vdbuhd Bdicrdstetkcg egb \rctdht Fkcbkvdrskty



hcgsdrvetkcg ndesurds egb eh`kdvkgo O@O rdbuhtkcgskg t`ks sdhtcr heg fd epprcxknetdb uskgo t`d cppcrtu-gkty hcsts esschketdb wkt` addpkgo jegb ugbdr icrdstret`dr tèg hcgvdrtkgo icrdst tc ejtdrgetkvd usds. Bdspktde jerod regod ci ughdrtekgty kg t`d hurrdgt dstknetds ci

t`d cppcrtugkty hcsts ci ejtdrgetkvd jegb usd, egb `ko`spetkej dtdrcodgdkty ci t`csd dstknetds, dvdg rcuo` dstk-netds prcvkbd e usdiuj oukbd tc pcjkhy neadrs rdoerbkgot`d jkadjy hcsts ci icrdst hcgsdrvetkcg.

\ctdgtkej icr nktkoetkcg t`rcuo` eiicrdstetkcg

egb rdicrdstetkcg

R`d diicrts tc èrgdss t`d hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcgpctdgtkej ci jegb-usd hègod et t`d ojcfej jdvdj erdichusdb cg rdbuhkgo dnksskcgs ircn bdicrdstetkcg egbicrdst bdorebetkcg egb, tc e jdssdr dxtdgt, ercugb eiicrd-

stetkcg egb rdicrdstetkcg ehtkvktkds. Essdsskgo t`d nkt-koetkcg pctdgtkej ci t`dsd typds ci ehtkvktkds rdqukrdsdstknetkgo jegb evekjefkjkty egb t`d pctdgtkej herfcgsdqudstretkcg cr rdtdgtkcg pctdgtkej ci t`d evekjefjdjegb. R`d jettdr bdpdgbs ncstjy cg fkcp`yskhej hcg-skbdretkcgs (sckj typd, prdhkpktetkcg, ejtktubd, egb sc cg)egb t`d typd ci vdodtetkcg. Fesdb cg e jktdreturd rdvkdwci rdokcgej fcttcn-up ncbdjs, t`d K\HH dstknetdstèt t`d dhcgcnkh pctdgtkej ci icrdstry ehtkvktkds (E/Vegb rdbuhdb bdicrdstetkcg) kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`dHerkffdeg Vdokcg fy 6<2< regods ircn 4<< tc 5,?4<NtHC6 pdr yder essunkgo e prkhd ci TX$6</tHC6. Kgpertkhujer, jegb evekjefjd icr E/V ehtkvktkds kg t`d JHVks dstknetdb et 8.2 nkjjkcg squerd akjcndtdrs, ncst ci kt kg Frezkj. Ct`dr hcugtrkds‒dspdhkejjy Truouey egbscnd Herkffdeg hcugtrkds‒ejsc ciidr e skogkikhegtpctdgtkej, et jdest kg tdrns ci t`d sèrd ci t`dkr hcrrd-spcgbkgo tdrrktcry (ikourd 9.5?).4?

Hcst ci evckbdb bdicrdstetkcg egb nktkoetkcg

pctdgtkej ci VDBB

Dnpkrkhej essdssndgts ci nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej t`rcuo`VDBB èvd ichusdb cg hejhujetkgo t`d cppcrtugktyhcst ci evckbdb bdicrdstetkcg. Rc tèt dgb t`rdd bkiidr-dgt epprceh`ds èvd fddg usdb= jchej/rdokcgej dnpkrkhejstubkds1 ojcfej dnpkrkhej erde ncbdjs jkad t`d XtdrgVdvkdw1 egb ojcfej sknujetkcg ncbdjs ci t`d icrdstegb ct`dr sdhtcrs (icr dxenpjd, eorkhujturd egb kg

scnd hesds dgdroy ejsc) ircn w`kh` tc bdrkvd suppjyhurvds (Fcuh`dr egb Vdbby 6<<?). R`d rdsujts ci 68bkiidrdgt jchej ncbdjs suoodst e hcst ci evckbdb dnks-skcgs ircn bdicrdstetkcg regokgo ircn TX$< tc TX$52bcjjer pdr tHC6, wkt` e ndeg vejud ci 6.45 TX$/tHC6.

R`d Xtdrg Vdvkdw dstknetdb tèt bdicrdstetkcg hcujbfd rdbuhdb fy 29 pdrhdgt (kg erde tdrns) icr e hcst ci TX$5.?2 tc TX$4.66 pdr tHC6 wkt` e nkbpckgt tètks 80 pdrhdgt `ko`dr tèg t`d ndeg vejud ci t`d dstk-netds ci jchej stubkds. Ojcfej ncbdjs rdsujt kg t`d`ko`dst hcst pdr tcg ci evckbdb dnksskcgs, wkt` vejudskg e regod ci TX$9 tc TX$50/tHC6 icr rdbuhkgo bdicr-dstetkcg fy 29 pdrhdgt ejsc.

R`d jerod bkiidrdghds ehrcss bkiidrdgt ncbdjs erdbrkvdg fy t`d sdjdhtkcg ci fesdjkgds (retd ci bdicrdste-tkcg fesdb cg pest cr dxpdhtdb bdicrdstetkcg retds), t`d

essunptkcgs efcut t`d herfcg hcgtdgt ci t`d icrdst,egb t`d bygenkhs ci t`d bkiidrdgt verkefjds egb sdhtcrshcgskbdrdb (ircn stetkh tc ojcfej dqukjkfrkun ncbdjs).Dxpdhtdb bdicrdstetkcg retds, kg pertkhujer, erd fesdbcg nujtkpjd verkefjds kghjubkgo hurrdgt bdicrdstetkcgtrdgbs, brkvdrs ci jegb-usd hègod (icr dxenpjd, rcebsegb pcpujetkcg orcwt`), egb jegb-usd ejtdrgetkvdsencgo ct`drs1 w`kjd herfcg hcgtdgt ks bdtdrnkgdb fye sdrkds ci essunptkcgs efcut vdodtetkcg typd egb her-fcg pccjs. Ct`dr rdjdvegt iehtcrs tèt wkjj èvd eg

knpeht cg t`d hcst ci VDBB kghjubd t`d dxkstdghd ci ct`dr typds ci hcsts (icr dxenpjd, tregsehtkcg egb ste-fkjkzetkcg hcsts tc prdvdgt jdeaeod)1 esynndtrkds ci kgicrnetkcg (agcwjdbod efcut t`d jchetkcg ci pctdg-tkej bdicrdstdrs) tèt bdtdrnkgd t`d pcsskfkjkty tc peyfesdb cg prkhd bkshrknkgetkcg kgstdeb ci nerokgejhcsts1 egb hcgskbdretkcg ci t`d fdgdikts ci t`d icrdocgdehtkvkty (icr dxenpjd, texds pekb fy jcoodr hcnpegkdstc t`d ocvdrgndgt, jcss ci kghcnd bud tc ugdnpjcy-ndgt, egb sc cg).

Dvdg ki evekjefjd stubkds bkiidr sufstegtkejjy kg t`d

essunptkcgs nebd ci ady perendtdrs usdb tc dstknetdnktkoetkcg pctdgtkej, suh` es herfcg ehhcugtkgo, hcsts,fesdjkgd, egb t`d kghjuskcg cr gct ci t`d nktkoetkcgpctdgtkej ci ct`dr sdhtcrs kg t`d egejysks, iuturd bdicr-dstetkcg retds erd kg odgdrej dstknetdb tc rdnekg`ko` kg t`d trcpkh erdes, pertkhujerjy kg Eirkhe egbXcut` Endrkhe. R`drdicrd rdbuhkgo bdicrdstetkcg ks

599




e `ko`-prkcrkty cptkcg icr t`dsd rdokcgs. Refjd 9.0sunnerkzds t`d ncst rdhdgt dstknetds ci t`d hcst ci VDBB kg JHV.

Xygdrokds fdtwddg ojcfej egb jchej fdgdiktsircn VDBB egb E/V

Kg ebbktkcg tc hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg, icrdsts ejscpjey knpcrtegt rcjds kg t`d ebeptetkcg tc hjknetdhègod. Fy nktkoetkgo hjknetd hègod, VDBB egbE/V hcgtrkfutd tc rdbuhkgo t`d jcgo-tdrn vujgdrefkj-kty ci geturej dhcsystdns egb schkcdhcgcnkh systdns

egb tùs suppcrt jcgo-tdrn ebeptetkcg tc hjknetdhègod. VDBB egb E/V heg ejsc hcgtrkfutd tc s`crt-tdrn ebeptetkcg tc hjknetd hègod egb icstdr hjknetd-rdskjkdgt sustekgefjd bdvdjcpndgt, icr dxenpjd, fy

rdtekgkgo ncksturd, rdoujetkgo `ybrcjcokhej ijcws,stefkjkzkgo sckjs egb prctdhtkgo t`dn eoekgst drcskcg,rdstcrkgo sckj idrtkjkty, prctdhtkgo cr kghrdeskgo t`dsuppjy ci tknfdr egb gcgtknfdr wccb prcbuhts egbiudjwccb, egb sc icrt`. R`d cppcrtugkty tc derg iuturdherfcg ikgeghd peyndgts icr E/V kghrdesds t`d vejud ci icrndrjy nerokgej jegbs. @ko`dr jegb rdgts knprcvd

59?


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HBN-eicrdstetkcg/rdicrdstetkcg erde % ci tctej

6 ; 0

5 0 2

IKOTVD 9.5?

\ctdgtkej Erde (kg `dhterds) icr HBN-E/V fy Hcugtry (_kt`cut Hcgskbdrkgo \rctdhtdb Erdes)

Xcurhd= DGHCICV HBN-EV cgjkgd egejysks tccj. `ttp=//www.mceggdun.et/dghcicr.Gctd= R`d vejuds prdsdgtdb icr Erodgtkge egb t`d Bcnkgkheg Vdpufjkh rdijdht e hjcsdr dstknetd ci t`d pctdgtkej, fdheusd t`d cgjkgd egejysks tccjbkb gct ejjcw eppjykgo t`dkr ehtuej t`rds`cjb vejuds ci 66.4 egb 6;, rdspdhtkvdjy.



t`d dhcgcnkh pcsktkcg ci jegbcwgdrs egb dgèghdt`dkr ebeptkvd hepehkty (Jej 6<<2). Kg ebbktkcg, pcsk-tkvd spkjjcvdr diidhts icr tknfdr egb gcgtknfdr icrdstprcbuhts dxkst w`dg sustekgefjd icrdst dxpjcktetkcg kspdrnkttdb cg tcp ci t`d bdjkvdry ci t`d dgvkrcgndgtejsdrvkhd (Jegbdjj-Nkjjs 6<<6).

VDBB gct cgjy ekns tc evckb t`d dnksskcg ci suf-stegtkej encugts ci O@Os fut t`d hcgsdrvetkcg ci icrdstdhcsystdns heg ejsc rdsujt kg fdgdikts icr jchej hjknetd,wetdr rdscurhds, egb ncst knpcrtegtjy fkcbkvdrskty. R`d

ehtuej knpjkhetkcgs icr fkcbkvdrskty ci VDBB nktkoe-tkcg ehtkvktkds bdpdgb cg t`d dhcsystdn hcghdrgdb, t`dbdskog egb knpjdndgtetkcg ci t`d ehtkvkty, egb pertkhu-jerjy t`d sktd sdjdhtkcg egb negeodndgt prehtkhds. Kgodgdrej, rdbuhkgo bdicrdstetkcg egb icrdst bdorebetkcgkgvcjvds fct` fkcbkvdrskty prdsdrvetkcg egb hjknetdfdgdikts. R`d hcgsdrvetkcg ci fkcbkvdrskty dgèghds t`debeptkvd hepehkty ci dhcsystdns egb, kg turg, rdbuhdst`dkr vujgdrefkjkty tc hjknetd hègod.

R`ks ks gct tc sey tèt trebd-ciis fdtwddg nktkoetkcgegb ebeptetkcg bc gct erksd kg VDBB egb E/V ehtkvk-tkds. _kt` rdoerb tc wetdr rdscurhds, t`d ebeptetkcgdiidhts ci E/V nktkoetkcg prcmdhts bdpdgb cg t`d hjk-netkh hèrehtdrkstkhs ci t`d rdokcg kg w`kh` t`d prcmdhtserd knpjdndgtdb es wdjj es cg t`d herdiuj sdjdhtkcg egbhcnpcsktkcg ci t`d trdd spdhkds usdb. Ikgbkgos ci t`dT.A. Icrdstry Vdsderh` \rcoren s`cw tèt E/V ehtkv-ktkds èvd gundrcus pcsktkvd diidhts, suh` es sckj hcg-sdrvetkcg egb ijccb hcgtrcj kg rdokcgs wkt` suiikhkdgt

wetdr rdscurhds. Iurt`drncrd, icrdsts kghrdesd evdreodwetdr evekjefkjkty kg rdokcgs wkt` idwdr wetdr rdscurhds,kgtdgsd rekgiejjs, egb jcgo spdjjs ci bry wdet`dr. R`drderd, icr dxenpjd, bchundgtdb hesds ci hcnpdtktkcgfdtwddg trdd pjegtetkcg egb eorkhujturd kg tdrns ci t`djegb egb wetdr tèt erd gddbdb. Kg erkb egb sdnkerkbrdokcgs, E/V ehtkvktkds heg rdbuhd wetdr ykdjbs. R`ksks eg knpcrtegt ikgbkgo kg t`d diicrt tc ejkog pcsk-tkvd nktkoetkcg egb ebeptetkcg diidhts tèt ès tc fd

590


REFJD 9.0

Dhcgcnkh \ctdgtkej ci Evckbdb Bdicrdstetkcg kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg

Xtuby Vdokcg

Hcst ci evckbdb

bdicrdstetkcg (TX$/tHC6)Evckbdb dnksskcgs ircn

bdicrdstetkcg

Xc`godg egb Xdbmc, (6<<9) Xcut` Endrkhe 6?.6 0<,<<< hunujetkvd tHC6 fy 6<4<

Hdgtrej Endrkhe 6?.6 66,<<< hunujetkvd tHC6 fy 6<4<

K\HH EV2 (6<<?), Refjd ;.8e Hdgtrej egb Xcut` Endrkhe 5<< 5,024 tHC6 /yder kg 6<8<

Hdgtrej egb Xcut` Endrkhe 6< 09? tHC6 /yder kg 6<8<

Xtressfuro dt ej. (6<<0)f Frezkj, \dru, Ndxkhc, Hcjcnfke,Fcjkvke, Ydgdzudje, V.F. bd, egbErodgtkge

4.98 ;?.4, ;;.0, ;8.2, 5<<, 09.?, 5<<, egb00.2%, rdspdhtkvdjy

Xetèyd dt ej. (6<<0)(ojcfej ncbdj)

Hdgtrej Endrkhe (kghjubkgoNdxkhc)

82.9 HC6 h`cad prkhd tc t`dcrdtkhejjyèjt bdicrdstetkcg

Xcut` Endrkhe 2<

Xwejjcw dt ej. (6<<?)(jchej ncbdj)h

\dru (Theyejk prcvkghd) 4 ;<% ci HC6 dnksskcgs ircnbdicrdstetkcg èvd odgdretdb rdturgsfdjcw t`ks prkhd

Cfdrstdkgdr dt ej. Hdgtrej egb Xcut` Endrkhe 5;.09 62.20 ;.?<

4<% rdbuhtkcg kg bdicrdstetkcg kg6<8< uskgo t`d OHCNE\, BKNE, egbORN ncbdjs

Gdpsteb dt ej. (6<<?) Frezkjkeg Enezcg 5.?? Evdreod hcst kg 6<<? ci ejtkgobdicrdstetkcg fy 6<5? (nerokgejhcst ks `ko`dr)

e. Vdpcrtdb gunfdrs rdprdsdgt t`d evdreod ehtkvkty dstknetds rdpcrtdb icr t`rdd ojcfej icrdst sdhtcr ncbdjs kghjubkgo ORN(Xc`godg egb Xdbmc 6<<9), OHCNE\ (Xetèyd dt ej. 6<<?), egb KKEXE-BKNE (Fdgktdz-\cghd dt ej. 6<<?).f. R`dsd rdsujts erd icr t`d shdgerkc wkt` eg dqukvejdgt wdko`t icr fct` prcpcsdb kghdgtkvds= dnksskcgs rdbuhtkcgs fy hcugtryhcnperdb tc hcugtry spdhkikh pest dnksskcgs egb hcnperdb tc t`d ojcfej fesdjkgd (ε > <.4).h. Dxenkgds esschketdb oekgs tc bdicrdstetkcg et t`d jchej jdvdj.



hcgskbdrdb w`dg pjeggkgo E/V ehtkvktkds (TA IV\6<<4). Egct`dr dxenpjd ci trebd-cii tc fd evckbdb kstèt VDBB hcujb jdeb tc t`d dxhjuskcg ci vujgdrefjdhcnnugktkds ircn hepehkty fukjbkgo egb herfcgikgeghd ijcws ki t`dkr rko`ts tc t`d jegb erd gct rdhco-

gkzdb fy t`d pufjkh egb prkvetd sdhtcrs. @cwdvdr,pcsktkvd sygdrokds erd hjderjy pcsskfjd.Et prdsdgt cgjy e idw stubkds dxkst tèt systdnetk-

hejjy egejyzd t`d kgtdrehtkcg fdtwddg nktkoetkcg, ebep-tetkcg, egb sustekgefjd bdvdjcpndgt. R`d dxpdrkdghdci t`d _crjb Fega‛s FkcHerfcg Iugb s`cws tèt t`dquegtkikhetkcg ci t`dsd sygdrokds ks hruhkej ircn e bdvdj-cpndgt pdrspdhtkvd egb tc hcgvkghd pctdgtkej kgvdstcrs.R`d Icurt` Essdssndgt Vdpcrt hcghjubds tèt oukbd-jkgds tc prcnctd sygdrokds fdtwddg nktkoetkcg egbebeptetkcg prcorens egb prcmdhts wcujb fd bdskrefjd

icr t`d dxkstkgo Ayctc \rctchcj ijdxkfjd ndhègksnses wdjj es dndrokgo ndhègksns (Ajdkg dt ej. 6<<?). Esystdnetkh kgtdoretkcg ci ebeptetkcg prehtkhds kg nktk-oetkcg ehtkvktkds egb vkhd vdrse wcujb nexknkzd t`dutkjkty ci t`d esschketdb kgvdstndgt.

Ct`dr pctdgtkej fdgdikts ci O@O nktkoetkcg

Cgd ci t`d ady hcghjuskcgs icr t`d JHV ks tèt t`drderd gundrcus gcghjknetd rdjetdb fdgdikts icr t`d ncstprcnkskgo O@O nktkoetkcg pcjkhkds dxenkgdb kg t`ks

hèptdr. _`kjd t`ks ks jkadjy tc fd trud icr negy ct`drrdokcgs, kt ks pertkhujerjy trud icr t`d JHV okvdg t`dsygdrokds egb bdvdjcpndgtej fdgdikts ci t`d jerodstegb iestdst-orcwkgo dnksskcgs, suh` es ircn icrdstry,dgdroy, egb tregspcrt. Negy ci t`d nktkoetkcg cptkcgserd citdg t`d jdest-hcst cptkcg kg ikgeghkej tdrns‒suh` es `ybrcpcwdr cr dgdroy diikhkdghy‒fut erdènpdrdb fy rdoujetcry, jdoej, cr ct`dr gcgikgeghkejferrkdrs. Encgo t`d gcghjknetd hègod nctkvetkcgsicr pursukgo O@O nktkoetkcg kg t`d JHV erd dgdroysdhurkty, evckbkgo jcha-kg ci `ko`-herfcg tdh`gcjc-

okds, egb ct`dr hc-fdgdikts.

Dgdroy sdhurkty

@ko` egb vcjetkjd ckj egb oes prkhds èvd ugbdrshcrdbt`d pctdgtkej icr dhcgcnkh bksruptkcg tèt rdsujts ircn`devy rdjkeghd cg t`dsd iudjs icr dgdroy. R`d JHV ès egunfdr ci dgdroy-knpcrtkgo hcugtrkds tèt èvd fddggdoetkvdjy knpehtdb fy kghrdeskgo dgdroy prkhds crbdhrdeskgo iudj suppjkds. Kg Xcut` Endrkhe, H`kjd egb

Truouey erd gdt dgdroy knpcrtdrs, tùs vujgdrefjd tcvcjetkjkty kg dgdroy prkhds egb suppjkds. @cwdvdr, t`dbdpdgbdghd cg knpcrtdb `ybrcherfcgs ks ncst ehutdencgo Hdgtrej Endrkheg egb Herkffdeg hcugtrkds,kghjubkgo Ferfebcs (09%), t`d Bcnkgkheg Vdpufjkh

(?0%), Menekhe (09%), egb \egene (?6%).

40

R`ddxpcsurd tc vcjetkjd ckj prkhds ès prcnptdb JetkgEndrkheg hcugtrkds tc tead ndesurds tc bkvdrskiy t`dkrdgdroy netrkxds egb tc rdbuhd t`d gddb icr dgdroyknpcrts t`rcuo` kghrdeskgo rdgdwefjd dgdroy odgdre-tkcg egb knprcvkgo dgdroy diikhkdghy. Icr kgsteghd,`ko` ckj prkhds èvd nebd `ybrcdjdhtrkh, wkgbpcwdregb hcej pcwdr odgdretkcg hcnpdtktkvd, dspdhkejjy kghcugtrkds wkt`cut ehhdss tc jcw prkhdb geturej oes.

R`d bdvdjcpndgt ci t`d jerod pctdgtkej ci jcw-hcstndbkun egb jerod `ybrcdjdhtrkh prcmdhts kg Xcut`

Endrkhe egb scnd Hdgtrej Endrkheg hcugtrkds ks gctrdejkstkh wkt`cut ocvdrgndgt suppcrt kg ncst hcug-trkds tèt èvd ebcptdb e hcnpdtktkvd djdhtrkhkty ner-adt wkt` prkvetd pertkhkpetkcg. \rkvetd kgvdstcrs èvdbkiikhujtkds egb erd ugwkjjkgo tc negeod t`d ko` prc-mdht rksas ci `ybrc pjegts= `ko` hepktej hcst, gddb ci dxpdgskvd egb tknd-hcgsunkgo ideskfkjkty stubkds,`ko`dr hcgstruhtkcg rksas, jcgo dxdhutkcg egb encrtk-zetkcg pdrkcbs, egb prctrehtdb egb pcjktkhejjy sdgsktkvdprchdssds tc cftekg dgvkrcgndgtej jkhdgsds. Frezkj ks

trykgo tc cvdrhcnd t`dsd bkiikhujtkds fy rdjykgo cghcnpdtktkvd fkbs icr ewerbkgo jcgo-tdrn hcghdsskcghcgtrehts tc gdw `ybrcdjdhtrkh prcmdhts wkt` dgvkrcg-ndgtej jkhdgsds. R`ks sh`dnd `djps nktkoetd neradtegb prcmdht rksas icr bdvdjcpdrs egb ès fddg diidhtkvdkg t`d bdvdjcpndgt ci ybrcdjdhtrkh prcmdhts tègas tcstrcgo pertkhkpetkcg ci stetd-cwgdb odgdretcrs egbjchej hcgstruhtkcg hcnpegkds.

Evckbkgo ko` herfcg tdh`gcjcoy jcha-kg

Kgvdstndgts kg jcgo-jkvdb hepktej essdts egb t`dkr hcrrd-

spcgbkgo orddg`cusd oes dnksskcgs heg jest 2< tc 4<yders. R`d rdokcg ks prcmdhtkgo e 2.0 pdrhdgt egguej retdci orcwt` kg djdhtrkhkty bdnegb cvdr t`d gdxt 5< yders,hcrrdspcgbkgo tc e gdt kghrdesd ci 5<<,<<< N_ kg odg-dretkcg hepehkty, ci w`kh` 9<,<<< N_ ks gct ugbdrhcgstruhtkcg egb ès gct fddg hcgtrehtdb (DXNE\6<<?). R`d herfcg kgtdgskty ci t`ks gdw odgdretkcghepehkty wkjj fd bdhkbdb cvdr t`d gdxt idw yders eskgvdstndgt bdhkskcgs erd nebd. \cjkhkds egb kghdgtkvds

59;




tèt wcujb stddr kgvdstndgt tcwerb e jcw-herfcg pet`heg evckb jcha-kg ci herfcg-kgtdgskvd tdh`gcjcokds icrt`d jkidtknd ci t`d hcrrdspcgbkgo prcmdhts.

R`dsd pcjkhkds wcujb djp t`d rdokcg evckb kgstejjkgotdh`gcjcokds tèt kg eg kghrdeskgojy herfcg-hcgstrekgdb

wcrjb wkjj sccg fdhcnd cfscjdtd, egb nead t`d rdokcgjcsd hcnpdtktkvdgdss. Kg ieht, kg t`d hcgtdxt ci t`dpcst-6<56 hjknetd rdoknd, t`d Durcpdeg Tgkcg ksejrdeby hcgskbdrkgo knpcskgo eg knpcrt tex cg occbssuppjkdb fy hcugtrkds tèt èvd gc dnksskcg pcjkhkdsegb ndesurds kg crbdr tc prctdht t`d hcnpdtktkvdgdssci t`d Durcpdeg kgbustry, w`kh` ks ugbdr kghrdeskgodnksskcg hcgtrcjs.4; R`d prcpcsej ès t`d suppcrt ci nemcr kgbustrkds, egb rdprdsdgts e pctdgtkej trebd fer-rkdr ci hcghdrg tc bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds. R`d kgtrcbuh-tkcg ci jcw-herfcg tdh`gcjcokds kg t`d gdxt idw yders

ney evckb nuh` hcstjkdr nktkoetkcg hcsts kg t`diuturd, w`dg rdoujetkcgs fdhcnd ncrd strkgodgt kgtdrns ci herfcg kgtdgskty.

Ct`dr eghkjjery bdvdjcpndgt fdgdikts

R`d dhcgcnkh, dgvkrcgndgtej, egb schkej hc-fdgdiktsci hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg erd hcgskbdrefjd. Ircnt`d pdrspdhtkvd ci t`d dgvkrcgndgt egb uneg `dejt`,t`dsd fdgdikts kghjubd `ko`dr eorkhujturej prcbuhtkv-kty, rdbuhdb strdss cg geturej dhcsystdns, jcwdr ekr

pcjjutkcg, egb fdttdr `dejt` hcgbktkcgs. R`d ùneg`dejt` fdgdikts ircn knprcvdb tregspcrtetkcg systdnsney ciisdt e sufstegtkej irehtkcg ci nktkoetkcg hcstsskghd t`dy regod fdtwddg 8< egb 4< pdrhdgt ci dstk-netdb nktkoetkcg hcsts (Furtew dt ej. 6<<81 \rccstegb Yeg Vdodncrtdr 6<<8). Ct`drs dstknetd tètt`dsd fdgdikts erd t`rdd tc icur tknds ordetdr tèg nkt-koetkcg hcsts (Eugege, dt ej. 6<<21 NhAkgjdy dt ej.6<<4), bdpdgbkgo cg t`d strkgodghy ci t`d nktkoetkcgjdvdj, t`d scurhd sdhtcr, egb t`d ndesurd egb t`d ncg-dtery vejud ettrkfutdb tc ncrtejkty rksas. Xtubkds èvd

hejhujetdb tèt icr Eskeg egb Jetkg Endrkheg hcug-trkds, sdvdrej tdgs ci t`cusegbs ci prdneturd bdet`shcujb fd evckbdb egguejjy ircn ncbdretd HC6 nktk-oetkcg stretdokds (Eugege, dt ej. 6<<21 NhAkgjdy dt ej.6<<4).9< R`dsd bdet`s erd evckbdb bud tc e rdbuhtkcgkg ekr pcjjutkcg, kghjubkgo dnksskcgs ci XC6, GCx,egb pertkhujetd nettdr ircn vd`khjds egb `det egbpcwdr scurhds.

Hjknetd nktkoetkcg ejsc ès eghkjjery dgdroy-rdjetdb sustekgefjd bdvdjcpndgt fdgdikts= systdnkhurfeg tregspcrt diikhkdghy knprcvdndgts heg prcvkbdfdttdr tregspcrt sdrvkhd, egb ndtègd hepturd prcmdhtsheg knprcvd scjkb westd trdetndgt egb odgdretd eg

ebbktkcgej scurhd ci dgdroy. Bdhdgtrejkzdb djdhtrkikhe-tkcg wkt` rdgdwefjd dgdroy heg prcvkbd sufstegtkejschkej egb dhcgcnkh fdgdikts tc ugbdrsdrvdb pcpuje-tkcgs w`c erd bdpdgbdgt cg trebktkcgej scurhds, suhès fkcness, adrcsdgd, bkdsdj odgdretcrs, egb her fettdr-kds. Hcnperdb tc hcstjy orkb dxtdgskcgs, cii-orkb rdgdw-efjd djdhtrkhkty typkhejjy ks t`d ncst hcst-diidhtkvd weytc prcvkbd pcwdr tc kscjetdb rurej pcpujetkcgs, wkt` egdstknetdb 4<‘94 nkjjkcg pdcpjd jkvkgo wkt`cutdjdhtrkhkty kg Jetkg Endrkhe, pertkhujerjy kg Fcjkvke,@cgbures, egb Gkhereoue w`drd djdhtrkikhetkcg retds ci

rurej erdes erd fdjcw 8< pdrhdgt (DXNE\ 6<<?).

Xunnery egb Hcghjuskcgs

\rkcrktkds icr t`d JHV

Encgo t`d nktkoetkcg cptkcgs wkt` t`d ordetdstpctdgtkej kg t`d JHV erd evckbdb bdicrdstetkcg, dxpeg-skcg ci `ybrcpcwdr egb dgdroy diikhkdghy, sustekgefjdurfeg tregspcrt, egb scjkb westd negeodndgt.

• Evckbdb Bdicrdstetkcg. R`d jerodst swkgos kg

dnksskcgs kg t`d JHV erd jkadjy tc hcnd ircnbdicrdstetkcg egb ct`dr jegb-usd dnksskcgs,fdheusd t`dsd dnksskcgs erd jerod egb erd jkadjy tcrdnekg sc kg t`d iuturd. \cjkhkds tc rdbuhd bdicr-dstetkcg èvd fddg put kg pjehd kg e gunfdr ci hcugtrkds, `cwdvdr, dhcgcnkh icrhds, suh` es egkghrdesd kg scyfdeg cr fddi prkhds, heg cvdr-w`djn icrdstry hcgsdrvetkcg pcjkhkds. Bcndstkhegb kgtdrgetkcgej pcjkhkds tc evckb bdicrdstetkcgegb jegb bdorebetkcg heg rdbuhd iuturd O@Odnksskcgs ircn t`d JHV egb s`cujb fd encgo

t`d `ko`dst prkcrkty pcjkhkds icr hjknetd hègodnktkoetkcg icr t`d rdokcg.

• @ybrcpcwdr. R`drd ks hcgskbdrefjd jcw-hcstegb rdjetkvdjy jcw-knpeht `ybrcpcwdr pctdgtkejkg t`d JHV tèt heg `djp nddt t`d orcwkgobdnegb icr pcwdr. Kg scnd hcugtrkds‒Frezkj,Hcjcnfke, \dru‒`ybrc ks ejrdeby t`d jdest-hcstejtdrgetkvd hcnperdb tc hcej fut iehds schkej egb

5?<




dgvkrcgndgtej ùrbjds es wdjj es pctdgtkej rksasircn hjknetd hègod ktsdji. Vdvdrskgo t`d bdhjkgdkg `ybrc bdvdjcpndgt kg t`d JHV wkjj rdqukrddstefjks`kgo schkej egb dgvkrcgndgtej irend-wcras egb pursukgo jcwdr-knpeht `ybrc prcmdhts.

• Dgdroy Diikhkdghy. Fy egy ndesurd, t`drd ks suf-stegtkej pctdgtkej kg t`d JHV icr knprcvkgo t`ddiikhkdghy ci dgdroy usd, egb kg t`d prchdss, odgdr-etkgo skogkikhegt ikgeghkej sevkgos egb jchej dgvk-rcgndgtej fdgdikts. R`d pctdgtkej jkds gct cgjy kgt`d bkssdnkgetkcg ci dgdroy-diikhkdgt eppjkeghdsegb jko`tkgo kg t`d rdskbdgtkej, hcnndrhkej, egbfukjbkgos sdhtcrs, fut kg diikhkdghy knprcvdndgtskg t`d kgbustrkej, tregspcrtetkcg, egb pufjkh sdh-tcrs es wdjj es t`d dgdroy kgbustry ktsdji.

• Xustekgefjd Trfeg Rregspcrt. R`d ncvdndgt

ci pdcpjd, occbs, egb sdrvkhds ks encgo t`d jerodstdgdroy-hcgsunkgo ehtkvkty kg Jetkg Endrkhe egbès fddg dxpegbkgo bud tc dhcgcnkh orcwt` egbnctcrkzetkcg retds tèt erd encgo t`d `ko`dstkg t`d wcrjb. R d JHV ks e wcrjb jdebdr kg ‚sustekgefjd tregspcrt,„ rdprdsdgtdb fy t`d prc-pufjkh tregskt pcjkhkds bdncgstretdb fy Hurktkfe,dxpegbdb kg Fcocte, egb gcw ugbdr wey kg bczdgsci hktkds kg t`d rdokcg. R`d nktkoetkcg cptkcgskgvcjvd kgstktutkcgej egb fdèvkcrej hègods egb

nust fd pert ci eg cvdrejj stretdoy kgstdeb ci t`dhurrdgt prcmdht-fy-prcmdht epprceh`. R`dsd stretd-okds gddb tc icstdr t`d usd ci ncrd diikhkdgt ncbdsci tregspcrt egb ncbej kgtdoretkcg, rdbuhd trevdjbdnegb, knprcvd ehhdsskfkjkty t`cuo` fdttdr jegb-usd pjeggkgo, egb rdbuhd prkvetd vd`khjd usd kghcgodstdb erdes.

• Xcjkb _estd Negeodndgt. R`d cvdrejj pctdgtkejicr O@O nktkoetkcg t`rcuo` knprcvdb scjkbwestd negeodndgt prehtkhds ks rdjetkvdjy jcw hcn-perdb tc ct`dr sdhtcrs, fut negy nktkoetkcg

cptkcgs erd ci e gc-rdordts geturd. \rcpdr hcjjdh-tkcg egb bkspcsej ci scjkb westd ès vdry skogkikhegt`dejt` egb pufjkh seidty fdgdikts. R`drd ks e orcw-kgo bdnegb icr knprcvdb scjkb westd negeod-ndgt kg t`d rdokcg egb t`drdicrd eg cppcrtugkty tcprcnctd sustekgefjd bdvdjcpndgt egb rdbuhdO@O dnksskcgs. Xcjkb westd negeodndgt ks `ko`cg t`d pcjktkhej eodgbe ci jchej ocvdrgndgts, egb

nktkoetkcg ndesurds tèt ejsc èvd jerod jchejhc-fdgdikts heg fd knpjdndgtdb et e ncbdstkghrdndgtej hcst. Dxenpjds ci suhhdssiuj knpjd-ndgtetkcg ci westd negeodndgt stretdokds kgFrezkj, Hcjcnfke, egb Ndxkhc `ko`jko`t t`d gddb

icr kgtdoretdb epprceh`ds tèt hcnfkgd tdh`gkhejessksteghd wkt` pufjkh dbuhetkcg ndesurds, egbndhègksns icr pufjkh pertkhkpetkcg tc `djp cvdr-hcnd t`d hcjjdhtkvd ehtkcg prcfjdns egb hrcssnugkhkpejkty fcugberkds.

Ikgeghkej egejysds s`cw tèt t`d gdt hcst pdr tcg ci rdbuhkgo O@O dnksskcgs t`rcuo` negy ci t`dsd nkt-koetkcg cptkcgs ks jcw cr gdoetkvd (tefjd 9.;). Eskbdircn t`d ikgeghkej fdgdikts, ncst ejj èvd sufstegtkejgcgncgdtery hc-fdgdikts tèt hcgtrkfutd tc t`dkr fdkgordoerbdb es gc-rdordts cptkcgs. @cwdvdr, kt ks wdjj

agcwg tèt t`drd erd skzdefjd tregsehtkcg hcst ùrbjdsicr knpjdndgtkgo t`dsd ndesurds, suh` es eoordoetkcgprcfjdns icr negy snejj-shejd rdgdwefjd dgdroy egbdgdroy diikhkdghy kgtdrvdgtkcgs, dgvkrcgndgt jkhdgs-kgo rdqukrdndgts icr `ybrcpcwdr, rdoujetcry egbprkghkpej eodgt prcfjdns esschketdb wkt` dgdroy diik-hkdghy, egb schkej egb jdoej ferrkdrs esschketdb wktèvckbdb bdicrdstetkcg.

Tskgo jerodjy dxkstkgo tdh`gcjcoy, t`drd ks ùodpctdgtkej icr rdbuhkgo dgdroy bdnegb t`rcuo` t`d

bkssdnkgetkcg egb ness neradtkgo ci dgdroy-diikhkdgtprcbuhts, kghjubkgo rdirkodretcrs, jko`t fujfs, ekr hcg-bktkcgdrs, hers egb truhas, egb scjer wetdr detdrs. R`djkid-hyhjd hcst ci negy dgdroy diikhkdghy ndesurds ksusuejjy supdrkcr tc t`d h`depdr egb jdss-diikhkdgt ejtdr-getkvd, fut t`ks ks citdg kgsuiikhkdgt tc swey t`d neradt.\ert ci t`d prcfjdn ks t`d jeha ci kgicrnetkcg1 egbprcorens, suh` es diikhkdghy jefdjkgo icr eppjkeghdsegb ct`dr dqukpndgt, erd fdgdikhkej. @cwdvdr, okvdgt`d `ko` bkshcugt retds tèt negy hcgsundrs rdhdkvdicr dgdroy diikhkdgt purhèsds, negbetcry diikhkdghy

stegberbs egb ct`dr herrct-egb-stkha ndesurds erdgddbdb tc heusd e nemcr s`kit kg t`d diikhkdghy ci hcgsundr prcbuhts, egb, tc e jdssdr dxtdgt, wkbdjyusdb kgbustrkej dqukpndgt, suh` es fckjdrs, nctcrs,egb punps.

Egct`dr erde w`drd rdoujetkcg ks gddbdb tc fdttdrejkog kghdgtkvds icr dgdroy diikhkdghy ks kg t`d djdhtrkh-kty bkstrkfutkcg sdhtcr. Tgjdss spdhkikhejjy kgtdoretdb

5?5




kgtc djdhtrkhkty rdoujetkcg, bkstrkfutkcg hcnpegkds bcgct èvd e geturej kghdgtkvd tc prcnctd dgb-usd diik-hkdghy ndesurds es t`ks typkhejjy rdbuhds sejds egb rdv-dguds. Kgstdeb, kt ks gdhdssery tc bdvksd rdoujetcrysystdns tèt rdwerb dgdroy hcgsdrvetkcg egb diikhkdghycg t`d pert ci utkjktkds egb t`dkr hustcndrs. Dernera-kgo e pdrhdgteod ci bkstrkfutkcg hcnpegy rdvdguds icrdgdroy diikhkdghy ès fddg eg epprceh` kgstktutdb kgFrezkj tèt es djpdb ikgeghd dgdroy diikhkdghy kgvdst-ndgts, w`kjd Ndxkhc‛s IKBD prcoren ès suhhdssiujjy

eh`kdvdb dgdroy sevkgos t`rcuo` kgvdstndgts kg dgb-usd diikhkdghy.

_`kjd hcnpdtktkvd kg hdrtekg perts ci t`d JHV, gdwrdgdwefjds‒wkgb, odct`drnej, scjer djdhtrkh, egbfkcdgdroy‒bc gct frcebjy hcnpdtd cg ikgeghkej tdrnswkt` ct`dr dgdroy scurhds, ncst knpcrtegtjy, `ybrc,geturej oes, egb hcej. _kt`cut vejukgo jchej dgvkrcg-ndgtej fdgdikts, cr wkt`cut herfcg rdvdguds, negy

hcugtrkds kg t`d JHV wkjj fd pursukgo jerod dxpeg-skcgs kg hcej-ikrdb odgdretkcg icr t`dkr pcwdr gddbscvdr t`d hcnkgo ikvd yders. Herfcg peyndgts hcujb`djp hcugtrkds ‚swkth`„ ircn `ko`-herfcg iudjs tcjcwdr-O@O tdh`gcjcokds kg t`d pcwdr sdhtcr, suh` es`ybrc, wkgb, egb geturej oes, egb t`ks wcujb fd dspd-hkejjy knpcrtegt icr suh` jcgo-jkvdb kgvdstndgts.

Dvdg dxhjubkgo jegb-usd hègod egb bdicrdstetkcg,eorkhujturd ks e jerod scurhd ci O@O dnksskcgs kg t`dJHV. R`d orcwt` kg gktrcodg idrtkjkzdr usd egb

ndtègd ircn jkvdstcha prcbuhtkcg wkjj ehhcnpegyt`d dxpegskcg ci t`d eorkhujturej sdhtcr es t`d rdokcgfdhcnds e nemcr suppjkdr ci iccb tc t`d rdst ci t`dwcrjb. Rc t`d dxtdgt tèt dnksskcgs erd hrdbktdb tc‚hcgsundrs,„ suh` dnksskcgs wkjj fd kghrdeskgojyojcfej. _`kjd t`drd erd gundrcus cptkcgs tc rdbuhdO@O dnksskcgs kg t`d eorkhujturej sdhtcr, suh` esknprcvdb jkvdstcha frddbkgo egb hcgsdrvetkcg tkjjeod,

5?6


REFJD 9.;

Nktkoetkcg Cptkcgs kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg= \ctdgtkej, Hcsts, egb Rdh`gcjcokhej egb Kgstktutkcgej Ferrkdrs

Nktkoetkcgpctdgtkej

X`crt-tdrn(4 yders)

Jcgo-tdrn(75< yders)

Nktkoetkcg hcst($/tHC6 rdbuhdb)

Rdh`gcjcoy egb

hcnndrhkejrdebkgdss

Gcg-ncgdtery,

gcg-HC6

hc-fdgdikts

Vdgdwefjd dgdroy5. Jerod `ybrc6. Xnejj ybrc8. _kgb2. Xcjer \Y4. Xcjer hcghdgtretkgo pcwdr9. Xcjer t`drnej `ct wetdr?. Ncbdrg fkcness0. Xdhcgb odgdretkcg fkciudjs

@

N N/@ J N3 N N N3

N

N J N N

@

N @ J

N N @ N

J

J/N N @ N/@ J J N

@

N/@ N N J N/@ N J

J/N

N J N/@ J N N/@ N

Dgdroy Diikhkdghy5. Vdskbdgtkej6. Hcnndrhkej/kgbustrkej8. \ufjkh sdhtcr

@

@ N

@

@ N

N

N N

J

J J/N

@

@ @

J

N N

Rregspcrt5. \ufjkh

6. Hcnndrhkej8. \rkvetd

@

@ @

N

N N

@

@ @

J/N

J/N N/@

@

@ J/N

N/@

N J/N

_estd Negeodndgt5. Jegbikjj ndtègd oes hepturd6. Hcnpcstkgo egb rdhyhjkgo

N

N

N

N

N

N

J/N

N/@

@

N

@

N

Eorkhujturd5. Hcgsdrvetkcg tkjjeod6. Jkvdstcha negeodndgt

@

N/@

N

N

@

@

N/@

@

J

J/N

N

J/NIcrdstry

5. VDBB6. Eorcicrdstry

@

N

N

N

@

N

J/N

N/@

@

@

@

J/N

Xcurhd= Eut`crs.Gctd= J > jcw, N > ndbkun, egb @ > `ko` dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg pctdgtkej.





prehtkhds. E sufstegtkej pcrtkcg ci t`d jcssds hcrrdspcgbdb tcgcgtdh`gkhej jcssds (ndtdrkgo prcfjdns, ireub, egb t`dit), w`kh`w`kjd gct dgdroy diikhkdgt, heg rdbuhd bdnegb ki hcgsundrs evdtc pey icr t`dkr djdhtrkhkty. Negy ci t`d rdnekgkgo cppcrtugktkdstc rdbuhd jcssds kg t`d rdokcg wkjj rdqukrd rdstruhturkgo pufjkhutkjktkds tc knprcvd t`dkr hcrpcretd ocvdrgeghd.

62. Dxhdptkcgs tc t`ks erd w`dg= (5) t`d utkjkty heg sevdncgdy fy rdbuhkgo pdea bdnegb‒suh` es fy s`kitkgo hcg-sunptkcg ircn `ko`-hcst pdea `curs tc jcw-hcst tknds ci beyuskgo fesdjceb pjegts‒e prchdss agcwg es ‚jceb negeod-ndgt„1 (6) t`d utkjkty ks suppjy-hcgstrekgdb egb t`d rdbuh-tkcg ci bdnegb ejjcws t`d utkjkty tc sdrvd gdw hustcndrs1egb (8) t`drd erd jerod hcnndrhkej jcssds egb t`d utkjkty hegrdbuhd hcsts fy rdbuhkgo djdhtrkhkty hcgsunptkcg fy gcg- crugbdr-peykgo hustcndrs.

64. Kg Frezkj, ocvdrgndgt spdgbkgo wes efcut 54 pdrhdgt ci OB\ kg 6<<4. Kg t`d DT, pufjkh prchurdndgt ks kg dxhdss ci 6<< fkjjkcg durcs, cr efcut 8 pdrhdgt ci tctej OB\. R`d pufjkh

sdhtcr ehhcugts icr 5< pdrhdgt ci t`d purhèsd ci dgdroy-uskgoprcbuhts kg t`d Tgktdb Xtetds.69. Gcg-rdvdgud wetdr ks t`d bkiidrdghd fdtwddg t`d vcjund

ci wetdr tèt ks put kgtc e wetdr bkstrkfutkcg systdn egb t`d vcj-und tèt ks hèrodb tc hcgsundrs. GV_ hcnprksds t`rdd hcn-pcgdgts= p`yskhej cr tdh`gkhej (rdej) jcssds, hcnndrhkej (crepperdgt) jcssds, egb ugfkjjdb fut eut`crkzdb wetdr hcgsunp-tkcg, suh` es icr schkej purpcsds (icr dxenpjd, ikrdiko`tkgo, irddwetdr tc jcw kghcnd hcgsundrs). Djdhtrkhkty sevkgos ircn rdbuh-kgo GV_ fy èji wcujb fd efcut 5.4 fkjjkcg a_`/yder, w`kjdt`csd ircn knprcvkgo dgdroy diikhkdghy fy 64 pdrhdgt wcujbdquej 5.0 fkjjkcg a_`/yder, icr e tctej ci 8.8 fkjjkcg a_`/yder,cr 82 pdrhdgt ci tctej djdhtrkhkty usdb fy t`d sdhtcr kg 6<<9.

6?. Kg scnd pufjkh kgstktutkcgs, steiikgo ks citdg tkdb tccpdretkgo fubodts, ndegkgo tèt rdbuhkgo t`d fubodt icr esh`ccj cr `cspktej fy huttkgo dgdroy dxpdgbkturds ney rdsujt kgrdbuhtkcgs kg dnpjcydds w`kh`, kg turg, heg fd rdjetdb tc neg-eodndgt hcnpdgsetkcg.

60. NDBDH (6<<0).6;. Kgtdrgetkcgej Vceb Idbdretkcg (6<<9).8<. Rknkjskge egb X`rdstè (6<<0). R`d stuby usds KDE bete

cg HC6 dnksskcg ircn t`d tregspcrt sdhtcr icr 6< JHV hcug-trkds burkgo t`d 5;0<‘6<<4 pdrkcb.

85. R`d Dhcgcnkst, (6<<?).86. `ttp=//www.tknd.hcn/tknd/wcrjb/ertkhjd/<,04;;,5?880

?6,<<.`tnj.88. NDBDH (6<<0).82. Kgtdjjkodgt Rregspcrt Xystdns orcup kgicrnetkcg egb

hcnnugkhetkcg tdh`gcjcokds tc knprcvd negeodndgt ci tregspcrt kgirestruhturd egb vd`khjds. Kgtdjjkodgt RregspcrtXystdns ekn tc negeod iehtcrs tèt erd typkhejjy et cbbswkt` deh` ct`dr, suh` es vd`khjds, jcebs, egb rcutds tcknprcvd seidty egb rdbuhd vd`khjd wder, tregspcrtetkcg

tknds, iudj hcgsunptkcg, egb, t`drdicrd, ekr pcjjutkcg egborddg`cusd oes dnksskcgs.

84. E sdrkds ci stubkds kg t`dsd hcugtrkds ès fddg herrkdb cutwkt` t`d spcgscrs`kp ci t`d Xpegks` dgdroy utkjkty hcnpegyDGBDXE (6<<0).

89. _crjb Fega (6<<0).

8?. \eg Endrkheg @dejt` Croegkzetkcg (6<<4).80. Outkdrrdz-Evdbcy (6<<9) egb HCGENE (6<<?) eshktdb fy _crjb Fega (6<<0).

8;. Es e rdsujt ci ughdrtekgtkds efcut t`d tknd prcikjd ci dnksskcgs, t`dsd dstknetds ci ndtègd dnksskcgs fy t`d T.X.D\E (6<<9) iejj wkt`kg t`d regod ci / 5< tc 8< pdrhdgt icrhcugtrkds wkt` occb bete cg westd egb / 6< tc 9< pdrhdgticr hcugtrkds wkt`cut egguej bete.

2<. Xnkt` dt ej. (6<<0).25. K\HH (6<<?).26. Fcjjkodr dt ej. (6<<9).28. Xnkt` dt ej. (6<<0).

22. Fehaorcugb rdpcrt cg jegb-usd egb fkcdgdroy (JTFKC)icr t`d NDBDH jcw-herfcg stuby (_crjb Fega 6<<;).24. T.X. D\E (6<<9).29. R`d icjjcwkgo cptkcgs stegb cut kg tdrns ci t`d nktkoe-

tkcg pctdgtkej egb jcw hcst= egtkndtègcodgkh vehhkgetkcg ci fddi hettjd kg Erodgtkge, Frezkj, egb scnd ct`dr hcugtrkds kgt`d rdokcg1 vehhkgetkcg egb kgtdgskikhetkcg ci bekry hettjd prc-buhtkcg systdns kg Frezkj1 egb kgtdgskvd orezkgo ci fddi hettjdkg Erodgtkge, Frezkj, Hcjcnfke egb scnd ct`dr hcugtrkds kg t`drdokcg. Knprcvdb negurd negeodndgt ks egct`dr ndesurdwkt` skzefjd nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej egb jcw hcsts.

2?. Eppjkhetkcg ci gktrcodg kg`kfktcrs ks egct`dr iekrjy jcwhcst cptkcg wkt` skogkikhegt nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej kg scnd hrcp-pkgo systdns kg t`d rdokcg.

20. @ko`-hcst cptkcgs tdgb tc fd t`csd tèt erd dkt`dr gctvdry diidhtkvd et rdbuhkgo gdt orddg`cusd oesds cr tèt èvdebvdrsd ykdjb egb prcbuhtkvkty diidhts. Ebcptkcg ferrkdrs èvdgct fddg dxpjkhktjy ebbrdssdb (ejj nktkoetkcg cptkcgs hcgskb-drdb tdh`gkhejjy ideskfjd kg e okvdg rdokcg erd essundb tc fdebcptdb kg bete yder 6<<<).

2;. \rcmdhtkcgs fy Xnkt` dt ej. (6<<?).4<. IEC (6<<4).45. R`d jetdst bete ircn @cuo`tcg (6<<0) s`cw e `ko`dr

evdreod vejud ci HC6 dnksskcgs icr Frezkj icr t`d pdrkcb6<<<‘<4 hcnperdb tc t`d bdhrdeskgo trdgbs cfsdrvdb icr t`d

yders 5;;4 egb 6<<< fesdb cg `ks prdvkcus bete (@cuo`tcg6<<8). Xtkjj, t`d vejud icr 5;;< wes `ko`dr tèg t`d evdreod icr6<<<‘<4 kg Frezkj. Kg ebbktkcg, bud tc e sjko`t hègod kg t`dndt`cbcjcoy usdb tc dstknetd dnksskcgs ircn bdicrdstetkcg kgt`d jetdst bete (ncst ci t`d hègod eiidhtdb dstknetkcgs icr Eskeegb gct t`d JHV), tknd sdrkds bete icr dnksskcgs fy hcugtryuskgo t`d send ndt`cbcjcoy erd gct evekjefjd.

46. IEC (6<<4).

5?2




48. Eorewej (6<<0).42. H`cnktz dt ej. (6<<?).44. Xcerds-Ikj`c dt ej. (6<<9).49. Xcerds-Ikj`c dt ej. (6<<9).4?. \ctdgtkej jegb evekjefkjkty egb jchetkcg icr E/V prcmdhts

fy hcugtry wkt`kg t`d JHV rdokcg wdrd cftekgdb fy eppjykgo

t`d DGHCICV HBN-EV Cgjkgd Egejysks Rccj (]cndr dt ej.

6<<0) tc t`d hrcwg hcvdr t`rds`cjb bdikgdb fy deh` hcugtryugbdr t`d Ayctc \rctchcj. R`ks tccj ks evekjefjd cgjkgd et`ttp=//hsk.hoker.cro/dghcicr/icrdst/.

40. DXNE\ (6<<?).4;. Durcpdeg Hcnnksskcg, prcpcsej icr \èsd KKK ci Durc-

pdeg Rrebkgo Xh`dnd.

9<. K\HH (6<<?), Hèptdr 55.

5?4






Ydrcgkhe Ejeknc egb @unfdrtc Jcpdz, _crjb Fega

Ckj Kgtdgsktkds egb Ckj \rkhds, Dvkbdghd icr Jetkg Endrkhe

Herjcs D. Erhd

R`d _det`dr Kgsureghd Neradt egb Kts Vcjd kg t`d Geturej Hete-

strcp`kh Eodgbe kg Jetkg Endrkhe

Mujkegc M. Essugïec, \TH-Vkc, egb Ijevke Idkg H`drds, HDBD-

\JEV/TINO

Hjknetd Hègod, Eorkhujturej \rcbuhtkvkty egb \cvdrty

Mujkegc M. Essugïec, \TH-Vkc, egb Ijevke Idkg H`drds, HDBD-\JEV/TINO

Hjknetd Nkoretkcg

Dbuerbc Fktreg Hcjcbrc egb \dbrc Vkvdre Kzen

\jeggdb Ebeptetkcg tc Hjknetd H egod= Vdsujts ircn t`d H`kjdeg Hesd

Fdgckt Fcsqudt, Xdfestkeg Xh`cjz, Herje bdjje Neookcre, egb

Ejdmegbrc Bddf, _crjb Fega

R`d Vcjd ci Icrdsts kg Hjknetd Hègod \cjkhy kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb

t`d Herkffdeg

@erry bd Ocrtdr, Hcrgdjj Tgkvdrskty, egb [ehcv Rsur, @dfrdw

Tgkvdrskty ci MdrusejdnCg t`d Hcsts egb Fdgdikts ci Fkciudj \rcbuhtkcg

@erry bd Ocrtdr, Hcrgdjj Tgkvdrskty, egb [ehcv Rsur, @dfrdw

Tgkvdrskty ci Mdrusejdn

Rcwerbs Odgukgd Xustekgefkjkty Hrktdrke icr Fkciudj \rcbuhtkcg

@erry bd Ocrtdr, Bevkb V. Must, egb Drkae Ajkeuoe, Hcrgdjj

Tgkvdrskty

Ferrkdrs tc Rrebd kg Fkciudjs

Negudj Busseg, Kgtdr-Endrkheg Bdvdjcpndgt Fega

Essdssndgt ci Hjknetd Knpjkhetkcgs ci t`d Dgdroy Xdhtcr kg Jetkg

Endrkhe

Yjebknkr Okj, R`d Dert` Kgstktutd, Hcjunfke Tgkvdrskty

Ebeptetkcg Xtretdokds tc Hjknetd Hègod= E Hesd Xtuby ci t`d

Xchkdtej Knpehts ci Rrcpkhej Egbdeg Ojehkdr Vdtrdet

Bcgejb I. Jerscg, Erkdj Bkger, egb Xèka` Neìuzur Ve`neg,

_crjb Fega

Dxpjekgkgo t`d Hcnpcsktkcg ci \rcmdht Kgvdstndgts ugbdr t`d Hjdeg

Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn egb t`d Knpjkhetkcg icr Jetkg Endrkheg

Hjknetd Hègod \cjkhkds

@unfdrtc Jcpdz, _crjb Fega

R`d Xchkej Bkshcugt Vetd, Dstknetds icr Gkgd Jetkg Endrkheg

Hcugtrkds

Egbrdw Nescg, _crjb Fega, egb Mevkdr D. Fedz, _crjb Fega

egb K]E

Bdejkgo wkt` Hjknetd Hègod= @cusd`cjb Vksa Negeodndgt egb

Ebeptetkcg kg Jetkg Endrkhe

Vcfdrt Ndgbdjsc`g, [ejd Tgkvdrskty

Knpehts egb Ebeptetkcg tc Hjknetd Hègod kg Jetkg Endrkhe

Vcfdrt Ndgbdjsc`g, [ejd Tgkvdrskty

Ebeptetkcg tc Hjknetd Hègod kg Jetkg Endrkhe

Vcfdrt Ndgbdjsc`g egb Xùg H`cgefeyes`k, [ejd Tgkvdrskty

R`d Neradt Knpehts ci Hjknetd Hègod kg Jetkg Endrkhe

Vcfdrt Ndgbdjsc`g egb @kjbe V. Oudrrdrc Vcmes, [ejd

Tgkvdrskty

Knpeht ci Hjknetd Hègod cg t`d Vkc Frevc Vkvdr

5??

Eppdgbkx=

Eut`crs ci Fehaorcugb \epdrs



Vcfdrt Ndgbdjsc`g, \dtdr H`rkstdgsdg, egb Mdsus Erdjjegc-

Ocgzejdz, [ejd Tgkvdrskty Xh`ccj ci Icrdstry egb Dgvkrcgndg-

tej Xtubkds

R`d Knpeht ci Hjknetd Hègod cg Ndxkheg Eorkhujturd= E Vkher-

bkeg Egejysks

\euj \rchdd, _crjb Fega

R`d Hurrdgt Xktuetkcg ci Nctcrkzetkcg egb Yd`khjd Dnksskcgs kg

Jetkg Endrkhe

Hjeubkc Vebbetz, _crjb Fega

R`d Nehrcdhcgcnkh Hcsts ci Geturej Bksestdrs= Uuegtkikhetkcg egb

\cjkhy Cptkcgs

\esquejd J. Xhegbkzzc, Tgkvdrskty ci Vcnd

Ebeptetkcg \rcmdhts egb Vdej Cptkcgs

Getsuac Rcfe, _crjb Fega, 6<<0e, ‚Dhcgcnkh Knpehts ci Hjk-

netd Hègod cg t`d Herkffdeg Hcnnugkty,„ kg _ejtdr Ydroere,

db. Essdsskgo t`d Hcgsdqudghds ci Hjknetd Bdstefkjkzetkcg kg Jetkg

Endrkhe, Xustekgefjd Bdvdjcpndgt Bdpertndgt, Jetkg Endrkhe

egb t`d Herkffdeg

Getsuac Rcfe, _crjb Fega, 6<<0f, kg _ejtdr Ydroere, Get-

suac Rcfe, Begkdj Nkre-Xejene, egb Ejdègbrc Bddf, R`d

Hcgsdqudghds ci Hjknetd-Kgbuhdb Hcrej Jcss kg t`d Herkffdeg fy

6<4<‘0<, Xustekgefjd Bdvdjcpndgt Bdpertndgt, Jetkg

Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg

Bcnkgkqud Yeg Bdr Ndgsfruoo`d egb Bdgks Ndbvdbdv,_crjb Fega

Hjknetd Hègod kg Jetkg Endrkhe= Knpeht egb Nktkoetkcg \cjkhy

Cptkcgs

Idjkx Yerby, _crjb Fega, 6<<0

\rdvdgtkgo Kgtdrgetkcgej Hrksds= E Ojcfej \ufjkh Occbs \drspdhtkvd

Egtcgkc [ugdz Geubd, HCJNDP, egb Mcsd Mcrod Ncre

Vkvdre, KRDXN

Hjknetd Hègod egb Nkoretkcg kg Vurej Ndxkhc

Xtdvdg ]eg`ksdr, TXBE

Rcwerb Hjknetd Hègod Ebeptetkcg \cjkhy icr Eorkhujturd= R`d

Hesd ci t`d Durcpdeg Tgkcg

5?0

E \ \ D G B K P = E T R @ C V X C I F E H A O V C T G B \ E \ D V X



Ebens, V., F. @urb, X. Jdgèrt, egb G. Jdery. 5;;0. ‚Diidhts ci Ojcfej Hjknetd Hègod cg Eorkhujturd= Eg KgtdrprdtetkvdVdvkdw.„ Hjknetd Vdsderh` (55)= 5;‘8<.

Ebodr, _., \. Adjjy, E. _kgadjs, J. @uy, egb H. Jchad. 6<<6.‚Nkoretkcg, Vdnktteghds, Jkvdjk`ccb Rremdhtcrkds, egbXchkej Vdskjkdghd.„ Enfkc 85 (4)= 840‘899.

Eorewej, E. 6<<0. ‚Jkvdjk`ccbs, Herfcg, egb Bkvdrskty kg Hcn-nugkty Icrdsts= Rrebd-ciis cr _kg-_kgs3„ \rdsdgtetkcg ett`d hcgidrdghd cg ‚Vko`ts, Icrdsts, egb Hjknetd Hègod,„Chtcfdr 54‘5?, 6<<0, croegkzdb fy Vekgicrdst Icugbetkcg

Gcrwey egb t`d Vko`ts egb Vdscurhds Icugbetkcg. `ttp=//rko`tsegbhjknetd.cro/.

Ejeknc, Y., egb @. Jcpdz. 6<<0. Ckj Kgtdgsktkds egb Ckj \rkhds=

Dvkbdghd icr Jetkg Endrkhe. _es`kgotcg, BH= _crjb Fega.Ejby, M. B., D. Jdy, egb K. _. @. \erry. 6<<0. ‚E Rex-Fesdb

Epprceh` tc Xjcwkgo Hjknetd Hègod.„ _es`kgotcg, BH=Vdscurhds icr t`d Iuturd.

Ejdgher, E., B. Gdpsteb, egb N. B. Y. Bkez. 6<<9. ‚IcrdstTgbdrstcry Ikrd kg t`d Frezkjkeg Enezcg kg DGXC egbGcg-DGXC [ders= Erde Furgdb egb Hcnnkttdb HerfcgDnksskcgs.„ Dert` Kgtdrehtkcgs 5< (9)= 5‘5?.

Eperkhkc, N., 6<<<. Yujgdrefkjkbeb y Ebeptehkøg e je Xejub

@unege egtd jcs Didhtcs bdj Henfkc Hjknåtkhc dg Fcjkvke.Nkgkstdrkc bd Bdserrcjjc Xcstdgkfjd y \jegkikhehkøg. Ykhdn-kgkstdrkc bd Ndbkc Enfkdgtd, Vdhurscs Geturejds y Bdser-rcjjc Icrdstej. \rcorene Gehkcgej bd Henfkcs Hjknåtkhcs.\GTB/ODI.

Erhd, H. 6<<0. ‚R`d _det`dr Kgsureghd Neradt egb Kts Vcjd kgt`d Geturej Hetestrcp`d Eodgbe kg Jetkg Endrkhe.„ Feha-orcugb pepdr icr t`ks stuby, _crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg,BH.

Ermcge, I. 6<<4. ‚Dgvkrcgndgtej Irendwcra= Hcjcnfke Kgtd-oretdb Getkcgej Ebeptetkcg \rcoren.„ Kgstktutc bd@kbrcjcoîe Ndtdcrcjcoîe y Dstubkcs Enfkdgtejds. `ttp=//www.kbden.ocv.hc/fkfjkc/peokgeefkdrte/DGYKVCGNDG-REJIVEND_CVAvdrskcgf.pbi.

Ergdjj, G. _. 6<<2. ‚Hjknetd Hègod egb Ojcfej _etdrVdscurhds= XVDX Xhdgerkcs Dnksskcgs egb Xchkc-dhcgcnkhXhdgerkcs.„ Ojcfej Dgvkrcgndgtej Hègod 52= 85‘46.

Esseb, D., egb @. Xkjvdkre \kgtc. 6<<0. ‚Equdhkndgtc Ojcfej dHdgerkcs Iuturcs be Eorkhujture Freskjdkre.„ Breit,

DNFVE\E egb Tgkhenp. ttp=//www.dnfrepe.fr/knprdgse/gctkhkes/6<<0/gcvdnfrc/5e-sdnege/sktd-ncstre-dstubc-scfrd-equdhkndgtc-ojcfej-d-sdus-knpehtcs-ge-eorkhujture/3sderh`tdrn>skjvdkre%6<pkgtc.

Essughec, M., egb H. Idrds, 6<<0e. ‚Hjknetd Nkoretkcg.„ Feha-orcugb pepdr icr t`ks stuby, _crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg,BH.

‒‒‒. 6<<0f. ‚Hjknetd Hègod, Eorkhujturej \rcbuhtkvkty,egb \cvdrty.„ Fehaorcugb pepdr icr t`ks stuby, _crjb Fega,_es`kgotcg, BH.

Evetc, \etrkha E. 6<<?. ‚Fkcdgdroy= Eg Essdssndgt.„ Feha-orcugb pepdr icr t`d Kgtdrgetkcgej Essdssndgt ci Eorkhuj-

turej Xhkdghd egb Rdh`gcjcoy icr Bdvdjcpndgt, _crjbFega, _es`kgotcg, BH.Evksser, V., egb B. _drt`. 6<<4. ‚@cw Negy Vdejkzetkcgs Erd

Gddbdb tc Bdtdht e Xkogkikhegt Hègod kg Xknujetkcgs ci t`d Ojcfej Hjknetd3„ Dcs Rregs EOT.

Fehcg V., egb X. Fèttehèrye. 6<<?. ‚Orcwt` egb HC6

Dnksskcgs= @cw Bc Bkiidrdgt Hcugtrkds Ierd3„ _crjbFega Dgvkrcgndgt Bdpertndgt \epdrs 558, _crjb Fega,_es`kgotcg, BH.

5?;

Fkfjkcorep`y



Fehcg, V., egb N. Acmkne. 6<<9. Hcpkgo wkt` @ko`dr Ckj \rkhds.

Dgdroy Xdhtcr Negeodndgt Essksteghd \rcoren, VdpcrtGc. 868/<9, _crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

Fedgzkodr, \. Xtdp`dg, Ordocry X. NhNestdr, _. _. _kj`djn,E. _dkss, egb H. M. @eys. 6<<2. \uttkgo Odgds kgtc Odgdtkh

Hcdiikhkdgts. Ikdjb Hrcps Vdsderh` ;<= 588‘528, Djsdvkdr.

`ttp=//bkoktejhcnncgs.ugj.dbu/hok/vkdwhcgtdgt.hok3ertk-hjd>55<4&hcgtdxt>usbeersiehpuf.Fedz, M., egb E. Nescg. 6<<0. ‚Bdejkgo wkt` Hjknetd Hègod=

@cusd`cjb Vksa Negeodndgt egb Ebeptetkcg kg JetkgEndrkhe.„ Fehaorcugb pepdr icr t`ks stuby, _crjb Fega,_es`kgotcg, BH.

Fedz, Mevkdr. 6<<?. ‚Kghcnd Ycjetkjkty, Vksa-Hcpkgo Fdèvkcregb Hcgsunptkcg Xncct`kgo Ndhègksns kg BdvdjcpkgoHcugtrkds= E Xurvdy.„ Bdserrcjjc y Xchkdbeb 40 (Nerh`)= 8?‘08.

Fedz, Mevkdr, egb Kgb`kre Xegtcs. 6<<?. ‚H`kjbrdg‛s Yujgdrefkj-kty tc _det`dr X`chas= E Geturej Bksestdr es e GeturejDxpdrkndgt,„ \`B bkss., Xyrehusd Tgkv. egb @erverb Tgkv.

Fercg, Vkhèrb, egb Megd Djjks. 6<<9. ‚Xdhtcrej Hrdbktkgo Ndhè-gksns icr Orddg`cusd Oes Nktkoetkcg= Kgstktutkcgej egb Cpdr-etkcgej Kssuds.„ Breit pepdr prdperdb icr t`d Tgktdb GetkcgsIrendwcra Hcgvdgtkcg cg Hjknetd Hègod. Croegksetkcgicr Dhcgcnkh Hc-cpdretkcg egb Bdvdjcpndgt/KgtdrgetkcgejDgdroy Eodghy, \erks.

Feundrt, A., egb @. _kgajdr. 6<<4. ‚XB\ENs egb Kgtdr-getkcgej Hjknetd Eorddndgts.„ Kg Orcwkgo kg t`d Orddg-

`cusd= \rctdhtkgo t`d Hjknetd fy \uttkgo Bdvdjcpndgt

Ikrst, db. V. Frebjdy, A. _kgajdr, egb M. \drs`kgo. _es`-kgotcg, BH= _crjb Bdvdjcpndgt Kgstktutd.

Fdeh`, Vcfdrt, Fdgmenkg Bd Egodjc, Xtdvdg Vcsd, Hègos`dgoJk, _kjjken Xejes, egb Xtdp`dg BdjOrcssc. 6<<0. ‚Nktkoe-tkcg \ctdgtkej egb Hcsts icr Ojcfej Eorkhujturej Orddg`cusdOes Dnksskcgs.„ Eorkhujturej Dhcgcnkhs 80= 5<;‘554.

Fdgktdz-\cghd, \. H., K. NhHejjun, N. Cfdrstdkgdr, egb[. [eneoete. 6<<?. ‚Ojcfej \ctdgtkej icr Herfcg Xdquds-tretkcg= Odcorep`khej Bkstrkfutkcg, Hcugtry Vksa egb\cjkhy Knpjkhetkcgs.„ Dhcjcokhej Dhcgcnkhs 9<= 4?6‘40.

Fkgswegodr, @., egb N. Vczdgswdko. 5;;8. ‚_dejt`, _det`drVksa egb t`d Hcnpcsktkcg egb \rciktefkjkty ci EorkhujturejKgvdstndgts.„ Dhcgcnkh Mcurgej 5<8= 49‘?0.

Fktreg, Dbuerbc. 6<<0. ‚\jeggdb Ebeptetkcg tc HjknetdHègod= R`d H`kjdeg Hesd.„ Fehaorcugb pepdr icr t`ksstuby, _crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

Fjeghc, Mevkdr R., egb Bkege @drgågbdz. 6<<;. ‚R`d \ctdgtkejHcsts ci Hjknetd Hègod kg Rrcpkhej Ydhtcr-Fcrgd Bksdesds‒E Hesd Xtuby ci Nejerke egb Bdgoud kg Hcjcnfke.„ Kg

Essdsskgo t`d Hcgsdqudghds ci Hjknetd Bdstefkjkzetkcg kg Jetkg

Endrkhe, db. _. Ydroere. _es`kgotcg, BH= _crjb Fega.Fcbegsay, Beg. 6<<2. ‚Kgtdrgetkcgej Hjknetd Diicrts fdycgb

6<56= E Xurvdy ci Epprceh`ds.„ \dw Hdgtdr cg Ojcfej Hjk-netd Hègod, _es`kgotcg, BH.

Fcjjkodr, E. dt ej. 6<<9. ‚Reakgo Xtcha ci t`d Frezkjkeg ‐]drc-Rkjj Vdvcjutkcg‛= E Vdvkdw ci Jegbnera Vdsderh` egbIerndr‛s \rehtkhd.„ Ebveghds kg Eorcgcny ;5= 20‘55<.

Fcsk, Nertkge, egb Megd Djjks. 6<<4. ‚Dxpjcrkgo Cptkcgs icrXdhtcrej Hrdbktkgo Ndhègksns,„ CDHB/KDE.

Fcuh`dr, C., egb N. X. Vdbby. 6<<?. ‚Hjknetd Rrebd-cii

Fdtwddg Fjeha Herfcg egb Herfcg Bkcxkbd Dnksskcgs.„Dgdroy \cjkhy, bck=5<.5<59/m.dgpcj.6<<?.<0.<8;

Fcune, N., egb H. Byd 5;;?e. ‚Hyhjds ci Nejerke Esschketdbwkt` Dj Gkõc kg Ydgdzudje.„ Mcurgej ci t d Endrkheg Ndbkhej

Esschketkcg, 6?0= 5??6‘5??2.Fcune N., O. \cvdbe, _. Vcmes, B. Hèvessd, N. Uukgcgds,

M. Hcx, egb M. \etz. 5;;?f. ‚\rdbkhtkgo @ko`-Vksa [ders icrNejerke kg Hcjcnfke uskgo \erendtdrs ci Dj Gkõc Xcut`drgCshkjjetkcg.„ Rrcpkhej Ndbkhkgd egb Kgtdrgetkcgej @dejt`, 6=5566‘556?.

Frebjdy, G. J., E. H. Jdcpcjb, M. Vcss, egb _. @uiieadr. 5;;;.‚\`dgcjcokhej Hègods Vdijdht Hjknetd Hègod kg _kshcg-

skg.„ \rchddbkgos ci t`d Getkcgej Ehebdny ci Xhkdghds ;9=;?<5‘;?<2.Frebjdy, V., N. Yukjjd, @. Bkez, egb _. Ydroere. 6<<9. ‚R`rdets

tc _etdr Xuppjkds kg t`d Rrcpkhej Egbds.„ Xhkdghd 856= 5?44.Frdsgyeg, D., egb \. _drfrcuha. g.b. ‚Yejud Hèkgs egb Xnejj

Ierndr Kgtdoretkcg.„ JHXEV, Eorkhujturd icr BdvdjcpndgtXdrkds, _crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

Frcwg, M. J., X. @. Jk, egb G. Fèoefetk. 5;;;. ‚Jcgo-tdrnRrdgb Rcwerb Derjkdr Frddbkgo kg eg Endrkheg Fkrb= EVdspcgsd tc Ojcfej _ernkgo3„ \rchddbkgos ci t`d Getkcgej

Ehebdny ci Xhkdghds ;9= 4494‘449;.Fubbdndkdr, V. _., \. J. Mcakdj, A. N. ]knndrneg, B. V. Jegd,

M. N. Herdy, O. H. Fc jkgo, E. Mdrdny, egb M. E. Nertkgkh .6<<0. ‚E Ncbdjkgo Rccj tc Dvejuetd Vdokcgej Hcrej Vddi Vdspcgsds tc Hègods kg Hjknetd egb Chdeg H`dnkstry.„

Jkngcjcoy egb Chdegcorep`y Ndt cbs 9= 8;4‘255.Furtew, B., E. Arupgkha, A. \ejndr, E. \euj, N. Rcneg,

egb H. Fjcyb. 6<<8. ‚Eghkjjery Fdgdikts ci Vdbuhdb Ekr\cjjutkcg kg t`d Tgktdb Xtetds ircn Ncbdretd Orddg-`cusd Oes Nktkoetkcg \cjkhkds kg t`d Djdhtrkhkty Xdhtcr.„

Mcurgej ci Dgvkrcgndgtej Dhcgcnkhs egb Negeodndgt 24(8)=94<‘?8.

Furtcg, K. 5;;?. ‚Yujgdrefkjkty egb Ebeptkvd Vdspcgsd kg t`dHcgtdxt ci Hjknetd egb Hjknetd Hègod.„ Hjknetkh Hègod

89= 504‘5;9.

Hejjewey, M. N. 6<<2e. ‚Ebeptetkcg Fdgdikts egb Hcsts= Erd R`dyKnpcrtegt kg t`d Ojcfej \cjkhy \khturd, egb @cw Heg _dNdesurd R`dn3„ Ojcfej Dgvkrcgndgtej Hègod 52= 6?6‘606.

‒‒‒. 6<<2f. ‚R`d Fdgdikts egb Hcsts ci Ebeptkgo tc Hjk-netd Yerkefkjkty egb Hègod.„ Kg CDHB, R`d Fdgdikts egb

Hcsts ci Hjknetd Hègod \cjkhkds= Egejytkhej egb Irendwcra

Kssuds. \erks= Croegksetkcg icr Dhcgcnkh Hc-cpdretkcg egbBdvdjcpndgt.

50<

F K F J K C O V E \ @ [



Hertdr, N., \. Jkttjd, R. Ncouds, egb _. Gdoet. 6<<2. ‚X`chas,Xdgsktkvkty egb Vdskjkdghd= Rrehakgo t`d Dhcgcnkh Knpehtsci Dgvkrcgndgtej Bksestdr cg Essdts kg Dt`kcpke egb @cg-bures.„ Bdpertndgt ci Eorkhujturej & Eppjkdb Dhcgcnkhs,Xteii \epdr Gc. 20;, Tgkvdrskty ci _kshcgskg.

Hertdr, R., N. \erry, @. @eresewe, egb X. Gks`kcae. 5;;2.

K\HH Rdh`gkhej Oukbdjkgds icr Essdsskgo Hjknetd Hègod Knpehts egb Ebeptetkcgs. Jcgbcg= Tgkvdrskty Hcjjdod Jcgbcg,Bdpertndgt ci Odcorep`y.

Hesc, N., K. \ksegty, egb D. Dzhurre. 6<<2. Bkeogøstkhc enfkdgtej

bdj Ocjic bd Nëxkhc. Ycjs. K egb KK. KGD/Xdnerget.Hdgtdr icr Kgtdrgetkcgej Dert` Xhkdghd Kgicrnetkcg Gdtwcra

(HKDXKG), Hcjunfke Tgkvdrskty. 6<<?. Getkcgej Eoordoetdsci Odcspetkej Bete= \cpujetkcg, Jegbshepd egb Hjknetd Dstknetds, v.6 (\JEHD KK), \ejksebds, G[= HKDXKG, Hcjun-fke Tgkvdrskty. Evekjefjd et= `ttp=//sdbeh.hkdskg.hcjunfke.dbu/pjehd/.

HD\EJ (TG Dhcgcnkh Hcnnksskcg icr Jetkg Endrkhe). 6<<6.

‚Je Xcstdgkfkjkbeb bdj Bdserrcjjc dg Enërkhe Jetkge y djHerkfd= Bdseiîcs y Cpcrtugkbebds.„ Tgktdb Getkcgs \rdss,Xegtkeoc bd H`kjd.

Hèrvërket, H. 6<<<. ‚Geturej Bksestdrs kg Jetkg Endrkhe egbt`d Herkffdeg= Eg Cvdrvkdw ci Vksa.„ KEBF _crakgo

\epdr , Gc. 282 , Kgtdr-Endrkheg Bdvdjcpndgt Fega,_es`kgotcg, BH.

H`kndjk, E., I. Ikj`c, N. @cjegbe, egb I. \dttdrkgk. 6<<0. Icrd-hestkgo t`d Knpehts ci Hjknetd Yerkefkjkty= Jdsscgs ircn t`dVekgidb Hcrg Neradt kg Hdere, Frezkj. Dgvkrcgndgt egb

Bdvdjcpndgt Dhcgcnkhs 58= 6<5‘66?.H`cnktz, A. dt ej. 6<<?. ‚Et Jcoodr`debs3 Eorkhujturej Dxpeg-

skcg, \cvdrty Vdbuhtkcg, egb Dgvkrcgndgt kg t`d RrcpkhejIcrdsts.„ _crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

H`rkstdgsdg, M. @., dt ej. 6<<?. ‚Vdokcgej Hjknetd \rcmdhtkcgs.„Kg ‚Hjknetd Hègod 6<<?= R`d \`yskhej Xhkdghd Fesks,„ db.X. Xejcncg, B. Ukg, N. Neggkgo, ]. H`dg, N. Nerquks, A.F. Evdryt, N. Rkogcr, egb @.J. Nkjjdr. Hcgtrkfutkcg ci _crakgo Orcup K tc t`d Icurt` Essdssndgt Vdpcrt ci t`d Kgtdr-

ocvdrgndgtej \egdj cg Hjknetd Hègod. Henfrkbod, T.A. egbGdw [cra, G.[.= Henfrkbod Tgkvdrskty \rdss.

Hùrh`, M., egb M. Ordocry, 6<<5. ‚Xde Jdvdj Vksd,„ K\HH R`krbEssdssndgt, 6<<5. `ttp=//www.orkbe.gc/pufjkhetkcgs/ct`dr/kphhSter/3srh>/hjknetd/kphhSter/wo5/2<0.`tn.

Hjknetd Egejysks Kgbkhetcrs Rccj (HEKR) Ydrskcg 4.<. 6<<0.

_es`kgotcg, BH= _crjb Vdscurhds Kgstktutd.Hjkgd, _. V. 6<<?. ‚Ojcfej _ernkgo egb Eorkhujturd= Knpeht

Dstknetds fy Hcugtry.„ _es`kgotcg, BH= Hdgtdr icr OjcfejBdvdjcpndgt, \dtdrscg Kgstktutd icr Kgtdrgetkcgej Dhcgcnkhs.

Hcgbd, H., egb @. Deakg. 6<<8. ‚Ebeptetkcg tc HjknetkhYerkefkjkty egb Hègod kg Rjexheje, Ndxkhc,„ Kg Hjknetd

Hègod, Ebeptkvd Hepehkty egb Bdvdjcpndgt, db. M. Xnkt`, V.Ajdkg, egb X. @uq. Jcgbcg= Knpdrkej Hcjjdod \rdss.

Hcgiejcgkdrk, T., F. Ndggd, V. Ea`ter, A.J. Dfk, N. @eudgoud,V. X. Acvets, F. Vdvkh`, egb E. _ccbwerb. 6<<?. ‚@uneg@dejt`.„ Kg ‚Hjknetd Hègod 6<<?= Knpehts, Ebeptetkcg egbYujgdrefkjkty,„ db. N. J. \erry, C. I. Hegzkegk, M. \. \ejutkaci,\. M. veg bdr Jkgbdg, egb H. D. @egscg. Hcgtrkfutkcg ci _crakgo Orcup KK tc t`d Icurt` Essdssndgt Vdpcrt ci t`d Kgtdr-

ocvdrgndgtej \egdj cg Hjknetd Hègod. Henfrkbod, T.A.= Hen-frkbod Tgkvdrskty \rdss, 8;5‘285.Hcsfdy, Eercg, Bdfcre` Nurp`y, egb Mc`g Brdxèod. 6<<?.

‚Neradt Ndhègksns icr Xustekgefjd Bdvdjcpndgt= @cw BcR`dy Ikt kg t`d Yerkcus \cst-6<56 Hjknetd Diicrts3„ Kgtdr-getkcgej Kgstktutd icr Xustekgefjd Bdvdjcpndgt, Hegebe.

Hcsfdy, Eercg, Mc-Djjdg \erry, Mcbk Frcwgd, [uverem Bkgds`Fefu, \rddty Fègberk, Mc`g Brdxèod, egb Bdfcre` Nur-p`y. 6<<4. ‚Vdejkzkgo t`d Bdvdjcpndgt Bkvkbdgb= Neakgot`d HBN _cra icr Bdvdjcpkgo Hcugtrkds.„ KgtdrgetkcgejKgstktutd icr Xustekgefjd Bdvdjcpndgt, Hegebe.

Hcx, \. N., V. E. Fdtts, N. Hcjjkgs, \. \. @errks, H. @ugtkgoicrb,

egb H. B. Mcgds. 6<<2. ‚Enezcgkeg Icrdst Bkdfeha TgbdrHjknetd Herfcg Hyhjd \rcmdhtkcgs icr t`d 65st Hdgtury.„ R`d-

cry ci Eppjkdb Hjknetcjcoy ?0= 58?‘549.Hcx, \. N., \. @errks, H. @ugtkgoicrb, V. E. Fdtts, N. Hcjjkgs,

H. B. Mcgds, R.D. Mupp, M. Nerdgoc, egb H. Gcfrd, 6<<0.‚Kghrdeskgo Vksa ci Enezcgkeg Brcuo`t Bud tc BdhrdeskgoEdrcscj \cjjutkcg.„ Geturd 248= 656‘659.

HXR (Hdgtdr icr Xustekgefjd Rregspcrt). 6<<;. ‚NDBDH Rregs-pcrt Xdhtcr.„ \epdr hcnnksskcgdb icr t`d _crjb Fega espert ci t`d Ndxkhc Jcw-Herfcg Xtuby (NDBDH).

Hurry, M. E., \. M. _dfstdr, egb O. M. @cjjegb. 6<<9. ‚Nkxkgo\cjktkhs egb Xhkdghd kg Rdstkgo t`d @ypct`dsks Rèt Orddg-`cusd _ernkgo Ks Heuskgo e Ojcfej Kghrdesd kg @urrkhegdKgtdgskty.„ Fujjdtkg ci t`d Endrkheg Ndtdcrcjcokhej Xchkdty 0?(0)=5<64‘5<8?.

Hurry, M., N. Mdjkgda, F. Icsady, E. Xuzuak, egb \. _dfstdr. 6<<;.‚\ctdgtkej Dhcgcnkh Knpehts ci @urrkhegds kg Ndxkhc, Hdgtrej Endrkhe, egb t`d Herkffdeg hkrhe 6<6<‘6<64.„ Kg

Essdsskgo t`d \ctdgtkej Hcgsdqudghds ci Hjknetd Bdstefkjkzetkcg kg

Jetkg Endrkhe. JHV Xustekgefjd Bdvdjcpndgt _crakgo \epdr86. _es`kgotcg, BH= _crjb Fega.

Besoupte, X., F. Jepjegtd, H. Ndksgdr, B. _`ddjdr, egb M. [eg.6<<?. R`d Knpeht ci Xde Jdvdj Vksd cg Bdvdjcpkgo Hcugtrkds= E

Hcnperetkvd Egejysks. \cjkhy Vdsderh` _crakgo \epdr Xdrkds258?. _es`kgotcg, BH= _crjb Fega.

Bd Hcgkgha, @. egb H. Iksh`dr, dt ej. 6<<?. ‚KgtdrgetkcgejRdh`gcjcoy-Crkdgtdb Eorddndgts tc Ebbrdss HjknetdHègod.„ DHG egb Vdscurhds icr t`d Iuturd.

bd Ocrtdr, @., egb [. Rsur. 6<<0. ‚Rcwerb Odgukgd Xustekg-efkjkty Hrktdrke icr Fkciudj \rcbuhtkcg.„ Fehaorcugb pepdricr t`ks stuby, _crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

bd Ocrtdr, @., egb B. V. Must. 6<<0. ‚‐_etdr‛ kg t`d T.X. DtègcjRex Hrdbkt egb Negbetd= Knpjkhetkcgs icr Vdhtegoujer

505

F K F J K C O V E \ @ [





Ikoudrds, H`rkstkege, D. @ektds, egb D. @cyt. 6<<4. ‚\rcoren-netkh HBN \rcmdht Ehtkvktkds= Djkokfkjkty, Ndt`cbcjcokhejVdqukrdndgts, egb Knpjdndgtetkcg,„ Herfcg Ikgeghd Fusk-gdss Tgkt, _crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

Iksh`dr, Hercjyg, egb Vkhèrb Ncrodgstdrg. 6<<0. ‚Ndtrkhsicr Dvejuetkgo \cjkhy Hcnnktndgts kg e Ireondgtdb

_crjb= R`d Hèjjdgods ci Dqukty egb Kgtdorkty.„ Bkshusskcg\epdr <0‘5?, @erverb \rcmdht cg Kgtdrgetkcgej HjknetdEorddndgts, Fdjidr Hdgtdr icr Xhkdghd egb KgtdrgetkcgejEiiekrs, @erverb Adggdby Xh`ccj.

Iksh`jkg, E., O. I. Nkbojdy, M. R. \rkhd, V. Jddnegs, F. Ocpej, H.Rurjdy, N. B. E. Vcugsdvdjj, C.\. Bufd, M. Rerezcge, egbE. E. Ydjkhàc, 6<<?. ‚Dhcsystdns, R`dkr \rcpdrtkds, Occbs,egb Xdrvkhds.„ Kg Hjknetd Hègod 6<<?= Knpehts, Ebeptetkcg

egb Yujgdrefkjkty, db. N. J. \erry, C. I. Hegzkegk, M. \. \eju-tkaci, \. M. veg bdr Jkgbdg, egb H. D. @egscg. Henfrkbod= Henfrkbod Tgkvdrskty \rdss= 655‘6?6.

Icbdg, _., O. Nehd, M.-H. Ykë, E. Egoujc, X. Futhèrt,

J. BdYegtkdr, @. Bufjkg, E. Outsh`d, X. Xtuert, egb D. Rurea,6<<0. ‚Xpdhkds Xushdptkfkjkty tc Hjknetd Hègod Knpehts.„ Kg_kjbjkid kg e Hègokgo _crjb , db. M.-H. Ykë, H. @kjtcg-Reyjcr,egb X.G. Xtuert. Ojegb, Xwktzdrjegb= KTHG. `ttp=//bete.kuhg.cro/bftw-wpb/dbchs/VJ-6<<;-<<5.pbi.

Ireghcu, F., egb E. Hcugbrekg. 6<<4. ‚Ojehkdr X`rkgaeod kg t`dEgbds egb Hcgsdqudghd icr _etdr Vdscurhds.„ @ybrcjcoy Xhk-

dghd Mcurgej .

Ireghcu, F., dt ej. 6<<4. ‚Ojehkdrs ci t`d Rrcpkhej Egbds,Kgbkhetcrs ci t`d Ojcfej Hjknetd Yerkefkjkty.„ Kg Ojcfej

Hègod egb Ncugtekg Vdokcgs= E Xtetd ci Agcwjdbod

Cvdrvkdw, db. T. @ufdr, A. N. @erejb, egb N. E. Vdescgdr.Xprkgodr.

Odrcjcnc, N., egb N. J. I. \dgge. 5;;;. ‚R`d Xdvdgt` \eg-bdny ci H`cjdre kg Frezkj.„ Kgicrnd Dpkbdnkcjcokhc bc Xus 0 (8)=2;‘40.

Okenfkeok, I., egb N. Vcghk. 6<<2. ‚Ikshej \cjkhy egb BdftXustekgefkjkty= Herbcsc‛s Frezkj, 5;;4‘6<<6.„ KNI _cra-kgo \epdr <2/549. KNI, _es`kgotcg, BH.

Okffs, @., N. Mc`gstcg, M. Icjdy, R. @cjjcwey, H. Ncgirdbe, G.Venegautty, egb B. ]eas. 6<<0. ‚Herfcg \eyfeha Rkndsicr Hrcp-Fesdb Fkciudj Dxpegskcg kg t`d Rrcpkhs= t`d Diidhtsci Hègokgo [kdjb egb Rdh`gcjcoy.„ Dgvkrcgndgtej Vdsderh`

Jdttdrs 8= 5‘5<.Okjfdrt, V. 6<<<. ‚Xustekgefjd Ncfkjkty kg t`d Hkty.„ \rchddb-

kgos ci TVFEG65. Ojcfej Hcgidrdghd cg t`d TrfegIuturd, Fdrjkg, Odrnegy, Mujy 2‘9.

Okssdjqukst, B., M. Ges`, egb H. \rey. 6<<6. ‚Bdrdoujetkgot`d Rregsidr ci Eorkhujturej Rdh`gcjcoy= Jdsscgs ircnFegojebds`, Kgbke, Rurady, egb ]knfefwd.„ _crjb Fega

Vdsderh` Cfsdrvdr 5? (6)= 68?‘699.Okt`dac, E., egb E._ccbwerb. 6<<8. ‚Kgtdrgetkcgej Hcgsdgsus

cg t`d Xhkdghd ci Hjknetd egb @dejt`.„ Kg Hjknetd Hègod

egb @uneg @dejt = Vksas egb Vdspcgsds. R`krb Essdssndgt Vdpcrt

ci t`d Kgtdrocvdrgndgtej \egdj cg Hjknetd Hègod, db. E.

NhNkhèdj, B. Henpfdjj-Jdgbrun, H. Hcrvejeg, A. Dfk,E.A. Okt`dac, M.X. Xh`dreoe, egb E. _ccbwerb. Odgdve=_crjb @dejt` Croegkzetkcg.

Ojegtz, N., egb B. Menkdscg. 6<<6. ‚Xchkdtej Vdspcgsd tc @urrk-hegd Nkth` egb Kgtre-vdrsus Kgtdrodgdretkcgej Dqukty Kssuds=_`csd Gcrns X`cujb Eppjy3„ Vksa Egejysks 6< (9)= 09;‘006.

Ojcfej Dgvkrcgndgt Iehkjkty (ODI) 6<<0. ‚Kgvdstkgo kg Xus-tekgefjd Trfeg Rregspcrt.„ R`d ODI Dxpdrkdghd, _es`kgo-tcg, BH, www.t`dodi.cro.

Ocjegb, H. 5;;8. ‚Ikdjb Xhettdrkgo es Eorkhujturej Vksa Neg-eodndgt= E Hesd Xtuby ircn Huyc Huyc, Bdpertndgt ci \ugc, \dru.„ Ncugtekg Vdsderh` egb Bdvdjcpndgt 58 (2)=85?‘880.

Ourodj, Egodjc, Mc`g N. Vdkjjy, egb Xdrody \ejtsdv. 6<<0.‚\ctdgtkej Jegb Tsd Knpjkhetkcgs ci e Ojcfej FkciudjsKgbustry.„ NKR \rcoren cg t`d Xhkdghd egb \cjkhy ci OjcfejHègod. Vdpcrt Gc. 544.

@enndr, O.J., M. @egsdg, M. \`kjjkps, M. Nmdjbd, @. @kjj,

E. Jcvd, egb E. \ctokdtdr. 6<<5. ‚Ebveghds kg Eppjkhetkcgci Hjknetd \rdbkhtkcg kg Eorkhujturd.„ Eorkhujturej Xystdns

(?<)= 454‘448.@errks, G., X. Orknjegb, R. \derscg, egb X. Frcwg, 6<<0. Hjk-

netd Nktkoetkcg Cppcrtugktkds ircn Vdbuhkgo Bdicrdstetkcg Ehrcss

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg. Vdpcrt tc t`d _crjb Fega,Chtcfdr. _kgrcha Kgtdrgetkcgej.

@djjdr, R.H., egb \.V. Xùaje. 6<<8. ‚Bdvdjcpndgt egb Hjk-netd= Dgoeokgo Bdvdjcpkgo Hcugtrkds.„ Kg Fdycgb Ayctc=

Ebveghkgo t`d Kgtdrgetkcgej Diicrt eoekgst Hjknetd Hègod, db. M. D. Ejby, dt ej. Erjkgotcg, YE= \dw Hdgtdr cg Ojcfej Hjk-netd Hègod.

@dgbdd, M. H., D. Nudjjdr, H. @unp`rdy, egb R. Nccrd. 6<<5.‚E Bete-Brkvdg Dxpdrt Xystdn icr \rcbuhkgo Hcrej Fjdeh`-kgo Ejdrts et Xcnfrdrc Vddi kg t`d Ijcrkbe Adys.„ Fujjdtkg ci

Nerkgd Xhkdghd, 9; (6)= 9?8-902.@kjj, Mescg, Gdjscg Drka, Bevkb Rkjneg, Xtdp`dg \cjesay, egb

Bcuojes Rkiiegy. 6<<9. ‚Dgvkrcgndgtej, Dhcgcnkh egbDgdrodtkh Hcsts egb Fdgdikts ci Fkcbkdsdj egb Dtègcj Fkc-iudjs.„ \GEX 5<8 (8<)= 556<9‘5<.

@kgcstrcze, Nkrken J., H`ke-H`kg H`dgo, Pkegjk ]ù, Idgègg Mðrodg Ykjjy, H. Ikoudrds, egb I. Evdgbegc. 6<<?. ‚\ctdgtkejsegb Ferrkdrs icr Dgb-Tsd Dgdroy Diikhkdghy ugbdr \rcoren-netkh HBN.„ _crakgo \epdr Xdrkds. 8 Vksð Getkcgej Jefcre-tcry, TGD\ Vkscd Hdgtrd, Vcsakjbd.

@cuo`tcg, 6<<4e. ‚Efcvd Orcugb Icrdst Fkcness egb t`dOjcfej Herfcg Fejeghd.„ Ojcfej Hègod Fkcjcoy 55= ;24‘;40.

‒‒‒. 6<<4f. ‚Rrcpkhej Bdicrdstetkcg Es e Xcurhd ci Orddg-`cusd Oes Dnksskcg.„ Kg Rrcpkhej Bdicrdstetkcg egb Hjknetd

Hègod, db. \. Ncutkg`c egb X. Xh`wertzneg, 58‘66.@cuo`tcg, V. E. 6<<0. ‚Herfcg Ijux tc t`d Etncsp`drd ircn

Jegb-Tsd Hègods= 504<‘6<<4.„ Kg Rrdgbs= E Hcnpdgbkun ci

Bete cg Ojcfej Hègod. Cea Vkbod, Rdgg.= Herfcg BkcxkbdKgicrnetkcg Egejysks Hdgtdr, Cea Vkbod Getkcgej Jefcre-tcry, T.X. Bdpertndgt ci Dgdroy.

508

F K F J K C O V E \ @ [



@cwktt, V., egb D. \kdgeer. 6<<9. ‚Eorkhujturej Knpehts.„ KgR`d Knpeht ci Hjknetd Hègod cg Vdokcgej Xystdns= E Hcnprd-

`dgskvd Egejysks ci Hejkicrgke, db. M. Xnkt` egbV. Ndgbdjsc`g. Gcrtènptcg, NE= Dbwerb Djoer \uf-jks`kgo. 500‘6<?.

@cycs, H. B., \. E. Eoubdjc, \. M. _dfstdr, egb M. E. Hurry,

6<<9. ‚Bdhcgvcjutkcg ci t`d Iehtcrs hcgtrkfutkgo tc t`dKghrdesd kg Ojcfej @urrkhegd Kgtdgskty.„ Xhkdghd 856=;2‘;?.

@ugtkgoicrb, H., dt ej. 6<<?. ‚Rcwerbs Uuegtkiykgo Tghdr-tekgty kg \rdbkhtkcgs ci Enezcg ‐Bkdfeha.‛„ \`kjcs Rregs V

Xch Jcgb F Fkcj Xhk. 898 (52;0)= 504?‘5092.@urb, F., M. Hejjewey, M. Xnkt`, egb \. Akrs`dg. 5;;;. ‚Dhc-

gcnkh Diidhts ci Hjknetd Hègod cg T.X. _etdr Vdscurhds.„Kg R`d Knpeht ci Hjknetd Hègod cg t`d Tgktdb Xtetds Dhcgcny,

db. V. Ndgbdjsc g egb M. Xnkt`, Henfrkbod, T.A.= Hen-frkbod Tgkvdrskty \rdss, 588‘5??.

KEBF (Kgtdr-Endrkheg Bdvdjcpndgt Fega). g.b. ‚O@O Nktk-

oetkcg egb Xustekgefjd Bdvdjcpndgt= Cppcrtugktkds egbHèjjdgods icr Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg.„ \rdsdgte-tkcg. KEBF, _es`kgotcg, BH.

KDE (Kgtdrgetkcgej Dgdroy Eodghy). 6<<?. ‚_crjb DgdroyCutjcca.„ 6<<?.

Kgtdrgetkcgej Dgdroy Eodghy. 6<<2. ‚_crjb Dgdroy Cutjcca6<<2.„ \erks= CDHB/KDE.

‒‒‒. 6<<9. ‚_crjb Dgdroy Cutjcca 6<<9.„ \erks=CDHB/KDE.

‒‒‒. 6<<?. ‚_crjb Dgdroy Cutjcca 6<<?, Dxdhutkvd Xun-nery.„ \erks= CDHB/KDE.

Kgtdrgetkcgej Vceb Idbdretkcg (KVI). 6<<9. _crjb Vceb Xtetks-tkhs 6<<9. Odgdve= KVI.

K\HH (Kgtdrocvdrgndgtej \egdj cg Hjknetd Hègod). 5;;9.Hjknetd Hègod 5;;4= Knpehts, Ebeptetkcgs, egb Nktkoetkcg ci

Hjknetd Hègod= Xhkdgtkikh-Rdh`gkhej Egejysds. Hcgtrkfutkcg ci _crakgo Orcup KK tc t`d Xdhcgb Essdssndgt Vdpcrt ci t`d Kgtdr-

ocvdrgndgtej \egdj cg Hjknetd Hègod, db. V.R. _etscg, N.H.]kgycwdre, egb V.@. Ncss. Henfrkbod, T.A. egb Gdw[cra, G.[. TXE= Henfrkbod Tgkvdrskty \rdss, 5‘50.

‒‒‒. 6<<5. ‚Hjknetd Hègod= Knpehts, Ebeptetkcg, egbYujgdrefkjkty.„ Hcgtrkfutkcg ci _crakgo Orcup KK tc t`dK\HH R`krb Essdssndgt Vdpcrt.

‒‒‒. 6<<?= Xygt`dsks Vdpcrt, Eg Essdssndgt ci t`d Kgtdrocvdrg-

ndgtej \egdj cg Hjknetd Hègod.

‒‒‒. 6<<?= Xpdhkej Vdpcrt cg Dnksskcg Xhdgerkcs. K\HH.‒‒‒. 6<<?= Icurt` Essdssndgt Vdpcrt ci t`d Kgtdrocvdrgndgtej

\egdj cg Hjknetd Hègod. Henfrkbod, T.A. egb Gdw [cra,G.[.= Henfrkbod Tgkvdrskty \rdss.

Mc`gscg, R., \. \. be Xkjve Ikj`c, egb E. X. Ndydr. 6<<0.‚Dgdroy Diikhkdghy kg t`d _etdr Xuppjy egb Xegktetkcg Xdh-tcr kg Frezkj.„ _crjb Fega/DXNE\ Vdpcrt. _crjb Fega,_es`kgotcg, BH.

Aertè, Xkveg. 6<<9. ‚Dgvkrcgndgtej Diidhts ci Fkcdgdroy.„ KgFkcdgdroy egb Eorkhujturd= \rcnksds egb Hèjjdgods, db. \dtdr

@ezdjj egb V. A. \ehèurk. _es`kgotcg, BH= KgtdrgetkcgejIccb \cjkhy Vdsderh` Kgstktutd (KI\VK).

Aese, X., egb J.C. Gedss. 6<<4. ‚Ikgeghkej Hrksks egb Xtetd-GOCVdjetkcgs= R`d Hesd ci Frezkjkeg Enezcgke, 5;;0‘6<<<.„

Xchkdty egb Geturej Vdscurhds 50= ?;5‘0<2.Aeye, [. 5;;<. ‚Knpeht ci Herfcg Bkcxkbd Dnksskcg Hcgtrcj

cg OG\ Orcwt`= Kgtdrprdtetkcg ci \rcpcsdb Xhdgerkcs.„\epdr prdsdgtdb tc K\HH Dgdroy egb Kgbustry Xuforcup,Vdspcgsd Xtretdokds _crakgo Orcup.

Ajdkg, V., dt ej. 6<<?. ‚\crticjkc Xhrddgkgo tc Xuppcrt t`dNekgstrdenkgo ci Ebeptetkcg tc Hjknetd Hègod kgtcBdvdjcpndgt Essksteghd.„ Rygbejj Hdgtrd _crakgo \epdr5<6.

Agko`t, I. 5;65. Vksa, Tghdrtekgty egb \rcikt . Fcstcg, NE=

@cuo`tcg Nkiijkg.Acmkne, Nesenk, Bcgejb Nkth`djj, egb _kjjken _erb. 6<<?.

Hcgskbdrkgo Rrebd \cjkhkds icr Jkqukb Fkciudjs. DXNE\ Vdpcrt._crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

Acnkvds, A., R. N. Mc`gscg, M. @ejpdrg, M. J. Efurtc, egb M. V.Xhctt. 6<<;. Vdskbdgtkej Djdhtrkhkty Xufskbkds kg Ndxkhc= Dxpjcr-

kgo Cptkcgs icr Vdicrn egb icr Dgèghkgo t`d Knpeht cg t`d \ccr.

_crakgo \epdr Gc. 59<. _es`kgotcg, BH= _crjb Fega.

Acpjcw, B. 6<<9. ‚Fkciudjs‒Et _èt Hcst3„ Ojcfej Xufsk-bkds Kgktketkvd, Kgtdrgetkcgej Kgstktutd icr Xustekgefjd Bdvdj-cpndgt. Odgdve.

Jej, V. 6<<2. ‚Xckj Herfcg Xdqudstretkcg Knpehts cg Ojcfej Hjk-netd Hègod egb Iccb Xdhurkty.„ Xhkdghd 8<2= 5968‘596?.

Jegbdjj-Nkjjs, G. 6<<6. ‚Bdvdjcpkgo Neradts icr Icrdst Dgvk-rcgndgtej Xdrvkhds= eg Cppcrtugkty icr \rcnctkgo Dqukty_`kjd Xdhurkgo Diikhkdghy3„ Kg Herfcg, Fkcbkvdrskty, Hcgsdrve-

tkcg egb Kghcnd= Eg Egejysks ci e Irdd-Neradt Epprceh` tc Jegb-

Tsd Hègod egb Icrdstry kg Bdvdjcpkgo egb Bdvdjcpdb Hcugtrkds,db. K. V. Xwkgojegb, D. H. Fdttdj`dkn, M. Orehd, O. R. \reghd,egb J. X. Xeugbdrs, 505?‘5064. R`d Vcyej Xchkdty, Jcgbcg.

Jegd E., egb E. Mervks. 6<<?. ‚Hègods kg Hjknetd _kjj Ncb-kiy t`d Odcorep`y ci Hrcp Xuktefkjkty= Eorkhujturej Fkcbk-vdrskty Heg @djp wkt` Ebeptetkcg.„ Mcurgej ci XER

Eorkhujturej Vdsderh` 2(5).Jdery, G., M. Ebdmuwcg, Y. Ferrcs, K. Furtcg, M. Aujaergk, egb

V. Jeshc, dbs. 6<<?. Hjknetd Hègod egb Ebeptetkcg. Dert`-sheg= Jcgbcg.

Jdncs, N. 6<<?. ‚Brcuo`t, Ocvdrgeghd egb EbeptkvdHepehkty kg Gcrt` Dest Frezkj= E Hesd Xtuby ci Hdere

TGB\.„ @uneg Bdvdjcpndgt Vdpcrt 6<<?/6<<0 Chhe-skcgej \epdr.

Jcady, D. 6<<;. ‚R`d Xtetus egb Iuturd ci Ndtègd Bdstruh-tkcg \rcmdhts kg Ndxkhc.„ Vdgdwefjd Dgdroy (Nerh`) 82 (8)=499‘9;.

Jugb, M., R. ]ù, X. Regeae, egb N. Mdgakgs. 6<<9. ‚_etdrVdscurhd Knpehts.„ Kg R`d Knpeht ci Hjknetd Hègod cg

Vdokcgej Xystdns= E Hcnprd`dgskvd Egejysks ci Hejkicrgke, db. M. Xnkt` egb V. Ndgbdjsc g. 594‘50?. Gcrtènptcg, NE=Dbwerb Djoer \ufjks`kgo.

502

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Nehcurs A., egb V. Yeaks 6<<0. ‚Essdt Hrdetkcg, \rcbuhtkvdXeidty Gdts egb \cvdrty Vdbuhtkcg= Jdergkgo ircn t`d Etdg-

hkcg e Hrksks \kjct \rcoren kg Gkhereoue‛s Brcuo`t Vdokcg.„Breit. _crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

Nebkscg, Egous. 6<<;. ‚@kstcrkhej Xtetkstkhs ci t`d _crjbDhcgcny.„ ttp=//www.oobh.gdt/nebbkscg.

Neorîg, O., H. Oey Oerhîe, B. Hruz H`cqud, M. H. Oknëgdz,E. V. Ncrdgc, O. M. Geoy, H. Gcfrd, egb E. Ykjjenkzer.6<<?. Kg ‚Hjknetd Hègod 6<<?= Knpehts, Ebeptetkcg egbYujgdrefkjkty,„ db. N. J. \erry, C. I. Hegzkegk, M. \. \eju-tkaci, \. M. veg bdr Jkgbdg, egb H. D. @egscg. Hcgtrkfutkcgci _crakgo Orcup KK tc t`d Icurt` Essdssndgt Vdpcrt ci t`d

Kgtdrocvdrgndgtej \egdj cg Hjknetd Hègod. Henfrkbod, T.A.=Henfrkbod Tgkvdrskty \rdss, 405‘954. `ttp=//www.kphh.h`/pbi/essdssndgt-rdpcrt/er2/wo6/er2-wo6-hèptdr58.pbi (jestehhdssdb 0 Meguery 6<<0).

Nerjegb, O., R.E. Fcbdg, egb V. M. Egbrds. 6<<?. ‚Ojcfej,Vdokcgej, egb Getkcgej HC6 Dnksskcgs.„ Kg Rrdgbs= E Hcn-

pdgbkun ci Bete cg Ojcfej Hègod. Cea Vkbod, Rdgg= Her-fcg Bkcxkbd Kgicrnetkcg Egejysks Hdgtdr, Cea VkbodGetkcgej Jefcretcry, T.X. Bdpertndgt ci Dgdroy.

Nerjegb, O., N. Cfdrstdkgdr, egb F. Xh`jenebkgodr, 6<<?.‚R`d Herfcg Fdgdikts ci Iudjs egb Icrdsts.„ Xhkdghd 850=5<99.

Nertdgs, _. 5;;0. ‚Hjknetd Hègod, R`drnej Xtrdss, egbNcrtejkty Hègods,„ Xchkej Xhkdghd egb Ndbkhkgd, 29 (8)=885‘822.

Nete, J. M., egb H. Gcfrd. 6<<9. ‚Knpehts, Yujgdrefkjkty egbEbeptetkcg tc Hjknetd Hègod kg Jetkg Endrkhe.„ Feha-orcugb pepdr icr TGIHHH. Hjknetd Hègod= Knpehts, Yuj-

gdrefkjktkds egb Ebeptetkcg kg Bdvdjcpkgo Hcugtrkds. TGIHHHVdpcrt. `ttp=//ugihhh.kgt/ikjds/ebeptetkcg/ebvdrsdSdiidhtsSegbSrdspcgsdSndesurdsSertS20/eppjkhetkcg/pbi/6<<9<;SfehaorcugbSjetkgSendrkhegSwas`p.pbi.

Neycroe, O. 6<<?. Xtretdokh Fuskgdss Tgkt ci Kgstktutc Hcsterrk-hdgsd bd Djdhtrkhkbeb (KHD)= Xeg Mcsd, Hcste Vkhe.

NhAkgjdy, O. E., N. ]ua, N. @âmdr, N. Evejcs, K. Ocgzejdz,V. Kgkdstre, K. Jeouge, N. E. Nertkgdz, \. Csgeye, egb

M. Nertkgdz. 6<<4. ‚Uuegtkikhetkcg ci Jchej egb OjcfejFdgdikts ircn Ekr \cjjutkcg Hcgtrcj kg Ndxkhc Hkty.„Dgvkrcgndgtej Xhkdghd egb Rdh`gcjcoy 8;= 5;42‘5;95(bck=5<.5<65/ds<84508d).

Ndbvdbdv, B., egb B. Yeg Bdr Ndgsfruoo`d. 6<<0. ‚Hjknetd

Hègod kg Jetkg Endrkhe= Knpeht egb Nktkoetkcg \cjkhyCptkcgs.„ Fehaorcugb pepdr icr t`ks stuby, _crjb Fega,_es`kgotcg, BH.

Ndjkjjc, M. N., E. B. NhOukrd, B. _. Akhajko`tdr, F. Nccrd,H. M. Ycrcsnerty, egb E. J. Xh`jcss. 5;;8. ‚Ojcfej HjknetdHègod egb Rdrrdstrkej Gdt \rknery \rcbuhtkcg.„ Geturd

898= 682‘62<.Ndgbdjsc`g, V., db. 6<<?. R`d Knpeht ci Hjknetd Hègod cg

Vdokcgej Xystdns= E Hcnprd`dgskvd Egejysks ci Hejkicrgke.

Gcrtènptcg, NE= Dbwerb Djoer \ufjks`kgo, 594‘50?.

‒‒‒. 6<<0e. ‚Knpehts egb Ebeptetkcg tc Hjknetd Hègodkg Jetkg Endrkhe.„ Fehaorcugb pepdr icr t`ks stuby, _crjbFega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

‒‒‒. 6<<0f. ‚Knpeht ci Hjknetd Hègod cg t`d Vkc FrevcVkvdr.„ _crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

‒‒‒ dt ej. 6<<0. ‚Jcgo-Rdrn Ebeptetkcg= Xdjdhtkgo Iern

Rypds Ehrcss Eorc-Dhcjcokhej ]cgds kg Eirkhe.„ _crjbFega, _es`kgotcg, BH.Ndgbdjsc`g, V., egb E. Bkger. 5;;;. ‚Hjknetd Hègod, Eorkhuj-

turd, egb Bdvdjcpkgo Hcugtrkds= Bcds Ebeptetkcg Nettdr3„_crjb Fega Vdsderh` Cfsdrvdr 52= 6??‘ 6;8.

Ndgbdjsc`g, V., egb G. Xdc, 6<<?. ‚Hègokgo Iern Rypds egbKrrkoetkcg es eg Ebeptetkcg tc Hjknetd Hègod kg JetkgEndrkheg Eorkhujturd„ _crjb Fega \cjkhy Vdsderh` _crakgo

\epdr 2595. `ttp=//dhcg.wcrjbfega.cro.

Ndgbdjsc`g, V., egb J. _kjjkens. 6<<2. ‚Hcnperkgo Icrdhestsci t`d Ojcfej Knpehts ci Hjknetd Hègod.„ Nktkoetkcg egb

Ebeptetkcg Xtretdokds icr Ojcfej Hègod ;= 854‘888.

Ndgbdjsc`g, V., \. H`rkstkegsdg, egb M. Erdjjegc-Ocgzejdz.6<<0. ‚Vkherbkeg Egejysks ci Ndxkheg Ierns.„ Fehaorcugbpepdr icr t`ks stuby, _crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

Ndgbdjsc`g, V. C., _. G. Ncrrkscg, N. D. Xh`jdskgodr, egb G.O. Egbrcgcve. 5;;0. ‚Hcugtry-Xpdhkikh Neradt Knpehts ci Hjknetd Hègod.„ Hjknetkh Hègod 24 (8‘2)= 448‘49;.

NDBDH (icrt`hcnkgo). Ndxkhc Jcw-Herfcg Xtuby (NDBDH),JHXXB, _crjb Fega.

Nkhèdjs, \. 6<<0. ‚Hcgircgtkgo t`d \cjktkhej egb XhkdgtkikhVdejktkds ci Ojcfej _ernkgo.„ Hetc Kgstktutd icr t`d@caaekbc O0 Xunnkt, _es`kgotcg, BH.

Nkjjdr, A. 6<<?. ‚Jegb Tgbdr Xkdod= Xde Jdvdj Vksd kg t`dEndrkhes.„ Tgkvdrskty ci t`d _dst Kgbkds.

Nkjjy, \. H. B., A. E. Buggd, egb E. Y. Ydhh`ke. 6<<4. ‚Ojcfej\ettdrg ci Rrdgbs kg Xtrdenijcw egb _etdr Evekjefkjkty kg eHègokgo Hjknetd.„ Geturd 282= 495‘496.

Nkth`djj, B. 6<<0. ‚E Gctd cg Vkskgo Iccb \rkhds,„ _crjbFega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

Nudjjdr, Yejdrkd, egb B. Csoccb. 6<<?e. ‚Jcgo-tdrn Hcgsd-qudghds ci X`crt-tdrn \rdhkpktetkcg X`chas= Dvkbdghd ircnFrezkjkeg Nkoregt @cusd`cjbs,„ R`d Dert` Kgstktutd etHcjunfke Tgkvdrskty, ugpufjks`db negushrkpt.

‒‒‒. 6<<?f. ‚Jcgo-tdrn Knpehts ci Brcuo`ts cg JefcrNeradts kg Bdvdjcpkgo Hcugtrkds= Dvkbdghd ircn Frezkj,„R`d Dert` Kgstktutd et Hcjunfke Tgkvdrskty, ugpufjks`db

negushrkpt.Nuõcz-\kõe, H., E. Oudvere, M. N. Rcrrds, egb M. Freõe. 6<<0.

‚\eykgo icr t`d @ybrcjcokhej Xdrvkhds ci Ndxkhc‛s Icrdsts=Egejysks, Gdoctketkcgs egb Vdsujts.„ Dhcjcokhej Dhcgcnkhs 94(2)= 998‘046.

Geoy, O. M., dt ej. 6<<9. ‚Tgbdrstegbkgo t`d \ctdgtkej Knpehtci Hjknetd Hègod egb Yerkefkjkty kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`dHerkffdeg.„ Vdpcrt prdperdb icr t`d Xtdrg Vdvkdw cg t`dDhcgcnkhs ci Hjknetd Hègod. `ttp=//www.stdrgrdvkdw.cro.ua.Gcrbèus.

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Gdpsteb, B. H., V. D. Oujjkscg, \. H. Irun`cii, M. O. Hegebdjj,H. F. Ikdjb, A. @ey`cd, V. Evksser, J. N. Hurreg, \.Irkdbjkgostdkg, H. B. Mcgds, egb H. Gcfrd. 6<<?. ‚RrcpkhejIcrdsts egb Hjknetd \cjkhy.„ Xhkdghd 859 (406?).

Gcrbèus, _. 6<<?. R`d Hèjjdgod ci Ojcfej _ernkgo= Dhcgcnkh

Ncbdjs egb Dgvkrcgndgtej \cjkhy. NKR \rdss.

Gcrbèus, _. B., egb M. Fcydr. 6<<<. _ernkgo t`d _crjb, Dhc-gcnkh Ncbdjs ci Ojcfej _ernkgo . NKR \rdss.

Gyfdro, M. 6<<?. ‚Xuoer-Fesdb Dtègcj Kgtdrgetkcgej Neradt\rcikjd.„ Fehaorcugb pepdr icr t`d Hcnpdtktkvd Hcnndr-hkej Eorkhujturd kg Xuf‘Xeèreg Eirkhe (HHEE) Xtuby. IECegb _crjb Fega, hktkgo ikourds ircn TGKHE. `ttp=//sktdrdscurhds.wcrjbfega.cro/KGREIVKHE/Vdscurhds/64?;;2-565424?5?049?/DtègcjS\rcikjd.pbi.

CDHB (Croegksetkcg icr Dhcgcnkh Hc-cpdretkcg egb Bdvdjcp-ndgt). 6<<0. Dhcgcnkh Espdhts ci Ebeptetkcg tc Hjknetd Hègod=

Hcsts, Fdgdikts egb \cjkhy Kgstrundgts. CDHB Vdpcrt.CJEBD (Croegkzehkøg Jetkgcendrkhege bd Dgdroîe). 6<<4.

‚\rcspdhtkve Dgdrodtkhe bd Endrkhe Jetkge y dj Herkfd.„Ctt, @drrnegg D., dt ej. 6<<2. ‚Xcut`-Gcrt` Bkejcoud cgDqukty kg t`d Orddg`cusd.„ E \rcpcsej icr eg Ebdquetdegb Dquktefjd Ojcfej Hjknetd Eorddndgt. OR] Hjknetd\rctdhtkcg \rcorennd, _uppdrtej Kgstktutd icr Hjknetd,Dgvkrcgndgt egb Dgdroy, Dgdroy Vdsderh` Hdgtrd (DVH),Dsh`fcrg, Odrnegy.

\eokcje, Xtdiegc. 6<<0. ‚\eyndgts icr Dgvkrcgndgtej Xdrvkhdskg Hcste Vkhe.„ Dhcjcokhej Dhcgcnkhs 94 (2)= ?56‘?62.

\erndseg, H. 5;;9. ‚Hjknetd egb Xpdhkds‛ Vegod.„ Geturd 806=?94‘?99.

\erry, N. J., C. I. Hegzkegk, M. \. \ejutkaci, \. M. veg bdr Jkgbdg,egb H. D. @egscg, dbs. 6<<?. ‚Hjknetd Hègod 6<<?=Knpehts, Ebeptetkcg egb Yujgdrefkjkty.„ Hcgtrkfutkcg ci _crakgo Orcup KK tc t`d Icurt` Essdssndgt Vdpcrt ci t`d Kgtdr-

ocvdrgndgtej \egdj cg Hjknetd Hègod. Henfrkbod, T.A=Henfrkbod Tgkvdrskty \rdss.

\`kjkfdrt, Hdbrkh. 6<<9. ‚Hdrtekgty vdrsus Enfktkcg= DhcgcnkhDiikhkdghy kg Nktkoetkgo Hjknetd Hègod,„ KDE _crakgo\epdr. 6<<9.

\kdjad, V.E., Mcdj Oretz, H`rkstcp`dr _. Jegbsde, BcuojesHcjjkgs, Nera E. Xeugbdrs, egb Vebd Nusujkg. 6<<0. ‚Gcr-nejkzdb @urrkhegd Beneod kg t`d Tgktdb Xtetds=5;<<‘6<<4.„ Geturej @ezerbs Vdvkdw, EXHD.

\kgbkha, V. X. 6<<?. ‚Tghdrtekgty kg Dgvkrcgndgtej Dhcgcn-

khs.„ Vdvkdw ci Dgvkrcgndgtej Dhcgcnkhs egb \cjkhy 5(5)= 24‘94.\cugbs, M. Ejeg, Nkhèdj \. J. Icobdg, egb Mc`g @. Henpfdjj.

5;;;. ‚Fkcjcokhej Vdspcgsd tc Hjknetd Hègod cg e Rrcpk-hej Ncugtekg.„ Geturd 8;0 (54).

\rccst, X., egb Bdgksd Yeg Vdodncrtdr. 6<<8. ‚KgtdrehtkcgFdtwddg Jchej Ekr \cjjutkcg egb Ojcfej _ernkgo egb Kts\cjkhy Knpjkhetkcgs icr Fdjokun.„ Kgtdrgetkcgej Mcurgej ci

Ojcfej Dgvkrcgndgtej Kssuds 8 (8)= 699‘609.

Vebbetz, H. 6<<0. ‚R`d Nehrcdhcgcnkh Hcsts ci Geturej Bks-estdrs= Uuegtkikhetkcg egb \cjkhy Cptkcgs.„ Fehaorcugbpepdr icr t`ks stuby, _crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

Venîrdz, D., dt ej. 6<<5. ‚Xnejj Ojehkdrs Bkseppderkgo kg t`dRrcpkhej Egbds= E Hesd Xtuby kg Fcjkvke= Ojehker Hèhejteye(59¼X).„ M. Ojehkcj. 2?= 50?.

Veupeh`, Nkhèdj V., Ordoo Nerjegb, \`kjkppd Hkeks, HcrkggdJd Uuë rë, Mcsdp O. Hegebdjj, Odrgct Ajdppdr, egb H`rkstcp`drF. Ikdjb. 6<<?. ‚Ojcfej egb Vdokcgej Brkvdrs ci Ehhdjdret-kgo HC6 Dnksskcgs.„ \rchddbkgos ci t`d Getkcgej Ehebdnyci Xhkdghds ci t`d Tgktdb Xtetds ci Endrkhe, 2 (62)=5<600‘5<6;8.

Vewcrt`, Aetd, 6<<?. ‚Ebeptkgo tc Hjknetd Hègod= _èt‛sGddbdb kg \ccr Hcugtrkds, egb _`c X`cujb \ey.„ CxienKgtdrgetkcgej.

Vdkjjy, M. N., egb B. Xh`knndjpidggkgo. 5;;;. ‚EorkhujturejKnpeht Essdssndgt, Yujgdrefkjkty, egb t`d Xhcpd icr Ebep-tetkcg.„ Hjknetd Hègod 28= ?24‘?00.

Vîcs Vche, Å., N. Oerrøg F., egb \. Hksgdrcs. 6<<4. ‚RerodtkgoIudj Xufskbkds kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg= Egejysksegb \rcpcsej.„ Jetkg Endrkheg Dgdroy Croegkzetkcg.

Vcsdoregt, Nera _., Rkgomu ]ù, Xkwe Nsegok, egb Rknc-t`y Xujsdr. 6<<0. ‚R`d Knpeht ci Fkciudj \rcbuhtkcg cg_crjb Hdrdej \rkhds.„ Tgpufjks`db pepdr quctdb wkt`pdrnksskcg. Kgtdrgetkcgej Iccb \cjkhy Vdsderh` Kgstktutd,_es`kgotcg, BH.

Vcsdgzwdko, Hygt`ke, egb Ege Kojdskes. 6<<9. \ctdgtkej Knpehts

ci Hjknetd Hègod cg _crjb Iccb Xuppjy= Bete Xdts ircn e Nemcr

Hrcp Ncbdjkgo Xtuby. Gdw [cra= Ocbberb Kgstktutd icr XpehdXtubkds, Hcjunfke Tgkvdrskty.

Vcsdgzwdko, N.V., egb @.\. Fkgswegodr. 5;;8. ‚_dejt`,_det`dr Vksa egb t`d Hcnpcsktkcg egb \rciktefkjkty ci Eorkhujturej Kgvdstndgts.„ Dhcgcnkh Mcurgej 5<8= 49‘?0.

Vukz-Herreshej, dt ej. 6<<0. Fkncgt`jy Vdpcrt tc t`d _crjbFega cg Dgvkrcgndgtej Hègods kg \årenc Dhcsystdns.

Vute, O., egb A. @enkjtcg. 6<<0. ‚Dgvkrcgndgt egb t`d OjcfejIkgeghkej Hrksks.„ Breit. _crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

Xenegkdoc, M., egb H. Ikoudrds. 6<<6= ‚Dvcjvkgo tc e Xdhtcr-Fesdb HBN.„ Kg Fukjbkgo cg t`d Ayctc \rctchcj= Cptkcgs icr \rc-

tdhtkgo t`d Hjknetd, db. Advkg Feundrt. _es kgotcg, BH=_crjb Vdscurhds Kgstktutd, hèptdr 2.

Xetèyd, M. E., egb A. Egbreshc. 6<<?. ‚Xpdhkej Kssud cg Dstkne-tkcg ci Fesdjkgd egb Jdeaeod kg Herfcg Nktkoetkcg Icrdstry

\rcmdhts= Dbktcrkej.„ Nktkoetkcg egb Ebeptetkcg Xtretdokds icr Ojcfej Hègod 56 (9)= ;98‘?<.

Xewydr, B. 6<<0. ‚Hjknetd Hègod, Fkciudjs egb Dhc-XchkejKnpehts kg t`d Frezkjkeg Enezcg egb Hdrrebc.„ \`kjcscp khej

Rregsehtkcgs ci t`d Vcyej Xchkdty 898= 5?2?‘5?46.Xhegbkzzc, \., 6<<0. ‚Ebeptetkcg \rcmdhts egb Vdej Cptkcgs.„

Fehaorcugb pepdr icr t`ks stuby, _crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg,BH.

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Xh`jenebkgodr, Fdrgèrb, Rrehy Mc`gs, Jcrdgzc Hkhherdsd,Nett`kes Freug, Etsus`k Xetc, E`ndt Xdgyez, \dtdr Xtdp`dgs,Nesenkh`k Reaeès`k, egb Pkecqueg ]ègo. 6<<?. ‚Cptkcgsicr Kghjubkgo Jegb Tsd kg e Hjknetd Eorddndgt \cst-6<56=Knprcvkgo t`d Ayctc \rctchcj Epprceh`.„ Dgvkrcgndgtej Xhk-

dghd egb \cjkhy 5<= 6;4‘8<4.

Xh`nkbt, M., dt ej. 6<<2. ‚Xdhtcr Fesdb Orddg`cusd Oes Dnks-skcgs Vdbuhtkcg Epprceh` icr Bdvdjcpkgo Hcugtrkds, XcndCptkcgs.„ _crakgo pepdr prdperdb icr t`d Bkejcoud cgIuturd Kgtdrgetkcgej Ehtkcgs tc Ebbrdss Ojcfej HjknetdHègod, Ndxkhc Hkty, Ndxkhc, Gcvdnfdr 59‘5;.

Xh`nkbt, Mead, Gdb @djnd, Mkg Jdd, egb Nera @cubes`djt.6<<9. ‚Xdhtcr-fesdb Epprceh` tc t`d \cst-6<56 HjknetdHègod \cjkhy Erh`ktdhturd.„ Hdgtdr icr Hjdeg Ekr \cjkhy,_es`kgotcg, BH.

Xh`gdkbdr, X. @., egb M. Jegd. 6<<9. ‚Eg Cvdrvkdw ci Begodr-cus Hjknetd Hègod.„ Kg Evckbkgo Begodrcus Hjknetd Hègod.

@. Xh`djjgùfdr, db. Henfrkbod egb Gdw [cra= Henfrkbod

Tgkvdrskty \rdss, ?‘68.Xh`gdkbdr, X. @., dt ej. 6<<?. ‚Essdsskgo Ady Yujgdrefkjktkdsegb t`d Vksa ircn Hjknetd Hègod.„ Kg ‚Hjknetd Hègod6<<?= Knpehts, Ebeptetkcg egb Yujgdrefkjkty,„ db. N. J.\erry, C. I. Hegzkegk, M. \. \ejutkaci, \. M. veg bdr Jkgbdg,egb H. D. @egscg. Hcgtrkfutkcg ci _crakgo Orcup KK tc t`dIcurt` Essdssndgt Vdpcrt ci t`d Kgtdrocvdrgndgtej \egdj cg Hjk-

netd Hègod. Henfrkbod, T.A.= Henfrkbod Tgkvdrskty\rdss, ??;‘05<.

Xh`cjzd, N., _. Agcrr, G. _. Ergdjj, egb K. H. \rdgtkhd. 6<<9. ‚EHjknetd-Hègod Vksa Egejysks icr _crjb Dhcsystdns.„ \rc-

hddbkgos ci t`d Getkcgej Ehebdny ci Xhkdghds, 5<8, 58559‘5856<.Xderh`kgodr, R., V. @dknjkh`, V. E. @cuo`tcg, I. Bcgo, E.

Djcfdkb, M. Iefkcse, X. Rcaocz, B. @eyds, egb R-@. [u.6<<0. ‚Tsd ci T.X. Hrcpjegbs icr Fkciudjs Kghrdesds Orddg-`cusd Oesds t`rcuo` Dnksskcgs ircn Jegb-Tsd Hègod.„

Xhkdghd Dxprdss 85;= 5680‘562<.XDGDV. 6<<?. \rcspdhtkve bdj sdhtcr djëhtrkhc 6<<?‘6<59.Xdc, Gkoocj, egb Vcfdrt Ndgbdjsc`g. 6<<?. ‚E Vkherbkeg

Egejysks ci t`d Knpeht ci Hjknetd Hègod cg Jetkg EndrkhegIerns.„ \cjkhy Vdsderh` _crakgo \epdr Xdrkds 2598, _crjbFega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

‒‒‒. 6<<0. ‚Eg Egejysks ci Hrcp H`ckhd= Ebeptkgo tc Hjk-netd Hègod kg Xcut` Endrkheg Ierns.„ Dhcjcokhej Dhcgcnkhs,9? (5)= 5<;‘559.

Xnkt. F., B. NhGeff, egb M. Xnkt`drs. 5;;9. ‚EorkhujturdEbeptetkcg tc Hjknetd Yerketkcg.„ Hjknetd Hègod 88=?‘6;.

Xnkt`, M. 5;;?. ‚Xdttkgo \rkcrktkds icr Ebeptkgo tc HjknetdHègod,„ Ojcfej Dgvkrcgndgtej Hègod. `ttp=//www.shkdghdbkrdht.hcn/shkdghd/ertkhjd/F9YIY-8XP2NI@-2/5/bb5ef;h0hh;000<ih620f2820ei5dh40.

Xnkt`, M., egb V. Ndgbdjsc`g, dbs. 6<<9. R`d Knpeht ci Hjk-

netd Hègod cg Vdokcgej Xystdns= E Hcnprd`dgskvd Egejysks ci

Hejkicrgke. Gcrtènptcg, NE= Dbwerb Djoer \ufjks`kgo,500‘6<?.

Xnkt`, \dtd, dt ej. 6<<?. ‚\cjkhy egb Rdh`gcjcokhej Hcgstrekgtstc Knpjdndgtetkcg ci Orddg`cusd Oes Nktkoetkcg Cptkcgskg Eorkhujturd.„ Eorkhujturd, Dhcsystdns egb Dgvkrcgndgt 550=9‘60. Cgjkgd et shkdghdbkrdht.hcn.

Xcerds-Ikj`c, F. dt ej. 6<<9. ‚Ncbdjkgo Hcgsdrvetkcg kg t`dEnezcg Feskg.„ Geturd 22< (68 Nerh`)= 46<‘468.Xc`godg, F., egb V. Xdbmc. 6<<9. ‚Herfcg Xdqudstretkcg kg

Ojcfej Icrdsts ugbdr Bkiidrdgt Herfcg \rkhd Vdoknds.„Dgdroy Mcurgej 5<;‘569.

Xcjcncg, X., B. Ukg, N. Neggkgo, ]. H`dg, N. Nerquks, A. F.Evdryt, N. Rkogcr egb @. J. Nkjjdr, dbs. 6<<?. ‚HjknetdHègod 6<<?= R`d \`yskhej Xhkdghd Fesks.„ Hcgtrkfutkcg ci _crakgo Orcup K tc t`d Icurt` Essdssndgt Vdpcrt ci t`d Kgtdr-

ocvdrgndgtej \egdj cg Hjknetd Hègod. Henfrkbod, T.A. egbGdw [cra, G[= Henfrkbod Tgkvdrskty \rdss.

Xpdghd, N., dt ej. 6<<0. R`d Orcwt` Vdpcrt, Xtretdokds icr Xus-

tekgdb Orcwt` egb Kghjuskvd Bdvdjcpndgt . Hcnnksskcg cgOrcwt` egb Bdvdjcpndgt.Xtdra, _cjioego, egb Fdttkge _kttgdfdg. 6<<9. ‚Ebbrdsskgo

Hèjjdgods egb Cppcrtugktkds ci e Xdhtcrej Epprceh` tc t`dHjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn.„ MKAC \cjkhy \epdr. _up-pdrtej Kgstktutd icr Hjknetd, Dgvkrcgndgt, egb Dgdroy,Euoust.

Xtdrg, G. 6<<0. ‚R`d Dhcgcnkhs ci Hjknetd Hègod.„ Endrkheg

Dhcgcnkh Vdvkdw ;0 (6)= 5‘8?.Xtcha`cjn Dgvkrcgndgt Kgstktutd (XDK). 6<<?. ‚Hjknetd Xtefk-

jkzetkcg \et`s= R`d Vko`t tc Bdvdjcpndgt kg e HjknetdHcgstrekgdb _crjb.„

Xtctt, \. E., B. E. Xtcgd, egb N. V. Ejjdg. 6<<2. ‚@uneg Hcg-trkfutkcg tc t`d Durcpdeg @det _evd ci 6<<8.„ Geturd 286=95<‘952.

Xtressfuro, Fdrgerbc, Adrry Rurgdr, Frdgbeg Iks`dr, VcfdrtcXhèdiidr, egb Egbrdw Jcvdtt. 6<<0. ‚Eg Dnpkrkhejjy-BdrkvdbNdhègksn ci Hcnfkgdb Kghdgtkvds tc Vdbuhd Dnksskcgs ircnBdicrdstetkcg, Hdgtrd icr Xchkej egb Dhcgcnkh Vdsderh` cgt`d Ojcfej Dgvkrcgndgt (HXDVOD).„ _crakgo \epdr DHN<0-<5. Xh`ccj ci Dgvkrcgndgtej Xhkdghds, Tgkvdrskty ci DestEgojke, T.A.

Xtrcgo, E.D., egb F. Heusdy. 6<<?. ‚Hrksks kg t`d Chdegs= R`dKnpehts ci Hjknetd cg Hcrej Vddis egb t`d Nerkgd Dhcsys-tdn, e Negeodr‛s Rccjs egb Vdspcgsd.„ _rkttdg hcnpcsktd

vdrskcg ci pepdrs bdjkvdrdb et _crjb Fega \egdj cg HjknetdKnpehts egb Ebeptetkcg Vdspcgsds kg Jetkg Endrkhe,Gcvdnfdr ?, 6<<9.

Xtrzdpda, A., B. [etds, egb B. Dj Uucsy. 5;;9. ‚YujgdrefkjktyEssdssndgt ci _etdr Vdscurhds kg Doypt tc HjknetkhHègod kg t`d Gkjd Feskg.„ Hjknetd Vdsderh` 9= 0;‘;4.

Xwkss Vd. 6<<8. ‚Geturej Hetestrcp`ds egb Vdkgsureghd.„]urkh`, Xwktzdrjegb.

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Xzajc, E. X., V. Xhèdiidr, N. D. Xhùjjdr, egb _. Hègbjdr.6<<4. ‚Frezkjkeg Dgdroy \cjkhkds Xkbd-Diidhts cg HC6 Dnks-skcgs Vdbuhtkcg.„ Dgdroy \cjkhy 88 (8)= 828‘892.

R`cnes, H`rks B., dt ej. 6<<2. ‚Dxtkghtkcg Vksa ircn HjknetdHègod.„ Geturd 26?= 524‘520.

Rknkjskge, Ocvkgbe, egb Ees`ks` X`rdstè. 6<<0. ‚R`d Orcwt`

ci Rregspcrt Xdhtcr HC6 Dnksskcgs egb Tgbdrjykgo Iehtcrskg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg.„ \cjkhy Vdsderh`_crakgo \epdr Gc. 2?82. _crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

Rknnkgs, H`rkstcp`dr. 6<<8. ‚@dejt` egb Hjknetd Hègodkg t`d Bdvdjcpkgo _crjb= R`d Knpeht ci Ojcfej _ern-kgo cg Frezkjkeg Ncrfkbkty \ettdrgs.„ Negushrkpt, BuadTgkvdrskty.

Rcfe Getsuac. 6<<0e. ‚Dhcgcnkh Knpehts ci Hjknetd Hègodcg t`d Herkffdeg Hcnnugkty.„ Kg Essdsskgo t`d Hcgsdqudghds

ci Hjknetd Bdstefkjkzetkcg kg Jetkg Endrkhe, db. _. Ydroere.Xustekgefjd Bdvdjcpndgt Bdpertndgt, Jetkg Endrkhe egbt`d Herkffdeg. _es`kgotcg, BH= _crjb Fega.

Rcj, V. X. M. 5;;0. ‚Dhcgcnkh Espdhts ci Ojcfej Dgvkrcgndg-tej Ncbdjs.„ Kg R`dcry egb Knpjdndgtetkcg ci Dhcgcnkh Ncbdjs

icr Xustekgefjd Bdvdjcpndgt, db. M. H. veg bdg Fdro` egbN. _. @ciads, 6??‘609. Bcrbrdh`t, t`d Gdt`drjegbs=Ajuwdr Ehebdnkh \ufjks`drs.

‒‒‒. 6<<6. ‚Dstknetds ci t`d Beneod Hcsts ci HjknetdHègod.„ Dgvkrcgndgtej egb Vdscurhd Dhcgcnkhs 65= 2?‘?8.

‒‒‒. 6<<4. ‚R`d Nerokgej Beneod Hcsts ci Herfcg Bkcx-kbd Dnksskcgs= Eg Essdssndgt ci t`d Tghdrtekgtkds.„ Dgdroy

\cjkhy 88 (59).Rcj, V. X. M., egb O. _. [c`d. 6<<9. ‚E Vdvkdw ci t`d Xtdrg

Vdvkdw.„ _crjb Dhcgcnkhs ? (8)= 688‘64<.Rurgdr, F. R., V. M. \jdvkg, N. C‛@erd, egb E. D. Ierrdjj. 6<<?.

‚Hrdetkgo Neradts icr Orddg Fkciudjs.„ Vdpcrt Gc. RVHX-VV-5. Fdradjdy= Tgkvdrskty ci Hejkicrgke. `ttp=//rdpcsktcrkds.hbjkf.cro/kts/tsrh/THF-KRX-RXVH-VV-6<<?-5/.

TA IV\ (TA Icrdstry Vdsderh` \rcoren). 6<<4. `ttp=//www.icrdstrdsderh`.ocv.ua/ir/KGIB-?A;BBY.

TGD\ VKXC HBN. \kpdjkgd betefesd= ttp=//hbnpkpdjkgd.cro/.TGIHHH (Tgktdb Getkcgs Irendwcra Hcgvdgtkcg cg Hjknetd

Hègod). 6<<9. ‚Fehaorcugb \epdr‒Knpehts, Yujgdrefkj-kty egb Ebeptetkcg tc Hjknetd Hègod kg Jetkg Endrkhe.„TGIHHH Xdhrdterket. Fcgg, Odrnegy. `ttp=//ugihhh.kgt/ikjds/ebeptetkcg/ebvdrsdSdiidhtsSegbSrdspcgsdSndesurdsSertS20/eppjkhetkcg/pbi/6<<9<;SfehaorcugbSjetkgSendrk-

hegSwas`p.pbi.‒‒‒. 6<<?. ‚Vdpcrt cg t`d Xdhcgb _cras`cp cg Vdbuhkgo

Dnksskcgs ircn Bdicrdstetkcg kg Bdvdjcpkgo Hcugtrkds.„`ttp=//ugihhh.kgt/ rdscurhd/bchs/6<<?/sfste/dgo/<8.pbi.

TG Icugbetkcg egb Xkone PK Xhkdgtkikh Vdsderh` Xchkdty. 6<<?.‚Hcgircgtkgo Hjknetd Hègod= Evckbkgo t`d Tgkneokgefjdegb Negeokgo t`d Tgevckbefjd.„

Trdte, Negudjkte. 6<<4. ‚@urrkhegd Nkth`, Ienkjy Fubodtsegb Xh`ccjkgo kg Gkhereoue.„ Negushrkpt, Bdpertndgt ci Dhcgcnkhs, Rdxes E&N Tgkvdrskty.

T.X. Dgvkrcgndgtej \rctdhtkcg Eodghy. 6<<9. ‚Ojcfej Nktkoe-tkcg ci Gcg-HC6 Orddg`cusd Oesds.„ Ciikhd ci Etncsp`drkh\rcorens, Tgktdb Xtetds Dgvkrcgndgtej \rctdhtkcg Eodghy,

_es`kgotcg, BH, D\E-28<-V-<9-<<4.Yeaks, V. 6<<9. ‚Hcnpjdndgtkgo Geturej Bksestdrs Negeod-ndgt= R`d Vcjd ci Xchkej \rctdhtkcg.„ Xchkej \rctdhtkcgBkshusskcg \epdr, Gc. <428, _crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg,BH.

Yeaks, V., B. Aruodr, egb E. Nescg, 6<<2. ‚X`chas egb Hciidd=Jdsscgs ircn Gkhereoue.„ Breit, @uneg BdvdjcpndgtBdpertndgt, Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg,_crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

Yeg Jkds`cut, N., V. X. Acvets, N. R. M. Jkvdrncrd, egb\. Nertdgs. 6<<2. ‚Hjknetd Hègod egb Nejerke= Egejysks ci t`d XVDX Hjknetd egb Xchkc-dhcgcnkh Xhdgerkcs.„ Ojcfej

Dgvkrcgndgtej Hègod. 52= 0?‘;;.Yerby, I. 6<<0. \rdvdgtkgo Kgtdrgetkcgej Hrksds= E Ojcfej \ufjkh

Occbs \drspdhtkvd. _es`kgotcg, BH= _crjb Fega.Yesqudz-Jdcg, N. dt ej. 6<<8. ‚Ebeptetkcg tc Hjknetkh Yerk-

efkjkty egb Hègod kg Rjexheje, Ndxkhc.„ Kg Hjknetd Hègod,

Ebeptkvd Hepehkty egb Bdvdjcpndgt , db. M. Xnkt`, V. Ajdkg,egb X. @uq. Jcgbcg= Knpdrkej Hcjjdod \rdss.

Yëjdz, C. J. 6<<?. Dnprdses \ufjkhes bd Ndbdjjkg, Xufbkrdhhkøg

Ndbkc Enfkdgtd. Ndbdjjîg, Hcjcnfke.Ydroere, _. 6<<4. ‚Ebeptkgo tc Hjknetd Hègod, Jdsscgs

Jdergdb, _cra kg \rcordss, egb \rcpcsdb Gdxt Xtdps icrt`d _crjb Fega kg Jetkg Endrkhe.„ Jetkg Endrkhe egbHerkffdeg Vdokcg, _crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

Ydroere, _. 6<<;. ‚Hjknetd-Kgbuhdb Dhcsystdn Beneod kgJetkg Endrkhe.„ Kg Essdsskgo t`d Hcgsdqudghds ci Hjknetd Bdste-

fkjkzetkcg kg Jetkg Endrkhe. Xustekgefjd Bdvdjcpndgt _cra-kgo \epdr. _crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

Ydroere, _., E. N. Bddf, E. N. Yejdghke, V. X. Frebjdy, F. Ireg-hcu, E. ]erzer, E. Orugwejbt, egb X. N. @eussdjkgo. 6<<?.‚Dhcgcnkh Knpehts ci Vepkb Ojehkdr Vdtrdet kg t`d Egbds.„DCX, Rregsehtkcgs, Endrkheg Odcp`yskhej Tgkcg 00= 695‘690.

Ydroere, _., Getsuac Rcfe, B. Nkre-Xejene, egb E. Bddf.6<<0. ‚R`d Hcgsdqudghds ci Hjknetd-kgbuhdb Hcrej Jcss kgt`d Herkffdeg fy 6<4<‘6<0<.„ Kg ‚ Essdsskgo t`d \ctdgtkej

Hcgsdqudghds ci Hjknetd Bdstefkjkzetkcg kg Jetkg Endrkhe.„ Xus-

tekgefjd Bdvdjcpndgt _crakgo \epdr 86, _crjb Fega,_es`kgotcg, BH.

Ycs, V., N. Ydjeshc, egb D. Jefestkbe. 5;;;. ‚Dhcgcnkh egbXchkej Diidhts ci Dj Gkõc kg Dhuebcr, 5;;?‘5;;0,„ Kgtdr-Endrkheg Bdvdjcpndgt Fega, Xustekgefjd BdvdjcpndgtBdpertndgt, Rdh`gkhej \epdr Xdrkds.

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F K F J K C O V E \ @ [



_erb, Nurrey, db. 6<<0. ‚R`d Vcjd ci Xdhtcr Gc-Jcsd Rerodtskg Xhejkgo Tp Ikgeghd icr Hjknetd Hègod NktkoetkcgEhtkvktkds kg Bdvdjcpkgo Hcugtrkds.„ BDIVE.

_BK. 6<<0. _crjb Bdvdjcpndgt Kgbkhetcrs, _es`kgotcg, BH=_crjb Fega. `ttp=//www.wcrjbfega.cro/.

_dfstdr, \. M., O. M. @cjjegb, M. E. Hurry, egb @.-V. Hègo.

6<<4. ‚Hègods kg Rrcpkhej Hyhjcgd Gunfdr, Buretkcg,egb Kgtdgskty kg e _ernkgo Dgvkrcgndgt.„ Xhkdghd 8<;(4?26)= 5022‘5029.

_d`fd, N., @. Deakg, V. Xdkjdr, N.Ykgchur, H. Åvkje, egb H.Neruttc. 6<<9. ‚Jchej \drspdhtkvds cg Ebeptetkcg tc Hjk-netd Hègod= Jdsscgs ircn Ndxkhc egb Erodgtkge.„ EKEHH_crakgo \epdr Gc. 8;.

_dktzneg, N. J. 5;?2. ‚\rkhds vs. Uuegtktkds.„ Vdvkdw ci Dhc-

gcnkh Xtubkds 25= 2??‘;5.‒‒‒. 6<<?. ‚E Vdvkdw ci t`d Xtdrg Vdvkdw cg t`d Dhcgcn-

khs ci Hjknetd Hègod.„ Mcurgej ci Dhcgcnkh Jktdreturd.

_dst, M. N., egb V. Y. Xejn. 6<<8. ‚Vdsksteghd egb Vdskjkdghd

tc Hcrej Fjdeh`kgo= Knpjkhetkcgs icr Hcrej Vddb Hcgsdrve-tkcg egb Negeodndgt.„ Hcgsdrvetkcg Fkcjcoy 5?(2)= ;49‘;9?._`ktdneg, E., D. Hus`kcg, egb O. Bkdtdrjd. 6<<;. ‚Fkcdgdroy

Bdvdjcpndgt= Kssuds egb Knpehts icr \cvdrty egb GeturejVdscurhd Negeodndgt.„ Breit. IEC egb _crjb Fega,_es`kgotcg, BH.

_@C (_crjb @dejt` Croegkzetkcg). 5;;;. ‚Dj Gkõc egb@dejt`‒\rctdhtkcg ci t`d @uneg Dgvkrcgndgt.„ Negu-shrkpt. Odgdve.

_kgtdrs, \., V. Nuroek, D. Xebcujdt, E. bd Megvry, egbO. Irksvcjb. 5;;0. ‚Dhcgcnkh egb _djierd Knpehts ci Hjk-netd Hègod cg Bdvdjcpkgo Hcugtrkds.„ Dgvkrcgndgtej egb

Vdscurhd Dhcgcnkhs 56= 5‘62._crjb Fega. 6<<4e. ‚X`chas egb Xchkej \rctdhtkcg= Jdsscgs ircn

t`d Hdgtrej Endrkheg Hciidd Hrksks.„ Vdpcrt Gc. 8504?-HE.‒‒‒. 6<<4f. ‚\cjkhy Epprceh`ds tc Negeokgo t`d Dhc-

gcnkh Rregsktkcg= Dgsurkgo tèt t`d \ccr Heg Fdgdikt ircnBV-HEIRE.„ Negushrkpt.

‒‒‒. 6<<9. ‚Negeokgo Hjknetd Vksa= Kgtdoretkgo Ebepte-tkcg kgtc _crjb Fega Orcup Cpdretkcgs.„ Ojcfej Dgvkrcg-ndgtej Iehkjkty.

‒‒‒. 6<<?e. ‚_etdr egb Hjknetd Hègod= @ybrcjcokhBrkvdrs egb \ctdgtkej Knpehts,„ _etdr Egh`cr Tgkt,Bdhdnfdr 5?.

‒‒‒. 6<<?f. ‚Yksuejkzkgo Iuturd Hjknetd Hègod kg Jetkg

Endrkhe= Vdsujts ircn t`d Eppjkhetkcg ci t`d Dert` Xknuje-tcr.„ Kg JHV Xustekgefjd _crakgo Bdvdjcpndgt \epdr , db. _ejtdrYdroere. _crjb Fega= _es`kgotcg, BH.

‒‒‒. 6<<0e. ‚Dgvkrcgndgtej Jkhdgskgo icr @ybrcdjdhtrkh\rcmdhts kg Frezkj= E Hcgtrkfutkcg tc t`d Bdfetd.„ Vdpcrt2<;;4-FV. Frezkj Hcugtry Negeodndgt Tgkt. _crjbFega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

‒‒‒. 6<<0f. ‚Rcwerb Hjdegdr Hktkds= \rctdhtkgo t`d @dejt`ci t`d \ccr egb t`d Dgvkrcgndgt kg Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d

Herkffdeg Vdokcg.„ Tgpufjks`db negushrkpt, JHXXB.‒‒‒. 6<<0h. _crjb Bdvdjcpndgt Vdpcrt 6<<0= Eorkhujturd icr

Bdvdjcpndgt.

‒‒‒. 6<<;. _crjb Bdvdjcpndgt Vdpcrt 6<<;= Vdsèpkgo Dhc-

gcnkh Odcorep`y.

‒‒‒. Icrt`hcnkgo. Ndxkhc Jcw-Herfcg Xtuby (NDBDH).

_es`kgotcg, BH= _crjb Fega._crjbweth` Kgstktutd. 6<<9. Fkciudjs icr Rregspcrtetkcg. Ojcfej

\ctdgtkej egb Knpjkhetkcgs icr Xustekgefjd Eorkhujturd egb

Dgdroy kg t`d 65st Hdgtury. _es`kgotcg, BH= _crjbweth`Kgstktutd.

[enkg, Ierège, egb Drkh @ektds. 6<<9. ‚R`d Xec \eujc \rc-

pcsej icr eg Eorddndgt cg Iuturd Kgtdrgetkcgej Hjknetd\cjkhy.„ Bkshusskcg \epdr icr HC\-56 & HC\/NC\ 6.[enkg I., M. F. Xnkt`, egb K. Furtcg. 6<<9. ‚\drspdhtkvds cg

Begodrcus Egt`rcpcodgkh Kgtdridrdghd1 cr @cw tc Cpdre-tkcgejkzd Ertkhjd 6 ci t`d TG Irendwcra Hcgvdgtkcg cgHjknetd Hègod.„ Kg Evckbkgo Begodrcus Hjknetd Hègod, db.@. Xh`djjgùfdr, 06‘;5. Henfrkbod egb Gdw [cra= Hen-frkbod Tgkvdrskty \rdss.

]e`, V., @. Fcgk, N. Oeuh`, V. @ksh`kdr, N. Jd`negg, egb\. _eodr. 6<<?. ‚Jkid Hyhjd Essdssndgt ci Dgdroy \rcbuhts=Dgvkrcgndgtej Knpeht Essdssndgt ci Fkciudjs.„ DxdhutkvdXunnery. Breit. Dnpe, Xt. Oejjdg, Xwktzdrjegb.

]e`gksdr, Xtdvdg. 6<<0e. T.X. Bdpertndgt ci Eorkhujturd, pdr-scgej hcnnugkhetkcg.

‒‒‒.6<<0f, ‚Rcwerb e Hjknetd Hègod Ebeptetkcg \cjkhyicr Eorkhujturd= R`d Hesd ci t`d Durcpdeg Tgkcg.„ Feha-orcugb pepdr icr t`ks stuby, _crjb Fega, _es`kgotcg, BH.

]djjdr, V. 6<<0. \rdskbdgt ci Ejquknketdh . Uuktc, Dhuebcr.]cndr, V. M., E. Rrefuhhc, C. veg Xtreetdg, J. Y. Ydrhct, egb

F. Nuys. 6<<4. ‚DGHCICV HBN-EV Cgjkgd EgejysksRccj= Knpjkhetkcgs ci Icrdst Bdikgktkcg cg Jegb Erde Djkok-fjd icr HBN-EV.„ \ufjks`db cgjkgd= www=//hsk.hoker.cro/dghcicr/icrdst/.

]cndr, V. M., E. Rrefuhhc, B. H. Fcsskc, egb J. Y. Ydrh`ct.6<<0. ‚Hjknetd Hègod Nktkoetkcg= E Xpetkej Egejysks ci

Ojcfej Jegb Xuktefkjkty icr Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt NdhègksnEiicrdstetkcg egb Vdicrdstetkcg.„ Eorkhujturej Dhcsystdns egb

Dgvkrcgndgt 569 (5‘6)= 9?‘0<.

50;

F K F J K C O V E \ @ [





E

Ebeptetkcg tc hjknetd hègod

kg eorkhujturej prehtkhd, 4<‘44

hetdocrkds ci pcjkhkds, ?5‘?6

hèjjdgods tc pjeggkgo, 2;

hcst hcgskbdretkcg, ?6‘?8

dhcsystdn prctdhtkcg, 40, 9;

iehkjktetkvd pcjkhkds tc prcnctd, 4;‘94

icrdstry negeodndgt, 49‘4?, 59?‘59;orebuej knpjdndgtetkcg, 2;‘4<

kgbkvkbuej bkiidrdghds kg, 2;, 4;

kgtdrgetkcgej tregsidrs tc suppcrt, ?8

neradt rdspcgsds tc hjknetd hègod, 40‘4;, 98‘94

nkoretkcg rdspcgsd es, 48

nktkoetkcg egb, 64‘69, 590‘59;

gcgiehkjktetkvd pcjkhkds tc prcnctd, 94‘?<

pcjkhy-neakgo hcgskbdretkcgs, 64‘69, 2;

pcjkhy prkcrktkzetkcg, ?<‘?6

prkvetd hepehkty icr, 40

pufjkh `dejt` kgtdrvdgtkcgs, 4?‘40

rdspcgsd tc wetdr suppjy hègods, 44‘49rdspcgsd tc wdet`dr s`chas vdrsus, 48‘44

strdgot`dgkgo `cusd`cjbs‛ dhcgcnkh hepehkty icr, 4;‘95

strdgot`dgkgo rksa negeodndgt hepefkjkty, 95‘98

tdh`gcjcokhej egb agcwjdbod systdns icr, 90‘?<

t`dcrdtkhej hcghdptuejkzetkcg, 2;

tknkgo ci pcjkhy knpjdndgtetkcg, 69, ?6

vujgdrefjd pcpujetkcgs, 40

wdet`dr ncgktcrkgo egb icrdhestkgo, 4;

Eicrdstetkcg/rdicrdstetkcg

ebeptetkcg stretdokds, 4?

fdgdstts, 4?, 59?‘590

wkt` herfcg sdqudstretkcg, 9?‘90, 9;

Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn hcgskbdretkcgs, 00, ;<, ;4

ocvdrgeghd hepehkty icr, 598

pctdgtkej icr hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg, 595, 599,

59? i, 590‘59;

retkcgejd icr knpjdndgtetkcg kg JHV, 4wetdr negeodndgt egb, 4?

Xdd ejsc Bdicrdstetkcg egb icrdst bdorebetkcg1 Icrdstry

Eorkhujturd

ebeptetkcg pcjkhy prkcrktkzetkcg, ?5

ebeptetkcg stretdokds, 4<‘44

fdgdstts ci hjknetd hègod, 8

fkciudj prcbuhtkcg, 584‘52<

herfcg idrtkjkzetkcg, 84

hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg stretdokds, 549, 54?

hrcp bdhkskcgs kg rdspcgsd tc hjknetd hègod, 4<‘45

hrcp quejkty bdorebetkcg es hjknetd hègod diidht, 9;

bdicrdstetkcg prdssurds ircn, 598dhcgcnkh hcgsdqudghds ci hjknetd hègod, 82‘89

odgdtkhejjy ncbkstdb croegksns, 90‘9;

O@O dnksskcgs rdjetdb tc, 6? g.55, 0?‘00, 5<9‘5<?,

56?, 560, 549‘54?

`kstcrkhej hcpkgo stretdokds, 45‘46

kgsureghd neradts, 95‘98

jkvdstcha nktkoetkcg ndesurds, 540‘54;, 5?2 g.29

neradt rdspcgsds tc hjknetd hègod, 40‘4;, 98‘94

5;5

Kgbdx

\eod gunfdrs icjjcwdb fy i, g, cr t rdidr tc ikourds, gctds, cr tefjds, rdspdhtkvdjy.



cfstehjds tc hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg, 59<

pctdgtkej nktkoetkcg ci O@O dnksskcgs, 54?‘59<

prcbuhtkvkty, 89 i, 9<

prcmdhtdb O@O dnksskcgs, 549‘54?

prcspdhts icr hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg, 5?6‘5?8

rdokcgej bkiidrdghds kg hjknetd hègod diidhts egb

nktkoetkcg, 84, 540, 54;rdsderh`, ?8, ?2

strdgot`dgkgo `cusd`cjb hepehkty tc ebept tc hjknetd

hègod, 4;‘95


tdh`gcjcokhej egb agcwjdbod systdns icr, 90‘?<

wdet`dr ncgktcrkgo egb icrdhestkgo, 4;,

9< i, 96

zdrc-tkjjeod tdh`gkqud, 540, 54;

Xdd ejsc Iccb suppjy

Enezcg rekgicrdst

herfcg stcreod, 26

dhcjcokhej skogkstheghd, 26prcmdhtdb hjknetd hègod diidhts, 25‘26, 28 i

stretdokds icr rdbuhkgo bdicrdstetkcg, ;;, 596‘598

Egbdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Hcrpcretkcg, ;5

Egbds ncugtekgs

ojehkej ndjtkgo, 8, 8?‘8;

`ybrcdjdhtrkh suppjy, 80

tdnpdreturd rksd, 6;, 8?

Egterhtkh egb Orddgjegb khd s`ddts

prcmdhtdb cuthcnds ci ojcfej wernkgo, ?

sde jdvdj rksd ircn ndjtkgo ci, 28

Erhtkh sde khd ndjtkgo trdgbs, 8

Erodgtkge

fdgdstts ci eorcgcnkh rdsderh`, 9<

hjknetd hègod negkidstetkcgs, 8, ;, 86, 84

dgdroy dhcgcny, 5<;, 55;, 56<

dxtrdnd wdet`dr dvdgts kg, 6

stccb hcgtrcj prcmdhts, 99

icsskj iudj dnksskcgs, 565‘566

O@O dnksskcgs, 5<;‘55<

pcpujetkcg bkstrkfutkcg fy djdvetkcg, 28

trebktkcgej wdet`dr hcpkgo stretdokds, 46

Xdd ejsc Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg (JHV)

F

FkcHerfcg Iugb, 59;Fkcdgdroy, 584‘52<, 525, 5?8 g.4

Fcjkvke

hjknetd hègod negkidstetkcg, 8, 2 i

dgdroy dhcgcny, 55;, 56<, 58<

dxtrdnd wdet`dr dvdgts, 6, 8

O@O dnksskcgs, 5<;, 555‘558


Xdd ejsc Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg

Frezkj

eorkhujturej ebeptetkcg pcjkhkds, ?<

hjknetd hègod diidhts cg pcvdrty, 89 i

hjknetd-irkdgbjy pufjkh kgvdstndgt, 62

dgdroy dhcgcny, 5<;, 55;‘56<, 528, 522, 52?

dxtrdnd wdet`dr dvdgts kg, 6, 6;, 86

icrdst negeodndgt pcjkhkds, 64, 596icsskj iudj dnksskcgs, 565, 566, 56;

O@O dnksskcgs, 5<4, 5<;, 55<, 555, 52?, 52;

ocvdrgndgt rcjd kg brcuo`t rdspcgsd, 9?

jegb-usd hègod O@O dnksskcgs, 59<‘595, 596

prcmdhtdb hjknetd hègod diidhts, 86, 84

pufjkh spdgbkgo rdspcgsd tc dhcgcnkh hrksds, xkk

pufjkh tregspcrtetkcg kgvdstndgts, 54<‘545

rdgdwefjd dgdroy prcoren, 582, 584, 589‘58?

scjkb westd negeodndgt, 542

stretdokds icr rdbuhkgo bdicrdstetkcg, ;;, 5<<

tregspcrtetkcg sdhtcr O@O dnksskcgs, 52?, 52;


H

Hegebe, icsskj iudj dnksskcgs, 56;

Hep-egb-trebd systdns

herfcg tex pcjkhkds vdrsus, 52‘59

kgicrnetkcg gddbs, 58‘52

kgtdrgetkcgej systdn, 59, 05

cptknej prkhkgo, 0<‘05

pdrkcbkh ebmustndgt, 54

purpcsd, 58

Herfcg bkcxkbd

heusds ci hjknetd hègod, 5, 2

hjknetd stefkjkzetkcg pet`s, ??‘?0

Aeye bdhcnpcsktkcg, 554‘55?, 566, 562

JHV dnksskcgs, 5<8‘5<4, 56;

prcmdhtdb dnksskcgs ircn bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds, 68,

566‘568, 562

prcmdhtdb dnksskcgs ircn JHV, 568‘569

scurhds, 2‘4, 6? g.55

terodt jdvdjs icr hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg, 5?, ??, ?0

Xdd ejsc Icsskj iudj dnksskcgs1 Orddg`cusd oesds (O@O)

Herfcg Bkcxkbd Kgicrnetkcg Egejysks Hdgtdr, 6? g.58

Herfcg kgtdgskty

hrcss-hcugtry hcnperkscg, 565‘566

bdstgktkcg, 552dvcjutkcg kg JHV, 5<?, 5<0‘5<;, 554, 559 i, 550, 56?

iuturd ci JHV nktkoetkcg stretdokds, ;5‘;6, 522‘524,

59;‘5?<

prcmdhtkcgs, 562, 564 i, 560‘58<, 525

Herfcg tex pcjkhkds

hep-egb-trebd pcjkhkds vdrsus, 52‘59

herfcg prkhds gddbdb tc stefkjkzd O@O dnksskcgs, 50

bdtdrnkgkgo cptknej struhturd, 0<‘05

5;6

K G B D P



kgicrnetkcg gddbs, 58‘52

kgtdrgetkcgej systdn, 54‘59, 05‘06

purpcsd, 58

Herkffdeg Hetestrcp`d Vksa Kgsureghd Iehkjkty, ?8,

?2‘?4

Herkffdeg Hcnnugkty Hjknetd Hègod Hdgtdr, 90

Herkffdeg Ksjegbsprcmdhtdb hjknetd hègod knpehts, 2?‘20

Xdd ejsc Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg

Hèhejteye Ojehkdr, 8, 2 i, 8?‘80, 25 i, 20 g.0

H`kjd


Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn prcmdhts, 0;‘;<

dgdroy dhcgcny, 55;

O@O dnksskcgs, 5<;‘55<, 555

prcmdhtdb hjknetd hègod diidhts, ;, 86, 84



H`kge egb KgbkeHjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn prcmdhts, 04, 09, 0?

dgdroy odgdretkcg egb hcgsunptkcg, 554

dgdroy kgtdgskty, 554, 55?

icsskj iudj dnksskcgs, 5<0, 558

O@O dnksskcgs, ?;‘0<, 5<8‘5<4

prcmdhtdb dgdroy bdnegb, 568

H`cjdre, 24

Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn ci Ayctc \rctchcj

ehhcnpjks`ndgts, 08

eoordoetkcg ci prcmdhts ugbdr, ;<, ;4

eorkhujturej nktkoetkcg stretdokds, 59<

ferrkdrs tc dxpegskcg kg JHV, 0;‘;<

fdgdstts, 64

hrdbkts icr rdbuhkgo bdicrdstetkcg, 68, ;;‘5<<

bdvdjcpndgt fega suppcrt icr JHV prcmdhts, ;<‘;5

dgdroy disthkdghy prcmdhts, 0;

stgeghkej sdhtcr hcgskbdretkcgs, ;<

iuturd ci stgeghd cptkcgs, ;0‘;;

O@O dnksskcg jdvdjs ci pertkhkpetkgo hcugtrkds, 09‘0?

kghcrpcretkcg ci bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds kg, 06

jegb usd-rdjetdb dnksskcgs, 00, ;<, ;5

JHV pertkhkpetkcg, 08‘;<

neradt ndhègksns, ;6

neradt sèrd bkstrkfutkcg, 04‘0?

cppcrtugktkds icr knprcvdndgt, 6, 8, 64, ;5‘;6, 56?pdrvdrsd kghdgtkvds, ;8, ;9

pcjkhy-fesdb epprceh`, ;9‘;?

pcjkhy hcgskbdretkcgs kg, ;6‘;8, ;2‘;4

pcst-6<56 rdoknd, ;5, ;6, ;9

prcorennetkh epprceh`, ;2‘;9

pufjkh dgtdrprksd pertkhkpetkcg, ;<

retkcgejd icr sdhtcrwkbd epprceh`, ;2

sdhtcrej epprceh`, ;9, ;?‘;0

sdhtcrej bkstrkfutkcg ci dnksskcgs rdbuhtkcgs, 0?‘0;

s`crthcnkgos ci prcmdht-fesdb epprceh`, ;6, ;2

sustekgefjd bdvdjcpndgt ocejs, ;8‘;2

tregspcrtetkcg dnksskcgs ugbdr, 00‘0;

Hjknetd hègod

heusds, 5, 8‘4

hèjjdgods tc ncbdjkgo diidhts ci, 58‘52hurrdgt dhcgcnkh hcgbktkcgs egb, xk‘xkk

dhcgcnkh hcgsdqudghds, 82‘8?

dhcsystdn knpehts kg JHV, 8?‘26

dstknetkgo hcugtry hepefkjkty tc nktkoetd, 08

dstknetkgo hcugtry pctdgtkej tc nktkoetd, 08

dstknetkgo hcugtry rdspcgskfkjkty icr, 08

dvkbdghd, 6‘8

dxtrdnd wdet`dr dvdgts rdjetdb tc, 6, 8

iccb suppjy cuthcnds, 84

ojcfej knpehts, 8, 9‘?

`dejt` knpehts, 22‘29, 42, 4?‘40

negkidstetkcgs kg JHV tc betd, 5‘6, 8gddb icr ehtkcg tc ebbrdss, 5, 9, ??

p`yskhej knpehts, 69

pcsktkvd diidhts, 8

prcmdhtdb beneod hcsts, 5;‘65

prcmdhtdb diidhts kg JHV, ?‘;, 5<‘55 i, 56t, 69, 6;‘82,

8; i, 2;

Xdd ejsc Ebeptetkcg tc hjknetd hègod1 Orddg`cusd oesds

(O@Os)1 \cjkhkds tc ebbrdss hjknetd hègod1 Xde jdvdj rksd1

Rdnpdreturd rksd

Hjknetd sdgsktkvkty perendtdr, 58‘52, 6? g.6<

Hcjcnfke

dhcsystdn negeodndgt prcmdhts, 9;

dgdroy dhcgcny, 55;‘56<, 58<

icsskj iudj dnksskcgs, 565, 566

O@O dnksskcgs, 5<;, 55<, 555

prcmdhtdb hjknetd hègod diidhts, 84

pufjkh tregspcrtetkcg egb jegb usd pjeggkgo, 545


Hcgbktkcgej hes` tregsidrs, 95

Hcgsujtetkvd Orcup cg Kgtdrgetkcgej Eorkhujturej

Vdsderh`, ?8, ?2

Hcrej rddis, 8;, 29, 90

Hcste Vkhe

fkcbkvdrskty cuthcnds ci hjknetd hègod, 29

Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn prcmdhts, ;8dgdroy dhcgcny, 56<

icrdst negeodndgt pcjkhkds, 64, 598


Hcst‘fdgdikt egejysks

eorkhujturej ebeptetkcg tc hjknetd hègod, 45

hep-egb-trebd vdrsus herfcg tex, 58‘59

hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg stretdokds, ;‘58, 0<‘05

tregspcrtetkcg sdhtcr nktkoetkcg diicrts, 546‘548

5;8

K G B D P



Hrdbkt neradts, 92

HVD_X Xtetkcg, 90

Hufe



BBdicrdstetkcg egb icrdst bdorebetkcg

fdgdstts ci rdbuhkgo dnksskcgs ircn, 590

fkciudjs prcbuhtkcg egb, 58?‘58;

Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn hcgskbdretkcgs, 68, 00,

;<, ;5, ;;‘5<<

hjknetd hègod diidhts, 29

hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej, 599‘59?

hcst ci evckbdb dnksskcgs ircn, 599‘59?, 590t

iuturd ci JHV pcjkhkds, 4, 64

O@O dnksskcgs rdjetdb tc, 00, 56?, 560, 59<‘595

pcjkhkds tc prcnctd hjknetd hègod ebeptetkcg, 4?,

590‘59;

prcspdhts icr kgtdrgetkcgej eorddndgt cg, 64

rdhcnndgbetkcgs icr JHV, 5?<

stretdokds tc rdbuhd, 596‘599

trdgbs, 596‘598

Bdgoud, 24, 4?

Bdvdjcpdb hcugtrkds

dqukty hcgskbdretkcgs kg hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg, ?0‘0<

O@O dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg shdgerkcs, ??‘?0

O@O dnksskcgs burkgo dhcgcnkh orcwt`, ?;‘0<

`kstcrkhej rdspcgskfkjkty icr O@O jdvdjs, 68

tregsidrs tc suppcrt ebeptetkcg kg bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds, ?8

Xdd ejsc spdhksth hcugtry

Bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds

fejeghkgo dqukty egb disthkdghy ocejs kg nktkoetkcg

stretdokds, 05‘08, 56?

hcgtrkfutkcgs tc ojcfej O@O jdvdjs, 68

dhcgcnkh orcwt` egb hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg, ?;‘0<

dqukty hcgskbdretkcgs kg hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg,

??, ?0‘0<

O@O dnksskcg rdbuhtkcg shdgerkcs, ??‘?0

knpjdndgtetkcg ci nktkoetkcg stretdokds, 68, 06‘08

JHV sèrd ci O@O dnksskcgs ircn, 5<8

prcmdhtdb dgdroy gddbs, 566‘568

prcmdhtdb icsskj iudj dnksskcgs, 562

pufjkh spdgbkgo rdspcgsd tc dhcgcnkh hrksds, xk‘xkksustekgefjd bdvdjcpndgt ocejs ci Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt

Ndhègksn, ;8‘;2

Xdd ejsc Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg (JHV)1

spdhksth hcugtry

Bdvdjcpndgt fegas, ;<‘;5

Bcè Vcugb, 94

Bcnkgkheg Vdpufjkh, 55;‘56<, 52<‘525

Bygenkh Kgtdoretdb Ncbdj ci Hjknetd egb t`d Dhcgcny, 65

D

Dhcgcnkh iughtkcgkgo

fejeghkgo dqukty egb disthkdghy ocejs kg nktkoetkcg

stretdokds, 05‘08


fkcbkvdrskty vejud, 29

fkciudjs diidht cg iccb prkhds, 58;herfcg kgtdgskty swkth`kgo hcsts, 525‘526

hcgsdqudghds ci hjknetd hègod, 82‘8?

hcst‘fdgdstt egejysks ci hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg

stretdokds, ;‘58, 0<‘05

hcsts ci ebeptetkcg pcjkhkds, ?6‘?8

hcsts ci hjknetd hègod kg HEVKHCN hcugtrkds, 20

hcsts ci bksdesd, 24‘29

hcsts ci dxtrdnd wdet`dr dvdgts, 5‘6, 86, 82t, 8?

hurrdgt hèjjdgods tc ebbrdsskgo hjknetd hègod, xk‘xkk

beneod hcsts ci hjknetd hègod, 5;‘65

diidhts ci wdet`dr verkefkjkty egb s`chas, 42‘44

iuturd ci hcej-strdb dgdroy odgdretkcg, 52<‘526O@O dnksskcgs burkgo kgbustrkejkzetkcg, ?;‘0<

ojcfej hcsts ci dnksskcgs rdbuhtkcg, 5?‘50

ojcfej orcss bcndstkh prcbuht, 4

orcwt` trebd-ciis kg hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg,

62‘64, ?;, 0<

`ybrcpcwdr stgeghkgo, 585‘582

kghcnd orcwt` egb nctcrkzetkcg retd, 52?, 520, 52;

pcjkhkds tc stknujetd hjknetd-irkdgbjy kgvdstndgt, xkk

prcmdhtdb orcwt`, 562

prcspdhts icr bdtdrnkgkgo cptknej nktkoetkcg

pet`weys, 65‘66

sde jdvdj rksd diidhts, 22

schkej hcst ci herfcg, 6<‘65

schkcdhcgcnkh stetus, hjknetd hègod cuthcnds egb, ?, 40

scurhds ci orddg`cusd oes dnksskcgs, 2‘4


hègod, 4;‘95

wkgb pcwdr stgeghkgo, 584

Dhcsystdn dejt`

ebeptkvd pcjkhkds, 40


fkciudjs prcbuhtkcg egb, 58?‘580

hèjjdgods tc `ybrcpcwdr orcwt`, 585, 582

hjknetd hègod diidhts, 8?‘26, 40

ncgktcrkgo, 90pcjkhkds tc strdgot`dg geturej rdscurhd negeodndgt,

94‘90, 9;

rdokcgej vujgdrefkjktkds, 8?

Dhuebcr

eorkhujturej rdspcgsds tc wdet`dr hcgbktkcgs, 46

O@O dnksskcgs, 5<;, 55<, 558



5;2

K G B D P



Dj Gkõc-Xcut`drg Cshkjjetkcg, 9<

Dj Xejvebcr

dgdroy dhcgcny, 55;‘56<

prcmdhtdb hjknetd hègod diidhts, ;, 86


Dnksskcgs kgtdgskty

Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn ocejs egb, ;2, ;?hrcss-hcugtry hcnperkscg, 565‘566

bdstgktkcg, 558

dvcjutkcg kg JHV, 558‘552, 554‘55?

cfjkoetkcg ci kgbustrkejkzdb dhcgcnkds, 68

prcordsskcg ci nktkoetkcg stretdokds kg bdvdjcpkgo

hcugtrkds, 06

Dgdroy dhcgcny

eghkjjery fdgdstts ci hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg, 5?<

fdgdstts ci jcw-herfcg tdh`gcjcoy kgvdstndgt, 59;‘5?<

fkcness nktkoetkcg pctdgtkej, 5?8 g.4

herfcg kgtdgskty, 5<0‘5<;

hèjjdgods tc ebbrdsskgo hjknetd hègod, xkhcgsdrvetkcg prcorens, 528

bdnegb-skbd negeodndgt, 524

dgdroy-rdjetdb O@O dnksskcgs kg JHV, 5<8

iuturd prcspdhts, 566‘569, 56?, 52<‘526

ojehkdr-idb `ybrcpcwdr kg Egbds rdokcg, 80

kgtdrgetkcgej hcnperkscg, 56;

JHV, 4, 5<?‘5<;

ckj prkhd‘disthkdghy jkgaeod, 528‘522

ckj prkhd‘dnksskcgs jkgaeod, 550‘55;

pctdgtkej icr kghrdesdb disthkdghy, 526‘52?, 5?5‘5?6,

5?8‘5?2 gg.66‘62

prkhd pess-t`rcuo` diidhts, 55;‘565

prcmdhtdb djdhtrkhkty bdnegb, 59;

pufjkh sdhtcr hcgsunptkcg, 529‘52?

trebd pcjkhkds tc rdbuhd O@O dnksskcgs, 94

Xdd ejsc Icsskj iudj prkhds1 Vdgdwefjd dgdroy

Dgdroy kgtdgskty

hrcss hcugtry hcnperkscg, 565‘566

bdstgktkcg, 552

dvcjutkcg kg JHV, 552‘550

kgtdrgetkcgej hcnperkscg, 554, 55?, 550

JHV tregspcrtetkcg sdhtcr, 52?‘520

prkhd ci ckj egb, 550‘565

prcmdhtkcgs, 562, 564 i

Dtègcj, 94, 589Durcpdeg Hcnnksskcg, 0;, 5<< g.55

Dxtkghtkcg ci spdhkds

hjknetd hègod t`rdets, 29, 40

ojcfej wernkgo diidhts, ?

vejuetkcg, 29

Dxtrdnd wdet`dr dvdgts

esschketdb ncrfkbkty egb ncrtejkty, 8, 86

hjknetd hègod negkidstetkcg, 5, 6, 8

hcsts, 5‘6, 86, 82t, 8?, 42‘44

nkoretkcg rdspcgsd, 48

prcmdhtkcgs icr JHV, 9‘?, 86

rdhdgt trdgbs kg JHV, 5‘6, 8, 6;, 86‘82, 84 i, 89‘8?

rdokcgej rksa essdssndgt, ?‘0

rdspcgsd tc, vdrsus ebeptetkcg tc hjknetd hègod, 48‘44

sde suriehd tdnpdreturd egb, 86

I

Iddb-kg terkiis, 586

Ikgeghkej neradts

Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn egb, ;<

rdspcgsd tc wdet`dr s`chas, 92‘94

Iccb suppjy

fkciudjs prcbuhtkcg egb, 58?, 58;

prcmdhtdb diidhts ci hjknetd hègod, 84

trebd rdoujetkcg burkgo hrksds, 92‘94

Icrdst Herfcg \ertgdrs`kp Iehkjkty, 598, 592

Icrdstry

hèjjdgods tc nktkoetkcg stretdoy knpjdndgtetkcg,

595‘596

hjknetd hègod t`rdets, 49

hcnnugkty-fesdb negeodndgt, 596

hcgsdrvetkcg fegakgo, 594

icrdstdb jegb ci JHV, 49

nktkoetkcg stretdokds, 4?, 596‘599

peyndgt icr dgvkrcgndgtej sdrvkhds, 594

pcjkhkds tc prcnctd hjknetd hègod ebeptetkcg, 49‘4?,

9?‘90, 59?‘59;

prkvetdjy-cwgdb icrdsts, 596

Xdd ejsc Eicrdstetkcg/rdicrdstetkcg1 Bdicrdstetkcg egb

icrdst bdorebetkcg

Icsskj iudj dnksskcgs

hcst‘fdgdstt egejysks ci dnksskcgs rdbuhtkcg, 56‘58

hrcss-hcugtry bkiidrdghds, 565‘566

disthkdghy knprcvdndgts tc rdbuhd, 526‘528,

522‘524, 52;

dgdroy egb herfcg kgtdgsktkds, 558‘550, 560‘56;

iuturd ci hcej-strdb odgdretkcg, 52<‘526

ojcfej hcsts ci dnksskcgs rdbuhtkcg, 5?‘50

kghdgtkvds tc bdvdjcp jcw-dnksskcg tdh`gcjcokds, 59‘5?

ircn kgbustrkejkzdb hcugtrkds, ?0‘?;

kgtdrgetkcgej hcnperkscg, 558, 550‘55;, 56;

JHV, 4, 5<8, 5<?‘5<;, 555, 558‘566ckj prkhds egb, 550‘55;

pdr hepkte, 558

prcmdhtkcgs, 566‘569, 56?, 560‘58<

scurhds ci orddg`cusd oesds, 2‘4, 6? g.55

swkth`kgo hcsts, 525‘526

tregspcrtetkcg-rdjetdb, 52?‘548

Xdd ejsc Hep-egb-trebd systdns1 Herfcg bkcxkbd1 Herfcg tex

pcjkhkds1 Icsskj iudj prkhds1 Orddg`cusd oesds (O@Os)

5;4

K G B D P





Kgtdjjkodgt Rregspcrt Xystdns, 5?2 g.82

Kgtdr-Endrkheg Bdvdjcpndgt Fega, ;5

Kgtdrocvdrgndgtej \egdj cg Hjknetd Hègod

hjknetd hègod stgbkgos, 8, 6;

O@O dnksskcg shdgerkcs, 6? g.58

prcmdhtkcgs icr hjknetd hègod diidhts kg JHV, 6;

M

Mepeg, 550, 55;

A

Ayctc \rctchcj, 66‘68, 56?. Xdd ejsc Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt

Ndhègksn ci Ayctc \rctchcj

J

Jegbikjj O@O dnksskcgs, 0?‘00

Jegb usd hègods

fkciudjs prcbuhtkcg egb, 58?‘580

hcgskbdretkcg kg hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg, 44

hcst‘fdgdstt egejysks ci hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg

stretdokds, ;

hcugtry-spdhksth O@O dnksskcg pettdrgs, 5<;‘55<

dnksskcgs ircn bdvdjcpdb egb bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds ircn, ?;

JHV hcgtrkfutkcg tc orddg`cusd oesds, 4

prcspdhts icr kgtdrgetkcgej eorddndgt cg, 64

es scurhd ci orddg`cusd oesds, 2, 5<8, 5<4, 5<9‘5<?, 56?,

59<‘595

Xdd ejsc Eicrdstetkcg/rdicrdstetkcg1 Eorkhujturd1

Bdicrdstetkcg egb icrdst bdorebetkcg

Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg Vdokcg (JHV)

hepefkjkty tc nktkoetd hjknetd hègod, 08, 02t

Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn pertkhkpetkcg, 08‘;<

hjknetd hègod negkidstetkcgs tc betd, 5‘6, 8, 6;, 86‘82,

84 i, 89‘8?

hcsts ci dxtrdnd wdet`dr dvdgts, 86, 82t

hurrdgt hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg diicrts, 56?

dhcgcnkh hcgsdqudghds ci hjknetd hègod, 82‘8?

dhcsystdn hcgsdqudghds ci hjknetd hègod, 8?‘22

dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs kgvdstndgt, 08‘04

dxtrdnd wdet`dr dvdgt rksa, 88t

iccb trebd, 92‘94

icrdstdb jegb, 49

iuturd ci Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn prcmdhts

kg, ;5‘5<<iuturd ci hcej-strdb odgdretkcg, 52<‘526

iuturd ci icrdst negeodndgt pcjkhkds, 4, 64

orddg`cusd oes dnksskcgs, 4‘9, 5<8‘5<4, 56?, 560

pctdgtkej hepehkty tc nktkoetd hjknetd hègod, 08, 02t, 5<8

prcmdhtdb hjknetd hègod diidhts, 0‘;, 5<‘55 i, 56t,

6;‘82, 2;, ?4t

prcmdhtdb icsskj iudj dnksskcgs, 568‘569

rdhcnndgbetkcgs icr nktkoetkcg stretdokds, 5?<‘5?8

rdokcgej bkstrkfutkcg ci hjknetd hègod diidhts, ?‘0, 8; i

rdgdwefjd dgdroy pctdgtkej, 58<‘52<

rdspcgskfkjkty icr hjknetd hègod, 08, 02t

sdhtcrej scurhds ci O@O, 0?‘0;, 5<8, 5<9‘5<?, 56?,

59<‘595

tregspcrtetkcg sdhtcr O@O dnksskcgs, 52?‘548

urfeg pcpujetkcg, 5<? Xdd ejsc spdhksth hcugtry

N

Nejerke, 22‘24, 4?

Ndtègd, 2, 0?‘00, 560, 548, 542‘544, 549, 54?, 540‘54;

Ndxkhc



hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg pcjkhkds, 56?

hcnnugkty-fesdb icrdstry, 596

djdhtrkhkty odgdretkcg, 5<;, 524

dgdroy dhcgcny, 55;, 56<, 58<

dgdroy disthkdghy kgvdstndgts, 528, 529

dgdroy terkiis, 522

dxtrdnd wdet`dr dvdgts kg, 6;

icrdst negeodndgt pcjkhkds, 598, 594

icsskj iudj dnksskcgs, 565, 566, 56;

O@O dnksskcgs, 5<4, 5<;‘55<



trebktkcgej wdet`dr hcpkgo stretdokds, 45‘46

tregspcrtetkcg sdhtcr O@O dnksskcgs, 52?, 548

wetdr suppjy, 44 i, 99, 9;, ?6

wkgb pcwdr pctdgtkej, 582


Nkhrcjdgbkgo, 92

Nkoretkcg rdspcgsd tc hjknetd hègod, 48

Ncrtejkty egb ncrfkbkty

eghkjjery fdgdstts ci hjknetd hègod nktkoetkcg pcjkhkds, 5?<

hjknetd hègod diidhts, 22‘29, 42, 4?

hcsts ci bksdesd, 24‘29

dxtrdnd wdet`dr dvdgt-rdjetdb, 8, 86

`det-rdjetdb, 4?

pufjkh `dejt` kgtdrvdgtkcgs, 4?

schkcdhcgcnkh bkstrkfutkcg, 4?

schkcdhcgcnkh stetus egb cuthcnds ci hjknetd hègod, ?

Xdd ejsc @dejt` knpehts ci hjknetd hègod

G

Gerkve wdtjegbs, 9?‘90, 9;

Getkcgej Ebeptetkcg \jegs ci Ehtkcg, 45

Geturej oes suppjy egb hcgsunptkcg, 5<?‘5<0, 56;, 58<

Gkhereoue

dgdroy dhcgcny, 55;

seidty gdt prcorens, 95‘96

5;?

K G B D P





Gktrcodg bkcxkbd, 549‘54?

Gktrcus cxkbd, 2

C

CDHBdgdroy kgtdgsktkds, 550‘55;

O@O dnksskcgs, 5<8

nctcrkzetkcg retd, 52?

prcmdhtdb icsskj iudj dnksskcgs, 562, 569

\

\egene, 550. Xdd ejsc Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg

Vdokcg (JHV)

\ereouey

dgdroy dhcgcny, 56<


\drudgdroy dhcgcny, 56<

dxtrdnd wdet`dr dvdgts kg, 6

icsskj iudj dnksskcgs, 565

O@O dnksskcgs, 5<;, 55<, 555

ojehkdr-idb ybrcpcwdr, 80

jegb-usd hègod O@O dnksskcgs, 59<

nctcr vd`khjd cwgdrs`kp, 52;


rdgdwefjd dgdroy cptkcgs, ;4‘;9



\cjkhkds tc ebbrdss hjknetd hègod

ebeptetkcg, 64‘69

eghkjjery fdgdstts, 56?‘560, 59;‘5?<

fejeghkgo dqukty egb disthkdghy ocejs kg, 05‘08

hèjjdgods tc icrnujetkcg egb knpjdndgtetkcg, 5

Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn hcgskbdretkcgs, ;6, ;9‘;?

hcgbktkcgej hes` tregsidrs, 95

hcst‘fdgdstt egejysks, ;‘58, 0<‘05

bdjeydb knpeht, 9

dhcgcnkh bdvdjcpndgt trebd-ciis, 62‘64, ?;, 0<

iehkjktetkgo ebeptetkcg, 4;‘94

knpjdndgtetkcg stretdokds icr bdvdjcpkgo hcugtrkds, 68


kgtdrehtkcgs encgo, 5?8jcgo-tdrn egb s`crt-tdrn hejhujetkcgs, 52‘54

neradt kgtdrvdgtkcgs, 98‘94

ndtdcrcjcokhej kgirestruhturd kgvdstndgt, 4;, 9< i

gddb icr ojcfej hccpdretkcg, 5, ??‘?0

gcgiehkjktetkvd stretdokds tc prcnctd ebeptetkcg, 94‘?<

prkcrktkzkgo ebeptetkcg pcjkhkds, ?<‘?6

prcspdhts icr bdtdrnkgkgo cptknej nktkoetkcg

pet`weys, 65‘66

prcspdhts icr ojcfej hccpdretkcg, 66‘62

pufjkh kgvdstndgt kg hjknetd-irkdgbjy prcmdhts, xkk

rdhcnndgbetkcgs icr JHV, 5?<‘5?8

seidty gdt prcorens, 9<‘96


strdgot`dgkgo `cusd`cjbs‛ dhcgcnkh hepehkty

tc ebept, 4;‘95strdgot`dgkgo geturej rdscurhd negeodndgt, 94‘90


strdgot`dgkgo tdh`gcjcokhej egb agcwjdbod

systdns, 90‘?<

suppcrt icr ejtdrgetkvd egb rdgdwefjd dgdroy, 585, 586,

588, 589‘58?, 58;‘52<, 525

wetdr rdscurhd negeodndgt croegkzetkcgs, 49

Xdd ejsc Hep-egb-trebd systdns1 Herfcg tex pcjkhkds1

\ufjkh spdgbkgo

\cpujetkcg

bkstrkfutkcg fy djdvetkcg, 28

JHV, 4, 5<8nkoretkcg rdspcgsd tc hjknetd hègod, 48

urfeg JHV, 5<?

\cvdrty

hjknetd hègod knpehts kg rurej erdes, 89

kg rurej JHV, 4<


strdgot`dgkgo `cusd`cjbs‛ dhcgcnkh hepehkty icr

ebeptetkcg tc hjknetd hègod, 4;‘95

Xdd ejsc Xchkcdhcgcnkh stetus

\rdhkpktetkcg pettdrgs

ebeptetkcg tc wetdr suppjy hègods, 44‘49

eorkhujturej rdspcgsd tc hègod kg, 45


bksdesd rksa egb, 24

iuturd prcspdhts, 9, ;

kg JHV, 8, 6;

prcmdhtkcgs icr JHV, 6;‘86, 2;

rdokcgej bkstrkfutkcg ci hjknetd hègod diidhts kg JHV, ?

rugcii prcmdhtkcgs, 4<t, ?4t

wetdr suppjy egb, 22

\rdperetkcg icr hjknetd hègod diidhts

ebeptetkcg pcjkhkds, 64‘69, 2;

rdokcgej rksa essdssndgt icr dxtrdnd wdet`dr knpehts, ?‘0

wdet`dr ncgktcrkgo egb icrdhestkgo, 4;, 9< i, 96

Xdd ejsc \cjkhkds tc ebbrdss hjknetd hègod\ufjkh spdgbkgo

dhcsystdn prctdhtkcg, 99‘9?

kghdgtkvds tc ebcpt jcw-dnksskcg tdh`gcjcokds, 5?


gcgiehkjktetkvd pcjkhkds tc prcnctd hjknetd hègod

ebeptetkcg, 94

retkcgejd icr dgvkrcgndgtejjy-sdgsktkvd kgvdstndgt, xkk

rdspcgsd tc dhcgcnkh hrksds, xkk

5;0

K G B D P





strdgot`dgkgo `cusd`cjbs‛ dhcgcnkh hepehkty icr

ebeptetkcg tc hjknetd hègod, 4;‘95

tdh`gcjcokhej egb agcwjdbod systdns, ?<

wdet`dr ncgktcrkgo egb icrdhestkgo, 4;, 9< i

\ufjkh tregspcrtetkcg, 54<‘545

V

Vdej cptkcgs ndt`cbcjcokds, ?6

Vdbuhkgo dnksskcgs ircn bdicrdstetkcg egb icrdst bdorebetkcg

(VDBB), Xdd Bdicrdstetkcg egb icrdst bdorebetkcg

Vdgdwefjd dgdroy

fkcdgdroy pctdgtkej, 584‘52<, 525, 5?8 g.4

hurrdgt JHV hepehkty, 58<

iddb-kg terkiis, 586

iuturd prcspdhts, 562‘569, 56;‘585, 5?6

pcjkhy suppcrt icr, 585, 586, 588, 589‘58?, 58;‘52<, 525

tex hrdbkts, 586wkgb pcwdr cppcrtugktkds, 58<, 582‘584

Xdd ejsc @ybrcpcwdr

Vksa negeodndgt, 95‘98

X

Xde jdvdj rksd

heusds, 28

dhcgcnkh hcgsdqudghds, 22

iuturd prcspdhts, ?, 28‘22

kg JHV, 8, 28‘22

jcss ci wdtjegbs tc, 8;‘25

rdhdgt `kstcry, 8

vujgdrefjd pcpujetkcg, 28

Xdhtcrej Gc-Jcsd Rerodts, ;?, 5<5 gg.50‘5;

Xchkej hcst ci herfcg, 6<‘65, 525‘526

Xchkej Rknd \rdidrdghd, 6<‘65

Xchkcdhcgcnkh stetus

hepehkty icr ebeptetkcg tc hjknetd hègod, 40

hjknetd hègod diidhts, ?

iehkjktetkvd ebeptetkcg pcjkhkds, 4;‘95


hègod, 4;‘95

wdet`dr s`cha diidhts, 42

Xdd ejsc \cvdrty

Xcjkb westd egb westdwetdr trdetndgtHjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn prcmdhts, 0?‘00

O@O dnksskcgs ircn, 55<‘555, 548‘542

`dejt` t`rdets, 542

prcmdhtdb O@O dnksskcgs ircn, 542‘544

rdhcnndgbetkcgs icr JHV, 5?5

rdhyhjkgo egb hcnpcstkgo, 542

stretdokds icr rdbuhkgo O@O dnksskcgs ircn, 542, 544‘549

Xustekgefjd Bdvdjcpndgt \cjkhkds egb Ndesurds, ;9‘;?

R

Rex pcjkhy

suppcrt icr rdgdwefjd dgdroy prcmdhts, 586,

58;‘52<, 525

Xdd ejsc Herfcg tex pcjkhkds

Rdnpdreturd rksd

Enezcg rekgicrdst bkdcii ircn, 25‘26hcrej rddi bdstruhtkcg, 8;

hrcp ykdjbs egb, 46

bksdesd rksa egb, 24‘29

dhcsystdn t`rdets, 40

diidhts ci O@O dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs, 5?‘50

dvkbdghd, 8

dxtrdnd wdet`dr dvdgt rksa egb, 86

ojehkdr rdtrdet, 8?‘8;

ojcfej knpehts, 9

`dejt` t`rdets, 4?

kg JHV tc betd, 8, 6;

ncbdjs ci eorkhujturej rdspcgsd tc, 4<‘45prcmdhtdb beneod hcsts, 5;‘6<

prcmdhtkcgs, 9, ;, 6;‘86

t`rdets tc icrdsts, 49

Rrebd pcjkhkds, 92‘94

Rregspcrtetkcg

eghkjjery fdgdstts ci O@O dnksskcg rdbuhtkcgs, 546

fkciudjs icr, 584

herfcg kgtdgskty, 52;

Hjdeg Bdvdjcpndgt Ndhègksn prcvkskcgs icr dnksskcgs

ircn, 00‘0;

hcnndrhkej egb irdko`t sdhtcr, 546

hcgtrcj ci prkvetd vd`khjds, 545

hcst‘fdgdstt egejysks ci nktkoetkcg diicrts, 546‘548

dhcgcnkh orcwt` egb nctcrkzetkcg retd, 52?, 520, 52;

disthkdghy knprcvdndgts, 52;

dgdroy kgtdgskty, 52?‘520

ness tregskt kgvdstndgts, 54<‘545

gcgnctcrkzdb tregspcrtetkcg kgirestruhturd, 545

prcmdhtdb O@O dnksskcgs, 52?‘520

rdhcnndgbetkcgs icr JHV, 5?5

scurhds ci orddg`cusd oesds, 2, 4, 5<?, 560, 520‘52;

stretdokds icr rdbuhkgo O@O dnksskcgs ircn, 520‘548

trdgbs, 4‘9, 5<?, 52?‘520, 52;

Rrkgkbeb egb Rcfeoc, 58<, Xdd ejsc Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d

Herkffdeg Vdokcg (JHV)

T

Tgktdb Getkcgs Irendwcra Hcgvdgtkcg cg Hjknetd

Hègod, 66‘68

Tgktdb Xtetds

fkciudjs neradt, 584, 589, 525

dxtrdnd wdet`dr dvdgts, 6, 86

icsskj iudj dnksskcgs, 0<, 5<< g.2, 56;

5;;

K G B D P







DHC-ETBKR

Dgvkrcgndgtej Fdgdikts Xtetdndgt

R`d _crjb Fega ks hcnnkttdb tc prdsdrvkgo

dgbegodrdb icrdsts egb geturej rdscurhds.

R`d Ciikhd ci t`d \ufjks`dr icjjcws t`d rdh-

cnndgbdb stegberbs icr pepdr useod sdt fyt`d Orddg \rdss Kgktketkvd, e gcgprcikt prc-

oren suppcrtkgo pufjks`drs kg uskgo ikfdr

tèt ks gct ircn dgbegodrdb icrdsts.

Kg t`d prkgtkgo ci Jcw-Herfcg Bdvdjcpndgt,

wd tcca t`d icjjcwkgo ndesurds tc rdbuhd cur

herfcg icctprkgt=

• _d usdb pepdr hcgtekgkgo 5<< pdrhdgt

rdhyhjdb ikfdr nebd ircn pcsthcgsundr

westd1 deh` pcugb ci pcsthcgsundr rdhy-

hjdb ikfdr tèt rdpjehds e tcg ci vkrokg

ikfdr prdvdgts t`d rdjdesd ci 6,5<0 jfs. ci

orddg`cusd oes dnksskcgs egb jdssdgs t`d

furbdg cg jegbikjjs.• _d usdb pepdr tèt ks h`jcrkgd-irdd egb

ehkb-irdd.

Icr ncrd kgicrnetkcg, vkskt www.orddgprdss

kgktketkvd.cro.

Xevdb=

• 49 trdds

• 50 nkjjkcg FRTs

ci tctej dgdroy

• 4,89; jfs. ci HC6

dqukvejdgt ci

orddg`cusd oesds

• 64,049 oejjcgs ci

westdwetdr

• 5,4?< jfs. ci scjkb westd





Hjderjy egb hcnpdjjkgojy wrkttdg, Jcw-Herfcg Bdvdj-

cpndgt= Jetkg Endrkheg Vdspcgsds tc Hjknetd Hègod

kjjunkgetds t`d spdhkej hèjjdgods t`d bdvdjcpkgo

hcugtrkds ci Jetkg Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg iehd fct`

Jcw-Herfcg Bdvdjcpndgt= Jetkg Endrkheg Vdspcgsds

tc Hjknetd Hègod prcvkbds t`d ikrst hcnprd`dgskvd

egejysks ci t`d diidhts ci hjknetd hègod kg Jetkg

Endrkhe egb t`d Herkffdeg egb sadth`ds wèt hcujb

R`ks fcca, t`d hcnpegkcg vcjund tc Jcw Herfcg, @ko` Orcwt`= Jetkg Endrkheg Vdspcgsds tc Hjknetd

Hègod, dxenkgds scnd ci t`d nemcr t`rdets pcsdb fy hjknetd hègod tc t`d rdokcg‛s dhcgcnkds, schk-

dtkds, egb fkcbkvdrskty. Kt bdshrkfds t`d pettdrgs ci orddg`cusd oes dnksskcgs kg t`d Jetkg Endrkhe egb

Herkffdeg rdokcg egb kg spdhkikh hcugtrkds, ikgbkgo tèt t`d iuturd tremdhtcry hcujb fd kghrdesds kg dnksskcgs rdj-

etkvd tc ct`dr rdokcgs. Jcw-Herfcg Bdvdjcpndgt dxpjekgs w`y kt ks kg t`d rdokcg‛s fdst kgtdrdst tc pertkhkpetd

ehtkvdjy kg ojcfej diicrts tc rdbuhd dnksskcgs egb wèt typd ci ojcfej hjknetd hègod erh`ktdhturd hcujb ejjcw

t`d hcugtrkds tc nead t`dkr ncst diidhtkvd hcgtrkfutkcgs. Ikgejjy, t`d fcca jeys cut eg eodgbe icr bcndstkh pcjkhkdsegb kgvdstndgts tc `djp t`d hcugtrkds ebept tc hjknetd hègod w`kjd rdbuhkgo t`dkr dnksskcgs prcikjds. Kt wkjj fd

usdiuj tc pcjkhy neadrs, hkvkj schkdty croegkzetkcgs, egb rdsderh`drs wcrakgo kg hjknetd hègod.

Documents

Low-Carbon Development: Latin American Responses to Climate Change