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• Louis XVI, was executed by guillotine (1793). • His death caused leaders of Prussia, Austria, Britain, Spain, and
Holland to declare war on France. • “Committee of Public Safety”, lead by Maximilien Robespierre;• Death penalty for enemies of France. • “levee en masse” or mass male conscription for military service.
• Moderates regained control of the French government (1794).
• Robespierre is executed and Reign of Terror ends.
• Known as the “Thermidorian Reaction.”
• New government formed, “Directory.”• Protection of natural
rights. • Abolished slavery in
the colonies.• Education reforms.• Stopped
“primogeniture” (the right of the eldest son to inherit all his parent’s property).
• Nationalism led to a coup led by the general Napoleon (1799).
• France returned to one-man rule governed by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte (r. 1804-1814).
• One element of the French Revolution that Napoleon preserve was the secular legal code.
• “the Code Napoleon” a. All citizens were equalb. Right to trial by juryc. Freedom of religion
• “Concordat of 1801”, made peace with
Catholic Church.
• Defeated Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
• Created puppet kingdom in northern Italy.
• Brought end to the Holy Roman Empire.
• Created “Confederation of the Rhine” a unification of Germany states.
• Nationalism sprang up in areas conquered by Napoleon.
• “Continental System”, an international embargo of British trade.
• Failed because other nations refused to comply.
Napoleon’s downfall;• France invaded Spain
and Portugal (1807).• Britain helped fight
France. • “Peninsular Campaign”
tied up French troops and resources.
• Invaded Russia.• Victorious at the “Battle of Borodino”, outside Moscow, and
occupied the capital city. • Tsar Alexander I refused to sign a peace treaty. • Unable to remain in Moscow without supplies, his army retreated. • Entered Russia with 600,000, left with 100,000 (1812).
• Attack by the allied forces of Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain (1814).
• Napoleon abdicated his throne. • Napoleon exiled to island of Elba.
• “Congress of Vienna,” ended Napoleonic Wars.
• Boundaries and former dynasties reestablished.
• Goal was to keep peace through a “balance of power.”