Chapter 30: The Great Depression and the Authoritarian Response

Decline of Globalization Shakiness of Western democracies Economic depression and political change led directly o WWII

The Global Great Depression Great Depression= international crisis

Causation War-induced inflation Farmers faced chronic _________________________ of food and resulting low prices Loans from US banks to various European enterprises helped sustain

demand for goods but on condition that additional loans pour in to help pay off the resultant debts.

European govt. and businesses organized their ______________________ colonies for more profitable exploitation, set up large estates, but production exceeded demand.

Colonies and dependant economies were unable to buy many industrial exports, which weakened the demand for Western products

The Debacle Oct 29, 1929 “________________ Tuesday” collapse of the New York stock market Duration of Great Depression was unprecedented, really only ended with the

forced production schedules from WWII Unemployment levels unprecedented Popular culture escapism: movies, comic books (Superman) USSR did not have a depression in the 1930’s, had cut many economic ties

with rest of world. Japan: heavily dependent on the _____________ of silk- with new materials,

demand for silk decreased. Severe unemployment in Japan, coupled with poor harvests.

Latin America: Depression stimulated new kinds of effective political action: greater state involvement

Japan: looked to win more secure markets in Asia, instead of depending on the West

Responses to the Depression in Western Europe Counterproductive responses: raising national ________________, cut spending France: socialist and communist parties expanded, unified and formed the

Popular Front in 1936, and won the election but were resisted by conservative republicans, stalled action.

The New Deal Hoover: higher tariffs and cut spending, not effective, and tried to accelerate

war dept repayments from Europe

Franklin D. Roosevelt: 1933 “New Deal”: more direct aid to Americans at risk, increased unemployment benefits, public works projects, Social Security system, rapid govt. growth.

Great Depression didn’t actually end until WWII and the stimulus of wartime economy

Nazism and Fascism Germany: new fascist regime was a product of war. Attacked the weakness

of parliamentary democracy.o Proposed a strong state ruled by a powerful leader who would revive

the nation’s forces with vigorous foreign and military policy. Adolf Hitler: emerged as leader of the National Socialist (Nazi) regime in

Germany.o Need for unity, weakness of _______________________________ govt.o Promised a return to more traditional wayso Firm stance against socialism and communismo Scapegoated the Jewish populationo Wanted to undo the wrongs of the _______________________ Treatyo Rose to power in 1932-33o Constructed a Totalitarian State: government exercises massive,

direct control over virtually all the activities of its subjects.o Eliminated opposition partieso Purged the bureaucracy and military: installing loyal Naziso Secret police, the Gestapo, arrested hundreds of thousands of political

opponentso Govt. economic planningo Well-staged propagandao Strident nationalism, incessant attack on Germany’s large Jewish

minority Anti-Semitism: intensified in Germany

o Forced to wear special emblemso Property was attacked and seizedo Increasing numbers were sent to ghettos and then concentration

campso After 1940: Hitler’s policy turned to the literal elimination of

European Jews with the Holocaust Wanted to recoup Germany’s WWI losses- created land empire, especially

towards the east, saw Slavic peoples as inferior.o Violated limits on German armamentso Annexed neighboring territorieso Hitler suspended German reparation paymentso Withdrew from League of Nationso 1935: announced German rearmamento 1938: Hitler announced a union, Anschuluss, with Austria

o ___________________ Conference, Hitler met with Chamberlain in 1938 and he would be satisfied with the heavily German populated Sudetenland in Czecholsolakia…Great Britain allowed and Chamberlain claimed there would be “peace in our time.”

o Appeasement: giving in to demands in order to try and maintain peaceo March 1939: Hitler’s forces dismantled the rest of Czechoslovakia and

pressed Poland for territory. o Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler attacked __________________________

The Spread of Fascism and the Spanish Civil War Nazi triumph in Germany spurred fascism elsewhere Fascist movements in Hungary and Romania Italy: under Benito Mussolini

o Aggressive foreign policy, new nationalist glories

o 1935: Mussolini attacked ______________________, (to avenge earlier loss in the 1890’s)

o League of Nations condemned the action, but did not respond with force

o Italians won a new colony, after much Ethiopian resistance Spain: Spanish Civil War

o Forces supporting a parliamentary republic had feuded with a military-backed authoritarian state

o 1936: outright Civil War broke outo Spanish military forces, led by General Francisco Franco, backed by

the fascist Falange party, as well as conservative landowners and Catholic leaders.

o Republican forces had peasant and worker support, as well as Communists and anarchists. There were also some volunteers from the US, western Europe and USSR

o Bitter fighting in Spain for 3 years.o German and Italian forces bombed several Spanish citieso Franco’s forces won in 1939, and resulting regime was authoritarian

and catered to the landlords, church, and army for the next 25 years.

The Great Crash and Latin American Responses After world financial crisis: export sales dropped rapidly Reform movements gained momentum Rise of conservative response: hostile to class conflict and supported by

church and military leaders. Corporatism: emphasized the organic nature of society, with the state as a

mediator adjusting the interests of different social groups Lazaro Cardenas (1934-1940): ____________________: redistributed more than 40

million acres of land, created communal farms, and a credit system

Expropriated foreign oil companies and created a state oil monopoly. Cuba: nationalist movement aimed at social reform and breaking the grip of

the US

The Vargas Regime in Brazil 1929: short civil war Getulio Vargas (1872-1954) took over as president

o Promised liberal reforms, elimination of abuses from old systemo 1937: New constitution with the Estado Novo (New State), based on

ideas from Mussolini’s Italy.o Authoritarian regime within the context of nationalism and economic

reformso Limited immigration and eliminated parties and groups that resisted

national integration or the govt.o Vargas eventually joined the Allies during WWII, supplied based to the

US and sent troops to Italy.o Brazil obtained arms, financial support for industrial development,

and trade advantages.o Criticized by right and left, committed suicide in 1954…”I was a slave

to the people, and today I am freeing myself for eternal life.”

Argentina: Populism, Peron, and the Military Struggle with various military coups Industry was growing, so was the numbers and strength of industrial

workers Conservative govts. Backed by the traditional military held power through

1930’s 1943 new military coup

o nationalists who wanted to industrialize and modernize Argentina

Colonel Juan D. _______________ (1895-1974) helped out workers as he served in the Ministry of Labor.

o Married to Eva Duarte, known as Evita, she became a pubic spokesperson for Peron.

o Peron did sympathize with the Axis powers during WWIIo Descamisados, poor and downtrodden, Evita was a symbol

Peronist party became increasingly radical: campaign against the Catholic Church

Evita died at age 33, from cancer 1955: Peron sent into exile 1973: Peron and new wife Isabel won the presidential and vice-presidential

election.

The Militarization of Japan 1939: Depression hit Japan

Japanese military conquest of Chinese province of Manchuria Various nationalist groups emerged

o Some called for more Shinto/ Confucian values May 1932: group of younger army officers attacked key govt and banking

officers and murdered the Prime Minister Renewed wars between China and Japan __________________ Japanese forces quickly occupied the cities and railroads of eastern China

o Devastating bombing raids By the end of 1938, Japan was in control of Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan Japanese especially harsh in Korea

o Suppress Korean cultureo Japanese language forced on Korean teacherso Young men pressed into Labor groupso “training to endure hardship”

Industrialization and Recovery Due to this expansion, Japan suffered far less than many Western nations did

during the Depression decade as a whole Minister of Finance, Korekiyo Takahashi: increased spending to provide jobs Production of iron steel and chemicals soared By 1937: Japan had the 3rd largest and newest merchant marine

Stalinism in the Soviet Union totalitarian state emerged in the 1920’s Pressures to step up industrialization, plus autocratic hand of new leader

resulted in a police state 1927 Stalin took power: wanted authoritarian control and to veer economy

back towards socialism (away from NEP)

______________________: wealthy, commercially oriented peasants who controlled the bulk of the land, and were attuned to profit-based market agriculture

Stalin wanted a fully industrialized USSR, but under full control of the state Wanted modernization, but with a revolutionary, non-capitalist twist

Economic Policies Collectivization of agriculture: creation of large state, run farms Needed to take resources from peasants, through taxation, to provide capital

for industry Resistance from many kulaks, destruction of property, famine Millions of kulaks were killed or deported to Siberia during the early 1930’s Agricultural production remained a major weakness in the Soviet economy _______________________ Plans: set clear priorities for industrial development

with expected output levels and new facilities Massive factories in metallurgy, mining, and electric power

Toward an Industrial Society increasing numbers of people were crowded into the cities factory discipline was strict Incentive programs were introduced to motivate workers to higher

production Welfare services that rivaled the west Strikes were outlawed, and the sole trade union movement was controlled by

the Party Used force and authority, but also recognized the importance of maintaining

working support

Totalitarian Rule Socialist realism: dominant school of art, emphasizing heroic idealizations of

workers, soldiers, and peasants Science was controlled: said evolutionary biology was wrong because it

contradicted Marxism Real and imagined opponents of his version of communism were executed Great Purge of party leaders, hundreds of people were intimidated into

confessing imaginary crimes against the state, and most were executed. Many thousands more were sent to Siberaian labor camps News outlets controlled by the state Secret police force: MVD

_______________________: party congresses/ executive committee became rubber stamps to Stalin’s policies

Atmosphere of terror spread Stalin’s purges weakened nation’s ability to respond to growing foreign

policy problems (for example the rising threat of Hitler) 1939: Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact: USSR had time to mobilize and

attack Poland and Finland to try and regain territories lost in WWI.

New Political and Economic Realities Depression further weakened western Europe Japan rallied, with authoritarian leadership and growing reliance on military New initiatives in Latin America, along with severe economic dislocation Movements against Western colonialism continued Turkey: Kemal Ataturk had many reforms: traditional Islamic habits were

challenged, quest for a secular state. Abolished the fez, traditional cap of upper-class men. Secular education and suffrage for women

Turkey and Persia (Iran in 1935) promoted industrialization Arab world: growing nationalism against efforts of European efforts to rule

under Mandates

ART

Diego Rivera- “Tenochtitlan”

Diego Rivera- Mural in Presidential Palace

Pablo Picasso- “Guernica”

Soviet Realism Poster