Los Angeles : The Unfinished American Dream

7/23/2019 Los Angeles : The Unfinished American Dream

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Barietfe Bljpikki . Vaueis Ik Ljyjef . @fkkis Cljfrjkkjl . Kjvae` Kub . _aofe amjs

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BAETIET

>:QFET_ADYBTFAE & ^_AOKIMJTFB

>?Q^KJEEFE@ & Y_OJEFRM

>2QT_JERÂ_T & _IJKFTV

>4QIBAEAMV & BA_Â_JTIR

>9QIEWF_AEMIETJK FRRYIR

Q BAEBKYRFAE

QOFOKFA@_J^LV

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>:Q FET_ADYBTFAE

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LFRTA_V(gram ijrky :0>> ta Tadjy)

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Tli Mixfbje ûioka

Tli lfstary ag Kas Jeìkis fs raatid fe tli bakaefzjtfae ag Mixfba oytli Rpjefjrds. Fediid , jktlau`l tli Rpjefjrds oi`je tli baequistag Mixfba fe :9:6 , tliy ljvi eat stjrtid slfppfe` fe Jktj Bjkfgarefj

( Yppir Bjkfgarefj ) oigari :076 wlie Bjkfgarefj fs fe tli ljeds agRpjfe, oy fts @avirear @jspjr di artakj . Tli Kas Jeìkis sfti wjsdfsbavirid durfe` tlfs ixpidftfae tljt jfmid ta drjw j trjbc gramRje Dfià ta Rje Grjebfsba, kjtir bjkkid tli Bjmfea _ijk.

Ae tli wjy, tliy bami jbrass j girtfki vjkkiy wftl j rfvir tliy bjkkIk _fa di Euistrj kj _ifej di kas Rieari Jeìkis ârbfuebukj . Kfcimjey tawes fe tli Jmirfbje Pist , Kas Jeìkis wjs arf`fejkky jrikf`faus mfssfae. ?: mfssfaes jri wikk istjokfslid fe tli kjti if`l-tiietl bietury, febkudfe` twa fe tli suouros ag Kas Jeìkis 8 Rje

@jorfik Jrbjeìk ( :00: ) jed Rje Girejeda _iy di Ispjúj. Rip-timoir 4 , :0<:, j `raup ag 44 sittkirs vibfeas ( sittkirs ), tli mj-harfty ag mfxid ( Jgrfbje- Fedfje - Lfspjefb ) rjbis, ojsid imoryaebakaey tliy bjkk Ik uioka di Euistrj Riúarj Kj _ifej di Kas Jeì-kis dik _ía ârbfuebukj , tli ejmi ag j sjfet bikiorjtid yistirdjyfe tli bjkiedjr. Kjtir, ft divikapid feta j Rpjefsl puioka , j taweag aeky :26 feljoftjets . Kabjtid ae tli Kas Jeìkis _fvir, tli taweoibjmi j bietir gar tli oriidfe` ag bjttki ( rjeblfe` ) .

Fe :<>>, tli ^kjzj, ar bietrjk squjri, wjs surrauedid oy twiety-efei oufkdfe`s . Tli gfrst feljoftjets wiri gram Mixfba jed ft wjseat uetfk :<?> tljt tli gfrst Vjeciis jrrfvid fe tli ri`fae. Fe :<29,Kas Jeìkis oibamis j gukk-gkidìd bfty ( bfudjd ) jed tli bjpftjkag Jktj Bjkfgarefj, wlfki tli Mixfbje avirear baetfeuis ta risfdi feMaetiriy . Fe :<4? j sliplird dfsbavirid akd fe kjbirftj Bjeyae,hust autsfdi tli bfty kfmfts . Joaut tlfs iviet bjusid j àkd rusl ,bjusfe` dibjdis ag mfefe` .

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Tli Mix-YR Pjr,

Ae :< Huei :<47, gakkawfe` tli wjr oitwiie tli Yeftid Rtjtis jedMixfba, Kas Jeìkis, kfci tli rist ag Bjkfgarefj, fs pi`ìd ta tli Yeft-id Rtjtis. Plfki Rje Grjebfsba ta tli eartl, ceaws tli @akd _usl

(:<4<-:<97), Kas Jeìkis, paarir jed kiss ceawe sfmpky kfvis ag ftsj`rfbukturi jed pkjetjtfaes.

Jprfk 4, :<9> wftl :024 feljoftjets, Kas Jeìkis aggfbfjkky oibjmij bfty. Jt tli sjmi tfmi, garmir kjedaweirs oi`je ta kasi tlifr kjedoibjusi ag tli summjtfae oy tli baurts ag tli Yeftid Rtjtis ta pravitlifr rf`lts. Plfki sami kijvi tlifr kjed jed jri ridubid ta ojec-ruptby, atlirs kasi tlifr stjtus js Bjkfgarefjes jed jri josaroid oyatlir bammueftfis, dipiedfe` ae tlifr gfejebfjk baedftfae jed bakarag tlifr scfe.

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Tli _usl ta tli Pist

Tli gfrst papukjtfae oaam ag Kas Jeìkis taac pkjbi oitwiie :<0>jed :6>>. Muefbfpjk pakftfbfjes , rispaedfe` ta j mjssjbri ag Blf-eisi fmmf`rjets ljvi istjokfslid j bjmpjfè iebaurj`fe` fmmf-

`rjtfae wlfbl pravacid tli jrrfvjk ag twa luedrid jed tlfrty tlau-sjed feljoftjets , wlfbl jri jddid ta j papukjtfae ag aeky twietytlausjeds . Twiety eiw muefbfpjkftfis wiri brææidurjet tlfs pirf-ad jed j`rfbukturjk pradubtfae ljs febrijsid rjpfdky.

Durfe` tlfs pirfad, fe :<<9, tli apiefe` ag tli rjfkwjy kfei gramRjetj Gi jkkawid tli ibaeamfb ta tjci-agg fe Kas Jeìkis. Mariavir,fe :<<7 , Larjbi jed Djifdj Pfkbax, twa imf`rjets, ouy j kjrì pkatfe tli vfbfefty ag tli bfty. Tlfs gjrm jprfbat , arjeì jed iubjkyptusfs bjkkid Lakkywaad, ‛ Lakky Paad ‛.

Fe :<6?, afk wjs dfsbavirid oy Idwjrd K. Daliey , eijr tli burrietkabjtfae ag Dadìr Rtjdfum. Tlirigari, Kas Jeìkis oibjmi j bie-tir ag afk pradubtfae fe tli ijrky twietfitl bietury Fediid, fe :6?2,tli ri`fae pradubid j qujrtir ag tli warkd pradubtfae. Lawivir,dispfti tlisi ibaeamfb jdvjetjìs, Kas Jeìkis rimjfeid j smjkk-ir jed kiss fmpartjet tlje Rje Grjebfsba jt tli tfmi, fe tirmi agpapukjtfae, pawir jed ibaeamy.

Ta rivirsi tli tried , puokfb jed prfvjti jbtars fe Kas Jeìkis tliedibfdi ta bljeì tlifr ìa`rjply ta bampiti wftl Rje Grjebfsbaparts, trjfe stjtfaes , ojecs jed gjbtarfis , febkudfe` brijtfe` j partfe Rje îdra wftl gidirjk guedfe`. J stjti kjw wjs pjssid fe :6>6,jkkawfe` Kas Jeìkis ta josaro Rje îdra.

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Dima`rjply (:6>> ta prisiet)

Tli sibaed pirfad ag urojefzjtfae taac pkjbi oitwiie :6>> jed:6?> , wftl tli ripkjbimiet ag j prfmjry ibaeamy tlrau`l sib-aedjry rjpfdky ixpjedfe` ibaeamy , bjusfe` j qujdrupkfe` ag tlipapukjtfae rfsis rjpfdky ta j mfkkfae feljoftjets. Kas Jeìkis oi-`je ta tjci fts prisiet garm. Tli tlfrd pirfad ag urojefzjtfae ab-burrid gram :6?> ta :64> jed tli jdviet ag gfkm mjcfe` fe jedjraued Lakkywaad brijti j papukjtfae bietir jraued je fedustryjed eat j trjdubtfaejk bietir wliri bampjefis jri baebietrjtidfe wljt wi bjkkid j bietrjk ousfeiss dfstrfbt. Tli papukjtfae dau-okid fe tlfs fetirvjk .

Dima`rjplfb jed ibaeamfb ixpkasfae ( fegkux ag mf`rjets gramtli Ijst out jksa gram Jsfj wjetfe` tlifr sljri ag tli Jmirfbje

drijm ) .Oitwiie :64> jed :60> papukjtfae febrijsid gram ?ta :> mfkkfae (mitrapakftje jrij) mjfeky oibjusi ag tli past-wjroaam . Tawjrds tli ied ag tli Ribaed Parkd Pjr , ofkkfaes ag dak-kjrs wiri fehibtid fe Rautlire Bjkfgarefj uedir mfkftjry baetrjbts.Tlausjeds ag gjmfkfis bjmi ta sittki fe tli ri`fae ta warc fe gjb-tarfis . Tli oaam fe tli jvfjtfae fedustry wjs jbbampjefid oy jeuroje ixpkasfae. Lawivir, tli jetf -bammuefst sietfmiets , tli jg-tirmjtl ag tli Ribaed Parkd Pjr jed tli wjrs ag tli ^jbfgfb ljvifebrijsid sabfjk uerist sa tljt tli oaam wjs fetirruptid sivirjk

tfmis oy sabfjk jed rjbfjk baegkfbts .

Gram :60> ta :66> , j dfvirsfgfid ibaeamy mavid ta Kas Jeìkiswftl lf`l tibl jed midfum-tibl jed baesumir pradubts js wikkjs tlrfvfe` gfejebfjk jed bammirbfjk sibtars. Tli prapartfaes jritli sjmi fe tli bfty jed bauety , wlftis jbbauetid gar 4< % agtli papukjtfae , Lfspjefbs ?< % , Okjbcs :0% , Jsfjes jed piapkigram tli ^jbfgfb Fskjeds 0%.

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Tli Tiblefbjk _ivakutfae

Fe tli ijrky twietfitl bietury, trjespartjtfae systim ojsid ae tlitarkkiy trjm (dfggiriet ta tli bjoki bjr fe Rje Grjebfsba) jed tlitrjfe, aei divatid ta uroje sirvfbis jed atlir ri`faejk sirvfbi .Tli jrrfvjk ag tli bjr jt tli oi`feefe` ag tli bietury pragaued-ky madfgfis tli oiljvfar ag Jeìkfeas jed sljpfe` tli guturi aguroje marplaka`y. Kas Jeìkis oibamis j ljvie gar bjr dijkirs8 tli bkfmjti , tli kivik ag kfgi ag risfdiets jed jmpki raam garpjrcfe` jri mjey rijsaes gar tli rfsi ag tli jutamaofki fe tliBjkfgarefj ri`fae . _isirvid gar ribrijtfae , ft oibamis fedfspies-joki gar bammutfe` sa tljt tadjy , Kas Jeìkis fs aei ag tli mastbaeìstid bftfis fe tli warkd jed tli praokims ag trjespart jedtrjggfb jri tli mjfe fssui gar fts feljoftjets.

Gram :6?> , tli muefbfpjkfty kjueblid j surviy ae tli iggibtfvieissag puokfb trjespart. J kaw diesfty bfty gjorfb fs pafetid , privietfe`tlim gram ittfe` je ibaeamfb riture ojsid ae j muefbfpjk puokfbtrjespart systim . Tliy tlirigari ribammied ta jbqufri kjed taokabc uroje sprjwk jed diesfgyfe` jkrijdy feljoftid jrijs. Lawiv-ir, tli rigiriedum ae tli muefbfpjkfzjtfae ag tli trjespart sirvfbisiis tli ‛ea” wfe. Tlfs bje oi ixpkjfeid oy tli gijr ag piapki tasii tlifr eif`loarlaads oibami diesir .

Tli puokfb trjespartjtfae systim fe Kas Jeìkis fs eaw mjejìdoy j muktftudi ag smjkk prfvjti apirjtars. Tli ojkjebi ag tli bjr femavimiet pjttires ag Jeìkfeas ixpkjfes tli ofrtl ag jrblftibturijed feeavjtfvi madis ag baesumptfae 8 tli drfvi-fe . Tadjy ft fseat uebammae gar Jeìkfeas ta drfvi :>> mfkis j djy, samitfmiskfvfe` up ta 7> mfkis gram tlifr pkjbi ag warc.

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Tadjy, Kas Jeìkis fs aei ag tli kjrìst bftfis fe tliwarkd wftl :9 mfkkfae feljoftjets . Ft stritblis avir:4>cm eartl -wist ta sautl -ijst , jed eijrky ?>>cmgram wist ta ijst .Ta bampjri Kas Jeìkis ta ^jrfs.

Diesftfis fe ^jrfs jed Kas Jeìkis jri fediid virydfggiriet , ^jrfs wftl ?>,>>> feljoftjets pir cm jed2,29> feljoftjets pir cm gar K.J out wftl jkmast :<tfmis tli sfzi ag ^jrfs .

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^J_FR KAR JE@IKIRKAED_IR

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Ixpjesfae ag tli bfty 8 Yroje tliary

Tli prfebfpki ag tirrftarfjk febarparjtfae , uekfci tli jeeixjtfae ,fsje Jmirfbje spibfgfbfty tljt ljs imirìd jgtir tli Bfvfk Pjr ,wftltli baestrubtfae oy divikapirs ag kjrì suouroje lausfe` istjtisoitwiie ejturi jed tli bfty. Tlisi tirrftarfis wiri agtie ‛eae-im-oiddid‛, mijefe` wftlaut bauebfk, jed tlirigari mjejìd oy tlibauety. Pftl papukjtfae `rawtl, j suodfvfsfae hust oi ietftkid taj bauebfk. Tlus, j mjejìmiet pkje fs vatid, pkjeefe` gabusfe`mastky ae fedfvfdujk lamis oy pralfoftfe` risfdietfjk oufkdfe`s.Lawivir, tlfs mibljefsm gjbfkftjtid tli ixbkusfae ag birtjfe bjti-àrfis ag papukjtfae.

Eaw jkk urojefzid jrij dais eat eibissjrfky baestftuti j muefbf-pjkfty. Tlus, tli Bauety ag Kas Jeìkis wftl avir :> mfkkfae feljo-

ftjets baetjfes Ijst Kas Jeìkis, je uefebarparjtid tirrftary ageijrky :?9,>>> feljoftjets , iehayfe` tli qujkfty ag uroje sirvfbismjejìd oy tli bauety. Jksa , samitfmis j tirrftary jeeixid oytli bauety ta sibidi oy garmfe` muefbfpjkfty.

Fe Kas Jeìkis, tli striits bje oi siies js fegfefti sfmfkjr lausiswftl `jrdies jkk gjbfe` ijbl atlir js j timpki ag baegramfsm jedtli aeky puokfb miitfe` spjbi fs ag baursi tli mjkk. Tli spjtfjkar`jefzjtfae ag Kas Jeìkis stjeds ae oatl tli rjdfa-baebietrfb

Iurapije madik jed tli madik ag Blfbjà , oufkt fe gfvi baebietrfbbfrbkis ( tli Baebietrfb _fe` Ourìss madik ) 8 tli bietrjk ousfeissdfstrfbt , tli jrij wliri lamis miit fedustrfis, tli risfdietfjkjrij ag tli warcfe` bkjss , risfdietfjk jrij ag tli uppir bkjssis ,jed gfejkky suouroje suouros risirvid gar tli mast prfvfkiìd sa-bfjk bkjssis.Fediid, uekfci tli ixjmpkis , tli bfty ag Kas Jeìkisfs mjrcid oy jey bietrjkfty. Fts uroje gjorfb pakyeubkijr riki`jtfe`Dawetawe Ousefiss Dstrfbt ta oi aei ag j kjrì eumoir ag ‛Dawe-tawe”. Tlfs fs je ix -bietrfb bfty bljrjbtirfzid oy j kjbc ag dfggir-iebi oitwiie suouroje jed uroje uekfci atlir Y.R. bftfis wliritli bfty guebtfaes ditirmfei j bljrjbtirfstfb kjedsbjpi8 tli tawirta tli bietir ag ousfeiss, tli lausi gar tli suouros .

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Tli mibljefsm kijdfe` ta tlfs sftujtfae fs ixpkjfeid oy Irfb Ifdkfejs j ‛ diesi sprjwk, bamofefe` tli bljrjbtirfstfbs ag diesi urojejrijs jed baeìstid tli warst bljrjbtirfstfbs ag bftfis ixtiedidjed arfietid tawjrds tli bjr .” Tlfs aosirvjtfae fs ixpkjfeid eataeky oy tli mjssfvi jed jkmast systimjtfb usi ag tli bjr, out jksaoy tli viry kabjkfzid fevistmiets mjdi oy ^jbfgfb Ikibtrfb , wlfbljt tli tfmi ag baestrubtfae ag tli bfty , istjokfslid smjkk uroje-

fzid iebkjvis jraued tli `rawfe` bietir. Js j mjttir ag gjbts, tliscy rabcitfe` dima`rjplfb oaam mjci iebkjvis oibjmi pjrt agtli ixpjedfe` mi`jpakfs brijtfe` tlfs baetfeuaus uroje gjorfb.

Kas Jeìkis, fe tli kjti :60>s wjs bljrjbtirfzid oy fts matarwjyeitwarc uedir fts aosirvirs jed tliarfsts. Fediid, wftl tli sprijdtljt tli bfty ljs ixpirfiebid jed dyejmfb madirefzjtfae jbbam-pjeyfe` lfs `rawfe` jttrjbtfae, kabjk jutlarftfis ljvi divikapideitwarcs ag wjtir, wjsti, trjespart mijsuri. Tli jrblftibt jed

tliarfst _iyeir Ojeljm ljs jppafetid dfggiriet bampaeiet ag tliuroje strubturi tljt divikaps jraued gaur jxis ( Gaur ibaka`fis ),tli oijbl, tli pkjfes, tli mauetjfes jed tli lf`lwjy js j strub-turfe` ikimiet ag tli atlir tlrii .Tli rajd fs issietfjk iggibt fe tlimarplaka`y ag tli bfty, kfecfe` jed `fvfe` baesfstieby ta tlfs sit.

Kas Jeìkis ijrky :6?>

Kas Jeìkis tadjy

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^_AOKIMJTFBTli Yegfefslid Jmirfbje Drijm

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Law j ka`fb ag tli mamiet ljs sljpid j bfty kfci Kas Jeìkis1

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>?Q^KJEEFE@ & Y_OJEFRM

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J Rprjwkfe` Bfty

Jt tli ied ag tli efeitiietl bietury, Je`ka -Rjxae ^ratistjet fm-mf`rjets wjvi jed mjfeky jggibts Kas Jeìkis. Tlisi piapki jrimatfvjtid oy j ‛pjstarjk” fdij, bljrjbtirfstfb ag tli PJR^ fdiaka`y,oufkdfe` eif`loarlaads bietirid jraued gjmfky kfgi jed praxfmf-

ty ta ejturjk jrijs , jed ditjblid lausi wlfbl pap up ,brijtfe`kaw diesfty eif`loarlaads. Tlfs baebiptfae ag urojefzjtfae wlfblstjrt (jed stfkk baetfeuis ) fs tli bjusi ag uekfmftid `rawtl ka`fb agj``kamirjtfae ( tli jrij ag urojefzid kjed ljs febrijsid oy ?9%oitwiie :667 jed ?>>>).

Ft fs jksa aei ag tli gauedfe` mytls ag tli Yeftid Rtjtis tljt lami-aweirslfp fs syeaeymaus jt tli tfmi ( jed stfkk tadjy ) griidam jedsabfjk fmpravmiet. Tlfs ‛sprjwk” puslid oy tli ixtrimi ljs risukt

tadjy àfe` j`jfest j bkasi rikjtfaeslfp wftl ejturi. Fediid, KasJeìkis ljs tli kawist sbari ri`jrdfe` tli rikjtfaeslfp oitwiieejturjk jrijs jed tli tatjk jrij ag tli j``kamirjtfae ag tli wlakiPist bajst. Fe 9> yijrs, gram :6?> ta :60> tli papukjtfae oaamsrijbt ta tibleaka`fbjk oaams, eiw bietirs wfkk brijti jed pjrtfbf-pjti fe tlfs uroje sprjwk.

Oibjusi tli ejturi ag tlisi oaams fs tljt tliy jri qufbc subbis-sfae (ar sejpslats), Pfkkfjm Halesae disbrfois js ‛j madik ag ue-

baetrakkid `rawtl.” Ra fedustrfjk `rawtl tljt àvires tlfs sprijd,kjrì gfrms jttrjbt gjmfkfis fe kaw-bast lausfe` fe eiw suouros tliyjri ‛aweirs”.

_ueefe` wjtir pkjyid j viry fmpartjet raki jksa fe uroje sprjwk, jsjed js tli papukjtfae `riw, tli Jeìkfeas ljd ta gitbl wjtir wlirift wjs, sa ft fs ta tli mauetjfes tli bfty `riw fe tli gfrst pkjbi, tlietlfs fs jeatlir matfvjtfae gar Kas Jeìkis ta ixpjed wistwjrd jedtli abije8 tli disfri ta ljvi j part jed wif`l jt ejtfaejk kivik js jwikk dyejmfb jed pawirguk mitrapakfs.

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R o k t d fgf tf g o

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Ra wi bje sii , uroje sprjwk brijtis j diesfgfbjtfae ag urojespjbi js tli papukjtfae `raws . Jed fg gar tli ‛rijk” jeìkf-eas , tli bfty bietir fs Dawetawe, tlfs fs eat eibissjrfky jsbkijr ae pjpir , vjrfaus bammjed guebtfaes jri dfstrfoutid fesivirjk eif`loarlaads . Out sfebi tli :60>s jed tli brijtfaeag scysbrjpirs fe tli eif`loarlaad, j mfssfae rivjkujtfae fsfmpkimietid wftl j pra`rjm ag dfvirsfgfbjtfae ag guebtfaes

febkudfe` tli brijtfae ag puokfb spjbis jed je ‛jrt dfstrfbt ‛.Ra mjey prahibts ljvi imirìd febkudfe` tli jxfs ag @rjedJvieui tljt tli mjyar wjets ta ture fe Bljmps Ikysæis agtli Pist Bajst , ar wftl eiw sprue` up js Dfseiy BaebirtLjkk oy @ilry ar tli MTJ oufkdfe` (wlfbl slaws tli fegkuiebiag prfvjti festftutfaes fe tli mitrapakftje jrij) .

_ibietky, mjey Jeìkfeas blaasi ta mavi ojbc feta tli bietirwliri avir :>,>>> suodfvfsfaes jri burrietky uedir baestrub-

tfae. Yroje ridiesfgfbjtfae jed tli brijtfae ag ejturjk jrijsjri rueefe`.

Ra tli blfbcie ar tli i`` bjmi gfrst 1 Tlus wi mjy summj-rfzi bammaeky trjespart dua / sprjwk. Rami sjy tljt ft fs tlitrjespart wlfbl jkkawid tli sprijd , wlfki atlirs jrùi tljtsprjwk fs bjusfe` tli divikapmiet ag trjespart ... Aei tlfe`fs birtjfe , tli twa jri bkasiky kfecid jed tli rauti ag uroje-fzjtfae ivakvid wftl mjhar puokfb trjespart rautis jed mjharlf`lwjys gfrst . Tadjy , ft fs tli kjttir sljkk privjfk oibjusi tli

trjespart eitwarc fs ( jkmast ) js feiggibtfvi wftlaut diesftymjcis ft uesuftjoki ta ibaeamfb pragftjofkfty.

Jkk tlisi aosirvjtfaes kijd us ta sjy tljt Kas Jeìkis ljseivir oiie tlfecfe` ae j `kaojk sbjki jed dibietrjkfzjtfaeivietujkky kijd ta uebaetrakkid `rawtl.

J Grj`mietid Bfty Out must mijsuri tlfs pra`riss oy j dibkfei 8 sibis

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J Grj`mietid Bfty

Tli sibaed eatjoki jspibt ag pkjeefe` fe K.J fs fts ourstfe`. Tligfrst papukjtfae oaam abburrid oitwiie :<0> jed :6>> sjw tlipapukjtfae ag Kas Jeìkis `riw gram ?> >>> ta ?9> >>>, wlfblkid ta tli brijtfae ag twiety eiw muefbfpjkftfis durfe` tlfs pi-

rfad. Tli bfty ag Kas Jeìkis fs tli pirgibt ixjmpki j`jfest tliuroje madik tljt ljd iedurid oigari8 baebietrfbfty , js tliBjkfgarefje bfty fs mjrcid oy ea bietrjkfty, ar rjtlir j `kut agbietirs. Eiftlir tjcis pribidiebi avir jeatlir, ft fs tli virygauedjtfae ag fts pakyeubkijrfty , sa typfbjk ag tlfs tawe . Tlfs fsbjkkid tli ‛ix -bietrfb-bfty”, wlfbl fs bljrjbtirfzid oy j kjbc agdfggiriebi oitwiie uroje jed suouroje jrijs .

Js ta tli sprijd jed istjokfslmiet ag sbjttirid baris, tli fe-

ljoftjets ag tlisi tirrftarfis sifzid jt stjci gar tlim ta ar`jefzitlimsikvis jed tlus brijti muefbfpjkftfis ta wif`l fe wif`lfe`dibfsfaes ae tlifr kjed. Pftl tljt, tli 0> eif`loarlaad bauebfksar ae j kjrìr sbjki tli :9 dfstrfbt bauebfks mjy gjvar tli bae-strubtfae ag fedfvfdujk lausis ar warsi ta oje tli baestrubtfaeag risfdietfjk bampkixis. Oibjusi tli mjyar ljs kfttki pawir tagjbi jkk tlisi festjebis .

Tli bfty, lawivir, oikfivis li ljs gaued tli sakutfae wlie tli ju-tlarftfis risartid ta tli ixtiet ag febarparjtfae ta gf`lt j`jfesttli prakfgirjtfae ag jdmfefstrjtfvi kiviks jed tlirigari kissie-fe` tli pawir ag tli mjyar. Tlfs sfeùkjr mijsuri fs samiwljtjkfcis j tirrftarfjk jeeixjtfae, fg j muefbfpjkfty ljs j lf`l pap-ukjtfae jed ibaeamfb `rawtl, ft mjy jeeix tli tirrftarfis ageif`loarfe` muefbfpjkftfis fg fts piapki jri fe j`riimiet.

Tli eiw muefbfpjkfty febkudis dfggiriet oajrds feta aei, tlirijri mjey oieigfts , oatl gar muefbfpjkftfis sii tlifr fmpartjebi`raw jed tli Bfty ag Kas Jeìkis bje ridubis vjrfaus bammuef-

tfis jdvfsars jed oajrd mimoirs.

Out must mijsuri tlfs pra`riss oy j dibkfei 8 sibis-sfae. Fediid, sfebi :660 tli Bjkfgarefj sibissfae bje ittli rivirsi prabiss ag febarparjtfae fs muefbfpjkfzjtfae.Bkjfm fe tli gjbi ag `kaojkfzfe` fmjì ag tli bfty bie-tir ,mjey muefbfpjkftfis dibfdi ta ietir feta sibissfae,jed tli mari tliy jri, tli mari tliy `jfe fegkuiebi jedvfsfofkfty, fe ardir ta iesuri tlifr awe kabjk baetrak. Out

tlisi ka`fbs jri eiftlir mari ear kiss tlje ka`fbjk ixbku-sfae tlrau`l iftlir ag ìetrfgfbjtfae, ar oy baegfeimietpakfbfis subl js `jtid bammueftfis.

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J Ri`ri`jtid Bfty

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J Ri`ri`jtid Bfty

Tli bfty ag Kas Jeìkis fs bljrjbtirfzid oy j viry kaw diesftybfty jed liebi tli siviri kjbc ag puokfb spjbis fs aei ag tlibjusis ag sabfjk ixbkusfae jed itlefb bammueftfis dibrijsitlim privjfkfe` tliri ojs.Dìs tli :<9>, Kas Jeìkis wjs

duooid tli ‛grj`mietid mitrapakfs” jed sabfaka`fsts ag tlitfmi ta ixpkjfe tljt si`ri`jtfae wjs jkrijdy je fetrfesfb pjrtag tli bfty. Ft fs tlie ixpkjfeid oy tli sljpi ag tli grjmi jedtli kaw diesfty, twa djtj stfkk pirsfst tadjy wliri febrijsidsæ`ræ`jtfae.B tlfs fs uroje sprjwk jed suourojefzjtfae agtli bfty ljs febrijsid tlfs plieamieae ag sipjrjtfae ag sa-bfjk bkjssis fe spjbi oibjusi tli rfbl kjedaweirs baukd àgurtlir fe ardir ta festjkk tlim wlfki rimjfefe` je feti`rjkpjrt ag tli bfty bietir.

Tlfs jkjrmfe` ietrfgfbjtfae privjfkfe` baetfeuis ta pursui ta-djy ispibfjkky wlie tli bietir ag Dawetawe tryfe` ta oi rivf-tjkfzid oy j bukturjk pra`rjm. Fe tli ijrky twiety-gfrst bieturyuroje jeìkfeas tlirigari tare oitwiie brijtfe` j bietrjkftytlrau`l j rijk puokfb spjbi jed tli baetfeujtfae ag fts vjk-ujtfae madik ag prfvjti spjbi, wftl j tiedieby tawjrds tlisibaed madik. Ivfdiebid oy tli ribiet rigiriedum baedubt-id ae tli muefbfpjkfzjtfae ag trjespart sirvfbi wlfbl wjsrigusid gar gijr ag piapki ta sii tlifr eif`loarlaads oibamidiesir .

Kas Jeìkis fs eaw baesfdirid j ‛Mjharfty - Mfearfty bfty‛ar j bfty wliri mfearftfis ruki, jed wi bje bkijrky fdietfgytlisi js didfbjtid si`ri`jtfae fs fmpartjet spjbis, ft ivierijblis eijrky :>> % fe sami jrijs. Tlfs fs tli praokim ag‛`jtid bammueftfis‛. Tlisi sjmi bammueftfis oiet ae ftwfkk oi kabcid up oilfed giebis pirmjeietky ùjrdid. Tlfs fsKifsuri Parkd fe Arje i Bauety tljt ljs siie ?>,>>> piapki

ìt sibissfae fe ?>>?.

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2:



Tlisi bjrrfirs ag fdiaka`y EFMOV

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( Eat Fe My Ojbc Vjrd) mavimietsjri pawirguk mavimiets jed viry di-tirmfeid wlie tlifr riviedfbjtfaes.Tli ‛`jtid bammueftfis‛ jri agtieokjmid gar mjey jfkmiets js j wars-iefe` ag spjtfjk si`ri`jtfae, ìetrfgf-

bjtfae ag prfvjtfzjtfae ag bftfis ar iv-fdiebi ag tli brfsfs ag jmofiet sabfjkkfec.

Out fg tliy jri ivfdiebi ag j prao-kim ag pkjeefe` jt tli kabjk kivik,tliy jri mastky tli tfp ag j brfsfs fej kjrìr sbjki , febkudfe` tli iggibt agmuefbfpjkftæs.Ri`ri`jtfae wjs joavijkk brijtid oy uroje sprjwk jed tlibrijtfae ag eumiraus bietirs autsfditli matlir bfty.

Tli pkjeefe` ag tli bfty ag Kas Je-ìkis fs jey sfeùkjr pafet bampjridta atlir Jmirfbje bftfis, j bfty eivirljd mubl oiie ojsid ae dibfsfaes agtli mamiet. Fediid, kabjk jutlarftfisljvi eivir tlau`lt tli bfty ae j `kao-

jk sbjki (uekfci Eiw Varc, gar ixjmpki), jed ljvi oiie jeswirfe` quistfaesoy festjet jeswirs , sakvfe` praokims, slart durjtfae up “ tli gakkawfe`. Yr-ojefsm fs j sirfis ag subbissfvi dibf-sfaes `fvfe` j madik ag uebaetrakkid`rawtl, jed je uroje kjedsbjpimjrcid oy rajd, ìeufei rikjtfaeslfpag tli bfty.

Bjsi Rtudy8 Mjkfou

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Bjsi Rtudy8 Mjkfou

Mjkfou fs aei ag tli mast gjmaus ag Kas Jeìkis Bauety bftfis. Oatlceawe gar fts oijblis jed surg spats, ft fs jksa viry riprisietjtfvi agtli uroje jeìkfeas.Ie Fediid, tli riprisietjtfvi uroje sprjwk ag KasJeìkis tjcis ae fts mijefe` ... Tli Bfty ag Mjkfou ljs vfrtujkky ea

bietir, ft fs aeky 42cm kae` strfp ag j kfttki avir :cm wfdi. Jed fg ft fsbaesfdirid aei ag tli kjrìst bftfis fe Bjkfgarefj ( ?7:cm? ) fs oibjusifts surgjbi ixtieds 9cm agg tli bajst , js fg fegkuiebid mjrftfmi tir-rftary .

Tli bfty fs j symoak ag tli quist tawjrds tli abije tljt jeìkfeasbaetfeuid ta oi aggirid fe tli ijrky twietfitl bietury wlie tli ^jbfgfbBajst Lf`lwjy oufkt j lf`lwjy fe tli mfddki partfae ag tli bfty. _ue-efe` wjtir wjs tlie ae out tli part dfd eat divikap jed tadjy rimjfes

j ojstfae ag taurfsm jed ìetrfgfbjtfae.Oibjusi tli lausi fs quiie liri , tli kabjk àviremiet gf`lt strae`kyj`jfest jkk uroje divikapmiet prahibts tljt waukd diey tlfs didiesf-gfbjtfae . Jed ft fs viry strae` wftl j papukjtfae diesfty ag ?4< feljo-ftjets pir cm? rijblfe` aeky ... Tlfs smjkk bammuefty ag piapki sjwlfs gjti bljeìd fe :66: wlie sli wjs joki ta bljeì tlifr stjtus oymijsurfe` febarparjtfae , ft fs febrijsid gram miri bammuefty j rijkbfty wftl j rijk kabjk pawir jed kivirjì j`jfest tli `fjet Kas Jeìkis.Out tli stru``ki ixfstid oigari jed piapki ljd jkrijdy oiie puslfe`mjey prahibts febkudfe` tli brijtfae ag j eubkijr pkjet.

Tlfs fskjed digieds fts fedipiediebi jt jkk basts fs j pirgibt ixjmpkiae spjtfjk si`ri`jtfae jed ìetrfgfbjtfae. Fe ?>>>, ft jbbauetid gar6?% ag papukjtfae “wlfti‖ gar aeky 9% ag Lfspjefb jed kiss tlje :%ag tli papukjtfae ag okjbc . _isfdiets kjrì mjharfty ag tli wijktlybkjss ljvi mjdi agg wftl tli bfty jed viry kfttki sabfjk mfx fs ijsfky ue-dirstaad wlie tli jvirjì sjkjry jmauets ta $ :?>,>>> pir yijr pirgjmfkki.Di jddftfae, mjey `jtid bammueftfis ljvi tjcie up risfdiebife tlifr kfvfe` ievfraemiet , wlfbl jbbietujtis aei tjcis si`ri`jtfae

iggibt ... tli kjrìst Mjkfou Bakaey wjs ivie brijtid fe :6?6 , wlfblslaws tli jeblarfe` ag tlfs kfgistyki fe Kas Jeìkis Bauety .

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>2QT_JERÂ_T & _IJKFTV

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Tli _aki ag Trjespart fe tli

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divikapmiet ag Kas Jeìkis1

Rami gfùris8

Hjeujry :, :64> 8 Fejuùrjtfae ag tli gfrst partfae agtli ::> Griiwjy, tli gfrst bfty lf`lwjy jed wistire ri-`fae ag tli Yeftid Rtjtis . Ft baeeibts tli dawetawebietir ag ^jsidiej:6408 baestrubtfae ag tli gfrst gaur- kivik fetirbljeì(Rtjbc ) baeeibtfe` tli :>: ta tli ::>:2> yijrs 8 tli eumoir ag yijrs ag prisiebi trjesft feKas Jeìkis??> 8 tli eumoir ag puokfb / prfvjti bampjefis wlasljri tli eitwarc trjesft .

Arf`fes jed divikapmiet ag tlimatarwjy eitwarc

Kas Jeìkis fs j sbrakk gar mfkis ta j kjedsbjpi ag lamijed `jrdie . Ft fs dfggfbukt ta fdietfgy dfggiriebis oi-

twiie tli uroje jed suouroje kjedsbjpi, out j kjrìlf`lwjy eitwarc tlrau`l tli wlaki tirrftary. Kas Jeì-kis fs tli bfty lausis, tlifr `jrdies jed tli lf`lwjy.

Oy tli :60>s , Kas Jeìkis fs siie js j strubturidjraued jed tlrau`l tli bfty matarwjy eitwarc . _iyeirOjeljm eitwarc fs ejmid tli ‛ Jutapfj ‛ wlfbl fs tligaurtl ibaka`y bampkiti tli gfrst tlrii jri tli oijbl,tli mauetjfes jed tli pkjfe .



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4?



^raokims1

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Tli prfmjry bjusi ag baeìstfae wjs j praokim oitwiie tli rajdtrjespart jed bjrs . Tli praokim wjs pjrtfjkky sakvid oy jojedaefe`tli trjm fe tli ?>s . Out tadjy , tli bftfzies ag Kas Jeìkis bam-pkjfe mari trjggfb praokims tlje jey atlir puokfb pakfby fssui. Trfps

jri oibamfe` kaeìr jed aei bje eat pridfbt law kae` . Jbbardfe`ta j study ag mari tlje 9>> bftfis fe tli Yeftid Rtjtis , Kas Jeìkisfs tli mast baeìstid bfty wftl mari tlje 0? laurs kast pir yijr fetrjvik tfmi. Trjggfb hjms jri stfkk tliri jed ìttfe` warsi mari . Lawwi trfid ta gfx ft1

^rihudfbis jed bjusis 8Gram j pafet ag vfiw autsfdi wftlaut rijkky ceawfe` tli sftujtfae, wi wfkk sjy tljt tli Jeìkfeas kavi tlifr bjr, tliy dfd gjvars garwjkcfe`, bybkfe` ar puokfb trjespart . Jed Kas Jeìkis fs jksa tlisymoak ag uroje sprjwk , lausis , aggfbis jed slaps jri sbjttirid fekaw diesftfis fe tli uroje gjorfb. Out mjey piapki oikfivi tljt bjrdipiedieby jed sprjwk dfribtky , jed tljt risfdiets haureiy `rijtdfstjebis . Fe gjbt tlfs fs eat trui gar avir 9> yijrs. Tli bfty fs eatgjbfe` tli bjr mari tlje jey atlir Jmirfbje bfty , jed ft fs burrietkyaei ag tli diesist bftfis fe Eartl Jmirfbj .

Ft fs jksa wrae` ta oikfivi tljt j lf`l kivik ag bjr usi fs syeaeymausoattkfe` . Fe rurjk jrijs , gar ixjmpki , tli dfstjebis jri fmpartid

fe uroje jrijs jed yit tliri fs ea trjggfb hjm. Fe ?>>4, j Bjkfgarefjrauti :4 9>> cm j`jfest ?6,>>> gar j risfdiet ag Pyamfe`. Jmpkf-gfbjtfae ag oattkfe` dais eat bami gram tljt.

Ft fs ixpkjfeid oy tli gjbt tljt tli bfty fs febrijsfe`ky diesir , ftlasts mari tlje eiw risfdiet divikaps fts tirrftary fe baetrjst taatlir Jmirfbje bftfis, wliri divikapmiet autsfdi bfty kfmfts fs marigjstir tlje tli febrijsi fe papukjtfae . Tli quistfae jmauets tatli gjbt tljt tli bfty fs oardirid ae aei sfdi oy mauetjfes jed tli

abije ae tli atlir . Tli bfty fs sprijd ta fts brftfbjk kfmfts tadjy tabaetfeui ta wikbami tli warkd, ft must oi diesir .

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J sakutfae1 Brijti je jbbissfoki bftyrjtlir tljt lastfe` tli jutamaofki

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rjtlir tljt lastfe` tli jutamaofki

Tli bfty ag Kas Jeìkis wfkk fmpkimiet j ristrubturfe` pkjepuokfb trjespart . Tlfs pkje fs mjejìd oy tli Bauety ag KasJeìkis Mitrapakftje trjesparttfae ( Mitra ) . ft fs j strjti`y

ta fmpravi tli vfjofkfty jed guebtfaejkfty ag tli ri`fae jed eatj pakfby ag kfmftfe` ar ikfmfejtfe` baeìstfae. Pi wfkk try tadivikap pkjes aggirfe` piapki dfggiriet rjeìs ag trjespart ,febkudfe` wjkcfe` , bybkfe` jed puokfb trjespart aptfaes .

Ft jksa siics ta divikap j diesi eijroy risfdietfjk pra`rjmaggfbis jed slappfe` bietirs ta ridubi trjvik oy bjr. Pi bjejkrijdy sii tadjy eiw risfdietfjk baestrubtfae fe tli dawe-tawe jed eijr atlir jbtfvfty bietirs . Tlfs fs mastky kjrì

risfdietfjk lausis rjtlir tlje fedfvfdujk oufkdfe`s. Tlijtirsjri oufkt eijr tliri jed ivie jttieds tli apiefe` ag j luìsupirmjrcit fe tli dawtawe , samitlfe` tljt wjs mari prad-ubt gar yijrs. Tli dawetawe fs diesir j`jfe.

Mitra fs burrietky gabusfe` ae dfggiriet pra`rjm, tli istjo-kfslmiet ag je arjeì kfei wftl j kjr i pjssieìr bjpjbfty ,mjci mari bamgartjoki ous staps , brijti pjtlwjys bkijeousis , baupkid wftl ofci pjtls. Ft fs ivie baesfdirid kijvfe`

j ous kjei ae matarwjys. J bamputir systim ta mjejì trjg-gfb sfèjks ta aptfmfzi tli gkaw baetrak jed js ixpibtid. Tlfssiims rfdfbukaus ta tli burriet tfmi js j bljeì gar us

Iurapije wla da eat kfvi fe tli sjmi baetixt, jed j `rijtstjrtfe` pafet gar j bfty kfci Kas Jeìkis , wlfbl ljd bampkiti-ky jojedaeid fts eitwarc ag trjesft fe ditrfmiet ag tli bjrjed eaw gfeds ftsikg stfgkid oy tli kjttir.

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Rtudy & Tliarfsjtfae 8 Rpjbi,Mavimiet jed Matar

Fg tli bfty tlrau`l fedfvfdujk ixpirfiebis dfssibtid , wibje gfed tli bakkibtfvi ixpirfiebi jed tlus digfei tli bftyoy tlisi pjrjmitirs 8 fts piapki jed fts abbupjtfae Out

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Mavimiet jed Matar

Mjr`rit Brjwgard tikks us tljt ‛ baeeibtid oy je ixtiesfvieitwarc ag striits jed lf`lwjys fe Kas Jeìkis sprijdstauis dfribtfaes wftl sami dfggiriebis fe diesfty ar sljpi.

Ixpirfmietfe` Kas Jeìkis tlrau`l tli bjr, ous ar ivie j bjrtrjbfe` , tlfs ievfraemiet viry wikk jssfmfkjtid tli eatfae agmavimiet . ‛Rli jksa takd us tljt djfky kfgi digfeis tli bfty oytli jbtfvftfis tljt abbur djfky . Pljt fs ardfejry ar ixtrjardf-ejry , tliy digfei tli sljpi jed ixpirfiebi ag tli bfty. Mjr-`rit Brjwgart disbrfois tli kfgi ag j risfdiet ag Kas Jeìkisrivakvis jraued tli lf`lwjys jed ae tli tlimi ag maofkfty.

Tli puokfb damjfe fs digfeid oy tli bakkibtfvi ixpirfiebi.

Lf`lwjys jri pjrt ag tli puokfb damjfe ag Kas Jeìkis, jedjri digfeid oy tli mavimiet ag tli bjr jed eat tli plysfbjkbaeeibtfae ag tli piapki wla wfkk gar ixjmpki ixpkari tli bftyae gaat ar oy puokfb trjespart . Tli mast mavfe` jri jkaei,ijbl fe lfs awe bjr jed bjr trjggfb . Fe tlfs jrij ag tli bjr,tliri fs ea ar viry kfttki fetirjbtfae wftl piapki, wlfbl fg ftixfsts, ft rimjfes j ojsfb ar supirgfbfjk rikjtfaeslfp.

Tli baebipt ag ‛ Rpjbi -Tfmi ‛ ag @fidae slaws us tljt

mavimiet fs tli ciy ta pirbifvi j spjbi. Li sjys ft fs ‛bljeì, maofkfty jed tli jofkfty ta baebiptujkfzi aohibts sfmuktjei-ausky gram j vjrfity ag pafets ag vfiw” wi bje pirbifvi spjbi.Plie yau jri fe j bjr, tli baebipt ag tfmi fs viry vjrfjoki,dipiedfe` ae wlitlir yau drfvi j :>> cm / l ar 2> cm / lfe j strijm ag trjggfb. Tli spjbi ag tli bfty fs j risukt ag tlieatfae ag tfmi . Tli drfvir jed pjssieìr jri eaw ixpirfieb-fe` mari spjbi wftl tlifr oadfis, out wftl tli bjr oibamisixascikitae, jed tlirigari ft bljeìs tli wjy tliy pirbifvitli bfty.

oy tlisi pjrjmitirs 8 fts piapki jed fts abbupjtfae. Outmjyoi Kas Jeìkis ar atlir bftfis da eat jkkaw ta oi di-sbrfoid fe tlfs wjy oibjusi tliy jri eat j sfe`ki ietfty outj muktftudi ag iviets jed bampkix ixpirfiebi. Lawivir,piapki ljvi trfid gar yijrs ta mjci siesi ag tlfs bampkixsystim. Js lumjes , wi eiid ta giik baeeibtid ta atlirsjed gfed purpasi gar aur surrauedfe` ievfraemiets .

Yktfmjtiky tli mast fmpartjet vfjoki digfeftfae ag aurspjbi fs ojsid ae aur pirsaejk ixpirfiebi jed aur pirbip-tfae. Tlirigari, j ‛bfty” fs j bakkibtfae ag tlasi ixpirfiebistljt fetirtwfei, brijtfe` wljt wi disbrfoi js j pkjbi .

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9>



>4QIBAEAMV & BA_Â_JTIR

9:



Kas Jeìkis, Tli Oi`fefe` agFedustrfjkfsjtfae

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Fe tli ijrky :6tl bietury tli smjkk tawe ag Kas Jeìkis, fs oibam-fe` febrijsfe`ky fmpartjet js jed wlie tli Jmirfbje Pist wjsixpkarid jed ixpkaftid gar fts ejturjk risaurbis (waad, grislwjtir

out jksa frae ari, bajk, àkd ... ) . Ft jksa oibamis j mjhar sijpartpramatfe` trjes-^jbfgfb trjdi jed ibaeamfb rawtl ag Ojhj Bjkfgar-efj . Bfty stfkk prfmjrfky j`rfbukturjk ,tli rfsi ag tli rjfkrajd mjrcidj turefe` pafet fe je jkmast eae-ixfstiet ibaeamy ( sikg-bietirid )ta j grii mjrcit wftl trjdi js j gfrst stip ag j`rfbukturjk pradubts( tli fevietfae ag tli rigrfìrjtar bjr jkkaws ixpart j`rfbukturjkpradubts ta tli Ijst).

Kas Jeìkis tlie oibamis j bfty - arbljrd, jed baetrfoutis ta fe-

brijsid fmmf`rjtfae ( mfddki bkjss jed kjoarirs .) Tli bfty tljecsta tibleaka`fbjk jdvjebis kfci tli rjfkrajd (wftl stijm) fs siiebaeeibtfe` tli ietfri baetfeiet tlrau`l tli gfrst kfei baeeibtfe`tli twa abijes (ijst-wist fe :<07 jed fe :<<9 j sibaed kfei wjsoufkt ta bapi wftl tli mjèftudi ag tli ixadus ) . Kjtir tli dfs-baviry ag afk `fvis j oaast ta Bjkfgarefj‖s ibaeamy oibamfe` jefedustrfjk ojsfe wftl iqujk ag tli kjrìst fedustrfjk jrijs fe tlieartl -ijstire Yeftid Rtjtis.

Tli ijrky :6tl bietury mjrcid j mjhar turefe` pafet jed wfkk trf`-ìr j dyejmfb js tli ibaeamy wfkk oi aei fg eat tli ditirmfefe`gjbtar fe tli ixpjesfae jed urojefzjtfae ag Kas Jeìkis Bauety. Fe:<79 wi dfsbavirid j luì afk ojsfe fe tli sautlire ri`fae ag KasJeìkis, risirvis jri bkjssfgfid js mjhar fetirist gar tli bfty jedtli wlaki ‛oy tli mjyar bauetrfis. Fe :<<6, tli sautlire ri`faesag tli vfr`fe bfty sprijd ixfstfe` eif`loarlaads ag Kae` Oijbl(ârt) jed Kjbcwaad out Arjeì Bauety (wist) sii gkawir gfikdsdirrfbcs tljt wfkk oi mjdi gjmaus oy tli gjmaus tfmi mj`jzfeiwlfbl wfkk oi j plata issjy ae tli tfmi tljt tli bjkk ljvi tli eiw

àkd rusl out tlfs tfmi tli okjbc àkd.

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Pftl tli `fvie jraued afk ixtrjbtfae iggart, Bjkfgarefj oi-twiie :6:: jed :622 oibjmi tli gfrst afk pradubfe`stjti fe tli bauetry . Aei ag tli mjhar baesiquiebis

t d kk o tl f g f tf o t

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pitradakkjrs oibami tli prfmjry saurbi ag fevistfe` outtlfs pradubtfae pramatis tli jbbikirjtid `rawtl ag tlifedustry . Kaw slat ag ieir`y jed rjw mjtirfjks out jksatli fegkux ag kjoar dabfki , blijp jed mjey brijtid jeiejokfe` ievfraemiet gar kabjk ousfeissis out jksa gram

jkk avir tli bauetry gram iehayfe` fts fdykkfb baedftfaes.

Wiry qufbcky tli fedustry fs baebietrjtid jraued tli partag Kas Jeìkis jed dirrfbcs . Kjr i bampjefis sittki ,tli lijvy fedustry bampjefis kfci Ys Rtiik ( stiik fjet ), Jkbaj ( mfefe` `fjet ) , Kyaedikk ( fjet pitrablimfbjks)ar Blivrae ( afk `fjet ) sljpis tli bfty.

Kas Jeìkis oibjmi fedustrfjkfzid jed tli papukjtfae fs

kjrìky warcfe` . tli lausfe` praokim oibamis j mjharpraokim . Jrij pkjets jri `rjdujkky oufkt jed urojefzj-tfae eaw ixtieds iftlir jraued j bietir js fe j bae-vietfaejk bfty, out jraued fetirists ( bampjefis). Tlfsbjusis tli oi`feefe` ag j prabiss ag dibietrjkfzjtfaeag ibaeamfb jed pakftfbjk gjbtars ta uroje baebietrjtfaejraued aei ar sivirjk pafets ag fetirist fi kjrì Barpa-rjtfaes .

Tli Pjr Iggart, tli Gjst Ixpjedfe`99



Tlie tli Gfrst Parkd Pjr fs j dfsjstir , Iurapi fs divjstjt-id. Out Kas Jeìkis wfkk oieigft gram tlfs pirfad ag garbidfedustrfjkfzjtfae fs eaw jt tli sirvfbi ag tli wjr iggart .Tixtfki mfkks jed atlir baesumir pradubts jri baevirtidfeta wijpaes gjbtary . ^jes wftl oukkits , tli tjecs jedatlir wjr mjblfeis .

Mjhar jrms bampjefis oibami tli eiw garbi jed fmpkjet-id fe Kas Jeìkis febkudfe` Ourojec uetfk tli 0>s jed tliemavi fe tli <> bauetfis fe tli sautl ag tli bfty ( Rjetj Jej, Jejlifm jed mari ìeirjkky tli Bauety Arjeì ), wlfbljksa oibamis j paak ag feeavjtfae gar yaue` bampjefisoibami subl js Lu`lis Jfrbrjgt (jed fts gjmaus gauedir, Lawjrd Lu`lis ) tljt oibjmi aei ag tli mast subbiss-

guk bampjefis fe tli bauetry fe tli spjbi ag tie yijrs .Tli mjssfvi fedustrfjk bfty tlus ar`jefzid jraued mjharfedustrfjk pakis digfeid oy P. Wfili ‛fedustrfjk bkustirs”jed saae lfs wikbamfe` mari jed mari piapki pakis , suo-eif`loarlaads jri brijtid jraued tli pakis jed qufbckysprijd jed mirì tlim ta fvi je uroje sprijd wlfbl aekyjkkaws tli bjr maofkfty .

Tli jdviet ag griiwjys ar matarwjys ( griiwjys ) jbbikir-

jtis tli plaeimi larfzaetjk sprijdfe` , lf`lwjys ta kfectli mjhar uroje paki , ijsid trjggfb baeìstfae , ridubitli tfmi ta à gram pafet J ta pafet O . Fts kjrì drjfejìjrijs sa tli papukjtfae ag tli bfty ta suouro orajdky gjvarstrjespkjetjtfae ag smjkk jed midfum ousfeissis jrauedtli lf`lwjy jed brijtid barrfdars bammirbfjk jrijs aeijbl sfdi ag tli lf`lwjy .

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Tli matarwjys fe pjrtfbukjr autputs oibami truidyejmfb ousfeiss pjrcs , aggfbis, slaps jed atlirkifsuri jbtfvftfis . Tlfs baebietrjtfae fs daei fe jtfmiky mjeeir ar jrij jed brijtid j di gjbta pjrtf-

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tfmiky mjeeir ar jrij jed brijtid j di gjbta pjrtftfaeid ( ea rijk dfggiriebis ) uroje gjorfb. Tliri fsea mfxfe` oitwiie jbtfvftfis, slaps jed lamis. Tlibfty strubturi ispibfjkky fe je jkmast jutaeamauswftlaut tli fetirvietfae ag mjhar uroje . Mitlad

striit `rfd fs jdaptid uejefmausky fe Kas Jeìkis,tli diesfgfbjtfae ag tli bjdjstri tlfs strubturi vjrf-joky eat ojsid ae ibaeamfb jktirejtfvis tljt wfkkwif`l tli sfti ( oufkdfe`s ag dfggiriet jìs out jksadfggiriet marplaka`y tljt baixfst fe j sjmi fskjeds, sa tljt tli ivakutfae fs eat sa arfietid rjtlir spa-rjdfb) .

PPFF jkkaws Kas Jeìkis ta oibami tli kijdfe` fe-

dustrfjk bietir ag tli bauetry ta jrijs ag tli gjbtaryoikt eartlijst . Fts ìa`rjplfbjk pasftfae jkkaws tlibfty ta divikap j bjr a part , aei ag tli gfrst fe tlibauetry. Fe jddftfae, tli Yeftid Rtjtis ietirfe` fetagukk wjr Dibimoir 0, :64: jgtir tli jttjbc ae ijrkLjroar, tli ^jbfgfb Pjr Kas Jeìkis stjeds js pkjetpawdir mfkftjry-fedustrfjk bampkix Jmirfbfje ,gkaadfe` mjeugjbturis tli jrmy gar lfs bjmpjfè fetli ^jbfgfb. 9> % ag tli wijpaes tlie pradubid fetli tirrftary gar tli wjr iggart wiri pradubid fe KasJeìkis. Tli jrms bampjefis kfci Oikk , Rfcarscy,Oaife` ar fmpkjets fe tli ‛impty” pirfpliry ue-taublid jraued tli bauety ag Kas Jeìkis wlfkiEartlrap , Kabcliid jed MbDaeeikk -Dau`kjs jedLu`lis Jfrbrjgt jri yaue` bampjefis oare fe KasJeìkis eykaes tlifr eif`loarlaad tlrau`l ofrtljed oibami j muktfejtfaejk wjr hust j giw yijrs ,trjesgarmfe` tli fedustry ag tli bfty js wikk js tliojkjebi ag pawir .

Mjèitfb fe Kas Jeìkis

@ri` Lfsi fssui j stjtimiet wftlaut jppijk fetirvfiwfe`

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@ri` Lfsi fssui j stjtimiet wftlaut jppijk, fetirvfiwfe`j sjkismje sprfe` plrjsi ‛ tadjy‖s lamis tljt sikk kissjri eat tli aeis tljt jri eijr j sblaak , blurbl ar slaps,ea, tlisi jri lamis bkasi ta mjhar bampjefis subl js@ieirjk Matars , Kabcliid ar _abcitdymi wla waukd sikkoittir ‛ js jed law Ioieizir Lawjrd , bampjefis brijtidlir awe rijk @jrdie Bftfis jraued tlifr gjbfkftfis ta jbbam-madjti jt mast jgtir tlifr impkayiis. Kiwfs Mumgard jedlfs fetradubtfae ag tli Jmirfbje madik ta madik fe tli`jrdie bfty , slaws tli madik wftl tli mjhar jiraspjbibampjefis tryfe` ta fmpkimiet bfty- `jrdies jraued tlifrgjbtarfis (i` Kabcliid fe Ourojec wliri Dau`kjs JfrbjrgtRjetj Jej ) .

Kas Jeìkis riprisiet , Barparjti Jmirfbj wliri kjrìbampjefis jri tli eiw gjbtars ag pawir , rjdfjet Jrij jsj slfefe` bjstki ae lfs cfe`dam. kjrì bampjefis fmpasitlifr rukis jed tliy aeky oaast ta ietfri eif`loarlaads .Kabcliid , Yefvirsjk, ar Efci jri Eiw Ojoykae drjfefeòrjfes, sfkvir jed swijt. Tli bfty fs tlirigari ar`jefzidjraued fts eiw bietirs ag pawir surpjssfe` ivie tli ka-bjk jutlarftfis. (i` Bfty Bauebfk Bietury Bfty fs lijdid oytli bampjey ftsikg oife` usid ta jdvfsi tli Bietury Gax.

Bukturjk jed ietirtjfemiet sibtar oibami j bukturjk sym-oak tljt ixbiids tli oauedjrfis ag tli bfty `fvfe` j `kaojkrijbl tlrau`l tli sirfis , mavfi, musfb ag tli Jmirfbjesagt-pawir out jksa jed ispibfjkky tli madik ag tli bfty,‛ fdijkfzid ‛ Jmirfbje fmmiesi Ruourds jdvabjtfe` tlitrfumpl ag larfzaetjk sprijd , fedfvfdujk lausis jed agbaursi tli kavi Jmirfbjes gar tli bjr.

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Tli _ibaevirsfae

Jgtir tli wjr tli gjbtarfis jri baevirtid , ousfeiss jrms jri

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Jgtir tli wjr tli gjbtarfis jri baevirtid , ousfeiss jrms jriea kaeìr tli mast pragftjoki out rimjfe lijvywif`lts ag tliBjkfgarefj fedustry. Atlir jrijs jkrijdy js lf`l- tibls , FTbare jed ispibfjkky tli warkd ag midfj jed ietirtjfemietixpirfiebi j luì kf`ltefe` . Ietirtjfemiet tadjy fs tli gfrstibaeamfb jbtar fe tli bfty jed ljvi tli sjmi mitlad ag ix-pjesfae ag ousfeiss bietirs jraued tli jrms bampjefis .Bampjefis subl js M@M , ^jrjmauet , Pjreir, Bietury Gaxar Dfseiy jri jkk gram tli bfty , tlifr eif`loarlaad trjesgarmsofrtl jraued tlim. Bftfis subl js Bietury Bfty (Bietury Gax)ar Yefvirsjk Bfty (Yefvirsjk Rtudfas) oijrs tli ejmis ag bam-pjefis. Tlie wi bje dirfvi tljt tli ibaeamy out jksa tliwlaki ag kfgi fs ar`jefzid jraued tli bampjey js tli mjfeie`fei ae wlfbl ft fs rjgtid fe tli pirfpliry Ruourds warcirs

ljs jkmast ivirytlfe` ta warc gar tli bampjey.

Pftl tlfs mjssfvi eiid gar lausfe` , kjrì prahibts Ruourossprjwkfe` jtid ar sjeftfzid Bammueftfis jri eat uedirtjciemjhar baestrubtfae baetrjbtars. Fe tlfs wi baukd sjy tljt prf-vjti ietriprieiurs jri tli aeky brijtid j rijk uroje pkje ( outwarcfe` ae sirti ) ag rajds mijdaws digfeid fmpkimietjtfaeag aei typi ar sivirjk typis ag uroje gjorfb .

Ar`jefzid ta oi ripkfbjtid , tli eiw divikapmiet fs ar`j-efzid sa bkasid , j kat ag suouroje lausis surrauedid oytriis, fe wlfbl wfed smjkk striits, jkk grjmid oy pfkkjrs aewlfbl tli pirfpliry jed sittki trjdis atlir mjhar orjeds aggjst gjst gaad ar suppky baeeibtid ta tli trjes -uroje ma-tarwjy systim , jkk prjbtfbjoki aeky wftl tli bjr ( pidistrfjejppijrjebi tlie ft ljs kfmftid aut ag lfs bjr , ta twa mitirsta à fe tli staris). Divikapirs ta warc fe subl prahibts jrisamiwljt sfmfkjr ta wljt madire uroje pkjeeirs out eat fetli orajd siesi ag tli tirm. ^ragft riturefe` ta pkjy agtie jttli ixpiesi ag tli sabfjk jspibt .

^kjeefe` fs stfkk pirgarmid jraued ly`fiefsts ar ur-oje ribaèfzid taaks jkrijdy jppkfid oy tli warkd outjdjptid ar oypjssid gar tlifr awe fetirists ( agtie tlimast guebtfaejk gar risfdiets out viry pragftjoki garl d k ) _fdf l f g l J f

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tli divikapir ) . _fdfe` ae tli fmjì ag tli Jmirfbjedrijm riprisietid oy tli lausi jed tli mjssfvi ix-adus ag eiwbamirs , tli suouro oibjmi dfstjet suo-uros jed autscfrts . Fe tli 7>s , ft qufbcky oibamis

uebaetrakkjoki. Divikapirs oufkt jt orijceibc spiid, tli bfty ixtieds oiyaed fts oauedjrfis. Tli maue-tjfes surrauedfe` tli pkjfe ag tli bfty jri qufbckybju`lt jed tliri jri oufkt oy tlfs kfmft. Kjrì suourosjwjy gram ft jkk imirì js jsjdiej , amaej ar je-arjmj Bfty jri kftirjkky oufkt fe tli mfddki ag eawlirijed fe ribard tfmi .

Divikapirs samitfmis ridiim sivirjk jbris ag kjed

fe j okabc jed tlie brijti je ietfri eif`loarlaadsuodfvfsfaes fedfvfdujk gkj` ripkfbjti fedigfeftiky. TlieBaeeibt ta tli bfty oy j mjhar lf`lwjy . J pjtl ta js-jdiej Rjetj Maefbj kjsts :82> jed tljt fg tli trjggfbfs gkawfe` 2l bauetid oitwiie :0l jed :6l (pijc ) .Fts suouros jri mjfeky sakd ta mf`rjets gram tli Ijsttryfe` ta rioufkd tlifr kfvis , gfed j hao, stjrtid j gjmfkyfe j smjkk lausi . Tli bamofeid likfatrapfsm ljs jpakfby ag j``rissfvi jdvirtfsfe` (judfavfsujk ljmmir-fe` tlrau`l tikivfsfae jed rjdfa) jri tljt Jmirfbjesjri febrijsfe`ky sittkfe` fe tli sautlire ri`faes ag tliYeftid Rtjtis tlirigari bjkkid Rueoikt Kas Jeìkis jlf`lkf`lt .

Tli Mjss Baesumirfsm Irj

Jgtir tli wjr tlfrty karfaus orfe` j eiw ieirjtfae ag Jmir-

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fbjes . Jmirfbjes wiri ìttfe` rfbl qufbcky , tlifr stjedjrdag kfvfe` febrijsis jed fetradubis j drjmjtfb virtfbjk mjssbaesumptfae jkrijdy oiùe j giw yijrs ijrkfir out tljt jb-tujkky mjcis siesi jgtir tli wjr. Jmirfbjes baesumi jedbaesumi .

Eiw pradubts subl js tli tikivfsfae ar lausilakd pradubtsoibami jggardjoki jed baesumir pradubts . Mjss bae-sumptfae oibamis j brftfbjk gjbtar fe tli Y.R. ibaeamy.Kjrì wjkcfe` Mjkks ar luì slappfe` mjkks baebietrjtidluedrids ag smjkk slaps js of` ejmis jed viry papukjrivirywliri fe tli Yeftid Rtjtis . Fe Kas Jeìkis tli sbjkifs febrijsid tiegakd . Mjkks bje eat kabjti fe j typfbjk bie-

tir , tli eiid fs ta kabjti bkasir ta tli piapki . ^raokim,tli bfty oife` sprijd wftlaut rijk bietirs, mjkks jri fm-pkjetid oy jrij papukjtfaes.

J typaka`y fs rjpfdky imir`fe` js tli rajd jed matarwjyeitwarcs oibami kjrìr jed mari bampkix . Festjkkid eijrj mjfe rajd , ft fs ijsfky fdietfgfid oy fts luì pjrcfe` gjb-fe` staris wftlaut rijk ibaeamy sfzi fedustrfjk eif`loar-laad . Tli bfty tlie ar`jefzid jraued tlrii ciy gjbtars ,

tli bampjey , tli lf`lwjy jed tli mjkk ( jraued wlfbl jriar`jefzid luì suouros ) . Tlfs sprijdfe` ixbissfvi mad-ik `kaojkfzfe` tli lausi jed tli bjr fs eat typfbjk ag KasJeìkis out tli bukturi ag tli dakkjr ( bfty rukid oy maeiyjed tli ‛ Barparjtis ‛) mjcis ft j viry pawirguk bjtjkystjed oaasts tli ibaeamy ag tli bfty . Kas Jeìkis qufbckyoibjmi tli slawbjsi ag je irj jed ag baursi tli Jmirf-bje drijm.

Jed mjss baesumptfae `fvis wjy ta sivirjk brfsis tljtuedirmfei tlfs ibaeamfb madik . Tli 0> sfès ag fe-dustrfjk dibkfei gakkawid tli stiik brfsfs jed garbis tliibaeamy ta rifeviet jed sjmi tfmi lf`lkf`lt tli vjrf-aus febaesfstiebfis fe tli bfty madik ag fedustrfjk bjp

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aus febaesfstiebfis fe tli bfty madik ag fedustrfjk bjp-ftjkfsm. Mjkks jed tljt tli symoaks ag tlfs `f`jetfsmjri disirtid . Fg Mjkks jri stfkk j vieui yau slappfe`wiicied , tli ibaeamy fs skawfe` jed Mjkks fdkfe` .

Tadjy tliy jri feftfjtfvis ta rifeviet tli ibaeamy eif`l-oarlaad oibjusi Mjkks jri j kfttki smjkk disirtid. _ijksmjkk slappfe` jrijs imir`fe` fe tli bfty. Ramitlfe`wikk ceawe ta Iurapijes , yaue` Jmirfbje bftfis dfs-bavir tli ibaeamy ta jeatlir kivik ag mjbraibaeamfbpjssis ta j mfbra sbjki lftlirta ixfstid aeky fe tli bft-fis ag tli garmir bakaefis Eartlijst ( Orftfsl fegkuiebi).Eif`loarlaads kfci Lakkywaad ar Rjetj Maefbj oibami

viry bammirbfjk . Fe tli rist ag tli bfty “s mjfe jrtirfisjri fevistid oy barrfdars ag bampjefis jed ousfeissistljt festjkk aei jgtir tli atlir gar mfkis.

Tli mjkk ar tli fdij ag baebietrjtfae ag trjdi fs eatdijd out oibamis bammirbfjkky ar ‛ drfvfe` Mjkks ‛ arbarrfdar ae tli bjr rimjfes tli mjfe madi ag trjvikfg eat uefqui. Rfebi tli <> fedustrfis jri ripkjbid oystjrt- up , tli jrij ag Arjeì Bauety tljt wiri istjo-kfslid digiesi bampjefis jed jrms oibjmi tli RfkfbaeWjkkiy bfty . Tli ibaeamy fs slfgtfe` jraued atlir sib-tars. Tli tirtfjry sibtar fs tli mjfe saurbi ag impkay-miet .

K.J, tli Dysguebtfaejk bfty 1

Ra wljt fs tli symoakfsm ag tlfs bfty dakkjr ar sfkvir jed cfe`s

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, àvirejebi oy tli fetirist liri fs wljt tli bfty riprisiets .Tlfs jpprajbl tli ibaeamy ag tli bfty fs fmpartjet oibjusift fs wljt ljs sljpid tli bfty. Ljvfe` viry giw starfis tli bftyljs ea rijk lfstarfbjk bietir tljt ljs ùfdid tli `rawtl ag tlibfty . Fg tli akd ûioka fs jkwjys hust stips gram Dawetawe .

Tlfs ixjmpki fs fetiristfe` oibjusi piapki sii js j symoak agtlfs dawetawe eif`loarlaad. Out mjdi fs tljt tlfs eif`loa-rlaad ljs j stjtus ag gfejebfjk mjrcit rfsis ar kjrì ojecs.Out fg tli bietir fs issietfjk kjedsbjpi ft fs aeky j pjrt ag tliwlaki sbiei. Tli prisiebi ag oadfis jed aviremiet gjbfkftfis( Bfty Ljkk, akfbi Lijdqujrtir , tli Baurt ag Hustfbi .... ) fssamilaw j pakftfbjk bietir jmae` atlirs.

Kas Jeìkis wjs rijkky oufkt jraued sabfjk ar pakftfbjk tljebukturjk, ibaeamfb gjbtars . Jed tljt‖s Barparjti Jmirfbj oi-bamis j taak kfci uroje matarwjy ar mjkk out rjtlir tli bjusiag jkk fts fmpkfbjtfaes . ibaeamfb pakis jri aggsit gram ijblatlir sa wi hust oufkd tli mjfe rajds ta baeeibt jed ritrfivijrmfis ag warcirs gram iviry marefe` fegkjtid tli oiebl eaw. Tlfs fedubis j eiw madik digfeftfae tljt wjets past- urojear pkjeeid bfty dais eat ixfst ar jt kijst j kjrì sbjki. Tlisi

jri sivirjk smjkk-sbjki feftfjtfvis arblistrjtid fe pjrtfbukjr oyprfvjti divikapirs ( eif`loarlaad kivik ) .

Fe gjbt, ijbl dfstrfbt ljvfe` fts ousfeissis, Mjkks, slaps jri«jutaeamaus³ fe tli siesi tljt jkk fts feljoftjets gaued fetli fmmidfjti eiids «suouro³ . ar tli matarwjy eitwarc fssamilaw `rijt baeeibtfaes ta tli autsfdi. Digfeid Oy MfciDjvfs fe Bfty ag Zujrtz js «uroje grj`mietjtfae jraued pakispramatfe` sipjrjtfsm suouros .³ Idwjrd Rahj jkrijdy usidtlfs tirm bfty «grjbtjk³ pramatfe` ibaeamfb jed sabfjk pakj-rfzjtfae.

Ta fkkustrjti I.Rahj jpprajbl ivacis tli bfty js ‛Mi`jpakfs ‛ mjèfgyfe` oy ixtiedfe` fts suourojerisfdietfjk spjbi, divikapfe` jraued j ‛paak” ag jb-tfvfty rikjtid ta kjrì Barparjtis . Tlfs risukts fe jpradubt tljt bfty pjssfe` j Gardfst ibaeamy ( fedus

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pradubt tljt bfty pjssfe` j Gardfst ibaeamy ( fedus-trfjk bfty ) fs jksa bjkkid gkixfoki ar Ixapakfs bfty. Outgfedfe` jgtirwjrds fs eat tli sjmi oibjusi eaoadyljs tli bljebi ta gfed warc eijr lfs lami jed ag

baursi tljt wi jri tjkcfe` joaut suouroje eif`l-oarlaad wliri ft ìts viry bkasi rikjtfvi. Gjbtarsdfmiesfae fe Kas Jeìkis jri ixbissfvi , tli tfmisbjki jed maofkfty fs tli gfrst baestrjfet fe Kas Je-ìkis. Ivie ta stjy fe tli eif`loarlaad Jeìkfeas (feljoftjet ag tli `rijt Kas Jeìkis), jri aokfìd tatjci tli bjr (gfkid lfs blfkdrie ta sblaak , pjssid j`rabiry stari fs aeky gijsfoki oy bjr ) . ûokfb trjes-part jri eat jed bje eat oi ixtiedid jed diesi

ieau`l ta rijbl iviry bammuefty fe tli bfty .

Ae jvirjì je Jeìkfea spieds twa laurs j djyfe lfs bjr jed tljt wjs lfs lijd fmjìs suourojebammutir tljt siim ta stritbl ta fegfefty wi rijk-fzi tli pjrjdax ag tlfs ueusujk jed ibbietrfb urojepragfki j tlausjed festijd ag uroje pkjes disfèidfe jkk fts dfmiesfaes ft fs bukturjk fe fegrjstrubturi aribaeamfb .

Jed wljt joaut si`ri`jtfae, spkftfe` tli bfty, brijt-fe` bkivijì jed luì `jp oitwiie rfbl jed paar,wlfti okjbc, kjtfeas... Tli gijr ag tli atlir mjcift uesustjfejoki jed wfkk js ft jkrijdy ljppie oisaurbi ag baegkfbts. Tli bfty `fvi tlfs fmprissfe agìttfe` aut ag baetrak jed ìtfte` mari jed maridysguebtfaejk iviry tfmi

Tli bfty ag tli Guturi 1

Tli bfty fs mjdi j kigt ta tli àviremiet wlfbl fetirviei aeky j

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y ` yrikjtfvi sbjki jed mjfetjfe puokfb sirvfbis (sblaaks, laspftjks jswikk js matarwjys) fmmiesi. . Aeky divikapirs siim ta fmpasij rijk pkjeefe` wftl gjmaus `jtid bammueftfis ar eae-stjedjrd

suodfvfsfaes. Tli bfty `raws tli baetrfoutfae ag papukjtfae wftlvjrfid ojbc`raueds, out ispibfjkky oy pravfdfe` bjpftjux.Disibaeamfb gjbtars jed fetirists tljt jri `rjgtid bampaeiet jeuroje bljeì avir tfmi eat j maeataeaus ar pridigfeid mjeeirjed arfietid out jbbardfe` ta j bkjssfgfbjtfae oy j pkurjkfty agsubl bukturi oratl ar rjtlir j sit ag j muktftudi ag ixpirfmietsgjfkid ar eat. Fe tlfs siesi wi must uedirstjed eat Kas Jeìkisjs j bfty fe fts awe rf`lt out js j sit ag midfum-sfzid bftfiswfkk oi bjkkid uroje baeurojtfae (j baetrjst ta tli bfty ‛bari” ar‛bietir” surrauedid oy fts sjtikkfti tawes pirfpliry ) .

Dyejmfb bfty , feeavjtfvi, jtypfbjk wlfbl fevietid jed rifeviet-id oy mitlads jed fetirist ljs samilaw garàttie tli sabfjkdfmiesfae, tli lumje jspibt . j bfty ta warc yis out eat ta kfvi.J praspiraus bfty out pjrjdaxfbjkky kfmftid. Maofki bfty, out bae-eibtid sjturjtid jed uebaetrakkjoki. J bfty fe tli jfr tfmi outjt j brftfbjk stjì tljt eiids ta ivakvi baestjetky. J pakyeubkifbbfty dfspirsjet jbtfvfty fe spjbi ibaeamfb jed fedustrfjk pakisoibamfe` jetf- earmjtfvi madik ag bfty. Out eatlfe` fs gfxid , fs

eat gfxid oy j pkje ar riùkjtfae sbjki , tli bfty ag Kas Jeìkisljs ridigfeid tli pjst aur vfsfae ag uroje pkjeefe` jed ft fs bkijrtljt js Mfci Djvfs sjys fe lfs oaac Bfty ag Zujrtz , Kas Jeìkis fsdigfeftiky j ‛ bjpftjk ag tli guturi .” ?:st bietury bfty , tawe cfe`dakkjr oitwiie pawirs jed pjrjdaxis tljt‖s law KJ fs baesumidjed baesumid .



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Bjsi Rtudy 8 Ourojec

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Kabjtid fe tli Rje Girejeda Wjkkiy , Ourojec smjkk tawe hust?> mfkis eartl ag Dawetawe Kas Jeìkis fs pjrt ag tli `rijtirKas Jeìkis jed Kas Jeìkis Bauety. Fe ?>:> fts papukjtfae wjs:>2,24> feljoftjets fe :2% `rawtl .

Orfig lfstary 8 Tli Rje Girejeda Wjkkiy fs baesfdirid tli orijd-ojscit ag sautlire Bjkfgarefj jksa lami ta kjrì risirvis ag`rauedwjtir fe :<70 Ourojec Dr fmmf`rjet Pjtirvfkki , Mjfei(Rtjti ag eartl-ijst) s festjkks fe tli vjkkiy jed ouys :6 cm? agkjed ta oufkd j rjebl. Tlie tli rjebl ixtieds wftl jed qufbckyoibjmi tli kjrìst `rjfe gjrm fe tli Rtjti ag Bjkfgarefj pur-bljsi pkats jraued. Rlartky jgtir Dr. Ourojec oi`je ta fevistfe rijk istjti divikapmiet oy ouyfe` kjed jraued lfs pkats jedtlie brijti lamis out fs jksa jt warc fe tli jbqufsftfae ( spibu-

kjtfvi ) oufkdfe`s fe dawetawe Kas Jeìkis. Fe :<9< tli aeky wjyta ìt jraued fs ta tjci tli trjfe gram tli Rautlire ^jbfgfb aekykfec oitwiie tli bajst jed tli fetirfar ag Ojhj Bjkfgarefj .

Lawivir ft wjs eat uetfk :<04 tljt tli Rautlire ^jbfgfb festjkksj stjtfae eijr tli eiw tawe ag Ourojec. Gram :<0> gjrms jrismjkk kfttki ripkjbid oy oufkdfe`s , fe :<<> tli gfrst rajd `rfdfs drjwe aroftfe` j mjfe jrtiry ( Akfvi Jvieui ) baeeibtfe` tlismjkk tawe ta ixpriss Bjluie`j ( mjfe rajd jt tli tfmi baeeibt-

fe` Kas Jeìkis ta tli Rje Girejeda Wjkkiy ) .

Fe :<<7 j `raup ag rijk istjti spibukjtars oau`lt tli kjedjed istjokfslid tli Dr. Ourojec âvfdiebfj Pjtir Kjed & Di-vikapmiet Bampjey jed rjpfdky divikapfe` rijk istjti outjksa fegrjstrubturi. Fe :<<0 tli `raup oufkt tli gfrst wjtir agtli ri`fae gar j`rfbukturjk kjed suppky systim ta oi oittirtl t d okf tl f f t d f kt k d tf f h t t

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tljt dauokfe` tli frrf`jtid j`rfbukturjk pradubtfae fe hust twayijrs . Febrijsfe` tli qujkfty ag kfgi , tli smjkk tawe ag Our-ojec jttrjbts mf`rjet saae js je fevistar, fe :6>: tli gfrst

tikiplaei kfei fe tli ri`fae fs sit fe Ourojec wla tlie lastj mjhar tikiplaei stjtfae trjesft gram Kas Jeìkis ta tli of`bftfis ag tli Eartl- Ijst . Wiry qufbcky Ojecs apirjtfe` fe KasJeìkis jed mavid ta Ourojec fevistfe` lijvfky fe rijk istjtiout jksa fe prahibts âvfdiebfj Bampjey.

Fe :6:: Ikkie Gjwcis ojbc`raued Ourojec Jirfjk Trakkiy BjrBampjey , divikaps Ourojec ivie j pratatypi ag tli gfrstmaearjfk fe tli warkd baeeibtfe` Ourojec ta Kas Jeìkis fehust :> mfeutis. Tli gfrst trfp wjs j gjfkuri dui ta sivirjk mf-ear febfdiets out kjrì ieau`l ta bkasi tli kfei. Gakkawfe` tlifebfdiet tli Bampjey fs dfssakvid jed ft fs tli jbfgfb IkibtrfbBjr Bampjey tljt ouys jed fevists fe pramfsfe` eiw trjes-partjtfae trakkiys ( ae rjfks pawirid oy ikibtrfb kfeis joavitli vafbi) . Jt tljt tfmi tli ^jbfgfb Ikibtrfb fs jksa jt warcfe Kas Jeìkis jed tli gfrst kfec oitwiie Ourojec jed KJ fsistjokfslid j yijr kjtir. Tli bfty febrijsid gram 9>> fe :6>:jed 2,>>> fe :6:: ta rijbl mari tlje 9,>>> piapki fe :6??jed baetfeuis ta febrijsi ijbl yijr. Tli smjkk tawe fs jksa

bkjssfgfid js j bfty fe fts awe rf`lt oy tli Gidirjk Kjed Aggfbife :626 jed hafeid tli Kas Jeìkis Bauety rjed out rimjfesfedipiediet ( stjtus stfkk fe pkjbi tadjy).



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Tadjy tli mjharfty ag tli jrms fedustry ljs mavid ta tlisautl ag Kas Jeìkis fe Rjetj Bkjrj Bauety jed ljs oiieripkjbid oy tli ietirtjfemiet fedustry jed tli midfj. Fe tliyijrs :62>-:64> Bakumofj ^fbturis ar Dfseiy ouys rjebliseijr Ourojec gar tlifr autdaar slaats out tli jbtfvfty jrauedtli gfkm fedustry fs eat viry divikapid fe Ourojec Ft wjs eat

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tli gfkm fedustry fs eat viry divikapid fe Ourojec . Ft wjs eatuetfk :67> tljt tli Lakkywaad studfas fetiristid fe tli bfty.

Mjey bampjefis jrms jri jkrijdy dfspkjbid tlifr gjbtarfisgurtlir sautl , kijvfe` vjbjet fmmiesi lje`jr bjpjoki agljroarfe` studfas. fe tli :60>s , Dfseiy, Pjreir (tlie tlikjrìst gfkm pradubirs) out jksa EOB- Yefvirsjk ( `rijt bljfejed Jmirfbje Eitwarc) festjkks jed tjci rikjy surpjssfeìbaeamfb sibtars ag digiesi fe rikjtfvi dibkfei . Fts luìpradubtfae studfas baetrfouti ta Ourojec tli eiw bjpftjkag ietirtjfemiet. Jed ivie tadjy wlie wi tjkc joaut Lak-kywaad studfas (Lakkywaad riprisiets tli ietfri sibtar ) outtli studfas jri prfmjrfky kabjtid fe wljt wi bjkk ‛uroje bae-stikkjtfaes ‛ js tli Ourojec -Yefvirsjk Bfty jed Bietury Bfty- Bukvir Bfty. Fe ?>:> tli ietirtjfemiet fedustry fs stfkk tlimjfe ibaeamfb jbtar fe tli bfty wftl avir :>>,>>> piapkiimpkayid oy tli studfas ìeirjtfe` mari tlje $ 0 ofkkfae fejeeujk pragfts ( Ourojec fs jksa samitfmis bjkkid oy Jeì-kfeas Midfj Bfty). Kjrì bampjefis ljvi subl j lakd ae tlikabjk ibaeamy (0>% ag tli kabjk ibaeamy fs ìeirjtid oy tlistudfas ) fe :6<0 Dfesiy fejuùrjtis Dfseiy Rlappfe` Mjkkbamofefe` M@M ta oufkd j bjsfea eijr Mjkk .

Tli bfty fs qufti sfmfkjr ta atlir Kas Jeìkis Bauety , barpa-rjtfaes drjfe tli ibaeamy ag tli ri`fae garmfe` dfspirsidbietirs surrauedid oy kjrì suouroje suouros, ar ljvi oiiefesirt kjrì mjkks trjdirs sjeftfzid fedustrfjk sbjki .

Tlrau`l tlfs bjsi study wi bje rijkky `juìd tliuofquftaus pkjbi kjr i bampjefis fe tli ivakutfae agtli bfty. Eixt tfmis tli bfty wjs oufkt oy tli divikap-irs jed kjrì barparjtfaes drjfefe` ibaeamfb paw-irs , warcfe` autpirgarmfe` àviremiet wftlaut rijkmijes ag fetirvietfae Tadjy tli pawirs ag tlisi

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mijes ag fetirvietfae. Tadjy tli pawirs ag tlisiBarparjtis Jmirfbj fs subl tljt tliy ljvi ta rue jedapirjti puokfb festftutfaes, puokfb oajrds jed kabjk

jutlarftfis jri tli gfrst oieigjbtar fe guedfe` bam-muefty jed fegrjstrubturi baestrubtfae jed atlir ur-oje bietirs wftl j qujkftjtfvi fetirist gar barparjtiimpkayiis . Kabcliid oufkt fe tli 4>s jksa j gjbtaryeijr fts gukk divikapmiet ae tli madik ag tli @jr-die Bfty ag Ioieizir Lawjrd bjkkid lfs impkayiis ‛Kabcliid Wfkkjì .”

Fe :666 j garmir Kabcliid baevirtid fts gjbtarfisaweid jed ft stfkk `raws ae tli sfti je autdaar mjkksa à pidistrfje dibarjtid slaps jfmid ta brijtij eif`loarlaad feftfjtfvi . Tli Impfri Bietir Mjkkputs tli ousfeiss fe tli lijrt ag tli ousfeiss bietirag tawe. Kabjtid hust oilfed tli Rtudfa Pjreir pra-`rjm wfkk oi tli oi`feefe` ag j pljsi ag rivftjkfzfeìbaeamfb bietir fe Ourojec, j rijk jttrjbtfvi bfty, dy-ejmfb jed iehayjoki gar piapki . Fe ?>>4 je feftfjtfviwjs kjueblid ta pravfdi tli bfty wftl j pidistrfjeslappfe` bietir bkasi ta tli studfas. Ta up`rjdi tli

kabjk jspibt tlfs feftfjtfvi jfms ta brijti jed taurfstslappfe` jrij js trui sabfjk jbtar jwjy gram Mjkksjed atlir ibbietrfb `raup ag kjrì ritjfkirs eijr jrimati lf`lwjy out bkasi ta tli studfas ( bkustirs ). Tlfs feftfjtfvi bjkkid Ourojec Tawe Bietir fs gued-id oy tli @rijt ietirtjfemiet bampjefis fe ardir tapravfdi j oittir kfvfe` ievfraemiet gar fts warcirs.

Jgtir stjèjtfe` fe tli <>-6> yijrs tljecs ta tli rivftjkfzjtfae feftfjtfvis bjrrfid aut sfebi tli ?>>>s , tli bfty wfes j`jfepiapki wftl j papukjtfae `rawtl ag 9% pir yijr fts papukjtfae ixbiidid :>>,>>> feljoftjets fe ?>>>.

Fe ?>:2 tli papukjtfae fs :>0 >>> feljoftjets. Rfebi tli ?>>>s fetietfaes jri bkijrky ta jblfivi rivftjkfzi jed rifeviet tlibfty oy okawfe` j eif`loarlaad , ae j smjkkir sbjki wftl mfbra- ofddirs slappfe` jrijs , slaps , ristjurjets jed atlirpkjbis ag ietirtjfemiet . Tlfs feftfjtfvi fs eat tli aeky aei fe Kas Jeìkis sfmfkjr prahibts pappfe` up mari agtie arblis-

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pkjbis ag ietirtjfemiet . Tlfs feftfjtfvi fs eat tli aeky aei fe Kas Jeìkis sfmfkjr prahibts pappfe` up mari agtie arblistrjtid j`jfe oy ibaeamfb jbtars tfi tli strfe`s oijrfe` kabjk prahibts . Yktfmjtiky Ourojec fs j smjkk sbjki tli pirgibt rip-risietjtfae ag tli bfty oufkt jraued , oy jed gar tli dakkjr. Tli bampjey, uewjvirfe` ie`fei jed bjtjkyst kfgi kfci tli dijtl

ag tli bfty. Ourojec aei mari ixjmpki ag tli `rijt mjblfei ag Barparjti Jmirfbj uefgyfe` uroje past j eiw digfeftfae agtli sprjwkfe` jed muktf-bietrfb bfty.

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Rlartjìs jed bkfmjti bljeì

Pjtir jvjfkjofkfty

Tli Kas Jeìkis jrij fs bljrjbtirfzid oy j Midftirrjeije bkf-

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` ymjti wftl kaw jeeujk rjfegjkk . Tli bfty tlirigari bje eat ijsfkyjbbammadjti papukjtfae jed ibaeamfb rawtl fe tli kjti efei-

tiietl bietury. Tli wjtir tlie oibamis je ievfraemietjk fssui. Lfstarfbjkky, ft wjs eatid tljt up ta <0 % ag tli wjtir fe KasJeìkis fs fmpartid.

Je fmpartjet wjtir saurbi gar Kas Jeìkis fs gid oy jquidubtsgram tli Pist, febkudfe` tli Rje Girejeda Wjkkiy . Tjmfe` wj-tir fs maeapakfzid oy tli muefbfpjk wjtir jìeby ag Kas Jeì-kis ( DP^ ) baestrjfet ta fmpasi tli sjmi rjti gar jkk . Lawivir,tli sabfa -spjtfjk grj`mietjtfae ag tli bfty wjs bampauedid oy

feiqujkftfis vfs- î-vfs tli qujkfty ag wjtir jvjfkjoki . Fediid, tliwjtir qujkfty fs jggibtid oy tli festjkkid pfpfe` gar fts suppkydfsjdvjetjì bammueftfis mari fe tli pirfpliry.

_fsc ag gkaadfe` 8

Dispfti j ìeirjk slartjì ag wjtir fe tli ri`fae, Kas Jeìkisgjbis jt tli sjmi tfmi tli rfsc ag gkaadfe` dui ta rjri ivietsag ixtrimi pribfpftjtfae . Ta rimidy tlfs praokim , tli bftyljs dibfdid ta baevirt tli Kas Jeìkis _fvir feta j baebriti

bljeeik disfèid ta drjfe rjfewjtir ta tli sij Tadjy, tli bftygjbis j ljed ta j ìeirjk riquist rivftjkfzi tli rfvir ta brijtiapie spjbis, jed sibaedky je febrijsfe` gkaad rfsc wftl bkfmjtibljeì. Tli bfty fs tlirigari tryfe` ta divikap j dibietrjkfzidsystim waukd ribavir rjfewjtir , rispaedfe` oatl ta gkaad rfscjed tli eiid ta fmpart wjtir. Fe jddftfae, tlfs systim baukdridubi wjtir pakkutfae dawestrijm. Gram je ibaeamfb pafet agvfiw, tli wjtirgraet divikapmiet prahibt waukd oufkd jkae` tlirfvir subl js ojrs, ristjurjets, kaw-bast lausfe` , jed atlirs.

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_fsc ag gfri 8

Tli rfsc ag gfri fe Bjkfgarefj fs drfvie mjfeky oy dry,wfedy wijtlir. Gfris tlrijtie tli bfty ag Kas Jeì-kis ae j riùkjr ojsfs, ispibfjkky jggibtfe` jrijsrfbl divfbis oufkt ae lfkksfdis, fe baetjbt wftl tliejturjk viìtjtfae Tli jrij jt rfsc ag siviri gfri

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ejturjk viìtjtfae. Tli jrij jt rfsc ag siviri gfriviry lf`l (sii Mjp :) febkudis mast ag tli vjkkiysjed mauetjfeaus jrijs ag Kas Jeìkis. Tli tim-pirjturi rfsi jed ixtrimi wijtlir baedftfaes duita bkfmjti bljeì mjy febrijsi tli rfsc ag gfris.Fediid, tli gfri orf`jdi Kas Jeìkis jdjpt tlifrmjejìmiet pkjes ta tjci jbbauet ag mari gri-quiet jed fetiesi gfris.

âkkutfae 8

Divikapmiet ag parts jed grif`lt jksa pasi eiw ievfrae-mietjk praokims subl js jfr pakkutfae . Fediid , tli bftyag Kas Jeìkis fs baesfdirid tli mast pakkutid bfty fe tliYeftid Rtjtis dui ta eftraìe axfdi (EAx ) jed pjrtfbukjtimjttir suspiedid fe tli jfr (‛ pjrtfbukjti mjttir” ^M)

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mjttir suspiedid fe tli jfr ( pjrtfbukjti mjttir , ^M)gram parts jed grif`lt .

Gram :64> , tli ‛ KJ sma` ‛ fs jkrijdy vfsfoki, jed fe :66>tli feljoftjets ag Kas Jeìkis jri fmpasid rjtfaes ag wjtir.Jwjrieiss gar tli ievfraemiet abburs jmae` kabjk risfdiets, wftl jssabfjtfaes ag ievfraemietjk pratibtfae , kijd ta tlifetradubtfae ag eiw ievfraemietjk riùkjtfaes pramptfe`tli bfty ta tjci jbtfae ta ridubi tlifr imfssfaes. Fe ?>>:,gar ixjmpki, j kjwsuft garbid tli art ag Kas Jeìkis ta fm-pkimiet tli riùkjtfae ag ‛ Bjkfgarefj Ievfraemietjk Zujkf-ty Jbt .” Plfki tli jeeujk baebietrjtfae ag gfei pjrtfbukjti

mjttir jed bjroae iqufvjkiets wiri ridubid vfsfoki sfebi?>>9 fe tli ârt ag Kas Jeìkis ( pjrj`rjpls ? jed 2 ) ,sami pakkutjets subl js pjrtfbukjti eat gfei suspiesfaes( `rjpl :) dais eat jppijr ta ljvi dibrijsid ieau`l jedrimjfe jt j baebietrjtfae `rijtir tlje tljt jkkawid oy tliimfssfae stjedjrd fe Bjkfgarefj.

J eiw bljkkieì fs rivijkid 8 j ojkjebi oitwiie tli pri-vietfae ag ljrmguk imfssfaes jed tli divikapmiet ag tli

part. Tlfs aohibtfvi fs suppartid fe tli Bkije Jfr Jbtfae kje(BJJ^ ), divikapid oy tli parts ag Kae` Oijbl jed KasJeìkis. Lawivir , ridubtfaes ìeirjtid tlrau`l mijsurissubl js tli usi ag paar guik sukgfdi jed JM^ ( JktirejtfviMjrftfmi awir) mjy oi ripjfd oy tli febrijsi fe rjfk trjggfbar tli trubcs, yit issietfjk gar tli divikapmiet ibaeamfbdivikapmiet ag tli bfty. Tlus, tli bfty mjy ceaw baestrub-tfae ag fmpartjet fegrjstrubturi ta jbbammadjti febrijsidtrjggfb , out wlfbl bampkimiet je ibaka`fbjk baesfdirjtfaeae tli blafbi ag tibleaka`y , jed ivie tli divikapmiet.

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Tli Bfty ag Zujrtz

Kas Jeìkis wjs gauedid fe :076 oy Rpjefsl sittkirs . Ag tli:<0>s, tli bfty pjssid j prfmjry ta j sibaedjry ibaeamyibaeamy wftl tli jrrfvjk ag rjfkrajds, jed tli brijtfae ag jpart jed tli jdviet ag afk fe tli ri`fae .

Tli bfty oibamis pkurjk , jed tiblefbjk feeavjtfae ag tlibjr wfkk likp ta fmpkimiet tlfs systim bjkkid pakjrfzid bfty.mjkks , tli drfvis fe js gjr jpjrt dipfbt j bfty matarfsts ,j bfty fe matfae , bfty ar timparjkfty oibamis rikjtfvi . Jejvirjì Jeìkfeas stfkk mari tlje twa laurs j djy fe tli bjrjed tli iqufvjkiet baursi gram 2> ta 9> cfkamitirs. KasJeìkis symoakfzis tli Jmirfbje drijm baeviyid oy tlimjfestrijm midfj jed eitwarcs istjokfslid tlimsikvis fe

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Fe tli ijrky twietfitl bietury, tli bfty fs smjkkir tlje RjeGrjebfsba. Gram :6>> ta ?>>>, sli spiet mari tlje :4 ?9>>>> >>> >>> bjpftj fe sprijdfe` jed oibamfe` diesir . Ftsprijds tadjy ae :2>> cm? ( :>> cm? gar ^jrfs ) . Tadjy,tli bfty fs eat bietrjkfzid . Ft fs bljrjbtirfzid oy j kjbc agdfggiriebi oitwiie suouroje jed uroje . Lfs pakyeubkæjrftæfs strubturid oy j maeumietjk lf`lwjys.

Kas Jeìkis, ar tli fmjì ag tli ixtiedid dyejmfb bfty, suo-uroje , sueey fe tli bakkibtfvi baesbfauseiss jri fmjìs ag

jttrjbtfvi bfty, j bjtjkyst jed ibaeamfb pawirlausi ag tliPist Bajst ag tli Yeftid Rtjtis. Je ixpirfmietjk bfty, bri-jtfe` j eiw madik, j past- uroje drfgt , wftlaut ojrrfirs aroardirs tljt wjets rævakutfaeejfri.Kj jed feeavjtfvi tliaryag tli bfty sprijd ar law Kas Jeìkis ljs oibami tli warkdbjpftjk ag pjrjdaxis 1 J tawe fe tli fmjì ag fts dæmisuri.Wfkki warkd, bfty ag tamarraw. J bfty tljt tliri fs stfkk j bieturywjs j smjkk gjrm , oibjmi tlrau`l je fedustrfjk afk ixpkaftj-tfae kijdfe` bfty .

Tli wjr iggart jed tli Jmirfbje mjss ixadus gram tli ijstbajst, jkkawfe` tli bfty ta oibami j tiblea-fedustrfjk hu`ìr-ejut autsfzid . Tli rjpfd divikapmiet ag tli bfty bampkitikyquistfaeid tli sfzi ag tli bietrfb bfty js wi ceaw ft . J bftytljt fs ar`jefzid jraued tli pirfpliry ag bkustirs jojedae-fe` fts lfstarfb bietir.

mjfestrijm midfj jed eitwarcs istjokfslid tlimsikvis fetli bfty. Tli lausi oibjmi tli symoak ag bampkitfae . Tli

risfdietfjk suouro oibamis tli uefgyfe` ikimiet ag tlfsdrijm, tli uktfmjti ajk ag jkk Jmirfbjes wjetfe` j gjmfky.

_isukt , tli bfty sprijds kfci je afk tjsc saae ixbiid tlifrplysfbjk kfmftjtfaes ( mauetjfes ta tli eartl ) jed starm-fe` tli disirt (ijst ) . Tadjy tli mitrapakftje ar urojejrij ag @rijtir Kas Jeìkis orfe`s taìtlir mari tlje:< mfkkfae feljoftjets (tli sibaed Jmirfbje uroje jrijjgtir Eiw Varc ) jed baetfeuis ta oi aei ag tli gjstist

`rawfe` uroje jrijs ag tli Yeftid Rtjtis - Yefs.Kj bfty fsgjbfe` mjey mjhar praokims oitwiie wjtir sbjrbfty jeddrau`lts, js prava - gfri , drjmjtfb pakkutfae, ar praokim agvfakiebi , tli bfty wjs tli sbiei ag uplijvjk oatl autsfditljt fetirfars.





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