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Looking WestCh 7
Westward MigrationWestward Migration
“Push” Factors (Away)•Civil War displaced Thousands
•Farmland became costly•Failed enterprises
•Religious repression•Sheltered outlaws on the run
“Pull” Factors (To)•Pacific Railway Acts
•Morrill Land-Grant Act•Homestead Act•Property rights
•Natural Resources
Pacific Railway Acts (1862 & 1864)• land grants given to RR
• 1 mile of track = 10 sq. miles land
• Railroad received over 175 mil. acres
• RR sold portions of land
Morrill Land-Grant Act (1862)• Gave state gov. millions of
acres of land to sell - “land-grant” colleges (A&M)
• Sold land to bankers and land speculators
• 160 acres – small fee
• Requirements:• 21 Years old or head of household• Amer. citizen or have filed for citizenship• Had to build a home (usually 12’X14’) on the land and
live there 6 months of the year• farm for 5 consecutive years
• Results– Over 372,000 farms– By 1900 there were 600,000
claims covering more than 80 million acres
Homestead Act (1862)
Pull Factor-Private Property •Legally enforceable transferrable•Measured, registered, deeded
• African Americans rode or walked westward to flee violence and exploitation (Exodusters)
Native American
s
Plains IndiansPlains Indians• Farmers, hunters and
gatherers
• Impact of horsesImpact of horses– Became nomadicBecame nomadic
– trading and raids
The NA ProblemThe NA Problem• Whites had little respect for the culture / lifestyle
– Considered an obstacle
– Different Different concept of landconcept of land..
– 1830s – Pres. Andrew Jackson moves all natives west of 1830s – Pres. Andrew Jackson moves all natives west of the Mississippithe Mississippi (reservations)
– Natives react with frustration and anger
Soldier’s Life
– $13 a month– Duties: build forts, escort the mail, protect
miners, stop gunfights and stagecoach robbery and….fight natives
– Settlers felt justified in taking land b/c they could make it productive
The Sand Creek Massacre, 1864• Gold Rush leads to Cheyenne raids wagon
trains and settlements
• Chief Black Kettle led a peace campaign with the Gov.– Promised protection - camp at Sand Creek, CO– Raised white flag & US flag
• Col. Chivington attacked anyway– Killed up to 500 Men and womenMen and women
BLACK KETTLE
COL. CHIVINGTON
Little Bighorn Little Bighorn , 1876• Build road thru Sioux land
– 2 year war– Ends w/treaty & no road
• 1874- gold in Black Hills – U.S. wants Black Hills
• Talks fail…– Sacred land– Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse led tribe off
reservation– Custer’s sent to round up the Sioux
• 2,000 Sioux warriors defeat 2,000 Sioux warriors defeat CusterCuster
• Troops flood area & force Sioux Troops flood area & force Sioux on Resvon Resv
CHIEF RED CLOUD
SITTING BULL
LT.COL. CUSTER
CRAZY HORSE
Wounded Knee Wounded Knee , 1890• prophecies spread.prophecies spread.
The The Ghost DanceGhost Dance..– Big circle of Indians, shaking / Big circle of Indians, shaking /
dancing.dancing.– Submission until Messiah delivers.Submission until Messiah delivers.
• This scares settlers This scares settlers • Chief Sitting Bull killed in Chief Sitting Bull killed in
attempted arrested.attempted arrested.• Sitting Bull’s followers Sitting Bull’s followers
surrender surrender – Rounded up at Wounded Rounded up at Wounded
Knee, SD.Knee, SD.
• During disarmament, shots During disarmament, shots are fired – are fired – MASSACREMASSACRE!!– 200 of 350 Indians are killed200 of 350 Indians are killed
• This was the last major This was the last major battle.battle.
AssimilateAssimilate
• one society becomes a part of another more dominant society.
• Give up their Give up their traditions learn traditions learn English, Christianity, English, Christianity, white dress & white dress & customs, learn a customs, learn a tradetrade
Dawes ActDawes Act of 1887 (p. 266) of 1887 (p. 266)– Breaks up reservation landBreaks up reservation land– Offers 160 acres to individual familiesOffers 160 acres to individual families– Granted US citizenship. Granted US citizenship.
– PROBLEM: Most reservation land was unsuitable for farming! Most natives had no interest or experience in farming• Some sold land or were swindled out of it by Some sold land or were swindled out of it by
speculatorsspeculators
Opening New Territory• April 22, 1889 - Oklahoma Land Rush:
Settlers rushed at the sound of a bugle to find a piece of land– Boomers: settlers who staked claims
– Sooners: people who sneaked by the government officials to stake their claim
Mining, Ranching
and FarmingCh. 7 sect. 3
Mining• Largest finds
– Comstock Load = $400m. in gold & silver
– Homestake Mine = billion $ worth in ore
• Types of mining1. Shallow pan – little saucer
2. Placer mining – shovel dirt into trough
3.3. Deep-shaft mining Deep-shaft mining– Drills, Hydraulic Pumps, and Dynamite
– ExpensiveExpensive– Wealthy investors requiredWealthy investors required
Boom Towns• Rich strikes created boom townsRich strikes created boom towns
– Gold runs out = ghost townsGold runs out = ghost towns
• Workers from around the world Workers from around the world – ½ foreign born½ foreign born
– Resentment among whitesResentment among whites
– Chinese Exclusion Act (Chinese Exclusion Act (18821882))• prohibited further Chinese immigration
Ranchers
• “Cow Towns”: built for receiving cattle
• From Kansas, railroads carried cattle to the East (Cattle bought for $7 each, sold for $60-70)
Texas Ranching5 million head of
cattle roam freely
• TX cattle business TX cattle business – – easy to entereasy to enter
FREE CATTLE!FREE CATTLE!
A Cowboy’s Life• Cattle Drives: Tx to Ks
– RR didn’t go into TX
• Chisholm Trail: – Texas –> Kansas
• Cowboys– 300-500 cattle p/p – $30 per month
Ranching Decline
• Over expansionOver expansion
• Price declinesPrice declines
• DiseaseDisease• Cold winters/dry Cold winters/dry
summerssummers
Farming
• Homesteaders- Farmed claims under the Homestead Act – Homestead Act of 1862Homestead Act of 1862
160 acres is yours after 5 years
• 500,000 Homestead families500,000 Homestead families2.5 million families had to buy land from the RR
• Homes “Soddies”: sod home; structure w/walls and roof made of blocks of sod-strips of grass with thick roots and earth attached (less than $10)
• Sodbusting – backbreaking labor • Could cost up to $1,000 to create a livable homestead• Settlers relied heavily on each other, for support, supplies, and
socialization
The Family• Many discover that 160 acres is Many discover that 160 acres is
not enough to survive. not enough to survive. 2 of 3 2 of 3 farms fail by 1900farms fail by 1900
• Everyone had to work in order Everyone had to work in order to surviveto survive– Men did heavy manual labor did heavy manual labor– Children collected wood & carried collected wood & carried
water, sometimes hired out to other water, sometimes hired out to other farmsfarms
– Women did chores around the house, did chores around the house, managed the money, raised the managed the money, raised the children, provided food (crops, butter, children, provided food (crops, butter, chickens, milk)chickens, milk)
New Farming Technology
• Mechanized Reaper, Barbed Wire, Dry Farming, Steel Plow, Harrow, Steel Windmill, Hybridization, Improved Communication, Grain Drill (know significance of each pg 274)
• Saved time and effort & Increased farm output• Bonanza Farms: operations controlled by large
businesses, managed by professionals, raised massive quantities of a cash crop– Supply rose fast than demand
• Prices fell, leading to producing more to makeup losses
Frontier Myths
• By 1890 the frontier had effectively ended• Turner’s Thesis- Frederick Jackson Turner –
claimed frontier had played a key role in forming the American character – he didn’t mention the massacre of Native
Americans or the giving away of land• Stereotypes: “American Cowboy;” romanticized
image of cowboy life, no mention of the hard life that they lived
• Entertainment: Dime novels, Wild West Show (Buffalo Bill, Sitting Bull), Plays (Oklahoma), and Western Movies (John Wayne)
Populism ch. 7
section 4
Farmers’ Complaint - Tariffs• Farmers borrow $ to buy new equipment
• Depression hits in 1873– Banks call in loans / farmers can’t pay (foreclosures)
– Tariffs encourages the sale of goods produced at home
– Problem: • American firms raised their prices - (Machinery)• Europe retaliated by putting tariffs on US crops
Farmers Favor Inflation
• Inflation helps farmers because…– $ borrowed is worth less paid back (easier to pay)– it raises the prices of goods they sell
• Value of money linked to the Money Supply– Farmer’s wanted – “Free Silver”
Farmers Organize• The Grange
– Helped farmers form cooperatives, buy in large quantities at lower prices
– Pressured gov. to regulate businesses that the farmers depended on (RR)
• Peoples Party “Populists”– federal regulation of the railroads– more money in circulation– creation of state dept. of agriculture– 8 hour workday & Racial inclusion
Govt Response
• Interstate Commerce Act 1887– Regulated prices that RR’s charged to move freight
1896 Presidential Election• Democrat/Populist: William Jennings Bryan
– Free-silver platform– Powerful speaker – “Cross of Gold” Speech
• Republican: William McKinley– Gold-standard platform
• WJB could not carry industrial areas in Midwest and Northeast– Factory workers feared inflation– McKinley wins
Populist Legacy• 1900- gold in S. Africa, Yukon,
& Alaska return nation to gold standard
• Spirit of calling the government to help the little man in the face of growing problems around him (reforms)
• Sets the stage for independent 3rd parties to become involved in politics