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Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Long Term ZBO LH2 Storage Tank – Jong Baik – FSEC
Long Term ZBO(Zero-boil-off) Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tanks
Task 2. Hydrogen Storage Systems
Jong BaikHydrogen R&D Division, Florida Solar Energy Center
Start Date =January 2003Planned Completion = December 2006
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Long Term ZBO LH2 Storage Tank – Jong Baik – FSEC
Research Goals and Objectives
• To develop a long-term ZBO (zero-boil-off) LH2 storage system combining densified liquid hydrogen and passive/active cooling technologies.– Development of a 150 L capacity densified liquid hydrogen test facility
which is capable of liquefying, densifying hydrogen through a GM cryocooler and unique heat pipe design.
– Development of vapor cooled shield(VCS) with inline para-to-orthohydrogen converter to minimize boil-off loss from LH2 storage tank.
– Development of a Joule-Thompson expansion system to increase densification rate in the densifier, and to expand boil-off gas in the VCS of storage tank.
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Long Term ZBO LH2 Storage Tank – Jong Baik – FSEC
Relevance to Current State-of-the-Art• On-board hydrogen fuel storage for transportation : DOE, BMW, GM, Honda,
Linde etc.
Relevance to NASANASA GRC is interested in long term airborne hydrogen storage, transmission or distribution systems applied to LEAP (low emission alternative power) and HALE ROA (High altitude long endurance remotely operated aircrafts) Programs. LH2 is one of candidates where H2 is consumed rather than regenerated in the aircraft applications.LH2 tank systems are expected to provide airborne LH2 storage for up to 30 days duration by more than 1,000 Lbs of LH2 (~450 kg, 1,700 gal) at altitudes as high as 70,000 ft. Durable, light weight, high gravimetric energy density, high thermal control performance LH2storage/feed systems are required.
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Long Term ZBO LH2 Storage Tank – Jong Baik – FSEC
Budget, Schedule and Deliverables
12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12
Identify initial test strategy
Thermal analysis and system design
System fabrication and installation
Preliminary LN2 test
Preliminary LH2 test
Field facility preparation
O-P H2 converter design and test
Vapor cooled shield design and test
Pressurization and transfer test
2003 2004 2005 2006
J-T device design and test
Computational thermal analysis
Fuel cell backup power integration
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Long Term ZBO LH2 Storage Tank – Jong Baik – FSEC
Anticipated Technology End Use
• Long term airborne hydrogen storage, transmission or distribution systems applied to LEAP (low emission alternative power) and HALE ROA (High altitude long endurance remotely operated aircrafts) Programs.
• On-board hydrogen fuel storage for transportation• Low loss cryo-propellant storage system (1-3%/month) in Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
mission• ZBO system for Long term exploration mission (2 year+) to eliminate the need
for oversized tanks and extra propellant. Each pound of propellant tank mass saved is directly tradable for payload mass.
• Cryogenic Fluid Management (CFM) plays important role in exploration systems for Earth-to-Orbit Transportation, manned missions to the Moon and Mars, Planetary Exploration, and In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU).
• Infrared and x-ray astronomy, biological sciences, and fundamental investigations into the origins of our universe.
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Long Term ZBO LH2 Storage Tank – Jong Baik – FSEC
Densified liquid hydrogen system• Densified LH2, which is ~6% denser than normal boiling point LH2
– more hydrogen fuel can be stored in the same tank volume. As a result, airborne time can be increased.
• Densified hydrogen has lower sensible heat and higher latent heat – longer storage time is expected before evaporation.
179205.1105.9~ 319159575.1216
12 ↑2.2 ↑15.3 ↓> 5.3% ↓5.3% ↓5.6% ↑∆
167202.9121.2~ 337168571.1120
(hr)(MJ)(MJ)(W)(gal)(m3/kg)(K)
Storage timeLatent heat, m*hfgSensible heat, m*hf1Heat lossTank volumeρT
For m=1000 lb of liquid hydrogen fuel,
1Heat loss per volume is assumed to 0.2 W/gal (=8W/150L)
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Long Term ZBO LH2 Storage Tank – Jong Baik – FSEC
Hydrogen liquefaction and ZBO storage test facility at FSEC
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Long Term ZBO LH2 Storage Tank – Jong Baik – FSEC
ZBO (zero-boil-off) LH2 storage system
Passive coolingPassive cooling• combination of VCS (vapor-cooled
radiation shields) and in-line para-to-ortho converter can minimize boil-off losses from LH2 storage tank.
Active CoolingActive Cooling• Integration of a Joule-Thompson
expansion device in the hydrogen densifier to increase densification rate, and to expand boil-off gas to vapor cooled shield in the storage tank.
To minimize or to completely eliminate boilTo minimize or to completely eliminate boil--off losses from LH2 storage tankoff losses from LH2 storage tank
and maximize airborne time with single storage filling, itand maximize airborne time with single storage filling, it’’s essential to s essential to
employ both employ both passive and active cooling techniquespassive and active cooling techniques..
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Long Term ZBO LH2 Storage Tank – Jong Baik – FSEC
Vapor-cooled Radiation Shield (VCS)
with para-ortho converter
with VCS
LH2
loss ambient VCSQ Q Q= −& & &
without VCS
loss ambientQ Q=& &
Outer wall inner tank
lossQ&ambientQ&
VCSQ&
LH2
Outer wall VCS inner tank
ambientQ& LH2
Outer wall VCS & P- O converter inner tank
loss ambientQ Q=& &
46%
54%100%
100%
loss lossQ Q′ <& &
VCSQ ′&
with VCS + P- O converter
loss lossQ Q′ <& & 54%
100%
lossQ&
lossQ ′&
VCSQ ′&ambientQ&
ambientQ&
ambientQ&
lossQ&
VCSQ&300K
17K
Innervessel
outervessel
T
xVapor cooled shield
w/o VCS
w/ VCS
w/ VCS + p-o converter
1slope
Slope ~ heat leak
LH2, 99.9% Para- H2
Filled with para- ortho catalyst(iron, nickel, copper supported metal transition catalyst)
Vapor cooled shield (VCS)To application
Inner vessel
outer vessel
Evaporated 20K 99.9% Para- H2 cold gas
(ex) 300K, 25% Para- H2
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Long Term ZBO LH2 Storage Tank – Jong Baik – FSEC
LH2 Boil-off Test
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
-12 0 12 24 36 48
Pres
sure
(PSI
A)
Time (hr)
8 hr 8.5 hr7 hr
cryocooler off
atm
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
-12 0 12 24 36 48
TopUpperMiddleLowerBottomCryocooler
T (K
)Time (hr)
Energy conservation of Storage TankEnergy conservation of Storage Tank
( )
for consant & ,
, 1
leak
leak
leak
dU Qdt
dPor Qdt
dh T P dPV Qdt m dt
=
= +
&
&
&
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 717
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Time [hr]
T[K]
TT
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Long Term ZBO LH2 Storage Tank – Jong Baik – FSEC
LH2 Boil-off Estimation
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 75
10
15
20
25
30
Time [hr]
P [p
sia]
PSIAPSIA
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Time [hr]
Qua
lity
[-]
xx
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 72.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
Time[hr]
V liq
uid
[gal
]
VliquidVliquid
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
50
100
150
200
250
Time [hr]
AccumulatedHeatleak[kJ]
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Long Term ZBO LH2 Storage Tank – Jong Baik – FSEC
Refrigeration Effect of Para-ortho Conversion
0 50 100 150 200 250 3000
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
T [K]
RefrigerationEffect[kJ/kg]
20.6527.5625.07300
30.2640.425.11280
43.9558.7525.2260
63.2284.6625.32240
88.95119.525.54220
121.2163.825.97200
163.3222.426.54180
208.228827.71160
252.5358.929.65140
286.3427.232.99120
295.6481.738.62100
264.5513.948.5480
180.9525.565.5760
59.42527.188.7340
0.9436527.199.8220
[kJ/kg][kJ/kg][%][K]
Refrigeration effect
Heat of conversion
para-H2concentration
T
LH2, 99.9% Para- H2
Filled with para- ortho catalyst(iron, nickel, copper supported metal transition catalyst)
Vapor cooled shield (VCS)To application
Inner vessel
outer vessel
Evaporated 20K 99.9% Para- H2 cold gas
(ex) 300K, 25% Para- H2
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Long Term ZBO LH2 Storage Tank – Jong Baik – FSEC
w/o VCS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 72.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
Time[hr]
V liq
uid
[gal
]
VliquidVliquid
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 717
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Time [hr]
T[K]
TT
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 72.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
Time[hr]
V liq
uid
[gal
]
VliquidVliquid
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 717
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Time [hr]
T[K]
TT
w/ VCS + p-o converter
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Long Term ZBO LH2 Storage Tank – Jong Baik – FSEC
Ortho-Para H2 Converters
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Long Term ZBO LH2 Storage Tank – Jong Baik – FSEC
Active cooling with miniature JT expansion device
15 20 25 30 35 40 4530
34
38
42
46
50
P [psi]
T[K]
0.45K
0.9K
1.35K
1.8K
Temperature drop through JT valve
LH2, 99.9% Para- H2
Filled with para- ortho catalyst(iron, nickel, copper supported metal transition catalyst)
Vapor cooled shield (VCS)To application
Inner vessel
outer vessel
Evaporated 20K 99.9% Para- H2 cold gas
(ex) 300K, 25% Para- H2
(Courtesy : The Lee Company)
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Long Term ZBO LH2 Storage Tank – Jong Baik – FSEC
Future Plans•• Densified liquid hydrogen systemDensified liquid hydrogen system
–– To produce To produce larger quantitylarger quantity of LH2 at the field facilityof LH2 at the field facility–– To perform To perform inin--line LN2 line LN2 precoolerprecooler and and orthoortho--parapara hydrogen converterhydrogen converter testtest–– To integrate To integrate inline JT expansion deviceinline JT expansion device in the in the densifierdensifier–– To integrate To integrate fuel cell powered backup powerfuel cell powered backup power system.system.
•• Development of vapor cooled shield (VCS) tank with Development of vapor cooled shield (VCS) tank with parapara--toto--orthoortho H2 H2 converter converter
–– To design and fabricate To design and fabricate 10 Gallon VCS LH2 storage tank10 Gallon VCS LH2 storage tank with inline with inline parapara--toto--orthoortho H2 converterH2 converter
–– To integrate To integrate inline JT expansion deviceinline JT expansion device in the VCSin the VCS–– To conduct To conduct catalysts performance testcatalysts performance test for for parapara--toto--orthoortho hydrogen conversion or hydrogen conversion or
interconversioninterconversion between orthobetween ortho--H2 and paraH2 and para--H2 (ex. Iron, nickel, copper H2 (ex. Iron, nickel, copper supported metal transition catalysts to increase supported metal transition catalysts to increase parapara--toto--orthoortho conversion)conversion)
–– To perform To perform pressurization testpressurization test by transferring densified LH2 into VCS tank in by transferring densified LH2 into VCS tank in subsub--atmospheric environment, and conduct atmospheric environment, and conduct boilboil--off reduction testoff reduction test..