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Long-term monitoring of pesticides in air and atmospheric deposition in
Sweden
Jenny Kreuger & Bodil LindströmSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
IUPACGhent, Belgium 20 May 2019
Background• Long-term monitoring of
environmental fate of pesticides in Sweden since 2002• Main focus on surface
water*• To a lesser extent, also
monitoring of pesticides in atmospheric deposition and in air
* Boye et al (2019) Journal of Environmental Quality – in press DOI:10.2134/jeq2019.02.0056
Sampling sites
Vavihill – 2002-2016
Hallahus – from 2017
Aspvreten - 2009-2016
• Sampling sites located jointly with other international/national atmospheric monitoring programs (e.g. EMEP & ICOS)
• Located in rural background areas, surrounded by forests, >1 km from treated fields
Norunda - from 2017
• Event related sampling using a bulk sampler (a stainless steel funnel, area 0.5 m2, above a fridge)
• Ca 12-15 samples/season• Ca 140 pesticides analysed today• Sampling during main growing
season • From 2009 April-October • Previously May-June + October
• Started in 2002 at Vavihill & in 2009 at Aspvreten (further north)
Methods - precipitation
Methods - air
Air samples collected • At fixed, weekly, intervals using a high-
volume pump (ca 400 m3/day)• Using pre-cleaned cartridges with quartz
fiber filter and PUF/XAD/PUF• Ca 10-12 samples/season• Ca 100 pesticides analysed today• Started in 2009 at Vavihill
PUF-2 / XAD / PUF-1Airflow
0,0001
0,001
0,01
0,1
1
10
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Tota
l con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g/l)
Vavihill (south) - Total concentration in precipitation/ sample 2002 - 2015
Max total concentration 3.9 µg/l in a sample from October 2015, with prosulfocarb constituting the major part (3.8 µg/l)
0,0001
0,001
0,01
0,1
1
10
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015Tota
l con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g/l)
Vavihill (south) - Total concentration per sample 2002 - 2015
Max total concentration 3.9 µg/l in a sample from October 2015, with prosulfocarb constituting the major part (3.8 µg/l)
• During later years (2012-2015) 65 a.i. & 6 TP:s were detected
• Most detects at the low ng/l-level, though some were occasionally detected above 0.1 µg/l, mainly• prosulfocarb, protioconazole-destio,
MCPA, pendimethalin, and terbutyhazine-desethyl
Detection frequency in rainwater at Vavihill (south) during recent years 2012-2015
Of those pesticides detected in ≥ 20 % of the samples – ca 50 % were not used in Sweden during the investigation period (e.g. lindane, endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, terbuthylazine, metolachlor, epoxiconazole, flufenacet)
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%lindane
prosulfocarbpropamocarb
endosulfan-alphachlorpyrifos
terbuthylazine-desethylMCPA
metazachlorterbuthylazine
boscalidendosulfan-sulfate
prothiochonazole-desthioclomazone
endosulfan-betaisoproturonmetolachlorfluazinam
epoxiconazolediflufenicanazoxystrobin
fenpropimorphethofumesate
flufenacetHCH-alphacarbendazimpendimethalin
cyprodinildicamba
vinclozolinpyraclostrobin
2,4-D
Approved
0,1 1 10 100
prosulfokarbprothioconazole-desthioterbuthylazine-desethyl
metazachlorpropamocarbterbuthylazine
MCPAboscalid
bentazoneisoproturonmetamitronflufenacet
metolachlortrinexapac-acid
2,4-Depoxiconazole
chlomazonclopyralid
propiconazolediflufenicanethofumesat
pendimethalinfenpropimorph
Averagedeposi-on2012-2015(µg/m2*year)
0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100
terbuthylazine-desethylterbuthylazine
flufenacetmetolachlor
epoxiconazolependimethalin
tri-allatelindane
chlorpyrifosdiuron
quinoxyfenlinuronBAM
methabenzthiazuronatrazineHCH-alfa
dimethoateendosulfan-alfaendosulfansulfatendosulfan-beta
dichlobenilHCB
vinclozolin
Non-registredpes.cides
= not used in Sweden
Atmospheric deposition at Vavihill in southern Sweden 2012-2015 (April-October)• Herbicides
dominate, followed by fungicides
• Also pesticides not registered for use in Sweden (red bars) contribute to the total load
Yearly ∑ 3-month deposition (µg/m2) 2002-2017 for pesticides not used in SwedenBanned within the EU (left) and approved within EU (right)
Now registered in Sweden, with sale starting in 2015
Long-term trends - deposition
Yearly ∑ 3-month deposition (µg/m2) 2002-2017 Pesticides used in Sweden (left) and for pesticides banned during the period (right)
66 15
Long-term trends - deposition
Air samples - distribution between filter, PUF and XADfor 26 pesticides detected in >20% of the air samples (n = 34)
* Substances not approved for use within EU at the time of sampling
• PUF breakthrough (> 30%) for dichlobenil, HCH-a, HCB and trifluralin.
• However, only 4% of total pesticide concentration found in XAD and PUF-2
Pesticides in airApril 2017 – March 2018
• Some were primarily detected on filter
• Seasonal occurrence
Pesticides in airApril 2017 – March 2018
• Others were detected on PUF
• Year round
Detection frequency in air (adsorbent, PUF-1) 2012-2015
• A total of 31 a.i. and 5 TP:s • Majority of pesticides
detected in the gas phase are not approved for use within Sweden, many not even within the EU
• Most concentrations at low levels (< 0.1 µg/m3 air), mainly prosulfocarbdetected above this level (max. 30 µg/m3 air)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
endosulfan-alphaHCH-alphachlorpyrifos
lindaneHCB
prosulfocarbDDE-p,pDDT-p,p
chlordane-gammachlordane-alfa
endosulfan-betaendosulfan-sulfat
terbutylazinependimethalin
terbuthylazine-desethyletofumesate
tolchlofos-methyl
Not approvedApproved
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
diflufenican
lambda-cyhalotrin
esfenvalerate
fenpropimorph
propiconazole
chlorpyrifos
azoxystrobin
tau-fluvalinate
aclonifen
terbuthylazine-…
cypermethrin
pendimethalin
terbuthylazine
cyprodinil
prosulfocarb
alfa-cypermethrin
isoproturon
Not approved
Approved
Detection frequency in air (filter) 2012-2015
• Majority of pesticides
detected in the
particulate phase are
approved for use within
Sweden
• Most concentrations at
low levels (< 0.1 µg/m3
air), mainly
fenpropimorph detected
above this level (max.
0.8 µg/m3 air)
Conclusions• Currently used pesticides are regularly detected at
ng/l-levels in rainwater, with occasional µg/l-level findings
• A larger number of pesticide detected during spring/early summer, however higher concentrations were detected during fall (mainly prosulfocarb)
• Deposited amount corresponds to ca 0.1 - 0.0001% of the applied dose in the field
• A significant contribution to atmospheric deposition in southern Sweden from pesticides not used within Sweden, i.e. a transboundary atmospheric transport of pesticides
Thank you! Questions?
Acknowledgement:• The national pesticide monitoring programme is funded by the Swedish
Environmental Protection Agency• Information about the pesticide monitoring program at
• Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment or• Centre for Chemical Pesticides