London-Bahrain Archaeological Expedition: excavations at Saar 1991

Copyriyht 0 Munksxaard 1993 Arab m k . e p g 7993, 4. 1-19 Printed In Denmark. A// r i ~ h t s reserved Arabian archaeology

and epigraphy ISSN 0905-7196

London-Bahrain Archaeological Expedition: excavations at Saar 1991

HARRIET CRAWFORD Institute of Archaeology, University College, London, UK

The London-Bahrain Archaeological Expedition began a second three-month season of excavation at Saar on January 5th 1991 under the auspices of the Ministry of Information, Bahrain. The team consisted of Dr Robert Killick, Jane Moon and the author, directors, Marcus Woodburn, assistant director and photographer, Neil Gorsuch, architect, Dr. Marlies Heinz in charge of pottery, Catherine MacLaughlin, conservator and registrar, Duncan Wood- burn, draughtsman, and David Bartlett, Alison Hicks, Martin Hicks, David Jennings and Bill Moffat as site supervisors. This report draws extensively on the excellent notes compiled by the site super- virors and the other members of the team. Dr Keith Dobney and Deborah Jaques were able to study a sample of the animaI and fish bone from the first season. Mark Nesbitt carried out an extensive flotation programme and assessed the seed remains. His report appears in this journal.

The Expedition was again fortunate in having the assistance of a number of Bahraini colleagues. Mr Abdulaziz Soweileh, Superin- tendent of Archaeology, smoothed our path in innumerable ways; Mr Khalid A1 Sindi from the National Museum took charge of the sampling of the second grave complex and we were happy to have Messrs Abdulla Hasan Yahir, Abbas Ahmed, Abdul Kerim Jasim and Jaffar Jawad, working with us on the main site. Our workmen, drawn from the modern village of Saar, made an invaluable contri- bution to the success of the season.

Ancient Saar is dominated today, as it must have been in the past, by the temple which stands at the highest point of the site (I). The area in front of the temple is linked to the edge of the settlement by a broad road running roughly north/south. Earlier work established the presence of two smaller alleys coming in from

HARRIET CRAWFORD

Fig. 1. General plan of the site.

the west, one immediately to the north of the temple and the other well south of it. They join the main road at right angles. A third alley was identified this year running westwards from the south side of the temple towards the outskirts of the settlement. It is approximately parallel to the ones known previously. The presence of a third alley on the same alignment as the other two suggests a remarkably regular layout (Fig. I). If this proves to be the case, it would be reasonable to propose that much of the settlement was laid out at the same time. Organic growth and modification took place later, but the initial plan would appear to have been highly structured.

The levels of the site exposed to date belong to the later part of the Early Dilmun period, equivalent to the later part of City I1 on the Qalaat a1 Bahrain. There is evidence for two major building levels of this date in the areas of the town explored so far, but the sequence within the temple is different and will be discussed later in the light of this year's findings.

2

EXCAVATIONS AT SAAR. 1991

,

LONDON BAHRAIN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITION

0 5 10m SCALE \-

F i g 2. Squares E/F 16 and 17. Houses 1-4 and food processing area.

Squares E/F 16-17 (Fig. 2 and 3 ) The new alley mentioned above has only been identified at its eastern and western ends in squares I13 and E16. The western end comes out into an open space, area 15, close to the edge of the settlement. Area 15 is thickly scattered with ash and food debris. Fishbone, animal bones, some still articulated, and shells, were present in quantity. The presence of six plastered basins, not all in use simultaneously, and of a tannur and another apparently domestic installation in the adjacent area 17 (Fig. 4), strongly suggest the processing of food here. The number of installations and the amount of food debris additionally suggest that the processing was on a commercial, rather than a domestic scale.

3

HARRIET CRAWFORD

Fig. 3. General view of squares E/F 16/17 looking north.

The street itself, area 16, is lined with buildings on either side. (All the buildings found this year show construction techniques identical with those described in the first preliminary report. See note 1 above). Area 23/24 which lies to the north of the alley is not one of the standard houses. Area 23 appears to be a bathroom. (The standard house plan is described in note I above). It is hoped to confirm the plan of this building in a future season. To the south of the alley, area 17, see above, is the most westerly structure with access to area 15 to the west and to area 18 to the east. Area 18 has a door onto the street in its north wall and, together with 17, forms a single unit. The south-east corner of area 18 is taken up by an eroded and heavily plastered depression now 0.3 m deep (area 9), which is raised about 2 m above floor level. This may perhaps be interpreted as the base of a water storage tank that fed water into the basin below it on the floor of area 18. No direct connection was found between the two areas, which must militate against such a hypothesis.

The plan of the adjacent unit, areas 21/22, is again incomplete, and at the moment, differs from its neighbour in having two en-

4

EXCAVATIONS AT SAAR, 1991

Fig, 4. Areas 15 & 17 with raised area 19 in the background.

trances, one on the street, the other from area 20 to the south. In its present form this unit does not conform to the standard house plan. Area 20 is only partially excavated and its southern wall abuts the terrace of Houses 1-4 excavated last season, thus linking the two sectors. The remaining rooms found this year, areas 12, 13 and 14 lie west of area 20. Areas 13 and 14 abut, while 12, at the western end of the row, is the latest building in the sequence. It is less well built and has no visible entrance. Against its north wall is a flight of crude steps so that access may have been from a higher level. Nothing, other than a layer of ash and charcoal, was found in the room to indicate what its function was.

Squares H/I 13-14. The temple area & House 200 (Fig. 5) Work continued in the temple itself and a trench (Fig. 6) two m wide was sunk through the floor in order to clarify the stratigraphy of the building. The results were of considerable interest and indicate the presence of three further construction phases below the temple as we see it today. Bedrock was not reached at a depth of

5

HARRIET CRAWFORD

LONDON BAHRAIN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITION

0 5 IOm SCALE I . . . . : I

Fig. 5. Squares H/I 13 & 14. The temple and House 200.

approximately 2.3 m below the floor of the uppermost temple. This amount of deposit goes some way to explaining the elevation of the temple today. It was noted that no chain-ridged ware, typical of the earlier City 1 period, was recovered from the sondage. The area excavated was, however, extremely limited. At present, it appears that all the construction phases identified so far belong to the City I1 period.

Below the foundations of the present north wall of the temple, a second wall on the same alignment seems to have been deliber- ately cut down to make a base for the superimposed foundations. The levelled building, perhaps an earlier temple, was then filled with approximately 0.46 m of clean sand. Parallels with the foundation of the first Barbar temple (2) and with rituals described in the Gudea cylinder A (3), both perhaps a little earlier in date, are obvious. The use of pure sand as a foundation provides one of the few possible indications of Mesopotamian influence at Saar.

6


Fig. 6. The deep trench in the temple. (Note the heavy wall just visible at the bottom of the trench).

Below this earlier wall were a number of finely plastered floors which must relate to a wall or walls beyond the limits of the sondage. Lower still, a thick wall was uncovered bisecting the trench. This lowest wall runs roughly parallel to the south wall of the existing temple and it is possible that it represents the remains of a third and somewhat smaller temple. Its south face is finely plastered, suggesting that this was the interior face.

The sondage was also able to establish that the altar on the north face of the central pillar belonged to a late phase of the temple and only extended 0.14 m below the floor. A seal impression H13:012:01, showing a standing figure in a long skirt holding a shieldlike object (Fig. 7) was found in the debris from the altar. It had the marks of string on the reverse.

Work also continued immediately south of the temple, in I13 where the eastern end of the new street (area 203) was identified. The street had filled with windblown sand and below that with the plaster debris washed from the south wall of the temple after it was deserted. This wash overlay the walls of House 200, exceptionally well preserved with walls standing 2 m high in places. This building

7

HARRIET CRAWFORD

Fig. 7. Seal impression H13:12:01 from the temple.

has a number of features which are at present unique and which suggest the possibility that it may not be an ordinary domestic unit. The plan is still incomplete, but the building divides into two parts which have no direct access from one to the other (Fig. 5). The two rooms in the northern sector, areas 2041.5, seem to be domestic in character and have a number of cooking installations of the standard type.

To the south the rooms are approached through a recessed ‘porch’ Area 210. Areas 204 and 206 are the only ones to have been properly investigated and a floor was reached in 206, on which were found a number of objects including a fine copper hoe 114:020:02 with a sub-rectangular blade and a socket at right angles to the blade (Fig. 8). An identical hoe is known from A1 Midra ash- Shamali near Dhahran and it is interesting to note that this example has a mark engraved on the blade (4). This hoe is unstratified and Weisgerber has suggested, on the basis of its similarity to another found at Masirah, Site 38, that it may date to the Wadi Suq period (5). Potts, on the other hand, sees the mark as the letter d in the

8


Fig. 8. Hoe I14:20:02 from House 200.

Fig. 9. Rectangular gable-backed seal I14:2O:IO from House 200.

9

HARRIET CRAWFORD

LONDON BAHRAIN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EX PEDlTlON

0 5 lorn SCALE t . . . . : 1

Fig. 10. Squares J/K/L 16 & 17. Houses 51-54.

south Arabian script and dates the A1 Midra example to the Helleni- stic period (6). A date in the Wadi Suq period would, of course, agree better with the Saar evidence.

An unusual rectangular seal, 114:020:010, was also found in this room (Fig. 9). It is made of steatite/chlorite and has a gable back with the perforation along the long axis of the seal. The back is decorated with the four dotted circles and three incised lines typical of Dilmun seals. The design shows a couchant cervid with a long ruffed neck and short horns over whose back is a hatched square. A rectangular seal with a flat back decorated in the standard way and perforated across the short axis was found a Failaka in 198415 (3, but closer parallels in terms of shape are provided by the three- sided prismatic seals found at Maysar I and at a1 Hajjar on Bahrain (8). Seals of similar shape are also known from the Murghab and Indus valleys (9). The Maysar seal has animal designs on all three faces and resembles the Murghab seals in style, while the seal from a1 Hajjar has an inscription in the Indus script on one face and is

10


made of chlorite. The Central Asian examples seem to provide the closest parallels in terms of shape, for the Saar example, although the motifs are clearly from the Dilmun repertoire. A Murghab seal is illustrated in the catalogue of seals from Failaka, although it is not identified as such, which strengthens the case for a central Asian connection (10). It is perhaps possible that the Saar seal was exported from the Murghab as a blank and was decorated in Dilmun.

Squares J, K, L 16-17. Houses 51-54 (Fig. 10). Moving south down the main road, work continued on both sides of the street. The excavation of House 51, begun last season, was completed and three more seals were found here, bringing the total to four seals associated with the occupation of the house. A fifth was found above the collapse. It is unexpected to find so many seals in a single house no different to its neighbours, but it will be remembered that five seals were found last season in House 1 (11).

The likelihood that the inhabitants of House 51 were traders is enhanced by the presence of a bun ingot of copper K16:051:001 (Fig. 11). This was found on the floor of area 55 corroded onto several other pieces of copper. Such ingots are usually thought to originate in Oman, ancient Magan, (12) and it is hoped that analysis will be able to confirm this.

A small round clay 'Token' made of fine pink clay, K16:53:02, (Fig. 12) was also found in this house. It compares in style to examples illustrated in the National Museum catalogue, nos. 284/

Fig. 11. Bun ingot K16:51:01 fi

House 51.

HARRIET CRAWFORD

Fig. 12 'Token' K16:53:02 from House 5 1.

5, (13) and has a different, mirror-image design of an arrowhead motif in a rectangle, on each side. The examples illustrated in the catalogue are pierced for suspension, which the Saar example is not.

House 53 to the south is one of the later buildings on the site and in part overlies House 52 , a standard plan house. House 53 is different in character, having two interconnecting sections, each subdivided into two, and a yard at the rear of the building (Fig. 10). The pottery from this house shows no difference in character from that associated with the earlier houses. This would suggest that two superimposed houses are close in time. The structure on the opposite side of the road also shows evidence for two building phases. Work here has only just begun, but the building already shows a number of atypical features such as a number of small well- plastered rooms. Of these areas, 70 is of particular interest. The walls are finely plastered. A quantity of burnt date-stones associated with the floor level have led to the suggestion that this could be a simple madbaseh, or date storage area where date syrup would have been collected. Such installations are cleaned by burning. Simi- lar, though more elaborate madbasehs of approximately the same date, are known from Failaka and later ones from the Qalaat on Bahrain itself (14).

One other find of considerable interest came from the rubble above these rooms, a small square of milky white stone, M16:002:002, 1.9X 1.8 X 1.0 cm. Five of its faces are finely poli-

12


shed, and the sixth is worn. The edges of what seems to be the top surface are carefully bevelled. The cube closely resembles a weight of Indus valley type. However, the comparable examples from Bahrain are made of veined chert (for the examples from the so-called Customs House on the Qalaat a1 Bahrain cf Mus Cat. 60/ 61, a further unpublished example comes from Aali), as are the majority of the weights from the Indus valley. Other stones, including calcite and alabaster are used, but are much less common. It is not clear what metrological scale the Saar piece belongs to. In its present somewhat damaged condition, it weighs 7.3 g. This figure does not fit exactly into the Harappan metrological system which is based on a unit of 1.7 multiplied by 2.4.8. etc. (15). It could be

LONDON BAHRAIN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDl TlON Fig. 13. Squares P/Q 19 & 20. Houses 100-104. 5 1 Om SCALE ? . . , !

13

HARRIET CRAWFORD

an inaccurate attempt at the standard unit of 13.5 g. O n the other hand, if a further 1.2 g is allowed for the damaged area, this would bring it to a total weight of 8.5 g, the Mesopotamian shekel which was also used in the Indus valley. We have, perhaps, expected too high a standard of accuracy from ancient systems of measurement in the past. Both Harappan and Mesopotamian systems of measurement appear to have been in use on the island (16).

The Saar cube was found associated with a carefully squared sherd of pottery weighing 2.3 g. It is possible that the sherd is an inaccurate attempt at a smaller unit on the same scale. It is also, of course, possible that we are not dealing with weights at all and that these are gaming pieces or had some other unknown function.

Squares P/Q 19-20. Houses 100-104 (Fig. 13). Work continued in Houses 100/101 and southwards into Houses 10214, which had not previously been explored. Two major building phases were again identified and House 102 was shown to have been earlier than House 100 and House 104. Part of it had been used as an alleyway at a later phase. Three fine tannurs were found

Fig. 14. View of south end of main street looking north towards

14


in House 102 and one to the rear of House 100 in what was probably the yard belonging to the house. It seems that, contrary to speculation in the first preliminary report, there was no shortage of flour during the lifetime of the settlement and that flat bread or Khubz continued to be made. This area has now been linked up with the houses excavated by the earlier expedition (Fig. 14) and the uniformity of plan is extremely striking, although some variation in floor areas can be seen.

Conclusions Perhaps the most significant discovery this year was the sequence of buildings below the temple. Three building phases can be identified below the existing building. Evidence from the lower town, notably from Houses 52/53 and 100/102, shows two major building phases in these areas. From House 200, amongst others, there is also some slight evidence for later, possibly seasonal, occupation. Three building phases below the existing temple and two major building phases in the town show that Saar was occupied for a considerable period of time, which we may estimate at several hundred years. However, the evidence of the pottery shows that its life falls en- tirely within the Early Dilmun period and more specifically within part or all of the period covered on the Qalaat by City 11. The possibility that the temple had a longer life than the rest of the settlement cannot, at this stage, be ruled out.

It is becoming possible for the first time to piece together a shadowy picture of the economy of the site, thanks in large measure to the work of our environmentalists. Preliminary analyses (Dobney in lit.) indicate an economy based on fishing and agriculture. Sheep and goats were the most important domesticated animal, cattle were also present and a significant amount of protein was derived from hunting gazelle. Fish and shellfish were a very important component of the diet, something also suggested by the copper fish hooks which have been found. So far no dog, camel or equid bones have been found. Cattle could have been used as draught animals but the absence of dog is especially surprising as hunting was clearly still an important part of the economy. The analysis is still in its early stages and it is too soon to make deductions with any degree of certainty.

Plant remains (see Nesbitt this vol.) were poorly preserved, but there is evidence that dates were a staple food; barley and wheat were also identified in very small amounts. A certain amount of charcoal, still to be identified, was also retrieved. One question which it is hoped to be able to answer in the future is whether the cereals were grown on the island or whether, as the earlier textual evidence from Mesopotamia suggests, some were imported.

15

HARRIET CRAWFORD

The evidence for an active commercial life in the settlement continues to accumulate. Twenty seals, including one of the simple shell seals and two Persian Gulf style examples, have been found to date. Two seal impressions were also found this season, both on clay and showing the impression of knotted string on the reverse, suggesting they had come off bundles of goods. Buying and selling are also indicated by the presence of two small barrel weights of highly polished black stone. The barrel weight found last season weighed 9.1 g while this year’s example weighed 5.1 g and was very slightly chipped. The latter may belong to the scale based on a unit of 1.7.

A number of artefacts have now been retrieved made of non- local materials, of which the most important are the metal objects. Reference has already been made to the ingot found in House 51. Copper objects are not numerous and, so far, there is no evidence for complex techniques such as cire perdue casting, although the joint BahrainUJordanian expedition found copper slag in one of the houses they excavated. The objects include tools such as the hoe mentioned above and a number of fish hooks and chisels. One or two simple pieces of copper jewellery have also been found, together with carnelian beads, another obviously imported material. The presence of bitumen beads perhaps suggests that the inhabitants of Saar were not especially wealthy as bitumen is not an intrinsically valuable substance and was locally available. The bitumen could, however, be merely a core over which some more attractive material such as silver was fixed.

Other stones such as the steatitejchlorite from which the seals are usually made were also imported. The same stone is used for the fine pot lids decorated with dot and circle decoration (17), which are \ also known from other parts of the Gulf. There is a rich collection of ground stone artefacts, some made from the local limestone, but others made from a dense black stone, perhaps dolomite, which does not occur on the island, although it is found on the Arabian mainland. This stone is mainly used for a variety of pounding and grinding tools, while the querns and basins are usually made of local stone.

We do not yet know how these goods came to Saar from Saudi Arabia, Oman, and perhaps the Indus valley. We do not know what was being exchanged for the foreign material listed above; perhaps it was goods acquired from Mesopotamia or Iran. Dilmun also had produce of its own: dates, textiles and probably pearls. The number of seals recovered suggest an active commercial life, but this may have revolved in part around transactions within Dilmun itself. Some of the less valuable material, dolomite for example, may have been brought back by foraging parties rather than by merchants.

It is notable that, so far, the influence of southern Mesopotamia

16


is remarkable by its absence from the archaeological record. Saar’s main contacts are within the Gulf itself and its material culture provides evidence for a lively culture with its own distinctive character. Bahrain at this time was no appendage of one of the great civilizations, but a flourishing independent entity with a forti- fied centre on the Qalaat a1 Bahrain, a great ritual complex at Barbar, and other towns and temples at Saar and at Diraz.

The unique character of Saar and the area around it, which con- tains the two burial complexes and a very extensive mound field, has been recognised by the Ministry of Information’s plans for the creation of a Heritage Park based on the site. This exciting plan would preserve the ancient settlement as a national monument to serve both as an educational resource and a tourist attraction.

Acknowledgements Once again, it is a great pleasure to express the Expedition’s thanks to HE Tariq AIMoayed, Minister of Information, for his personal interest and to all the members of his staff who made our work possible. This year we owe a very special debt of gratitude to Mr John Samuels of United Energy International, the Expedition’s major sponsor.

We also acknowledge the invaluable help of the following: Sheikh Rashid bin Khalifa al-Khalifa, Assistant Under-Secretary for Tourism and Archaeology; Dr Kadhim Rajab, Director of Tourism and Archaeology and Shaikha Nayla al-Khalifa, Director of the National Museum. We are most grateful to Shaikh Mohammed bin Salman al-Khalifa for permission to work on his land.

The continued support of HMB Ambassador to Bahrain, Mr John Shepherd and of Mrs Shepherd, and of Mr and Mrs John Wright of the British Council is much appreciated.

In addition to the support from United Energy, most welcome assistance was also received from the following companies and institutions: Bahrain Petroleum Co., Bahrain Telecommunications Co., Bahrain Maritime and Mercantile Intema- tional, the British Academy, British Bank of the Middle East, the British Council, Budget Rent-a-Car, Caltex (Bahrain), Cathay Pacific Airways, Computerised Tech- nical Services, Diplomat Hotel, HMG Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Gredeco- Ansari Consultants, Gulf Air, International Aeradio Ltd, Manama Rotary Club, Mansouri-McInerney, Mohammed Jalal & Sons, McDonald Institute for Archaeolo- gical Research, Cambridge, National Geographic Foundation, Philip Morris, Royal Society of St George, Society of Antiquaries of London and Yateem Bros.

Finally, we offer our warmest thanks to the following individuals who have helped us in many and varied ways: Martina A1 Akbar, Mohammed Al-Ansari, Wajeeha Al-Baharna, Yousif Al-Nashaba, Alex Askew, Robert Atkinson, Gordon Bailey, Beshara Baroudi, Lou Best, Hector & Muriel Bethune, Gunter, Uschi & Kathrin Buhr, Mavis Callanan, Brian Davis, Gordon Davis, Neil Dinan, Carol Dunk, Abdul Hussein Faraj, Ron Foster, Hussein Haider, Brian Harries, Steve Harrison, Don Hepburn, Howard King, Sam Knight, Karim Mansouri, Ronnie Middleton, Dave & Martha Merrey, Hamad Metfah, Calvin Mitchell, A. Morshed, George Morton, Joseph Moussa, Paul Nevin, Kay Patience, Brian Pickering, Brian Prosser, Michael Rice, Barry Rowe, Jalil Sameheji, Jaime Samour, Mohammed Shehabi, John Tidy, Krishna Vasdev, John Weir, Me1 White and Brian Wood.

The figures in this article were redrawn by Amanda Haughey and the photo- graphs were taken by Marcus Woodbum.

As in previous years our academic sponsor is University College London.

17

HARRIET CRAWFORD

References 1. Killick RG et al. London-Bahrain Archaeological Expedition: 1990 excavations at Saar, Bahrain. AAE 2: 1991: 107-137. 2. Bibby G. looking for Dilmun. London: Penguin, 1970: 86. 3. Thureau-Dangin F. Les inscriptions de Sumer et d'Akkad. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1905: 135-174. 4. Van Beek GW & Mandaville JP Jr. A Pre-Islamic copper hoe from North-Eastem Arabia. Anfiquify 37: 1965: 13819. I am most grateful to Mr Carl Phillips for pointing out this reference to me. 5. Weisgerber G. Oman: A bronze-producing centre during the 1 s t half of the 1st millennium B. C. In: Curtis J, ed. Bronze-working centres of Western Asia c. 1000-539 BC. London: Kegan Paul Interna- tional, 1988: 287/8. 6. Potts DT. The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity, II. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990: 70-72. 7. Calvet Y & Salles JF. Failaka, Fouilles francaises 1984-1985. Lyon: Maison de I'Orient, 1986: 94 and Fig. 40: 163. 8. Weisgerber G. Makan and Meluhha - third millennium copper production in Oman and evidence of contact with the Indus valley. In: Allchin B, ed. South Asian Archaeology 1981. Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press, 1984: Figs. 6-7. 9. Sarianidi VI. Seal amulets of the Murghab style. In: Kohl PL, ed. The Bronze Age civilizafion of Central Asia. New York: Sharpe, 1981:

10. Kjaerum P. FailakalDilmun. The early second millennium seftle- ments I: i. The stamp and cylinder seals. Aarhus: JASP, XVII. i: 1983: 135, no. 335. 11. Crawford H. A note on the seals from the first season at Saar, Bahrain. Cambridge journal of Archaeology 2: 1991: 255. 12. Weisgerber G. Mehr als Kupfer in Oman. Der Anschnitf 33:

13. Lombard P & Kervran M. Barhain National Museum. Archaeolog- ical Collections, 1: Bahrain: Ministry of Information, 1989: nos. 2841 5. 14. H~jlund F. Date honey production in the mid-second millennium: steps in the technological evolution of the Madbasa. Palkorient 16: 1990: 77-86. 15. Hendrickx-Baudot MP. The weights of the Harappa-culture.

16. Roaf M. Weights on the standard of Dilmun. Iraq 44: 1982:

17. Potts DT. The Arabian Gulf in Antiquify 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990: 249-252 and fig. 30.

2 2 1-25 5.

1981: 174-263.

OLP 3: 1972: 5-25.

13 7-142.

38


Address: H. E. W. Crawford Institute of Archaecology University College 31-34 Gordon Square London WClH OPY U.K.

19

Documents

London-Bahrain Archaeological Expedition: excavations at Saar 1991