CLOZE TESTS

Anyone looking for a way to do something for the environment need look no further than their own home. In its struggle to (1) with the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 and reduce greenhouse gas emissions to (2) 1990 levels, the EU (3) to reduce energy consumption in the home. This is (4) surprising since the EUs 160 million buildings are (5) responsible for a staggering 40% of all energy consumed by its 15 states.

1. A) coincide B) agree C) augment D) compete E) comply

2.

A) forward B) above C) behind D) below E) back

3.

A) to have sought B) would seek C) having sought D) would be seeking E) is seeking

4.

A) hardly B) nevertheless C) more D) indeed E) just

5.

A) nearly B) apparently C) therefore D) likely E) permanently

The United States will officially take 70,000 refugees in 2003. (6) the number will be much ower as many thousands will be caught up in lengthy (7) necessitated by post-September 11th security procedures. In 2002, for example, America (8) only 30,000 refugees, the lowest number in 25 years. This is a remarkable (9) of Americas traditional generosity (10) the worlds displaced. 6.

A) In place of B) In return C) In practice D) In case E) In excess of

7.

A) distinctions B) competitions C) departures D) delays E) resources

8.

A) had accepted B) has accepted C) would accept D) is accepting E) accepted

9.

A) reversal B) exchange C) comparison D) expression E) appreciation

10.

A) against B) through C) over D) towards E) beyond

In the pharmaceutical industry, vaccines have long been poor stepsisters to big, glamorous drugs. Immunization campaigns have worked wonders, (11) scourges such as polio. (12) annual global sales of vaccines have fallen off during (13) years and the number of major companies (14) them has shrunk from 20 in the 1980s to just 4. This is a sure sign that it (15) an economic business to be in.

11.

A) committing B) pulling down C) wiping out D) interfering with E) exposing

12.

A) Yet B) Consequently C) Apparently D) As far as E) Regarding

13.

A) present B) contemporary C) latter D) recent E) final

14.

A) to sell B) having sold C) to be selling D) to have sold E) selling

15.

A) didnt have to be B) hasnt been C) wouldnt be D) didnt use to be E) shouldnt be

In Britain, firemen have been on partial strike for months, demanding a huge pay increase (16) bitterly resisting changes to their working conditions. Tony Blairs labour government has watched with (17) alarm as a series of elections has put militant leaders (18) the top jobs at some of the biggest unions. In April, Kevin Curran (19) the more moderate John Edmonds as leader of the GMB, Britains fourth-largest union; and in May a left-winger defeated the (20) favoured by the Labor Party for the leadership of the powerful T&G union.

16. A) when B) while C) for D) as E) whether

17.

A) some B) any C) such D) an E) as

18.

A) over B) up C) past D) into E) by

19.

A) succeeding B) has succeeded C) would succeed D) having succeeded E) succeeded

20.

A) candidate B) applicant C) nominee D) client E) participant

Satellite-servicing technology is being used to upgrade the Hubble Space Telescope to perform beyond its initial design requirements. Twice astronauts have replaced the telescopes solar panels (21) higher-performance ones. The most impressive improvement, however, has come with the (22) of a new camera to record the images seen by the Hubble. Its increased sensitivity makes it ten (23) as powerful as its predecessor, and it (24) dramatically sharper images, some of them of stars and galaxies that were (25) to the old Hubble.

21. A) from B) with C) to D) against E) over

22.

A) distribution B) application C) installation D) duplication E) reaction

23. A) times B) figures C) degrees D) periods E) points

24.

A) will produce B) had produced C) has produced D) may produce E) would produce

25.

A) incapable B) inappropriate C) inadequate D) indestructible E) invisible

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) was a sage, not a scientist, but he was more keenly interested in the scientific advances of his day than is commonly realized. One of his early aspirations was to be a naturalist, and he started his career (26) a lecturer-essayist by giving talks on natural science, (27) one focused on the chemical composition of water. (28) Emerson went on to make his mark primarily in the areas of literature, religion, philosophy and social reform, he remained an eager lifelong student of both traditional and contemporary natural and social science. To date, however, this side of Emersons thought and life (29) only a handful of significant scholarly discussions. Emersons Life in Science is the best of the books (30) this aspect of Emerson that have marked the bicentennial of his birth, and it is one that will endure. 26.

A) more B) so C) such D) as E) only

27.

A) describing B) including C) considering D) intending E) defining

28.

A) Although B) Therefore C) So that D) But E) Since

29.

A) should attract B) is attracting C) will attract D) has attracted E) had attracted

30.

A) to B) for C) on D) with E) at

When the rage for orchids hit Europe in the nineteenth century, collectors immediately realized that greenhouses were needed to provide (31) growing conditions. (32) greenhouses were a luxury (33) the very wealthy. But before long, greenhouses (34) mass produced, (35) made them more affordable for orchid lovers of modest means.

31. A) better B) best C) as good D) the most E) more

32.

A) At times B) At present C) Eventually D) Hardly E) At first

33.

A) for B) off C) about D) over E) from

34.

A) have been B) were being C) had been D) would have been E) will be

35.

A) what B) thus C) which D) but E) so

Until the middle of the nineteenth century, most Americans were indifferent to paint. Wood was plentiful and cheap especially on the frontier; (36) , most settlers had to chop down trees to clear their land. (37) eager to start farming, they used their wood to build their cabins as cheaply and quickly as possible. If they had painted their buildings, this (38) their durability; (39) painting was an expensive and time-consuming job. There were (40) more urgent calls upon their time and their money. 36.

A) on the contrary B) as if C) similarly D) in case E) in fact

37.

A) Having been B) To be C) To have been D) Being E) Having to be

38.

A) had extended B) might have extended C) was extending D) would be extending E) might extend

39.

A) but B) whether C) unless D) that E) if

40.

A) none B) any C) anywhere D) other E) so

I was at Manchesters Bridgewater Hall last week to hear an all- Byrd programme performed to a packed hall. This would have been unimaginable (41) 20 years ago. Not surprisingly, a good (42) of the audience applauded in the wrong places. I regard this as good news (43) bad news. This was a new audience (44) to a concert hall by CD recordings and I (45) the experience of being a part of it.

41. A) for B) hardly C) still D) yet E) even

42.

A) impression B) supply C) example D) proportion E) quality

43.

A) apart from B) so long as C) rather than D) in addition to E) except

44.

A) attracted B) having been attracted C) having attracted D) to attract E) attracting

45.

A) discerned B) abandoned C) preferred D) sensed E) valued

James Joyce was born in Dublin of a middle-class Catholic family. (46) his mother was a devout Catholic, his father was a man who was opposed to the Church and fiercely objected to the interference (47) the Catholic clergy in Irish politics. Joyce attended Clongowes Wood College for several years, but (48) to leave when his family fell upon increasing economic hardship. Then, he attended a Christian Brothers school, Belvedere College and later University College Dublin, where he (49) modern European languages. He left Ireland for Paris but returned to Dublin for a short while (50) learning that his mother was dying. 46.

A) Besides B) Since C) As if D) Though E) Even

47.

A) for B) of C) about D) in E) to

48.

A) was forced B) is forced C) has been forced D) would have forced E) would be forced

49.

A) assumed B) studied C) involved D) established E) affirmed

50.

A) whenever B) until C) after D) while E) as

In the later part of the Middle Ages, cities created asylums to cope with the mentally ill. These asylums were simply prisons; the inmates were kept on chains in dark, filthy cells and were treated more as animals (51) as human beings. It (52) until 1792, when Philippe Pinel was placed in charge of an asylum in Paris, that some improvements were made. As an experiment, Pinel removed the chains that (53) the inmates. Much (54) the amazement of skeptics, who thought Pinel was mad to unchain such animals, the experiment was a success. When placed in clean, sunny rooms, and treated kindly, many people who for years (55) hopelessly insane improved enough to leave the asylum.

51. A) than B) like C) such D) so E) much

52.

A) has not been B) had not been C) was not D) would not be E) would not have been

53.

A) compelled B) restrained C) overloaded D) withdrew E) sustained

54.

A) to B) of C) with D) for E) at

55.

A) will be considered B) have been considered C) were being considered D) had been considered E) are considered

Intellectualization is an attempt to gain detachment from a stressful situation by confronting it in abstract, intellectual terms. This kind of defence is frequently a necessity for people who must (56) life-anddeath matters in their daily jobs. The doctor who is continually confronted with human suffering cannot afford to become emotionally involved with (57) patient. In fact, a certain amount of detachment may be essential (58) the doctor to function competently. This kind of intellectualization is a problem only when it (59) such a pervasive lifestyle (60) individuals cut themselves off from all emotional experiences. 56.

A) come apart B) use up C) show off D) turn down E) deal with

57.

A) another B) some C) each D) few E) more

58.

A) in B) with C) to D) for E) by

59.

A) would become B) becomes C) became D) will become E) used to become

60.

A) when B) if C) whether D) unless E) that

The term emotional intelligence was probably first used in an unpublished dissertation in 1986. In 1990 it (61) into the fieldof scientific psychology, defined as the ability to monitor (62) and others feelings, to (63) among them and to use this information to guide ones thinking and action. The concept developed (64) a growing emphasis on research into the (65) of emotion and thought.

61. A) was being introduced B) had been introduced C) would be introduced D) has been introduced E) was introduced

62.

A) ones own B) one anothers C) oneself D) the self E) each others

63.

A) identify B) distribute C) justify D) discredit E) discriminate

64.

A) off B) against C) without D) out of E) under

65.

A) alternation B) participation C) interaction D) obstruction E) complication

Should a vote in Los Angeles count more than a vote in Montana? Thats one question raised (66) an analysis of Census Bureau data conducted by researchers at the Centre for Immigration Studies (67) found that nine congressional seats (68) to different states in 2000, if noncitizens, (69) illegal aliens, had been excluded from the counts Congress uses to (70) seats. 66.

A) by B) to C) at D) onto E) off

67.

A) whose B) which C) what D) thus E) whether

68.

A) would be allotted B) have been allotted C) will have been allotted D) would have been allotted E) were being allotted

69.

A) regardless of B) concerning C) pertaining to D) excelling E) including

70.

A) select B) exchange C) allocate D) circulate E) classify

All hay fever sufferers will be aware of the pollen rain that (71) them in the spring and summer. Pollen grains - the tiny male reproductive bodies of flowering plants - have an almost (72) outer shell (exine) that can survive in certain sediments for tens of thousands of years. In pollen analysis the exines are extracted from the soil, studied under a microscope, and identified (73) the distinctive exine shape and surface ornamentation of different families and genera of plants. (74) quantified, these identifications are then plotted as curves on a polen diagram. Fluctuations in the curve (75) each plant category may then be studied for signs of climatic fluctuation, or forest clearance and crop-planting by humans.

71. A) should afflict B) can afflict C) had afflicted D) would afflict E) afflicted

72.

A) intense B) approachable C) indestructible D) abundant E) unsteady

73.

A) according to B) ahead of C) with a view to D) on behalf of E) in place of

74.

A) Before B) Whenever C) While D) Until E) Once

75.

A) across B) on C) for D) about E) at

Underwater archaeology is beginning to yield a detailed picture of whaling undertaken by Basque fishermen at Red Bay, Labrador, in the 16th century. The Basques were at this time the largest suppliers to Europe of whale oil - an important (76) used for lighting and in products such as soap. In 1977, prompted by the discovery in Spanish archives that Red Bay (77) a prominent whaling centre, Canadian archaeologist James A. Tuck began an excavation on the island at the mouth of Red Bay Harbour. Here he found remains of structures for turning blubber (78) whale oil. (79) , in 1978, the nautical archaeologist Robert Grenier led a Parks Canada team in search of the Basque galleon San Juan, (80) the archives said had sunk in the harbour in 1565. 76.

A) commodity B) refinement C) artifact D) hardship E) settlement

77.

A) would have been B) is C) was going to be D) had been E) will be

78.

A) by B) about C) next to D) upon E) into

79.

A) On the contrary B) Frequently C) Otherwise D) Subsequently E) Conclusively

80.

A) whose B) when C) whom D) who E) which

Music educators give us many good reasons for playing. It is said to feed our intelligence and (81) _____ our self-esteem. It removes us from the anxieties of daily life, placing us in the curious world of self-expression, (82) _____ the linear passage of time seems to vanish. Of course, the roots of British musicianship go far deeper than a list of healthy lifestyle tips. Britains history has shaped a great diversity of musical traditions, many of which (83) _____ flourish. The patchwork of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic nations, the myths of a rural idyll created (84) _____ rapid urbanization, the close relationship with America and the immigration from the West Indies, south Asia and Africa-all (85) _____ to the wealth of music literature and recordings.

81. A) raise B) appreciate C) afflict D) represent E) provoke

82. A) wherever B) which C) where D) how E) whom

83. A) then B) still C) thus D) almost E) too

84. A) of B) in C) at D) with E) by

85. A) have contributed B) would contribute C) had contributed D) will contribute E) to have contributed

Education is both a consumption and an investment good. The (86) _____ of knowledge by reading a book can give pleasure and benefits to an individual equivalent to consuming an ice-cream or seeing a film at the cinema. But education can also help advance in a chosen career (87) _____ success is achieved in specific examinations. If a financial gain is thereby achieved, then the time spent in the educational process (88) _____ seen as an investment. By investing in yourself you hope that your enhanced skills add to your potential earning power in the labour market; your qualifications should help you to compete that much better against those (89) _____ qualified for a particular job. As far as an employer is concerned, your educational qualification is a means (90) _____ filtering where there is keen competition for a post.

86. A) contribution B) exclusion C) obscurity D) acquisition E) continuation

87.

A) even so B) since C) if D) as if E) unless

88. A) might have been B) would be C) was D) had been E) can be

89. A) as much B) less C) least D) the same E) fewer

90. A) of B) by C) over D) with E) through

To determine a persons diet history, the doctor asks what foods (91) _____ in the previous 24 hours and what types of food are usually eaten. The person may be asked to keep a food diary, in which he lists everything he eats for three days. (92) _____ the physical examination, the doctor observes the persons general appearance and behaviour (93) _____ the distribution of body fat and the functioning of body organs. (94) _____ the doctor suspects severe malnutrition, he orders a complete blood cell count and blood and urine tests to measure levels of vitamins, minerals, and waste products such as urea. Skin tests may also be ordered to (95) _____ certain types of immunity.

91. A) were being eaten B) had been eaten C) will have been eaten D) were eaten E) are eaten

92.

A) Out of B) At C) By D) Over E) During

93.

A) as well as B) but also C) so as D) just as E) so that

94.

A) While B) Even though C) If D) Whether E) Even if

95.

A) curtail B) realize C) emphasize D) assess E) assume

Bill Clintons main legacy for race relations in the United States is that he helped to sustain and accelerate the desegregation of the higher circles of American life. On the psychological plane, he gently pushed the white American public to accept something that (96) _____ many whites today is (97) _____ more in question than one would like to believe: that blacks really can be equal or (98) _____ superior to whites in performing the most crucial and difficult tasks demanded by our society. George W. Bush contributed to this process when he (99) _____ Colin Powell as Secretary of State. Through his appointment of blacks and genuine friendships with them, Clinton has deepened this (100) _____ in American life.

96. A) under B) on C) with D) besides E) for

97.

A) decently B) still C) even so D) doubtfully E) excessively

98.

A) also B) more C) even D) only E) as

99.

A) appoints B) had appointed C) has appointed D) appointed E) would appoint

100.

A) tendency B) allocation C) exclusion D) admission E) intuition

However hazy their grasp of astronomy may be, most adults hold several beliefs with some certainty. They believe, for example, that the Earth is round and that it revolves around another, larger round body (the Sun), (101) _____ a smaller round body (the Moon) revolves around it. They also believe (102) _____ certain familiar phenomena, such as the day-night cycle and the seasons, depend on the movements and relative positions of the Earth, Sun, and Moon. But how do adults come to form such beliefs? The facts of astronomy are hardly evident in everyday experience; if anything, the reverse (103) _____ to be true. Children experience an apparently flat earth from which they see the Sun move (104) _____ the sky, and they learn things that seem incompatible with the notion that people could somehow live on the surface of a large ball. Is the development of adult-level understanding, therefore, simply a matter of suppressing childish beliefs and gradually (1055) _____ the views of modern adult society?

101.

A) after B) as if C) where D) while E) if

102.

A) in that B) as C) those D) since E) that

103.

A) must have been argued B) could be argued C) will be argued D) might have been argued E) would have been argued

104.

A) along B) about C) among D) across E) aboard

105.

A) accepting B) eliminating C) recovering D) maintaining E) overloading

The Pergamum of Eumenes II is remembered (106) ____ for its library. Said to have held more than 200,000 volumes, the library was a symbol of Pergamums social and cultural status. Eumenes was a passionate book collector, and his library came to challenge the worlds greatest one in Alexandria (700,000 books). Afraid that the Pergamum library (107) _____ famous scholars away from Alexandria, the Egyptians cut off the supply of papyrus from the Nile. Never one to refuse a challenge, Eumenes set his scientists to work and they (108) _____ pergamen (Latin for parchment), a writing surface made from animal hides rather than pressed papyrus reeds. (109) _____ the end, however, it was the Egyptians who had the last laugh. (110) _____ the library at Alexandria was damaged by fire, Mark Antony pillaged the one at Pergamum for books to give to his beloved Cleopatra.

106. A) with a view B) as well as C) most of all D) enough E) just in case

107.

A) attracted B) would attract C) might have attracted D) will attract E) may attract

108.

A) came up with B) stepped over C) stood against D) ran over E) carried on with

109.

A) Off B) In C) By D) Through E) To

110.

A) Even though B) Until C) In case D) Even if E) When

Nearly fifteen years after South Africas democratic overthrow of apartheid, the country is facing growing (111) _____ over the rise of economic apartheid and the way it (112) _____ millions of South Africans in the same, if not a worsening economic position than they endured prior to 1994. (113) _____ South African government statistics, the average black household has become 15% poorer over the last fourteen years, while an average white household has seen its wealth grow (114) _____ some 19%. There has been a 20% decrease in the income of the poorest 50% of South Africans, and black South Africans have lost (115) _____ two million jobs over the same period.

111.

A) interest B) demand C) encouragement D) criticism E) threat

112.

A) is leaving B) had left C) would have left D) left E) was leaving

113.

A) Because of B) According to C) Instead of D) In addition to E) Contrary to

114.

A) through B) for C) in D) with E) by

115.

A) yet B) mostly C) hardly D) nearly E) also

The gondola has been a part of Venice since the 11th century. (116) _____ its slim shape and flat underside, the boat is perfectly adapted to manoeuvring in Venices narrow, shallow canals. The front of the boat has a (117) _____ leftward curve to prevent it from going around in circles, as the gondolier, or operator of the boat, uses the oar only on the right side. In 1562, it (118) _____ that all gondolas should be black to stop people from making an (119) _____ show of their wealth. Today, gondola rides are expensive, and are (120) _____ taken only by tourists.

116.

A) About B) With C) Through D) From E) Along

117.

A) slight B) habitual C) relevant D) cheerful E) favourable

118.

A) has been decided B) decided C) was decided D) would have decided E) had decided

119.

A) ostentatious B) affluent C) adjacent D) omnipresent E) inescapable

120.

A) possibly B) obviously C) seldom D) usually E) definitely

Eritrea was part of the first Ethiopian kingdom of Aksum (121) _____ its decline in the 8th century. It came under the control of the Ottoman Empire in the 16

th century, and (122) _____ of the

Egyptians. The Italians (123) _____ the coastal areas in 1885, and the Treaty of Uccialli, signed on 2nd May 1889, gave Italy (124) ______ over part of Eritrea. The Italians ruled the colony until World War II. It was made an Ethiopian province in 1962, but a civil war (125) _____ against the Ethiopian government led by rebel groups who opposed the union and wanted independence for Eritrea.

121.

A) through B) over C) until D) with E) in

122.

A) subsequently B) widely C) unanimously D) earnestly E) extensively

123.

A) capture B) will capture C) have captured D) captured E) are capturing

124.

A) institution B) sovereignty C) treatment D) opposition E) prominence

125.

A) broke out B) took off C) set out D) kept on E) went forward

The portrait, as it is known today, was born in the Renaissance. In fact, portraits (126) _____ before the Renaissance, of course: (127) _____ think of the Pharaohs with their colossal statues, or the busts of the Roman emperors, (128) _____ those figures seemed very (129) _____. Renaissance artists, by contrast, sought to create not just a likeness of their subjects, but also (130) _____ of their spirit.

126.

A) exist B) would exist C) have existed D) would have existed E) had existed

127.

A) Just B) Already C) Always D) Usually E) Previously

128.

A) whenever B) when C) but D) while E) so far as

129.

A) principal B) prospective C) enthusiastic D) recent E) remote

130.

A) many B) anything C) something D) any E) few

Ever since Lord Curzon, a member of Britains World War I cabinet, (131)_____ that the Allies had floated to victory on a sea of oil, major industrialized powers have sought oil security. For instance, an imperialist surge by Japan to secure oil supplies in East Asia resulted (132)_____ the fateful attack on Pearl Harbour. The desire to control Middle East oil pushed the Soviet Union into Afghanistan, and led to Saddam Husseins (133)_____ of Kuwait. And in his 1980 State of the Union speech, US President Jimmy Carter made clear Americas own oil-security policy (134)_____ he described what would become known as the Carter Doctrine: Any attempt by an outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the (135)_____ interests of the United States of America.

131.

A) declares B) declared C) has declared D) would have declared E) would declare

132.

A) in B) within C) on D) below E) of

133.

A) purchase B) exclusion C) invasion D) negotiation E) illusion

134.

A) in case B) although C) even if D) when E) so far as

135.

A) tedious B) irrelevant C) redundant D) vague E) vital

Saturn and its 47 diverse moons have been (136)_____ the close watch of the Cassini probe since 2004. The probes main (137)_____ in its planned 74 orbits is to gather detailed images of the second largest planet in our solar system, its icy moons and spectacular rings, (138)_____ span (139)_____ 272,000 kilometres. So far, the probe (140)_____ some of the best images we have of Saturn, and provided astronomers with a wealth of new data.

136.

A) under B) in C) with D) through E) over

137.

A) stage B) objection C) assumption D) controversy E) aim

138.

A) whatever B) where C) who D) which E) whereas

139.

A) completely B) almost C) largely D) adversely E) slightly

140.

A) is capturing B) captures C) has captured D) had captured E) will capture

People who (141)_____ in malaria-infested areas or who travel to them can take certain (142)_____. They can use long-lasting insecticide sprays in homes and outbuildings, place screens (143)_____ doors and windows, use mosquito netting over their beds, and apply mosquito repellents on their skin. They can (144)_____ wear enough clothing, (145)_____ after sundown, to protect as much of the skin as possible against mosquito bites.

141. A) reduce B) live C) discharge D) expose E) persist

142. A) precautions B) supplements C) occurrences D) setbacks E) levels

143. A) beyond B) of C) with D) on E) till

144. A) either B) more than C) also D) as such E) as well as

145. A) similarly B) extraordinarily C) commonly D) fairly E) particularly

(146)_____ there are dozens of indigenous languages spoken throughout South America, this is, with the (147)_____ of Portuguese speaking Brazil, a Spanishspeaking continent. However, the Spanish one hears in South America does not always conform (148)_____ what one has learned in the classroom or heard on a cassette, and even competent Spanish-speakers find it takes a bit of getting used to. (149)_____ the odd differences in pronunciation, words from native languages as well as various European languages (150)_____ the different dialects of South American Spanish, giving them each their own unique character.

146. A) If B) Although C) When D) Whereas E) Just as

147.

A) exception B) contribution C) involvement D) partition E) convention

148.

A) up B) at C) by D) in E) to

149.

A) In case of B) So far as C) In addition to D) By means of E) In accordance with

150.

A) would infiltrate B) had infiltrated C) infiltrated D) have infiltrated E) were infiltrating

We must not (151) ___ the element of pleasure and enjoyment which comes from the reading of literature. This is surely itself one of the great benefits which (152) ___ from being an educated person. But, over and above that, let us recognize (153) ___ certain other fundamental skills and capacities are developed (154) ___ the reading of literature, which are important to us all as educated people, (155) ___ in our private pleasures or our personal philosophies, but also in the day-to-day exercise of our responsibilities.

151.

A) subside B) assert C) interpret D) witness E) underestimate

152.

A) had come B) comes C) would have come D) came E) was coming

153.

A) so that B) in case C) just as D) that E) although

154.

A) at B) in C) through D) over E) to

155.

A) not only B) either C) both D) more E) as well as

(156) ___ all the political ideologies of the early nineteenth century, nationalism is the most difficult to grasp. Its (157) ___ are elusive. What, exactly, counted as a nation? Who demanded a nation, and what did their demand mean? In the early nineteenth century, nationalism was usually aligned with liberalism. (158) ___ the century progressed, (159) ___ , it became increasingly clear that nationalism (160) ___ to fit any doctrine. 156.

A) By B) About C) From D) For E) Of

157.

A) credentials B) comments C) premises D) subsidies E) amendments

158.

A) As B) Because C) Even if D) If E) Whether

159.

A) furthermore B) however C) moreover D) therefore E) so

160.

A) defined B) has been defined C) is defined D) could be defined E) defines

A generation ago, few parents would have thought that teaching their baby to read was a possibility. But over the past decade or so, many parents have become convinced that they (161)their children for a life-time of success by tutoring them (162)- infancy in reading, math, computer skills, and the like. Books and articles offering advice on such matters as teaching babies to read, and even getting them to pass entrance exams for exclusive preschools have proliferated. Do parents who follow all this advice (163)- a smarter child? (164) some educators think so, many are doubtful. For example, there is no evidence that a child who learns to read unusually early goes on to experience more success than children who learn to read at a (165) normal age.

161.

A) were to prepare B) used to prepare

C) had prepared D) should be preparing E) would have prepared

162.

A) between B) to C) from D) along with E) onto

163.

A) get along B) stand up to C) get through D) stand against E) end up with

164.

A) Although B) Now that C) Whenever D) As long as E) Provided that

165.

A) such B) more C) least D) as much E) few

Mercantilism has been advocated (166) some eminent politicians and economists, including Alexander Hamilton and Friedrich List. In the 1840s, Friedrich List developed a theory of productive power" which stressed thatthe ability to produce is (167) importantthan the result of producing. In other words, the prosperity of a state (168) not primarily on its store of ealth, but on the extent to which it has developed its "powers of production". A nation capable of developing its power to manufacture, (169) it makes use of its system of production, thus (170) quite in the same spirit as the landed proprietor who, by the sacrifice of some material wealth, allows some of his children to learn a production trade.

166. A) by B) fr om C) through D) in E) with

167.

A) most B) as C) the more D) more E) the most

168.

A) carries B) depends C) shows D) decides E) E)agrees

169.

A) which B) that C) what D) how E) if

170.

A) had acted B) acts C) used to act D) were to act E) shall act

Many architects saw a building as a total work of art. They argued that the architect should design everything in a building, and this (171)___ not just fittings but also furniture. (172)___, many modern architects made striking furniture designs for use in their buildings, and these items also became (173)___widely used. Miess metal-and-leather Barcelona Chair, (174)___ made for the German Pavilion at the Barcelona Exposition and then widely copied, is the most famous example. Gerrit Rietvelds Red-Blue Chair, a structure of planes and lines like a three-dimensional Mondrian painting, symbolizes De Stijl (175)___ many people.

171.

A) has been included B) must be included C) was included D) had been included E) included

172.

A) On the other hand B) However C) Otherwise D) As a result E) Even so

173.

A) just B) more C) as D) most E) such

174.

A) commonly B) readily C) originally D) positively E) equally

175.

A) between B) by C) in D) over E) for

Jean Piagets training included heavy doses of bothbiology and philosophy. From philosophy came (176)___ of the content of his work. Piagets goal (177)___ his areer was to use the study of children to answer basic philosophical questions about the nature and origins of knowledge. His research (178)___ shows a consistent focus on what have long been central topics in philosophy: the childs understanding of space, time, and causality, of number and quantity, of classes and relations, of invariance and change. Undoubtedly, one reason Piagets studies (179)___ so much attention up till now is that they identify such basic and important forms of knowledge. Another reason is Piagets surprising, and controversial, claim that these basic forms of knowledge often take a long time to (180)___.

176.

A) Few B) that C) many D) much E) several

177.

A) against B) at C) throughout D) besides E) over

178.

A) thus B) quite C) rather D) although E) instead

179.

A) will attract B) have attracted C) were attracting D) had attracted E) are attracting

180.

A) claim B) succeed C) ensure D) predict E) develop

Not long ago, Thomas Cook was examining the strange

and mysterious crop circles that had been cut into his

farm in Lincolnshire, England. His first thoughts were

that they had been created (15)__ aliens. (16)__ trying to

explore the origin of these unusual shapes, he made a

discovery that was much more down-to-earth. He

discovered a pile of Roman Empire coins in a buried

earthenware pot dating to 270 AD. He did not find

(17)__ evidence of a UFO, but he did find an amazing

archaeological site. In accordance with English

antiquities law, the coins (18)__ to the British Museum.

They were studied and catalogued in the archives and

given what is now (19)__ referred to as a full treasure trove inquest by the museum.

181.

A. Of B. in C. by D. over E. during

182.

A. Until B. Whenever C. Once D. Since E. While

183.

A. so B. any C. that D. little E. no

184.

A. are handed over B. would have been handed over C. were handed over D. could be handed over E. had been handed over

185.

A. commonly B. relentlessly C. dramatically D. endlessly E. deliberately

Teacher involvement in play has been a

controversial subject for many years. A longstanding

tradition (20) __ early childhood education dictates

that teachers should not interfere in childrens play. This tradition (21)---- the psychoanalytic view that

plays main function is to enable children to work out their inner conflicts. (22)---- this view, the

teachers role was to set the stage for play and to observe children. The teachers could then (23)----

monitor their play for clues about their emotional

adjustment. However, teachers were

cautioned never to interfere with childrens play (24) __ such interference might disrupt play, inhibit

children from revealing their true.

186.

A. by B. to C. at D. in E. for

187.

A. had originated from B. would originate from C. originates from D. is to originate from E. can originate from

188.

A. As opposed to B. In spite of C. Similar to D. In place of E. According to

189.

A. notably B. forcefully C. abruptly D. closely

E. generously

190.

A. as B. provided that C. but D. after

E. even if

ANSWERS OF CLOZE TEST 1. E 2. D 3. E 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. E 9. A 10. D 11. C 12. B 13. D 14. E 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. D 19. E 20. A 21. B 22. C 23. A 24. C 25. E 26. D 27. B 28. A 29. D 30. C 31. A 32. E 33. A 34. B 35. C 36. E 37. D 38. B 39. A 40. D 41. E 42. D 43. C 44. A 45. E 46. D 47. B 48. A 49. B 50. C 51. A 52. C 53. B 54. A 55. D 56. E 57. C 58. D 59. B 60. E 61. E 62. A 63. E 64. D 65. C 66. A

67. B

68. D 69. E 70. C 71. B 72. C 73. A 74. E 75. C 76. A 77. D 78. E 79. D 80. E 81. A 82. C 83. B 84. E 85. A 86. D 87. C 88. E 89. B 90. A 91. D 92. E 93. A 94. C 95. D 96. E 97. B 98. C 99. D 100. A 101. D 102. E 103. B 104. D 105. A 106. C 107. B 108. A 109. B 110. E 111. D 112. A 113. B 114. E 115. D 116. B 117. A 118. C 119. A 120. D 121. C 122. A 123. D 124. B 125. A 126. E 127. A 128. C 129. E 130. C 131. B 132. A 133. C 134. D

135. E 136. A 137. E 138. D 139. B 140. C 141. B 142. A 143. D 144. C 145. E 146. B 147. A 148. E 149. C 150. D 151. E 152. B 153. D 154. C 155. A 156. E 157. C 158. A 159. B 160. D 161. D 162. C 163. E 164. A 165. B 166. A 167. D 168. B 169. E 170. B 171. E 172. D 173. B 174. C 175. E 176. D 177. C 178. A 179. B 180. E 181. C 182. E 183. B 184. C 185. A 186. D 187. C 188. E 189. D 190. A