Logical Function ,mmm

8/19/2019 Logical Function ,mmm

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OGICA FUNCTION

OGICA FUNCTION

Logic: relation between two variables, relation of clauses in CCLogic: relation between two variables, relation of clauses in CC

related words:related words: relate, relative, relativity, relation, ratiorelate, relative, relativity, relation, ratio1.1. Status (TAXIS)Status (TAXIS)

a.a. !ual: "arata#is, "aratactic (1, $, %..) relation based on!ual: "arata#is, "aratactic (1, $, %..) relation based onorder order

&en arrived earl' and ac ca*e soon.&en arrived earl' and ac ca*e soon.&en attended t+e class but +is brot+er was absent.&en attended t+e class but +is brot+er was absent.

1 $1 $

b.b. ne!ual: +'"ota#is, +'"otactic (ne!ual: +'"ota#is, +'"otactic (α β γ δ ε φ γ α β γ δ ε φ γ -)-)ααinde"endent,inde"endent, ββ de"endent de"endent

&en arrived earl', w+ic+ sur"rises us.&en arrived earl', w+ic+ sur"rises us.

&en went to &ireueun, w+ere +is wife was born&en went to &ireueun, w+ere +is wife was born..

αα ββ



$ Logicose*antic /elation or Logical0se*antic /elation$ Logicose*antic /elation or Logical0se*antic /elation

2+at does clause 1 *ean to $ or2+at does clause 1 *ean to $ or αα toto ββ3434

2+at *eaning does clause 1 give to $ or2+at *eaning does clause 1 give to $ or αα toto ββ3434

1.1. #"ansion#"ansion

a.a. laboration e!uals4laboration e!uals4b.b. #tension 5 is added to4#tension 5 is added to4

c.c. n+ance*ent # is *ulti"lied b'4n+ance*ent # is *ulti"lied b'4

$. 6ro7ection$. 6ro7ection

a.a. LocutionLocution ““ double !uotes ("ro7ection of wording)double !uotes ("ro7ection of wording)

b.b. IdeaIdea ‘‘ single !uotes ("ro7ection of *eaning single !uotes ("ro7ection of *eaning))



Logical Meanings

L89IC80SA;TIC /LATI8; TAXIS

6aratactic

1, $, ...

<'"otactic

α, β ...

#"ansion

laboration

#tension 5

n+ance*ent #

6ro7ectionLocution =

Idea

1 $

1 5 $

1 # $

1 =$

1 $

α β

α 5 β

α # β

α =β

α β



Univariate

nivariate

and Multivariate

and Multivariate

ultivariate Anal'sisultivariate Anal'sis

8ne clause or one unit of clause is anal'>ed as8ne clause or one unit of clause is anal'>ed as+aving *ore t+an one function de"ending on t+e t'"e+aving *ore t+an one function de"ending on t+e t'"eof t+e etafunction (i. e. e#"eriential, inter"ersonal orof t+e etafunction (i. e. e#"eriential, inter"ersonal or

te#tual).te#tual).

ultivariate anal'sis is devoted to #"eriential,ultivariate anal'sis is devoted to #"eriential,Inter"ersonal and Te#tual ?unction. CLASInter"ersonal and Te#tual ?unction. CLAS

nivariate Anal'sisnivariate Anal'sis8ne clause is anal'>ed b' its function in its own8ne clause is anal'>ed b' its function in its ownrelation to anot+er clause for*ing a clause co*"le#.relation to anot+er clause for*ing a clause co*"le#.nivariate anal'sis is referred to t+e Logicalnivariate anal'sis is referred to t+e Logical

?unction. CLAS C86LX?unction. CLAS C86LX



Mutivariate and Univariate

utivariate and Univariate

Analysis

nalysis

2ell well o+n reall' do 'ou love t+e lad'32ell well o+n reall' do 'ou love t+e lad'3

Continuative @ocative Ad7unct ?inite

Te#tual Inter"ersonal

To"ical

T <

/ <

Ad7unct ?inite Sub7ect 6redicator Co*"le*ent

88/S0 0I

Circ: 6rocess Senser : ental 6+eno*enon

I love t+e lad' and s+e loves *e tooI love t+e lad' but s+e does not love *e

I love t+e lad' because s+e loves *e

I love t+e lad', w+ic+ sur"rises all t+e "eo"le

=I love t+e lad'B, +e said to *e

= I love t+e lad'B, +e t+oug+t



Paratactic Elaboration

1=2

This specifcally divides into

1. exposition ‘in other words P i.e. !

2. exe"plifcation ‘#or exa"ple P e. g. !$. clarifcation ‘to be precise P vi% !

The "an is blind & he cannot see anything

in other words

#or exa"ple

to be precise na"ely

that is

act'ally

really

defnitely

1 = 21. exposition( That cloc) does not wor)& its not wor)ing.

1 =2 Each arg'"ent was #atal to the other& both co'ld not be

accepted.* coded by a se"icolon +&,- or (rather)- in other words- that is- i. e.



6aratactic laboration6aratactic laboration2.2. exemplification:exemplification:- John is a naughty boy- he used to cheat hisJohn is a naughty boy- he used to cheat his

friends.friends.- His face is the same as everybody else has—theHis face is the same as everybody else has—the

two eyes, nose in the middle, mouth under.two eyes, nose in the middle, mouth under. stated by conunctives such asstated by conunctives such as for example, forfor example, for

instance, in particular, e. ginstance, in particular, e. g. or by the use of. or by the use of

hyphen !-"hyphen !-"

#.#. clarification:clarification:- He never said anything to her$ in fact his remar%He never said anything to her$ in fact his remar%

was evidently addressed to a tree.was evidently addressed to a tree.- & was not surprised—it was what & had expected.& was not surprised—it was what & had expected. coded by conunctives such ascoded by conunctives such as in fact, actually,in fact, actually,

indeed, at least indeed, at least oror viz viz ..



Hypotactic Elaboration

ypotactic Elaboration

αα ββ T'"icall' in non0defining relative clause. T+eT'"icall' in non0defining relative clause. T+e ββ *a' a""ear in*a' a""ear in (1)(1) ?inite and?inite and

($)($) ;on0finite clauses.;on0finite clauses.

?inite?inite ββ clauses wit+clauses wit+ whichwhich or ot+er "ronouns *a' refer or *odif' w+ose eit+er t+eor ot+er "ronouns *a' refer or *odif' w+ose eit+er t+e

w+ole of t+e "ri*ar'Ddo*inant clause or so*e "art of it t+at is *ore t+an aw+ole of t+e "ri*ar'Ddo*inant clause or so*e "art of it t+at is *ore t+an ano*inal grou"no*inal grou"

<is son graduated fro* 8#ford niversit', w+ic+ gives a good re"utation to<is son graduated fro* 8#ford niversit', w+ic+ gives a good re"utation tot+e fa*il'.t+e fa*il'.

His son graduated from Oxford University,His son graduated from Oxford University, w+ic+ givesw+ic+ gives

αα

ββ

a good re"utation to t+e fa*il'a good re"utation to t+e fa*il'. (whole clause). (whole clause) They stayed in Kisaran for two days, which is a good memory in their lives.They stayed in Kisaran for two days, which is a good memory in their lives. Clauses wit+Clauses wit+ which, that, whowhich, that, who oror whosewhose w+ose do*ain is a no*inal grou".w+ose do*ain is a no*inal grou". My son ought a new Toyota car, which is a genuine !a"anese car of the year.My son ought a new Toyota car, which is a genuine !a"anese car of the year. The ancient #ata$s usually elieve in datus, whose teachings ecame theThe ancient #ata$s usually elieve in datus, whose teachings ecame the

views of lifeviews of life



hole and Partial /o"ain

<is son graduated fro* 8#ford niversit' w+ic+ gives a good re"utation to t+e fa*il'w+ic+ gives a good re"utation to t+e fa*il'

T+e' sta'ed in Eisaran for two da'sT+e' sta'ed in Eisaran for two da's w+ere +is wife was born.in &ireuen

α

=β

α

β

They stayed in Bireuen for two days, which comforts the family.



Hypotactic Elaboration

ypotactic Elaboration

2+en a no*inal grou" is not in t+e final "osition of t+e "ri*ar' clause, t+e2+en a no*inal grou" is not in t+e final "osition of t+e "ri*ar' clause, t+e+'"otactic clause is often enclosed and is configured as+'"otactic clause is often enclosed and is configured as

α

<< =<< =β

>>>>

%nflation, which is an im"ortant indicator in economic develo"ment, struc$%nflation, which is an im"ortant indicator in economic develo"ment, struc$%ndonesia in &'' %ndonesia in &''

Clauses wit+Clauses wit+ whenwhen oror wherewhere w+ic+ +ave as t+eir do*ain of ti*e or "lacew+ic+ +ave as t+eir do*ain of ti*e or "lacesuc+ assuc+ as

e need a cooling "eriod, when the "rolems are ecoming less im"ortant e need a cooling "eriod, when the "rolems are ecoming less im"ortant

*he was orn in Kisaran, where the river of *ilau flows.*he was orn in Kisaran, where the river of *ilau flows.

;on0finite +'"otactic elaboration;on0finite +'"otactic elaboration He wor$ed in a farm at that time, growing rice.He wor$ed in a farm at that time, growing rice. He wor$ed in a farm at that time, which was growing rice.He wor$ed in a farm at that time, which was growing rice. That is his idea+to maintain the "urity of his ethnic grou" identity.That is his idea+to maintain the "urity of his ethnic grou" identity. There was a huge fire in ara"at, urning all trees all around.There was a huge fire in ara"at, urning all trees all around. %t-s my own inventionto $ee" clothes and sandwiches in.%t-s my own inventionto $ee" clothes and sandwiches in. He was an asolute loner of man, "ursuing some dream of ex"loration in theHe was an asolute loner of man, "ursuing some dream of ex"loration in the

/ungles. /ungles. More women in the 0ainet were announced, featuring movements againstMore women in the 0ainet were announced, featuring movements against

women discriminationwomen discrimination



He wor$ed in a farm at that time, growingHe wor$ed in a farm at that time, growing

rice.rice.

He wor$ed in a farm at that time, which wasHe wor$ed in a farm at that time, which was

growing rice.growing rice.



Final, Medial and InitialFinal, Medial and Initial ββ

I saw t+e *an, w+o attended t+e nig+t classes.I saw t+e *an, w+o attended t+e nig+t classes.

α

==β

T+e *an, w+o attended t+e nig+t classes, is *'T+e *an, w+o attended t+e nig+t classes, is *'

brot+er brot+er

α

<< =<< =β

>>>>



Etension

tension

15$15$

8ne clause e#tends t+e *eaning of anot+er b' adding8ne clause e#tends t+e *eaning of anot+er b' addingso*et+ing new to itso*et+ing new to it

Principal Markers of !tensionPrincipal Markers of !tension

"ate#ory"ate#ory Meanin# Meanin#

1.1. addition additiveD"ositive: and4 A and &addition additiveD"ositive: and4 A and &

additiveDnegative: nor4 not A and not &additiveDnegative: nor4 not A and not &

adversative: but4 A and conversel' &adversative: but4 A and conversel' & $. variation re"lacive: instead4 not A but &$. variation re"lacive: instead4 not A but &

subtractive: e#ce"t4 A but not all &subtractive: e#ce"t4 A but not all &

alternative: or4 A or &.alternative: or4 A or &.



!aratactic Etension "#$%&

aratactic Etension "#$%&

addition t'"e:addition t'"e: and, too, in addition, also, moreover, onand, too, in addition, also, moreover, on

the other hand,1the other hand,10 ' fat+er grows rice and *' *ot+er sells fruit.' fat+er grows rice and *' *ot+er sells fruit.

1 5$1 5$0 (I said) 'ou looed lie an egg, sirF and so*e eggs are(I said) 'ou looed lie an egg, sirF and so*e eggs are

ver' "rett', ('ou now).ver' "rett', ('ou now).0 T+e' did not co*e +ere, nor did t+eir sons.T+e' did not co*e +ere, nor did t+eir sons.0 S+e was sting', on t+e ot+er +and s+e was "us+'.S+e was sting', on t+e ot+er +and s+e was "us+'.

variation t'"e:variation t'"e: conversely, alternatively, on the otherconversely, alternatively, on the other

hand,hand, ---- on4t 7ust sit t+ere, but tell *e 'our na*e.on4t 7ust sit t+ere, but tell *e 'our na*e.

0 I s+ould +ave infor*ed 'ou about t+e *atter, onl' I0 I s+ould +ave infor*ed 'ou about t+e *atter, onl' Icouldn4t find 'our tele"+one nu*ber couldn4t find 'our tele"+one nu*ber ..



Hypotactic Etension

ypotactic Etension

α+βα+β

?inite?inite

con7unctions or con7unctives:con7unctions or con7unctives: whereas, while, exce"t that, ut (for the fact)whereas, while, exce"t that, ut (for the fact)that that (not in t+e sense of te*"oral).(not in t+e sense of te*"oral).

0 The oy o"ened the door, whereas his sister cleaned the floor.The oy o"ened the door, whereas his sister cleaned the floor.0 He "retended to $now all aout it, whereas in fact he had no idea (of whatHe "retended to $now all aout it, whereas in fact he had no idea (of what

was ha""ening).was ha""ening).0 The director did not attend the meeting exce"t that the "ersonal managerThe director did not attend the meeting exce"t that the "ersonal manager

was also on leave.was also on leave. ;on0finite;on0finite

con7unctions or con7unctives:con7unctions or con7unctives: esides, a"art from, instead of, other than,esides, a"art from, instead of, other than,withoutwithout --

0 e used to go away at the wee$end, ta$ing all our elongings with us.e used to go away at the wee$end, ta$ing all our elongings with us.0 #eside s"ending a wee$ in Kisaran, she searched for a "ros"ect for her#eside s"ending a wee$ in Kisaran, she searched for a "ros"ect for her

usinessusiness00 e stayed at home for days instead of following his instructions.e stayed at home for days instead of following his instructions.

00 They did everything without as$ing further instructions from her.They did everything without as$ing further instructions from her.

00 *he wandered on, tal$ing to herself (as she went out)*he wandered on, tal$ing to herself (as she went out)



<e was a soldier w+ile +is brot+er is a<e was a soldier w+ile +is brot+er is abusiness"ersonbusiness"erson

<e was in t+e ar*' w+ile +is brot+er was<e was in t+e ar*' w+ile +is brot+er wasserving in t+e ;av'.serving in t+e ;av'.

2e ca*e w+ile +e was reading a re"ort (not2e ca*e w+ile +e was reading a re"ort (not+'"otactic relation as it refers to ti*e)+'"otactic relation as it refers to ti*e)



e used to go away at the wee$end,e used to go away at the wee$end,

ta$ing all our elongings with us.ta$ing all our elongings with us.

e used to go away at the wee$end ande used to go away at the wee$end and

too$ all our elongings with us.too$ all our elongings with us.



!aratactic En'ance(ent

aratactic En'ance(ent

1#$1#$

a notion of coordination wit+ a circu*stantiala notion of coordination wit+ a circu*stantial

featurefeature

0 e#"ressed b'e#"ressed b'

(1)(1) con7unctionscon7unctions then, so, for, ut, yet, still then, so, for, ut, yet, still ,,

($)($) con7unction grou" wit+con7unction grou" wit+ and and :: and then, andand then, and

there, and thus, and so, and yet there, and thus, and so, and yet

(2)(2) and and in co*bination wit+ a con7unctive (t+at isin co*bination wit+ a con7unctive (t+at is

co+esive devicesGnot structural) suc+co+esive devicesGnot structural) suc+ asas

and at that time, and soon afterwards, and tilland at that time, and soon afterwards, and till

then ,and in that case, and in that way then ,and in that case, and in that way ..



En'ance(ent

n'ance(ent

#%

%

Categor'Categor' eaningeaning arersarers

1 te*"oral1 te*"oral

0sa*e ti*esa*e ti*e

0different ti*e: later different ti*e: later

0different ti*e: earlier different ti*e: earlier

A *eanw+ile & A *eanw+ile &

A subse!uentl' & A subse!uentl' &

A "reviousl' & A "reviousl' &

(and) *eanw+ile, (w+en)(and) *eanw+ile, (w+en)

(and) t+en, and 5 afterwards(and) t+en, and 5 afterwards

andDbut 5 before t+atDfirstandDbut 5 before t+atDfirst

$ s"atial$ s"atial

sa*e "lacesa*e "lace A t+ere & A t+ere & and t+ereand t+ere% *anner % *anner

0*eans*eans

0co*"arisonco*"arison

A is viaDb' *eans of & A is viaDb' *eans of &

A is lie & A is lie &

(and) in t+at wa', (and) t+us(and) in t+at wa', (and) t+us

(and) si*ilarl', (and) so, t+us(and) si*ilarl', (and) so, t+us

H causalGconditionalH causalGconditional

0causeGeffectcauseGeffect0effectGcauseeffectGcause

0condition: "ositivecondition: "ositive

0condition: negativecondition: negative

0concessionconcession ∧∧ conse!uenceconse!uence

0 conse!uenceconse!uence ∧∧ concessionconcession

because A so result &because A so result &because intension A so action &because intension A so action &

if A t+en &if A t+en &

if not A t+en &if not A t+en &

if A t+en contrar' to e#"ectation &if A t+en contrar' to e#"ectation &

contrar' to e#"ectation A t+en &contrar' to e#"ectation A t+en &

(and) so, (and) t+erefore(and) so, (and) t+ereforefor, becausefor, because

(and) t+en, (and) t+erefore(and) t+en, (and) t+erefore

or else, (or) ot+erwiseor else, (or) ot+erwise

but, (and) 'et, still, but 5but, (and) 'et, still, but 5nevert+elessnevert+eless

(t+oug+)(t+oug+)



Use o* !aratactic En'ance(ent

se o* !aratactic En'ance(ent

te*"oralte*"oral

It is t+e officer fro* t+e <ead 8ffice, now I +ave to tal to +i*It is t+e officer fro* t+e <ead 8ffice, now I +ave to tal to +i*S+e fired two s+oots, t+en t+e deer colla"sed to t+e ground.S+e fired two s+oots, t+en t+e deer colla"sed to t+e ground.

s"atials"atial

' son stood, and t+ere +e s+owed us +is "ower ' son stood, and t+ere +e s+owed us +is "ower

T+e *an stared at *e fro* a s*all +ole on t+e wall, t+ence I new +i*T+e *an stared at *e fro* a s*all +ole on t+e wall, t+ence I new +i*

*anner *anner

Sit t+ere and in t+at wa' 'ou can observe t+eir be+aviorsSit t+ere and in t+at wa' 'ou can observe t+eir be+aviors

<e looed at *e and so did +is co*"anion.<e looed at *e and so did +is co*"anion.

causal0conditionalcausal0conditional

<e did no want to interfere wit+ our "roble*s so +e said not+ing<e did no want to interfere wit+ our "roble*s so +e said not+ing

<e left !uicl' for +e did not want to interfere wit+ our "roble*.<e left !uicl' for +e did not want to interfere wit+ our "roble*.

T+e tiger la' *otionlessF still it breat+ed its "ower t+roug+ its silent roars.T+e tiger la' *otionlessF still it breat+ed its "ower t+roug+ its silent roars.

ven a s*all bo' nows t+e answer t+oug+ +e does not now t+e words.ven a s*all bo' nows t+e answer t+oug+ +e does not now t+e words.



!rincipal Mar)ers o* Hypotactic En'ance(ent

rincipal Mar)ers o* Hypotactic En'ance(ent

αβ

Categor'Categor' ?inite?inite ;on0finite;on0finite

con7unctioncon7unction con7unctioncon7unction "re"osition"re"osition

1 te*"oral1 te*"oral0sa*e ti*e: e#tentsa*e ti*e: e#tent

0sa*e ti*e: "ointsa*e ti*e: "oint

0sa*e ti*e: s"readsa*e ti*e: s"read0different ti*e: later different ti*e: later

0different ti*e: earlier different ti*e: earlier

as, w+ileas, w+ile

w+en, as soon as, t+ew+en, as soon as, t+e*o*ent*o*ent

w+enever, ever' ti*ew+enever, ever' ti*eafter, sinceafter, since

before, untilDtillbefore, untilDtill

w+ilew+ile

w+enw+en

sincesince

untiluntil

in (t+ein (t+ecourseD"rocess of)courseD"rocess of)

onon

after after

beforebefore

$ s"atial$ s"atial

0sa*e "lace: e#tentsa*e "lace: e#tent

0 sa*e "lace: "ointsa*e "lace: "oint

0 sa*e "lace: s"readsa*e "lace: s"read

as far asas far as

w+erew+ere

w+erever, ever'w+erew+erever, ever'w+ere



!rincipal Mar)ers o* Hypotactic En'ance(ent

rincipal Mar)ers o* Hypotactic En'ance(ent

Categor'Categor' ?inite?inite ;on0finite;on0finite

con7unctioncon7unction con7unctioncon7unction "re"osition"re"osition

% *anner % *anner

0*eans0*eans

co*"arisonco*"arison as, as if, lie, t+e wa'as, as if, lie, t+e wa' lielie b' *eans of b' *eans of

H causalGconditionalH causalGconditional

0 cause: reasoncause: reason

0 cause: "ur"osecause: "ur"ose

0 condition: "ositivecondition: "ositive

0 condition: negativecondition: negative

0 condition: concessivecondition: concessive

because, as, since, inbecause, as, since, incase, seeing t+at,case, seeing t+at,consideringconsidering

in order t+at, so t+atin order t+at, so t+at

if, "rovided t+at, asif, "rovided t+at, aslong aslong as

unlessunless

even if, alt+oug+even if, alt+oug+

if if

wit+, t+roug+, b',wit+, t+roug+, b',at, as a result,at, as a result,because of, in casebecause of, in caseof of

(in orderDso as) to,(in orderDso as) to,for (t+e sae of),for (t+e sae of),

wit+ t+e ai* of, for,wit+ t+e ai* of, for,fear of fear of

in t+e event of in t+e event of

but for, wit+outbut for, wit+out

des"ite, in s"ite of,des"ite, in s"ite of,

wit+outwit+out



Use o* Hypotactic En'ance(ent

se o* Hypotactic En'ance(ent

<e was absent because +e was ill<e was absent because +e was ill

αα ##ββ

2e were reading t+e boos w+en +e ca*e.2e were reading t+e boos w+en +e ca*e.

id 'ou see t+e *an w+en +e entered t+eid 'ou see t+e *an w+en +e entered t+e

roo*3roo*3

&efore going t+e sc+ool I +ave breafast&efore going t+e sc+ool I +ave breafast8n seeing t+e *an +e got ver' angr'.8n seeing t+e *an +e got ver' angr'.



Analy+in, Clause Co(plees

naly+in, Clause Co(plees

1.T+e doctor advised t+e "atient to sta' in t+e +otel1.T+e doctor advised t+e "atient to sta' in t+e +otelfor two wees, w+ic+ alleviate +er *ental stressfor two wees, w+ic+ alleviate +er *ental stress

$. T+e re"ort detailed t+at t+e detainee was strictl'$. T+e re"ort detailed t+at t+e detainee was strictl'interrogated and tortured, w+ic+ s+oced t+einterrogated and tortured, w+ic+ s+oced t+e

?ederal 9overn*ent?ederal 9overn*ent%. T+ere was a re"ort t+at t+e cases of dengue fever%. T+ere was a re"ort t+at t+e cases of dengue fever

were latel' s"otted in t+e area b' w+ic+ t+e 2<8were latel' s"otted in t+e area b' w+ic+ t+e 2<8"ro"osed t+at t+e territor' s+ould be !uarantined"ro"osed t+at t+e territor' s+ould be !uarantined

for social securit'.for social securit'.H. It was announced t+at t+e Co**ittee would beH. It was announced t+at t+e Co**ittee would bereadil' ins"ect if t+e nuclear "roliferation act wasreadil' ins"ect if t+e nuclear "roliferation act wasreified b' w+ic+ t+e countr' would be faced to t+ereified b' w+ic+ t+e countr' would be faced to t+einternational isolation.international isolation.



6ro7ection6ro7ection

'en said, (& will go to the party).'en said, (& will go to the party).

6ro7ecting

Clause

6ro7ected Clause

6ro7ecting 6rocess

1. @erbal 6rocess $%ocution&say, tell, as$, order, command,

instruct, confess, suggest, advise

re"ly - =

$. ental 6rocess $'dea&

thin$, $now, reali3e, rememer

want, wish, feel, hear, see, wonder

elieve -

/e"resentation of linguistic e#"erience in anot+er linguistic e#"erience



!aratactic and Hypotactic !ro-ection

aratactic and Hypotactic !ro-ection

<e said, =I will go to t+e "art'B. 6aratactic Locution<e said, =I will go to t+e "art'B. 6aratactic Locution

1 =$1 =$==I will go to t+e "art'B, +e saidI will go to t+e "art'B, +e said

= =1 $1 $

<e said t+at +e would go to t+e "art'. <'"otactic Locution<e said t+at +e would go to t+e "art'. <'"otactic Locution αα = =ββ

<e t+oug+t, = I will go to t+e "art'B. 6aratactic Idea<e t+oug+t, = I will go to t+e "art'B. 6aratactic Idea

1 $1 $

==I will go to t+e "art'B, +e t+oug+tI will go to t+e "art'B, +e t+oug+t

1 $1 $

<e t+oug+t t+at +e would go to t+e "art' <'"otactic Idea<e t+oug+t t+at +e would go to t+e "art' <'"otactic Idea

αα ββ



Pro0ection in ahasa ndonesiaPro0ection in ahasa ndonesia

TypesTypes ParatacticParatactic 3ypotactic3ypotactic

Loc'tiLoc'ti

ononenny ber)ata-enny ber)ata-

44 5aya a)an pergi )e5aya a)an pergi )e

pesta it'4.pesta it'4.

Dalam hati/hatiDalam hati/hatisaya berkata,saya berkata,

“Saya akan pergi“Saya akan pergike pesta itu.”ke pesta itu.”

eny "engata)aneny "engata)an

bahwa dia a)anbahwa dia a)an

pergi )e pesta it'.pergi )e pesta it'.

deadea +not available,+not available, 5aya pi)ir saya5aya pi)ir saya

a)an pergi )e pestaa)an pergi )e pesta



E6'ivalent to 12

tho'ght- 7 will b'y the car4.

/ala" hati saya ber)ata- 7 5aya a)an "e"beli "obilit'4.

3ati saya ber)ata- 75aya a)an "e"beli "obil it'4.

75aya a)an "e"beli "obil it'4- dala" hati saya ber)ata.

75aya a)an "e"beli "obil it'4- )ata hati saya.

8ata hati saya- 75aya a)an "e"beli "obil it'4.

95aya berpi)ir- 75aya a)an "e"beli "obil it'4.



.uasi/pro-ection

uasi/pro-ection

==Sa'a aan "ergi,B atan'aSa'a aan "ergi,B atan'a

==Sa'a aan "ergi,B "iir +ati sa'aSa'a aan "ergi,B "iir +ati sa'a

==Sa'a aan "ergi,B (adala+) atan'a.Sa'a aan "ergi,B (adala+) atan'a.

==Sa'a aan "ergi,B (adala+) "iir +ati sa'a.Sa'a aan "ergi,B (adala+) "iir +ati sa'a.

oter itu (adala+Ddi"eranan) &enoter itu (adala+Ddi"eranan) &en

@alue 6rocess: /elational Toen@alue 6rocess: /elational Toen

Eatan'a (adala+) =Sa'a aan "ergi.BEatan'a (adala+) =Sa'a aan "ergi.B6iir +ati sa'a (adala+) =Sa'a aan "ergi.B6iir +ati sa'a (adala+) =Sa'a aan "ergi.B

&en (adala+D*e*eranan) doter itu.&en (adala+D*e*eranan) doter itu.

Toen 6rocess: /elational @alueToen 6rocess: /elational @alue



Analysis

nalysis

Tec+ni!ues of Anal'sisTec+ni!ues of Anal'sis Tree diagra*Tree diagra* &raceting&raceting Lining u"Lining u"

T+e te#ts (Clause Co*"le#)T+e te#ts (Clause Co*"le#)

a.a. &en was absent because +e was ill&en was absent because +e was illb.b. &en was absent because +e was ill after +aving been&en was absent because +e was ill after +aving been

tra""ed in a +eav' rain.tra""ed in a +eav' rain.

c.c. &en said, =I will go to t+e "art' and tell t+e vet to as +is&en said, =I will go to t+e "art' and tell t+e vet to as +isstaff to ins"ect +orses in t+e far*, t+at +ave been infectedstaff to ins"ect +orses in t+e far*, t+at +ave been infected

b' viruses, w+ic+ +ad been s"reading in t+e area over t+eb' viruses, w+ic+ +ad been s"reading in t+e area over t+elast t+ree 'earsB.last t+ree 'earsB.

d.d. ou *a' leave now if 'ou +ave co*"leted t+e wor but 'ouou *a' leave now if 'ou +ave co*"leted t+e wor but 'ou*ust return if I call 'ou w+en I need 'ou to calculate t+e*ust return if I call 'ou w+en I need 'ou to calculate t+efund, w+ic+ we +ave s"ent on t+e "rogra*.fund, w+ic+ we +ave s"ent on t+e "rogra*.

11



11CC

α # β

&en was absent because +e was ill

$. α #β

%. &en was absent α because +e was ill #β



CC

α #β

α #β

&en was absentbecause +e was ill after +aving been tra""ed

in a +eav' rain

1

$ (α #β (α#β))

% &en was absent α because +e was ill #βα after +aving been tra""ed in a +eav' rain #β



CC

1 =$

1 5$

α =β

α “β

α β

&en said

I will go to t+e "art'

and tell t+e vet

to as +is staff

to ins"ect t+e +orses in +e far*

α β

t+at +ave been infected b' viruses

w+ic+ +ad been s"reading in t+e area overt+e last t+ree 'ears

I

II

III

I@

@

@I

1



2. 1 72+1 :2+α 7β+α 7β+α =β+α =β,,,,,

$. en said- 1 7 will go to the party 721

and tell the vet :2α

to as) his sta; 7βα

to inspect horses in the #ar"- 7βα

that have been in#ected by vir'ses- =βα

which had been spreading in the =βα

area over the last three years4.



CC

1 5$

α #β α #β

α #β

α #β

'ou *a' leave now if 'ou +ave co*"leted

t+e wor

but 'ou *ust return

if I call 'ou

to calculate t+e fund

t+at we +ave s"ent on t+e "rogra*

w+en I need 'ou

α β

I

II

III

I@

@

1



/erivational <la'ses

o' "ay leave b't yo' "'st ret'rn

o' "ay leave i# yo' have co"pleted thewor) b't yo' "'st ret'rn o' "ay leave i# yo' have co"pleted the

wor) b't yo' "'st ret'rn i# call yo'

o' "ay leave i# yo' have co"pleted thewor) b't yo' "'st ret'rn i# call yo' when need yo'

o' "ay leave i# yo' have co"pleted thewor) b't yo' "'st ret'rn i# call yo' when

need yo' to co'nt the "oney o' "ay leave i# yo' have co"pleted the

wor) b't yo' "'st ret'rn i# call yo' when need yo' to co'nt the "oney- that we havespent in the party>



2. ++1+α xβ,,, :2+α xβ+α xβ+α=β,,,

$

yo' "ay leave now 1α

i# yo' have co"pleted the wor) xβ

b't yo' "'st ret'rn :2α

i# call yo' xβα when need yo' xβα

to calc'late the #'nd- xβα

which we have spent on the progra" =β



!'asi*Pro0ection

7Pe"erintah a)an "enai))an ga0i P?5.8ita har's "e"perbai)i )eadaan

dan )ese0hateraan "ere)a. 3al ini

penting sebagi indi)ator perbai)an)ehid'pan4 )ata Menteri.

@naly%ing <la'se <o"plex




They said- 7en was absent beca'se he was ill4

They said- 7en was absent beca'se he was ill a#ter having been trapped ina heavy rain4

o' "ay go now i# yo' have co"pleted the wor) b't yo' "'st co"ebac) i# call yo'.

3e told 's that her #ather attended a "eeting and her "other visitedthe %oo- which was near "y school.

3e told 's that her #ather attended a "eeting and her "other visitedthe %oo- which s'rprised 's.

3e told 's that her #ather attended a "eeting and her "other visitedthe %oo- which s'rprised 's.

was absent beca'se o# Aohn was absent beca'se o# Aohns illness





1.3e told 's that her #ather wo'ld attend a"eeting and visit the %oo- which was near

o'r ho'se.

2. 3e told 's that her #ather wo'ld attend a

"eeting and visit the %oo- which s'rprised's.

$. 3e told 's that her #ather wo'ld attend a"eeting and visit the %oo- which s'rprisedo'r neighbo'r- who had "oved to the area

since 1BBC.




y g p

3e told 's that her #ather wo'ld attend a "eeting.

3e told 's that her #ather wo'ld attend a "eeting andvisit the %oo.

3e told 's that her #ather wo'ld attend a "eeting andvisit the %oo- which was near o'r ho'se.

3e told 's that her #ather wo'ld attend a "eeting andvisit the %oo- which was a s'rprise to 's.

l l )



8la'sa 8o"ple)s

8a"i diberitah' bahwa tetangganya

selal' berteng)ar- sehingga"eny'sah)an "ere)a tetapi"enyenang)an tetangga yang lain-

yang bar' pinda) )e te"pat it' )arena"ere)a terg's'r.

8ala' ada s'"'r di ladang

olehlah )ita "en'"pang "andi.

8ala' ada '"'r yang pan0ang-

Documents

Logical Function ,mmm