LOGICAL FRAMEWORK APPROACH Gilles Ceralli RT Méthodologie 19/06/2007

LOGICAL FRAMEWORK

APPROACH

Gilles CeralliRT Méthodologie

19/06/2007

PROGRAMME OF THE SESSION

1. Presentation of the logical framework approach

2. Case study: correction of a « bad » logframe

3. Checklist of the most frequently made mistakes

4. Logframe and writing of proposal 5. Logframe, monitoring and reporting

1.THE LOGFRAME APPROACH

LOGFRAME AND PROJECT CYCLE MANAGEMENT

1. Programme Strategic Framework

2. Identification & Development of the project

Logframe

3. Drawing up applications for funding

Logframe

4. Fund Raising

5. Recruitment of project staff

6. Effective launch of the projectLogframe

7. Implementation and monitoring of operationsLogframe

8. ReportingLogframe

9. Info to be communicated to the general public

and donors

10. Evaluation of operationsLogframe

11. Production of a document for capitalising on

experience

PROJECT CYCLE

What is a logical framework ?

The Logical Framework Matrix provides a summary of :

• Why a project is carried out• What the project is expected to achieve• How the project is going to achieve it• Which external factors are crucial for its success• Where to find the information required to assess the success of

the project• Which means are required• How much the project will cost

The Logical Framework Matrix

Organisations using the logframe

• AUSAID, Australia

• DANIDA, Denmark

• DFID, Great-Britain

• DGCD, Belgium

• DGCS - Min. of For. Aff., Italy

• European Commission

• FAO

• FINNIDA - Min. of For. Aff., Finland

• GTZ, Germany

• HELLASCO, Greece

• ICAX - Min. of Industry, Spain

• Intercooperation, Switzerland

• Int. Federation of Red Cross

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs, France

• Ministry of For. Aff, Luxembourg

• NORAD, Norway

• SIDA, Sweden

• UNDP

• UNIDO, Vienna

• USAID, USA

• WWF

Advantages of the logical framework

Problems are analysed systematically The objectives are clearly formulated,

logical and measurable The risks and conditions for success of a

project are taken into account There is an objective basis for monitoring

and evaluation

Your project proposal will be coherent

The logical framework approach

1. Analysis of the context

2. Problem analysis

3. Analysis of objectives

4. Analysis of the strategy

1. Logframe

2. Activity planning

3. Resources planning

Analysis phase Planning phase

Problem analysis

1. Identify the major problem faced by the beneficiaries

2. Identify the stakeholders affected in the proposed project

3. Develop a problem tree

Problem analysis

EFFECTS

CAUSES

Schools do not know the

existence of most of CwD

Most of the CwD are not oriented towards school.

Parents are reluctant to enrol

their CwD at school.

Most of the teachers do not

have the capacity to work with CwD

The educational material is

not adapted to teaching some CwD

Most of the children with disability are not enrolled in primary education schools

Most of the ordinary primary schools do not have the capacity and means to integrate CwD.

Problem tree

Buildings are not

accessible to CwD

Analysis of objectives

Transforming Problems into Objectives

Most of the CwD are not enrolled in primary education schools

Most of the CwD are not oriented towards school.

Most of the ordinary primary schools do not have the

capacity to integrate CwD.

Schools do not know the existence of most of CwD.

Parents are reluctant to enrol their CwD at

school.

Most of the teachers do not have capacity to work with CwD.

Buildings are not accessible to CwD.

Most of the CwD are enrolled in primary education schools

The educational material is not adapted to teaching some CwD.

Most of the CwD are oriented towards school.

Most of the OPS have the capacity to

integrate CwD.

Schools know the existence of most of CwD.

Most of the teachers have the capacity to work with CwD.

Parents encourage their CwD to enrol school.

Buildings are accessible to CwD.

The educational material is adapted to teaching all CwD.

Analysis of objectives

Objectives’ tree

MEANS

ENDSMost of the CwD are enrolled in

primary education schools


Most of the OPS have the capacity to integrate CwD.





The educational material is adapted to teaching all

CwD.

Analysis of strategy

SPECIFICOBJECTIVE (Project purpose)

EXPECTED RESULTS

(Outcomes)

OVERALLOBJECTIVE

CHOSEN STRATEGY

Most of the CwD are enrolled in primary education schools


Most of the OPS have the capacity to integrate CwD.





The educational material is adapted

The logframe

Levels of objectives

The broader impact(s) to which your project will contribute to, but will not enable to reach entirely

The outcome of your project, what should be achieved at the end of the project.

Specific outputs which will contribute to the realization of your project purpose

Concrete activities that will be undertaken during the project

Project Purpose

ExpectedResults

Activities

Overall Objective(s)

The logframe

Risk & Assumptions

Assumptions may be :

External factors that are important forthe success of the project

synergetic activities made by other actors

Pre-conditions must be achieved before the start of the activities

Intervention Logic

Overall Objectives

Project Purpose

Results

Activities

Risks & Assumptions

Pre-condi-tions

+

+

+

Intervention logic of project + Assumptions

IN OUT

Overall objective

Project Purpose

Results

Activities

+

+

+

Assumptions

Assumptions

Assumptions

Pre-conditionsIf the activities are carried out,and if assumptions are valid, then ...

The log-frame

Indicators versus criteria

Indicators must be « SMART »:

Specific = The indicator must specifically concern the objective or the result to which it relates. Measurable = The indicator must be tangible enough to be measured and assessed. Available = Is the indicator available at an affordable price and from a technical / administrative point of view ? Realist = Is the indicator realist enough to be achieved after the project implementation ? Or (pcm

handbook EU ) Time-bound = The indicator has to reached within a definite timeframe.

The logframe

Indicators

Do not make the confusion between « criteria » and « indicators » !

Examples of good indicators:

Objective : People have access to clean water

Quality : People have access to water that does not transmit diseases

Quantity : More than 80% of people in the region will have access to water that does not transmit diseases

Delay : Within 2 years, more than 80% of people in the region will have access to water that does not transmit diseases

Selection of sources of verification

Administrative/ financial

report

Management report

Monitoring data

Adapted monitoring statistics

Interviews of beneficiaries

Specialised surveys

Complexity

Cos

t

Logical framework

Activity-planning

Plan of action

Year Year 1 By whom?

Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 etc .

Activity 1

Activity 2

Activity 3

Activity 4

Activities Means Costs

Resource-planning

Year Year 1 By whom?

Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 etc .

Activity 1

Activity 2

Activity 3

Activity 4

Plan of action

Means: Budget

Human resources

Material/ Equipment

Travel etc.

Means/Budget

2.CASE STUDY

Correction of a « bad » logframe

LOGICAL FRAMEWORK 2004 - XXX

INTERVENTION LOGIC

OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICATORS

OF ACHIEVEMENT

SOURCES AND

MEANS OF VERIFICA-

TION

ASSUMPTIONS

OVERALL OBJECTIVES

- An increasing number of handicapped people are living independently and are well integrated in their communities- Orthopaedics devices for disabled people are provided in Yaoundé.

The majority of handicapped people experience improved living conditions

National survey

PROJECT PURPOSE

Improvement of the physical rehabilitation of disabled people in the Yaoundé region (Cameroon) . To provide physiotherapy service to disabled people of Yaoundé.

- Number of devices produced - Number of physiotherapy treatment provided- Large access to the Rehabilitation Centre

- Statistics, - patient database, - activity reports from the PRC;- evaluation report

EXPECTED RESULTS

1.1. Training of the technicians in the production of different type of orthopaedic appliances.

- training of the technicians - diversity of the appliances produced

- Statistics, patient database - Curriculum of the training- Production sheets

The training curriculum developed is appropriate to the needs of the country. Trainers are available

2.1. Training of the physios in various type of treatment

- training of the technicians - improvement in the quality of the treatments provided

- Statistics- patient monitoring sheet- National patient survey

3. The team of technicians and physios act in concert.

- Care is systematically prescribed by a multidisciplinary team.- Good collaboration between technicians and physios.

- Patient's file

4. To improve the accessibility of PRC care to the poorest patients.

- A pricing system is in force; - The beneficiary's contribution is proportional to their income; - At least 25% of patients come from the most underprivileged social classes.

- Statistics on visits to PRCs- Tariffs

ACTIVITIES

a) Personnel training

Selection of technicians10 orthopaedic workshops10 physio workshop

Project report

Availability of trainersAvailability of all materialInvolvement of partnersThe partner regularly pays the salaries of the technicians and physios.The poorest patients have the (material and financial) resources to travel to the centre

b) production of orthopaedic appliances

production of 55 major orthopaedic appliances on average (tibial and femoral prostheses, long and short ortheses) and providing 1000 physio sessions per month.

Project report

c) Setting up a system of tariffs

administrator Project report

d) work to increase awareness of multidisciplinarity and introduction of suitable procedures

Awareness activities Project report

e) Co-ordination and monitoring of the project and relations with partners and local authorities.

Programme director and administrator Project report

Prior conditions :

LOGICAL FRAMEWORK 2004 - XXX

INTERVENTION LOGIC

OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICATORS OF ACHIEVEMENT

Not SMART

SOURCES AND MEANS

OF VERIFICA-

TION

ASSUMPTIONS

OVERALL OBJECTIVES

- An increasing number of handicapped people are living independently and are well integrated in their communities- Orthopaedics devices for disabled people are provided in Yaoundé.

The majority of handicapped people experience improved living conditions

National surveyToo expensive and not listed in the activities

PROJECT PURPOSE

Improvement of the physical rehabilitation of disabled people in the Yaoundé region (Cameroon) .Only one purpose !To provide physiotherapy service to disabled people of Yaoundé.

- Number of devices produced - Number of physiotherapy treatment provided- Large access to the Rehabilitation Centre Sounds like an objective

- Statistics, - patient database, - activity reports from the PRC;- evaluation report

EXPECTED RESULTS

1.1. Training of the technicians in the production of different type of orthopaedic appliances. Formulated as an activity

- training of the technicians not IOV but activity- diversity of the appliances produced

- Statistics, patient database - Curriculum of the training- Production sheets

The training curriculum developed is appropriate to the needs of the country. Trainers are available

2.1. Training of the physios in various type of treatment

- training of the technicians - improvement in the quality of the treatments provided

- Statistics- patient monitoring sheet- National patient survey Too expensive and not listed in the activities

3. The team of technicians and physios act in concert.

- Care is systematically prescribed by a multidisciplinary team.- Good collaboration between technicians and physios.

- Patient's file

4. To improve the accessibility of PRC care to the poorest patients.

- A pricing system is in force; - The beneficiary's contribution is proportional to their income; - At least 25% of patients come from the most underprivileged social classes.

- Statistics on visits to PRCs- Tarifs

ACTIVITIESNot linked to outcomes

a) Personnel training

Selection of technicians10 orthopaedic workshops10 physio workshop

Project reportInputs

Availability of trainersAvailability of all materialInvolvement of partnersThe partner regularly pays the salaries of the technicians and physios.The poorest patients have the (material and financial) resources to travel to the centreCosts

b) production of orthopaedic appliances

production of 55 major orthopaedic appliances on average (tibial and femoral prostheses, long and short ortheses) and providing 1000 physio sessions per month.

Project report

c) Setting up a system of tariffs

administrator Project report

d) work to increase awareness of multidisciplinarity and introduction of suitable procedures

Awareness activities Project report

e) Co-ordination and monitoring of the project and relations with partners and local authorities.

Programme director and administrator Project report

Prior conditions : Missing

3.CHECKLIST

Top 23 of the most

commonly made mistakes

Top 23 of most frequent mistakes

Intervention logic:

1. Have only one specific objective.2. Have a coherence in the hierarchy between

objectives and results.3. Do not make any confusion between objectives,

means and activities.4. Formulate objectives and results as they were

already achieved.5. Limit yourselves to 6/7 results maximum.6. List activities per result or according to transversal

issue.


Indicators:

7. Define “SMART indicators” (no activity, no vague indicator like criteria).

8. Do not repeat indicators of results as indicators of objectives.

9. Do not transpose the activities as indicators of the results.

10. Identify indicators at the level of the overall objectives. The actors and funding bodies are more and more attached to measure the effects and the impact produced by the project

11. Define a reasonable number of indicators so as to be able to really follow them.


Sources of verification:

12. Do not define sources of verification that are too expensive or impossible to get.

In any case, if an expensive source of verification is mentioned, be sure to integrate it in the activities and within the budget

13. Do not provide sources coming only from HI

14. Do not mention too general sources (ex: statistics”) without providing the origin (ex: …from ministry of X)

36


Assumptions and risks:15. Be careful with the listing of assumptions

(considering the obligation of result of some donors!)

16. Do not define assumptions endogenous to the activities you should implement

17. Assumptions of results must be different from assumptions of objectives.

18. Do not forget pre-conditions.

19. Do not confuse assumptions and pre-conditions.


Activities:

20. Next to activities, mention the means (HR and material) and the costs.

21. Costs must be shown by family of activities and not for each activity.

22. Do not add activities which do not fit with the listed expected results

23. Do not express activities using vague verbs as “support”, “help”, etc

4.LOGFRAME AND WRITING OF PROJECT PROPOSALS

1. Executive summary2. Presentation of the organisation3. Project background4. Problem statement5. Partners and Beneficiaries6. Proposed solution (objectives,

actions, resources)7. Monitoring and evaluation8. Budget 9. Sustainability10. Annexes

Common structure of a narrative proposal

Link between logframe and narrative proposal

It is highly recommended to start with the logframe

– > so as everybody agree on the content of the project before any writing exercise

The narrative proposal enables to explain the links and coherence between the implemented activities, the expected results and the objectives.

The narrative proposal enables to further explain the activities listed in the logframe.

Logframe and writing of project proposals

The writing of a project is not the moment of its definition and conception!

A proposal is a crucial document: donors will decide whether or not to finance your project based on what you have written.

Necessity to well know the criteria of the donor.

Interlocking logframes

Why slicing a project proposal?

Even if it is usually more convenient to present your whole programme to a donor, such a funding strategy is less and less productive nowadays:– a too huge budget may frighten the donor;– a too large and general proposal will not be adjusted to the donor

priorities.

So there is an increased interest in delimiting project proposal, because of:– the rules of co-financing and the rules as regard the variation in the

funding plan– the increased competition and the necessity to present project that

perfectly stick to donors ’ priorities– visibility requirements imposed by any donor that finance your project,

and that are not always consistent with your real activities

How to slice a project ?

On a geographical basis: restrict the project proposal to one site of activities

As regards the duration of the project: present only one period of a pluri-annual project

At the level of expected results and implemented activities: method of interlocking logframes

Level of intervention : from project to component

Programme

Overall Objectives

Project Purpose

Results

Activities Results

ProjectPurpose

OverallObjectives

Activities Results

ProjectPurpose

OverallObjectives

Activities

Project Component

Example of interlocking logframe

ProgrammeOO : Most of the CwD are enrolled in primary education schools

PP.Most of the OPS have the capacity to

integrate CwD.

ER1. Most of the teachers have the capacity to work with CwD.

ER.2. etc

Activities ER1.

1. training sessions for deafness

2. training sessions for blindness

ER 1. Teachers are

trained to work with

deaf children

PP. Most of the

teachers have the

capacity to work with

CwD.

OO.Most of the OPS have the capacity to integrate CwD.

Activities ER1.

1. Training sessions on SL

2. Training sessions on

psychology for deaf child

ER 1. Teachers are

trained on Sign language

PP. Teachers are

trained to work with

deaf children

OO. Most of the

teachers have the

capacity to work with

CwD.

Activities ER1.

1. Sign language course

2. Pedagogy of SL teaching

Project Component

5. Logframe, monitoring and reporting

REPORTING ON LOGICAL FRAMEWORK

2004 - XXX

INTERVENTION LOGIC

OVI STATEMENT COMMENTS

- 500 devices are produced

- 700 devices produced

None

- 2 000 physiotherapy treatment provided

- 1200 treatement provided

- comment compulsory : IOV not achieved

- 3. Larger access to the Rehabilitation Centre for rural PwDs (30% improvement)

- 250 more PwDs benefiting treatement (urban and rural)

- comment compulsory : % is not mentionned and no specific data on rural PwDs

The physical rehabilitation of

disabled people in the Yaoundé region is

improved .

PROJECT PURPOSE OR EXPECTED RESULTS

Documents

LOGICAL FRAMEWORK APPROACH Gilles Ceralli RT Méthodologie 19/06/2007