Andrea Melisa R. Camba Assignment in PHL102 January 12, 20151.Defnition of logic.The term logic is rooted from the Greek word logos which is sometimestranslated as sentence, discourse, reason, rule and/or ratio. Briefy speaking, logic is the study of reasoning, or the study of the principlesand criteria of valid interference and demonstration. It attempts to make adistinction between good and bad reasoning. According to Aristotle, logic is new and necessary reasoning; new because itlets one learn what one does not know, and necessary because its conclusionsare inescapable. What is correct reasoning?, What distinguish a badargument from a good one?, How can we detect fallacy in reasoning? are justsome of the questions which are asked in this feld. 2.2 main divisions of Logic:Deductive reasoning (informally known as top-down logic) is a logicalprocess in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premisesthat are generally assumed to be true. It is basically a type of reasoning whichgoes from general to specifc. Deduction starts with an assumed hypothesis or theory, which is why it hasbeen called hypothetico-deduction. This assumption may be well-accepted or itmay be rather more shakynevertheless, for the argument is not questioned. Inductive reasoning or induction is reasoning from a specifc case or cases andderiving a general rule. It draws inferences from observations order to makegeneralizations. Inference can be done in four stages:I. Observation collection of facts without bias.II. Analysis classify facts, identify patterns of regularityIII. Inference from the patterns, infer generalizations about therelations between the factsIV. Confrmation testing the inference through further observation3.Other divisions based on mental operation:Simple Apprehension is the act of perceiving an object intellectually, withoutafrming or denying anything concerned with it. To apprehend is to take holdof a thing as if with the hand; an apprehension, is an intellectual grasping ofan object. The act of forming this mental image is called a conception and theproduct is the concept, idea or notion of the object. Judgment is the second operation of the intellect, by which it predicates theagreement or disagreement of the subjects attributes. The chief divisions ofjudgment are as follows: a priori (judgment is one in which the agreement ordisagreement is necessary and either can become so from their mereconsideration; e.g. God is infnite.) and a posteriori (agreement or disagreementof the ideas compared is not necessary and can be known from experiencealone; e.g. Columbus discovered America).Reasoning is the act of the mind where we draw a conclusion from a given setof validity-draws premises. The mind proceeds to central knowledge by way ofinference. 4.Importance of studying logic.Studying logic is very important for it prepares one to confront this world. Onewho understands what one believes logically, one will be able to defend itthroughout ones life. The study of logic allows one to comprehend how things function, and, as thisis applied increasingly in life (and the lives of others to which one is exposed), itallows one to better evaluate and asses situations.Also, logic is the basis of all existence and is used to understand aspects ofreality. With basic knowledge of this, one will increase the ability to survive andexist efectively in ones present reality. In addition, logic is necessary to analyze other peoples beliefs. Logicalfallacies are everywhere in a society. If one cannot detect the logical mistakesone hears, then how will he discern who is right? It is important to criticallyreason through the arguments of others. Some say logic is the truth and logic into every other subject. Its study shouldbe considered foundational to every educational curriculum for it stretches intoevery other subject. The laws of logic, in one way or another, are fundamentalto every academic discipline. http://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_logic.htmlhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/defnition/deductive-reasoninghttp://www.triviumpursuit.com/articles/why_study_logic.php