Location Strategies for the Initial Location Strategies for the Initial Hydrogen Refueling Infrastructure Hydrogen Refueling Infrastructure

in Floridain Florida

Michael Kuby, Seow Lim, Jong-Geun Kim, and James ClancyMichael Kuby, Seow Lim, Jong-Geun Kim, and James ClancyArizona State University, School of Geographical SciencesArizona State University, School of Geographical Sciences

Lee LinesLee LinesRollins College, Department of Environmental StudiesRollins College, Department of Environmental Studies

Ronald Schultz and Zhixiao XieRonald Schultz and Zhixiao XieDepartment of Geosciences, Florida Atlantic UniversityDepartment of Geosciences, Florida Atlantic University

This project is funded by the Florida Hydrogen Initiative (FHI)

Overview of FHI ProjectOverview of FHI Project

1.1. Spatial Decision Support System for Spatial Decision Support System for Optimal Station Location Optimal Station Location

2.2. Statewide StudyStatewide Study

3.3. Orlando StudyOrlando Study

4.4. Feasibility of Hydrogen Rental Car Feasibility of Hydrogen Rental Car Business at Orlando International AirportBusiness at Orlando International Airport

5.5. Renter Survey ResultsRenter Survey Results

6.6. Conclusions and Future WorkConclusions and Future Work

1. Spatial Decision Support System 1. Spatial Decision Support System for Optimal Station Location for Optimal Station Location

Purpose: plan a coordinated system of stations

GIS

What makes our approach different?What makes our approach different?

Max Arc Flows

Min Spanning Tree Min Average Distance

Our Approach is based on Our Approach is based on Flow-Capturing ModelsFlow-Capturing Models

Hodgson (1990), Hodgson (1990), Berman, Larson, and Berman, Larson, and Fouska (1992) Fouska (1992)

DDemand consists of emand consists of paths, not pointspaths, not points

Locate Locate pp facilities to facilities to capture the maximum capture the maximum volume of passing flowsvolume of passing flows

D

A C

B

AA BB CC DD

AA -- 1212 77 22

BB -- 33 55

CC -- 99

DD --

DDestination

Limited driving range of vehiclesLimited driving range of vehicles

Flow Refueling vs. Flow CapturingFlow Refueling vs. Flow Capturing

Original research funded by NSF Grant #0214630.Original research funded by NSF Grant #0214630.

Kuby, M., and S. Lim. 2005. The Flow-Refueling Location Problem for Alternative-Fuel Vehicles. Kuby, M., and S. Lim. 2005. The Flow-Refueling Location Problem for Alternative-Fuel Vehicles. Socio-Socio-Economic Planning SciencesEconomic Planning Sciences 39(2):125-145. 39(2):125-145.

Kuby, M. and S. Lim. Location of Alternative-Fuel Stations Using the Flow-Refueling Location Model And Kuby, M. and S. Lim. Location of Alternative-Fuel Stations Using the Flow-Refueling Location Model And Dispersion of Candidate Sites on Arcs. Dispersion of Candidate Sites on Arcs. Networks and Spatial EconomicsNetworks and Spatial Economics (in press). (in press).

25 15075OOrigin

A B

Linear Programming Formulation of Linear Programming Formulation of the Flow-Refueling Location Modelthe Flow-Refueling Location Model

ObjectiveObjective Variables Variables

ConstraintsConstraints

CoefficientsCoefficients

Qq

qqYfMax

Hh

qhqh QqYvb

KkHhvXa hkhk ;

Kk

k pX

hvqY

kX

hq

k

10 ; 10

{0,1}

0 else refueled; is qpath if 1qY

0 else open; are

hn combinatioin facilities all if 1hv

0 else open; isk facility if 1kX

qpath on volumeflow qf

qpath refuelcan h combo if 1 qhb

kfacility includesh combo if 1 hka

located be tofacilities ofnumber p

Spatial Decision Support System Spatial Decision Support System GIS + LP = SDSSGIS + LP = SDSS

Data Data processingprocessing

OptimizingOptimizingMapping Mapping

resultsresults

Two Solution AlgorithmsTwo Solution Algorithms

http://www.stumptown.com/diss/chapter2.html

2. Statewide Study2. Statewide Study

Detailed Path CheckingDetailed Path Checking

Trip Volumes Estimated by Trip Volumes Estimated by Gravity ModelGravity Model

Flows Estimated by Gravity Model

Actual Flows fromFDOT Data

Max Trips, Range=100, 5 StationsMax Trips, Range=100, 5 Stations

Max Trips, Range=100, 10 StationsMax Trips, Range=100, 10 Stations

Max Trips, Range=100, 15 StationsMax Trips, Range=100, 15 Stations

VMT vs Trips VMT vs Trips Range=100, 25 StationsRange=100, 25 Stations

Tradeoff CurveTradeoff Curve

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 5 10 15 20 25

Number of Stations

Per

cent

Ref

uele

d

Max Trips(100 mi)

Max Trips(75 mi)

Max VMT(100 mi)

Max VMT(75 mi)

Max Trips, Range=75, 10 StationsMax Trips, Range=75, 10 Stations

3. Orlando Study3. Orlando Study

Maximizing Refuelable TripsMaximizing Refuelable Trips25 Stations, Range=100 miles25 Stations, Range=100 miles

Tradeoff Curve (Range=100)Tradeoff Curve (Range=100)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

0 5 10 15 20 25

Number of Stations

Per

cent

4. Feasibility of Hydrogen Rental Car 4. Feasibility of Hydrogen Rental Car Business at Orlando Int’l AirportBusiness at Orlando Int’l Airport

Experience with RentingExperience with RentingAlt-Fuel VehiclesAlt-Fuel Vehicles

Barriers and Solutions:Barriers and Solutions:Markets/Consumer MotivationMarkets/Consumer Motivation

http://www.johnelkington.com/images/Slide14.jpg

Green consumers

http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2002/110-3/spheres-abs.html

Business Use of HOV Lanes

Preferred Parking at Theme Parks

http://www.dcrtna.com/fuelcell/images/Events/2004_LA_AutoShow.jpg

Technophiles/Car Buffs

Barriers and Solutions:Barriers and Solutions:Consumer ConcernsConsumer Concerns

www.familycar.com/CarRepair/Images/Stranded.jpg

Breakdowns Refueling

Safety

www.bellona.no/en/energy/hydrogen/report_6-2002/22966.html

Barriers and Solutions:Barriers and Solutions:Resale of Used VehiclesResale of Used Vehicles

www.virginia.edu

Respiratory Health Groups

www.free-nature-animal-butterfly-wallpaper.com/wallpapers/nature2.jpg

Environmental Groups

www.autoauditorium.com/TdS_Reports_2005/photos_010.html

Car Clubs

Government Fleets

http://www.happynews.com/living/money/consumer-rights-car.jpg

Barriers and Solutions:Barriers and Solutions:Cost of VehiclesCost of Vehicles

Will need government and corporate Will need government and corporate subsidies for subsidies for Purchase costsPurchase costsReplacement cost insuranceReplacement cost insurance

Partner with auto manufacturerPartner with auto manufacturerStart with HStart with H22-ICE converted cars?-ICE converted cars?

Barriers and Solutions:Barriers and Solutions:RevenueRevenue

HH22 demand may not provide steady demand may not provide steady

revenue streamrevenue streamRent standard cars alsoRent standard cars alsoRent hybrid cars alsoRent hybrid cars alsoTeach agents to recognize customers who Teach agents to recognize customers who

might upgrademight upgrade

5. Rental Car Attitudinal Survey 5. Rental Car Attitudinal Survey

Personal Intercept Attitudinal Personal Intercept Attitudinal Survey on HSurvey on H22 Fueled Vehicles Fueled Vehicles

International Drive International Drive - 2 shuttle bus terminals- 2 shuttle bus terminals- Summer 2005 - Summer 2005 - 90 surveys- 90 surveys

Orlando International Airport Orlando International Airport - car rental lobby- car rental lobby- Spring & Summer 2006 - Spring & Summer 2006 - 345 surveys- 345 surveys

Attitudinal Survey Respondents Attitudinal Survey Respondents (n=435)(n=435)

Origin Origin Occupation Occupation GenderGender FloridaFlorida 5 5 StudentStudent 14 14 MaleMale 176176Other USOther US 352352 Private Ind/BusPrivate Ind/Bus 168168 FemaleFemale 253253EuropeEurope 13 13 Govt/EducationGovt/Education 89 89Carib/B&BCarib/B&B 15 15 MilitaryMilitary 5 5UKUK 47 47 RetiredRetired 27 27S. AmericaS. America 3 3 OtherOther 128128

Household IncomeHousehold Income EducationEducation Under $30kUnder $30k 24 24 Less than High SchoolLess than High School 0 0$30k - $49k$30k - $49k 63 63 High SchoolHigh School 116116$50k - $99k $50k - $99k 176176 College GradCollege Grad 230230Over $100k Over $100k 145145 Post-Grad Deg.Post-Grad Deg. 83 83

Attitudinal Survey RespondentsAttitudinal Survey Respondents(continued)(continued)

Age Age Marital Marital ChildrenChildren19 – 29 19 – 29 40 Single 86 40 Single 86 00 63 63

30 – 39 30 – 39 125 Married 346125 Married 346 11 56 56

40 – 49 40 – 49 147147 2 2 175175

50 – 59 50 – 59 86 86 33 85 85

60+ 60+ 32 32 4+4+ 52 52

Survey Results: Survey Results: “Bundles” of Destinations“Bundles” of Destinations

0 20 40 60 80 100

Theme Parks or DowntownOrlando Only

Theme Parks Only

Beyond Orlando Area

Orlando and Kennedy SpaceCenter Only

Orlando and Tampa Area Only

Percentage of Total Visitors

Rating of Issues About Rating of Issues About Renting a HydrogenRenting a Hydrogen CarCar

3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

Using a pollution free vehicle

Fuel cost per mile comparable to gasoline

On-call, roadside repair service

Driving range of vehicle

Map of refueling stations

Full service refueling by trained mechanic

Opportunity to experience new technology

Exchange for gasoline car at no extra cost

Priority parking at theme parks

Opportunity to test drive before renting

1 (Not Important) to 5 (Very Important)

Would you be willing to pay more to Would you be willing to pay more to rent an Hrent an H22 car, and if so, how much? car, and if so, how much?

0255075

100125

150175200225

Number of responses

No $0-$5 $5-$10 $10-$15 $15-$20

Additional cost per day

51%

Willingness to detour for a HWillingness to detour for a H22 refueling refueling

station without considering it a hassle?station without considering it a hassle?

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%

Percent of responses

Up to 1mile

Up to 3miles

Up to 5miles

Morethan 5miles

Distance

6. Conclusions6. Conclusions

In Orlando, build 1In Orlando, build 1stst 15 stations on major 15 stations on major corridors/intersections, corridors/intersections, thenthen residential areas residential areas

Statewide, start with SE Fla and Orlando-Tampa, Statewide, start with SE Fla and Orlando-Tampa, then build outwards from those two clusters then build outwards from those two clusters

(similar to CA H(similar to CA H22 Highway) Highway) Model is conservative in assuming no detours off Model is conservative in assuming no detours off

shortest paths—survey shows otherwiseshortest paths—survey shows otherwise Majority of Orlando airport renters could be served Majority of Orlando airport renters could be served

by 3 stationsby 3 stations Most barriers to rental business are solvable IF cars Most barriers to rental business are solvable IF cars

can be acquired at reasonable costcan be acquired at reasonable cost

Future ChallengesFuture Challenges

Weight trips by likely early adopters (using Weight trips by likely early adopters (using NREL demand model)NREL demand model)

Coordinate metro scale and state scale Coordinate metro scale and state scale recommendationsrecommendations

Allow detours from shortest pathsAllow detours from shortest paths Identify partners for rental car businessIdentify partners for rental car business

AcknowlegementsAcknowlegementsThis research was funded by NSF This research was funded by NSF

(Decision Risk and Management (Decision Risk and Management Science Program) and US DOE/Florida Science Program) and US DOE/Florida Hydrogen Initiative, Inc.Hydrogen Initiative, Inc.

Models solved with Xpress-MP softwareModels solved with Xpress-MP softwareAny questions?Any questions?