Localized RCC: Nephron Sparing Surgery and alternative treatments Saleh A.Binsaleh
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Localized RCC: Localized RCC: Nephron Sparing Nephron Sparing Surgery Surgery and alternative and alternative treatments treatments Saleh A.Binsaleh Saleh A.Binsaleh
Localized RCC: Nephron Sparing Surgery and alternative treatments Saleh A.Binsaleh
Localized RCC: Nephron Sparing Surgery and alternative
treatments Saleh A.Binsaleh
Slide 2
Introduction The incidence of small incidental renal tumors is
increasing.The incidence of small incidental renal tumors is
increasing. Nowadays the trend in managing these tumors is toward
nephron-conserving surgery.Nowadays the trend in managing these
tumors is toward nephron-conserving surgery. Open partial
nephrectomy with its excellent 5 and 10 yrs oncologic follow-up
data is the gold standard,against which all other MINSS should be
compared.Open partial nephrectomy with its excellent 5 and 10 yrs
oncologic follow-up data is the gold standard,against which all
other MINSS should be compared. NSS provides cancer control
comparable with radical nephrectomy in selected pts with a small(4
cm or less) localized RCC.NSS provides cancer control comparable
with radical nephrectomy in selected pts with a small(4 cm or less)
localized RCC. (Uzzo&Novick,J.Urol 2001;166:6).
Slide 3
Introduction Minimally invasive NSS is relatively recent
advance that has gain considerable interest in the urologic
community.Minimally invasive NSS is relatively recent advance that
has gain considerable interest in the urologic community. Some of
the newer technologies still investigational.Some of the newer
technologies still investigational.
Introduction The first LPN was described by Winfield et al for
a woman with a lower pole caliceal diverticulum containing a stone.
(J. Endourol,7:521,1993).The first LPN was described by Winfield et
al for a woman with a lower pole caliceal diverticulum containing a
stone. (J. Endourol,7:521,1993). As compared to laparoscopic
Radical Nephrectomy, it is more technically challenging
procedure.As compared to laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy, it is
more technically challenging procedure. Technical difficulties are
encountered when securing renal hypothermia,renal parenchymal
hemostasis, pelvicaliceal reconstruction, and renorraphy.Technical
difficulties are encountered when securing renal hypothermia,renal
parenchymal hemostasis, pelvicaliceal reconstruction, and
renorraphy. Steps are essentially duplicating those of open partial
nephrectomy.Steps are essentially duplicating those of open partial
nephrectomy.
Slide 7
Indications Classical indications:Classical indications: -small
renal tumors. -Peripheral location. -Superficial. -Exophytic. As
the surgeon s experience increases:As the surgeon s experience
increases: more complex tumors can be done (tumors invading the
parenchyma to the collecting system,or renal sinus, complete
intrarenal tumors,tumor in a solitary kidney). more complex tumors
can be done (tumors invading the parenchyma to the collecting
system,or renal sinus, complete intrarenal tumors,tumor in a
solitary kidney).
Slide 8
Contraindications Renal vein thrombus/ IVC thrombus.Renal vein
thrombus/ IVC thrombus. Multiple renal tumors( more than
two).Multiple renal tumors( more than two). Locally advanced
disease.Locally advanced disease. Bleeding diathesis.Bleeding
diathesis. Morbid obesity.Morbid obesity. Prior renal surgery.Prior
renal surgery. General C/I to laparoscopic surgery.General C/I to
laparoscopic surgery.
C/I to Lap. surgery Relative contraindications:Relative
contraindications: -Morbid obesity. -Extensive Prior Abdominal or
Pelvic Surgery. -Pelvic Fibrosis. -Organomegaly. -Ascites
-Pregnancy. -Hernia. -Iliac or Aortic Aneurysm.
Slide 11
Pre-op. Preparation Same as for open approach.Same as for open
approach. Basic blood work.Basic blood work. Accurate
staging.Accurate staging. Three dimensional CT scan.Three
dimensional CT scan.
Slide 12
Surgical technique Transperitoneal.
anterior,anterolateral,lateral,upper pole apical tumors.
anterior,anterolateral,lateral,upper pole apical tumors.
Retroperitoneal posterior,posterolateral tumors.
posterior,posterolateral tumors.
Slide 13
Surgical technique -Cystoscopy, ureteral catheterization - Port
placement. - Hilar dissection and preparation for vessels
cross-clamping. - Mobilize and defat kidney. - Identify tumor.
-Laparoscopic ultrasonography and circumferential scoring. -Renal
hypothermia (if needed). cooling jacket,retrograde cold
perfusion,ice-slush. cooling jacket,retrograde cold
perfusion,ice-slush. -Hilar cross-clamping (preceded by intravenous
mannitol).
Slide 14
Surgical technique -Tumor excision. -Renal tumor bed biopsy and
frozen section. - Pelvicaliceal repair (if necessary). - Specific
figure-of-eight sutures to control transected parenchymal vessels.
- Hemostatic renorraphy over bolsters. - Unclamp hilum, confirm
hemostasis. - Jackson-Pratt drain.
Lap. Partial nephrectomy Transperitoneal laparoscopic partial
nephrectomy. Individual dissection of the renal artery and vein is
not necessary, and a laparoscopic Satinsky clamp is used to control
the renal hilum en bloc. The inset shows a four- port arrangement,
with a 2-mm needle port positioned laterally.
Slide 19
Lap. Partial nephrectomy Retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial
nephrectomy. Owing to the somewhat restricted retroperitoneal
operative space, the Satinsky clamp is not used. Instead, the renal
artery and vein are dissected individually and controlled with
separate laparoscopic bulldog clamps. Inset shows the three-port
retroperitoneoscopic approach.
Slide 20
Lap. Partial nephrectomy Tumor excision performed with cold
Endoshears in a bloodless operative field. The calyx abutting the
tumor is entered deliberately, as necessary, to maintain an
adequate parenchymal margin.
Slide 21
Lap. Partial nephrectomy Retrograde injection of dilute indigo
carmine through an indwelling ureteral catheter precisely
delineates the site of caliceal entry in the partial nephrectomy
bed.
Slide 22
Lap. Partial nephrectomy Caliceal suture repair performed using
intracorporeal freehand laparoscopic suturing. A CT-1 needle with
2-0 Vicryl is employed to achieve a watertight closure.
Slide 23
Lap. Partial nephrectomy Renal parenchymal reconstruction. A
GS-25 needle with 0 Vicryl is employed to place wide parenchymal
sutures. Typically, three to four sutures are needed.
Slide 24
Lap. Partial nephrectomy Pre-prepared bolsters of Surgicel are
placed in the parenchymal defect before cinching down the
sutures.
Slide 25
Hand-Assisted LPN Only one report of 11 cases has been
published.Only one report of 11 cases has been published. Stifelman
et al, J Endourol,15:161,2001. Stifelman et al, J
Endourol,15:161,2001. Higher cost(hand port device).Higher
cost(hand port device). Larger incision.Larger incision. Shorter
operation time.Shorter operation time. ? More secure hemostasis (
hand compression).? More secure hemostasis ( hand
compression).
Oncologic Data Lap.Vs open partial nephrectomyLap.Vs open
partial nephrectomy -Gill IS,Matin,Desai, et al;J Urol. 2003 -200
cases( 100 in each arm.)
Slide 28
Lap.Vs open partial nephrectomy ItemLap.Open P value No. of
pts. 100100 Med. Tumor size. 2.8 cm 3.3 cm 0.005 Solitary kidney
7280.001 Central tumor 35%33%0.83 Med.Preop.Creatinine 1.0 mg/dL
Med. Surgical time 3 hours 3.9 hours < 0.001
Slide 29
Lap.Vs open partial nephrectomy ItemLap.Open P value Blood loss
125ml250ml < 0.001 Warm ischemia time 28 min 18 min < 0.001
Analgesia requirement 20.2 mg MS 252.5 mg MS < 0.001 Hospital
stay 2 days 5 days < 0.001 Convalescence 4 weeks 6 weeks <
0.001 Intraop. Comp. 5%0%0.02 Postop. Comp. 9%14%0.27
Slide 30
Lap.Vs open partial nephrectomy ItemLap.Open P value
Postop.creatinine 1.0 mg/dL 1.1 mg/dL 0.99 + surgical margin 300.11
Med. Width of margin 4mm4mm0.11 Lost kidneys due to warm ischemia
00 Local recurrences 00 Port site recurrences 0N/A
Slide 31
Lap.Vs open partial nephrectomy ItemLap.Open P value
Postop.creatinine 1.0 mg/dL 1.1 mg/dL 0.99 + surgical margin 300.11
Med. Width of margin 4mm4mm0.11 Lost kidneys due to warm ischemia
00 Local recurrences 00 Port site recurrences 0N/A
Slide 32
Oncologic Data World wide single institution World wide single
institution experiences with lap. Partial experiences with lap.
Partial Nephrectomy. Nephrectomy.
Slide 33
Oncologic Data
Slide 34
Slide 35
Financial analysis Steinberg, Desai, Gill, et al.Steinberg,
Desai, Gill, et al. -financial analysis of lap. Vs open partial
nephrectomy. -J Endourol. (in press). -Retrospective analysis of 30
pts undergoing either partial lap.(15),or open(15) nephrectomy.
-All pts had normal contralateral kidney -Uncomplicated
perioperative course.
Slide 36
Financial analysis ItemLap.Open P value Tumor size 2.4 cm 2.5
cm 0.50 Intraop. Cost 20.1% greater < 0.001 Postop. cost 55%
lesser < 0.001 Overall hospital cost 15.6% lesser 0.002
Slide 37
Conclusions Advanced procedure.Advanced procedure. Carries
higher intraop./postoperative complications.Carries higher
intraop./postoperative complications. As surgeon experience
increases, the rate of complications decreases, and the indications
for more complex cases increases.As surgeon experience increases,
the rate of complications decreases, and the indications for more
complex cases increases. Emerging as a viable and efficient
treatment option in the minimally invasive armamentarium.Emerging
as a viable and efficient treatment option in the minimally
invasive armamentarium.
Slide 38
MINSS Renal Cryotherapy
Slide 39
Introduction First known report of renal cryotherapy in human
was by Uchida et al (Br J Urol,75:132,1995).First known report of
renal cryotherapy in human was by Uchida et al (Br J
Urol,75:132,1995). An energy-based tissue ablation.An energy-based
tissue ablation. One of the most studied ablative technique.One of
the most studied ablative technique. The aim is to achieve targeted
destruction of a predetermined volume of tissue (the tumor and a
surrounding margin of healthy parenchyma).The aim is to achieve
targeted destruction of a predetermined volume of tissue (the tumor
and a surrounding margin of healthy parenchyma). Can be done
laparoscopic or percutanous.Can be done laparoscopic or
percutanous. Various modalities available, differ in the type of
ablation energy.Various modalities available, differ in the type of
ablation energy.
Slide 40
M/A The targeted tissue is rapidly frozen in situ, followed by
sloughing of the devitalized tissue and healing by secondary
intention over time.The targeted tissue is rapidly frozen in situ,
followed by sloughing of the devitalized tissue and healing by
secondary intention over time. Essential features:rapid
freezing,slow thawing, and repetition of the freeze-thaw
cycle.Essential features:rapid freezing,slow thawing, and
repetition of the freeze-thaw cycle. Cytonecrosis is the result of
two step process:Cytonecrosis is the result of two step process: 1-
rapid intracellular ice formation 2- delayed microcirculatory
failure during the thaw phase of the cycle.
Slide 41
M/A The lethal temp. required for death of normal and cancerous
renal cells is near 40C.The lethal temp. required for death of
normal and cancerous renal cells is near 40C. (Chosy et
al.predictor of tissue necrosis in swine. J Urol.1998;159:1370).
(Chosy et al.predictor of tissue necrosis in swine. J
Urol.1998;159:1370). Others: 20C (Chosy et al, 1996; Campbell et
al, 1998; Bishoff et al, 1999; Gill and Novick, 1999). Various
cryogens available (for freezing): liquid argon, and liquid
nitrogen are the two most commonly used.Various cryogens available
(for freezing): liquid argon, and liquid nitrogen are the two most
commonly used. For thawing phase helium gas usually used.For
thawing phase helium gas usually used. The cryoprobe affect the
size and efficiency of the cryolesion.The cryoprobe affect the size
and efficiency of the cryolesion.
Slide 42
M/A Cryolesion created by a 3.4 mm diameter cryoprobe.
Slide 43
Indications Small lesions(less than 3cm).Small lesions(less
than 3cm). - larger lesions will require 2 or more
probes,technically difficult, might leave residual tumor. - larger
lesions will require 2 or more probes,technically difficult, might
leave residual tumor. Solitary lesion.Solitary lesion. Located away
from the collecting system.Located away from the collecting system.
Elderly pts.Elderly pts.
Slide 44
Contraindications Coagulopathy.Coagulopathy. Significant post
op. adhesions.Significant post op. adhesions. Intrarenal,centrally
located tumor.Intrarenal,centrally located tumor.
Slide 45
Technique Open,laparoscopic or percutanous.Open,laparoscopic or
percutanous. Real-time imaging of the tumor.Real-time imaging of
the tumor. - CT/MRI not proven reliable modality for detection the
progression of the ice-ball. - CT/MRI not proven reliable modality
for detection the progression of the ice-ball. - USS with color
Doppler appears promising. - USS with color Doppler appears
promising. Pre-plan the angle and depth of the probe.Pre-plan the
angle and depth of the probe. Needle biopsy of the tumor.Needle
biopsy of the tumor. Insert the cryoprobe to the center of the
tumor, and advance up to or just beyond the inner(deep) margin of
the tumor.Insert the cryoprobe to the center of the tumor, and
advance up to or just beyond the inner(deep) margin of the tumor.
Cryolesion should be 1cm larger than the tumor.Cryolesion should be
1cm larger than the tumor. Use lap. USS, or MRI compatible
cryosystem for the percutanous route.Use lap. USS, or MRI
compatible cryosystem for the percutanous route.
Slide 46
Cryotherapy
Slide 47
Cryotherapy
Slide 48
Complications Potential complications include:Potential
complications include: -urinary fistula. -Post-op hemorrhage.
-Injury to the collecting system. -Injury to the adjacent
structures(bowel,liver).
Slide 49
Clinical points Renal artery clamping does not facilitate the
freezing process, and has no clinical significance, as evident by
canine model.Renal artery clamping does not facilitate the freezing
process, and has no clinical significance, as evident by canine
model. Cryoinjury to the collecting system with the ice ball in the
absence of physical puncture with the probe tip does not seem to
result in urinary extravasations.Cryoinjury to the collecting
system with the ice ball in the absence of physical puncture with
the probe tip does not seem to result in urinary extravasations.
Cryoablation does not lead to significant systemic hypothermia, or
hypertension.Cryoablation does not lead to significant systemic
hypothermia, or hypertension. The ischemic necrotic renal
cryolesion, which remains in situ does not have significant impact
on the renal function over long term follow-up of up to 20
months.The ischemic necrotic renal cryolesion, which remains in
situ does not have significant impact on the renal function over
long term follow-up of up to 20 months. (Carvalhal et al. Urology
2001;58:357-61). (Carvalhal et al. Urology 2001;58:357-61).
Slide 50
Oncologic data 5 years follow-up data still lacking.5 years
follow-up data still lacking. Gill et al, Urology 2000;56:748.Gill
et al, Urology 2000;56:748. -32 pts -Lap.trans./retroperitoneal
approach. -Mean tumor size=2.3 cm. -Double freeze-thaw cycle. -Mean
surgical time=2.9 hours. -The cryoablation time=15.1 min. -Blood
loss=66.8ml. -Hospital stay: less than 23 hours in 69%. -20 pts
completed 1 yr F/U: 5 pts no tumor seen in subsequent MRI, tumor
reduction by 66% in the remaining 15 pts.
Slide 51
Oncologic data Shingleton et al.J Urol 2002;167:167.Shingleton
et al.J Urol 2002;167:167. -55 pts. -Percutanous cryoablation. -2
or 3 mm cryoprobe used under MRI. -18 months F/U. -50 pts had no
radiologic evidence of local disease recurrence. -7 pts(14%)
required more than one treatment session,due to incomplete tumor
ablation. -2 pts had local residual disease. -No complications
intraoperatively. -No post op. biopsy data or serial measurment of
the cryolesions post op. reported.
Slide 52
Oncologic data Steinberg A. et al. 3yrs F/U of lap. Renal
cryoablationSteinberg A. et al. 3yrs F/U of lap. Renal cryoablation
(in press). (in press). -25 pts. -F/U includes: abdominal MRI on
post op. day 1, months1,3,6,12, and semiannually after.CXR,CT
guided tru-cut biopsy of the lesion at 6 months post op. -3 years
follow-up ( the longest F/U clinical data). -The mean tumor
size:2.3 cm. -Pre-op. biopsy confirming RCC:61%. -Mean cryolesion
diameter at 1,2,3 years:2,1.4,0.9 cm respectively. -No lesions seen
at the last MRI: 31%. -2 pts had residual tumor with F/U CT biopsy,
both had uneventful lap. Radical nephrectomy.
Slide 53
Conclusion The most clinically applied procedure among all
probe-ablative techniques.The most clinically applied procedure
among all probe-ablative techniques. Important critique: lack of
histologic data after cryoablation to ascertain completeness of
tumor destruction or to verify surgical margins.Important critique:
lack of histologic data after cryoablation to ascertain
completeness of tumor destruction or to verify surgical margins.
Needs long term F/U with MRI/CT scanning complimented by needle
biopsy evaluation.Needs long term F/U with MRI/CT scanning
complimented by needle biopsy evaluation. Should be still
developmental, and limited to selected pts.Should be still
developmental, and limited to selected pts.
Slide 54
MINSS Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
Slide 55
Introduction Heat-based tissue ablation.Heat-based tissue
ablation. High-frequency electrical current creates molecular
friction, denaturation of cellular protein, and cell membrane
disintegration.High-frequency electrical current creates molecular
friction, denaturation of cellular protein, and cell membrane
disintegration. The necessary temp. required for tissue destruction
is 40-70 C.The necessary temp. required for tissue destruction is
40-70 C.
Slide 56
Techniques Laparoscopic or percutaneous.Laparoscopic or
percutaneous. RFA can be performed using a dry or wet technique.RFA
can be performed using a dry or wet technique. In the wet type:
hypertonic saline is used, which promotes centrifugal dissipation
of the RF energy, resulting in rapid creation of larger
radiolesions without the early tissue desiccation as seen in the
dry type.In the wet type: hypertonic saline is used, which promotes
centrifugal dissipation of the RF energy, resulting in rapid
creation of larger radiolesions without the early tissue
desiccation as seen in the dry type. USS,CT,or MRI is used to
roughly monitor the boundaries of the treatment.USS,CT,or MRI is
used to roughly monitor the boundaries of the treatment. Post
operatively monitoring by loss of contrast enhancement on CT
scan.Post operatively monitoring by loss of contrast enhancement on
CT scan.
Slide 57
RFA RF probe, with its semicircular umbrella-shaped tines.
Slide 58
RFA Gross photograph of a radiolesion at day 7 denotes clear
horizontal demarcation of the nonviable radioablated lower pole.
(From Hsu TH, Fidler ME, Gill IS. Radiofrequency ablation of the
kidney: acute and chronic histology in porcine model. Urology
2000;56:872).
Slide 59
Oncologic data First described in 1999 by Zlotta et al, and
nowadays there are 4 institutions reported their initial clinical
experience.First described in 1999 by Zlotta et al, and nowadays
there are 4 institutions reported their initial clinical
experience. 1-National institute of health:2002 - 21 pts/24
percutaneous renal RFA. - tumor size:3 cm or less. -19 pts with VHL
syndrome. -50 W,460 kHz electrosurgical generator. -15 G coaxial
probe used. -At least two, 10-15 min ablation cycles. -Under USS or
CT scan guidance. -Conscious sedation used. -F/U at 2 months, tumor
size decreased from 2.4 cm to 2cm, and 79% of tumors ceased to
enhance on contrast CT scan. -No post op. biopsy data were
reported.
Slide 60
Oncologic data 2- Massachusetts General Hospital:2000 -24 P/C
RFA done 9 pts with RCC. -6 tumors had no enhancement post op,
while 9 tumors(33%) required repeat treatment due to continuous
enhancement post op. 3- Johns Hopkins experience:2002 -22 CT guided
P/C RFA. -17 poor surgical risk pts. -Mean tumor size: 1.9 cm.
-2-3.5 cm probe was used. -One pt required repeat treatment due to
persistence enhancement post op. -The remaining 21 lesions had no
evidence of enhancement on F/U imaging at a mean time of 3.2
months.
Slide 61
Oncologic data 4- Randon et al,Toronto,2002: -10 pts with small
renal lesions. -Acute group:4 pts,open RFA followed by immediate
open partial or radical nephrectomy. -Delayed group:6 pts,P/C RFA
under LA followed 7 days later by open partial or radical
nephrectomy. -Mean tumor size:2.4 cm. -A median of 2 RFA cycles
used, with a mean heating time of 17 mins. -Residual tumor on
histopathology exam in 4 of 5 tumors(80%) in the acute group, and
in 3 of 6 tumors(50%) in the delayed group. -One pt complication:
hepatic hematoma,biliary fistula,and pneumonia. -Concluded:complete
cell death was difficult to achieve with the current treatment
protocol.
Slide 62
Conclusion RFA still developmental for renal use.RFA still
developmental for renal use. Long term prospective trials still
lacking.Long term prospective trials still lacking. So far for
monitoring the RFA intensity intra-op., there is no imaging
modality that can in real time ensure a sufficient extent of tissue
ablation while avoiding injury to normal adjacent parenchyma.So far
for monitoring the RFA intensity intra-op., there is no imaging
modality that can in real time ensure a sufficient extent of tissue
ablation while avoiding injury to normal adjacent parenchyma.
Slide 63
MINSS High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)
Slide 64
HIFU Potentially the least invasive tumor ablation technique
(Extracorporeal).Potentially the least invasive tumor ablation
technique (Extracorporeal). Employs beams of ablative US
frequency,generated by piezoelectric element,focused by a
paraboloid reflector.Employs beams of ablative US
frequency,generated by piezoelectric element,focused by a
paraboloid reflector. This beam is focused on the lesion, like
ESWL, US lithotripsy.This beam is focused on the lesion, like ESWL,
US lithotripsy. Resulting in thermal destruction - tissue cooking
(temp. raise by 70-80 C in the target lesion).Resulting in thermal
destruction - tissue cooking (temp. raise by 70-80 C in the target
lesion). Initially used for BPH,and Pca.Initially used for BPH,and
Pca. Lots of concerns in regard to incomplete tumor ablation, and
superficial skin burns.Lots of concerns in regard to incomplete
tumor ablation, and superficial skin burns.
Slide 65
HIFU Several studies report the use of HIFU to treat benign and
malignant kidney tumors of animals, and one report in human.Several
studies report the use of HIFU to treat benign and malignant kidney
tumors of animals, and one report in human.
Slide 66
HIFU Kohrmann et al, 2002:Kohrmann et al, 2002: -report on one
pt with 3 renal tumors(2.3,1.4,2.8cm), who had HIFU in 3 sessions
under general or sedation anesthesia. -US pulses used at intervals
of 15 sec.,and duration of 4 sec. -F/U with MRI: necrosis of the
two lower pole tumors within 17,48 days respectively. -The upper
pole tumor was not affected due to absorption of the energy by the
interposed ribs. -At 6 months F/U: the two lower pole tumors had
shrunken in size to 8,11mm respectively. -Concluded:HIFU is a
potential effective technique,once the visualization problem of the
target lesion, skin protection against burns have been solved.
Slide 67
Conclusions HIFU offers complete noninvasive ablation.HIFU
offers complete noninvasive ablation. Challenges include control
over energy deposition,monitoring of treatment,adjustment for
target movement.Challenges include control over energy
deposition,monitoring of treatment,adjustment for target movement.
Data on safety,histologic effect,clinical efficacy still
lacking.Data on safety,histologic effect,clinical efficacy still
lacking.
Slide 68
MINSS Intracavitary photon radiation
Slide 69
A steriotactic radio-surgery.A steriotactic radio-surgery. Used
initially for brain tumors.Used initially for brain tumors. Also
applied for radio-resistant RCC metastatic lesions.Also applied for
radio-resistant RCC metastatic lesions. Deliver targeted high dose
radiation for a precise site causing coagulative necrosis, while
preserving normal surrounding tissues.Deliver targeted high dose
radiation for a precise site causing coagulative necrosis, while
preserving normal surrounding tissues. Additional experimental and
clinical work is necessary to evaluate its role in renal
cancer.Additional experimental and clinical work is necessary to
evaluate its role in renal cancer.
Slide 70
MINSS Microwave thermotherapy
Slide 71
Experimental in rabbit kidneys.Experimental in rabbit kidneys.
Major experience with the prostate.Major experience with the
prostate. Maintaining temperature greater than 60C for 60 sec.,
causes coagulative necrosis.Maintaining temperature greater than
60C for 60 sec., causes coagulative necrosis. Can be done by
laparoscopic or percutaneous approach.Can be done by laparoscopic
or percutaneous approach. No significant clinical data have been
reported to date using this modality.No significant clinical data
have been reported to date using this modality.