Local Adaptation Plan of Action (LAPA)-District Rajanpur

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Local Adaptation Plan of Action (LAPA)-District Rajanpur

Acknowledgement

Local Adaptation Plans of Actions (LAPA) was prepared by the DevCon Development Consultants under

the project called “GROW campaign” a joint collaboration of Oxfam in Pakistan and Indus Consortium and

implemented in Rajanpur, Layyah, Multan, Rawalpindi and Lahore districts.

Special thanks to the representatives of the government line departments, civil society, media, farmers and

academia for providing information and support in consultation workshops/meetings. The DevCon team

extends its appreciation to the management and project staff of Oxfam Pakistan and Indus Consortium for

their continuous support and collaboration during the assignment.

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgement......................................................................................................................................... 1

1. Background ............................................................................................................................................... 3

2. Purpose ...................................................................................................................................................... 3

3. Key Objectives .......................................................................................................................................... 4

4. Methodology ............................................................................................................................................. 4

5. Geography ................................................................................................................................................. 5

6. Administration .......................................................................................................................................... 6

7. Secondary Data Findings .......................................................................................................................... 6

7.1. Climate Change Trends in Pakistan ................................................................................................... 7

7.2. Institutional Arrangement for Climate Change .................................................................................. 7

7.3. Economic Relevance of Agriculture .................................................................................................. 9

7.4. Land se ............................................................................................................................................... 9

7.5. Food Security and Nutrition ............................................................................................................. 10

7.6. Challenges for the Agricultural Sector ............................................................................................. 10

7.7 Agriculture and Climate Change ....................................................................................................... 11

7.8 Climate Change and Agriculture in Punjab ....................................................................................... 11

7.9 Climate Change and Agriculture in District Rajanpur ...................................................................... 12

8. Primary Data Findings ............................................................................................................................ 12

8.1. Issues ................................................................................................................................................ 12

8.2. Effects .............................................................................................................................................. 13

8.3 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 13

9. LAPA Framework ................................................................................................................................... 14

10.1 Climate Change Sensitisation ......................................................................................................... 15

10.2 Climate vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment ......................................................................... 15

10.3 Prioritization of adaptation options ................................................................................................. 15

10.4 Developing Local Adaptation Plans for Action .............................................................................. 15

10.5 Integrating Local Adaptation Plans for Action into planning processes ......................................... 16

10.6 Implementing Local Adaptation Plans for Action .......................................................................... 16

10.7 Assessing progress of Local Adaptation Plans for Action .............................................................. 16

11. Framework for Plan of Action .............................................................................................................. 17

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1. Background

Indus Consortium (IC) a collaborative platform of 3 humanitarian and development organizations works on

climate change, water governance, tax justice, democracy and governance. Humanitarian work is the key

of the area of expertise of Indus Consortium.

Pakistan, currently ranking 145thof 187 countries on the Human Development Index (HDI), has a

population of 177 million, 22.7% of whom live on less than $1.25 per day1.60.6% of rural households are

food insecure2 and, lagging behind MDG1, the country has dropped from 52nd on the Global Hunger Index

(GHI) in 2010 to 57th in 20123.In Layyah District, which has the 5th highest incidence of severe poverty

amongst Punjab’s 35 districts4, 91% of the population have insufficient income to meet their basic needs5.

GROW campaign is a 04 years joint collaboration of Oxfam in Pakistan and Indus Consortium and

implemented in Rajanpur, Layyah, Multan, Rawalpindi and Lahore districts. Facilitation in the

development of local adaptation plan of actions (LAPA) in 5 respective districts, incorporation of small

growers and woman framers’ input in draft CC policy of Punjab province and budget analysis/ advocacy

on CC related budget and expenditure has been done. Youth engagement has been ensured through formal

MOU signing and partnership with 3 top public universities of Punjab including University of Punjab,

Lahore, Bahauddin Zakriya University, Multan and Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi.

Budget of provincial government of the Punjab is being analyzed three consecutive years as Climate Public

Expenditure Review (CPER) / Budget Primer. Creating the drive through local level then to provincial

level, a research is being planned to conduct in order to understand the budget cycle at district level.

2. Purpose National Climate Change Authority Act 20176 also emphasized to prepare the National Adaptation Plan

and its constituent provincial and local adaptation plans of Actions, the would help out to design Nationally

Appropriate Mitigation Action Framework.

Indus Consortium has taken the initiative to develop sectoral Local Adaptation Plans of Action on

Agriculture in two districts of Punjab, i.e. Rajanpur and Layyah. Moreover, in order to achieve more specific

results and to highlight how climate change affect crops of the Rajanpur, agriculture LAPA’s in are made

crop specific. The most affected crop from Rajanpur is wheat.

Local Adaptation Plans of Actions (LAPA) will support decision-makers from local-to-national level actors

to:

1 Human Development Report 2011, United Nations Development Programme 2 National Nutrition Survey, 2011, Aga Khan University, Pakistan Medical Research Council and Government of Pakistan. 3 Global Hunger Index 2012, Welthungerhilfe, Concern Worldwide and International Food Policy Research. 4 Naveed and Ali (2012) Clustered Deprivation: District Profile of Poverty in Pakistan. Sustainable Development Policy Institute. 5 Siddiqui (2008) Income, Public Social Services & Capability Development: A Cross-district Analysis of Pakistan; Pakistan Institute of

Development Economics. 6 National Climate Change Authority Act: http://www.na.gov.pk

http://www.na.gov.pk/

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Identify the most climate vulnerable Village Development Committees (VDC’s), wards and people

and their adaptation outcomes and actions.

Prioritise adaptation actions in easy ways whereby local people make the prioritisation decisions.

Prepare and Integrate local adaptation plans for action into local-to-national planning in accordance

with the Local Self Governance Act.

Identify appropriate service delivery agents and channels for funding to implement local adaptation

plans for action. The LAPA Framework can thus ensure that the best sequence of adaptation actions

is carried out by the most appropriate service providers in a timely and resource efficient manner.

Assess the progress of LAPA to ensure effective planning and delivery.

Provide cost-effective options for scaling out local-to-national adaptation planning.

Provide the understanding of how gender and social exclusion exacerbates the impact on women

and excluded groups and provides information that support decision makers to make gender

sensitive and inclusive processes for all stages of adaptation interventions.

3. Key Objectives The main objectives of District Level Sectoral Local Adaptation Plan of Action (LAPA) on Agriculture are

as under:

• LAPAs shall be developed to see mitigation and adaptation options available according to the

district profile of impacts of climate change on agriculture sector, available resources (human,

financial and infrastructure) and implementation strategies and plans by GROW District Forums.

• LAPAs shall herald a window of lobbying and advocacy efforts at district as well as provincial

level and also provide opportunity to gear up efforts to integrate these LAPAs into district plans of

Agriculture Department.

4. Methodology DevCon collected primary data from district Rajanpur. The data collection process included

FGDs/consultations with relevant line departments, CSOs, Media and farmers (men and women).

FGDs with Community Members

FGDs with farmers (men and women) were conducted at District level. Discussion mainly focused on

current agriculture practices, cropping pattern, climate resilient crops, challenges, coordination mechanism

with agriculture department, services available from agriculture department, current polices and plan.

Consultation Workshop

One day consultation workshop organized in District Rajanpur to get the input of relevant stakeholders.

The stakeholder’s views were compiled and used for LAPA development. The following government

departments and stakeholders were consulted during data collection.

Agriculture Extension

Agriculture Field & Research

Agriculture Water Management

Agriculture Pest Warning

Agriculture Soil Fertility

Agriculture Marketing

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Food

Environment

Irrigation

Forest

Finance & Development Officer

ADP Officer

Women farmers/ Community members \ small farmers

Local CBO/ NGOs representative

PRSP representative

DDMA representative

5. Geography District Rajanpur was formed in 1982 by separating two tehsils Rajanpur & Jampur, of the then district

D.G.Khan. Rajanpur is situated on the band between River Indus and hilly territories of Balochistan. To the

North of it is located D.G.Khan district. In the South, it touches Jackobabad district of Sindh Province.

Districts Sibi of Balouchistan is located towards West of Rajanpur. The enormous Indus makes Eastern

boundary of the district separating it from districts of Muzaffargarh and Rahimyar Khan.

The climate of the district is tremendously hot in summer while in winter it is very cold due to nearness to

Koh Suleman range of mountains. The land is plain except for some hilly portions. A large area of the

district is sterile and uncultivated so far.

Figure 1: District Rajanpur Map

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6. Administration

Pakistan’s 18th constitutional amendment was signed into law in 2010 targeting to decentralize political

supremacy. It pursued to curb the oft-abused powers of the Pakistani presidency and empower the country’s

four provinces by transferring federal-level capital, resources and authorities to provincial governments.

The main purpose was to ensure upright governance and impartiality at the doorstep. This plan gave the

assurance of the rights of the people and their partaking in the communal welfare.

7. Secondary Data Findings During the last 2-3 years, it has been observed that in district Rajanpur and especially in UC Rakh Kot

Mithan & Murghai, wheat production has been badly decreased every year due to negative impact of climate

change. Previously, average production of wheat was more than 55 million per acre but during last 2-3 years

the production of wheat reduced and last year it was observed to be 28-35 million per acre. Reason of this

decrease was heat wave increase in fertilizer quantity, more weedicides (pesticides), more water for

irrigation and ultimately expenditures increased but production decreased.

Local community especially riverine community is more affected from this reduce in wheat crop. For

example, production of wheat has been decreased and ultimately, they could not be able to meet their

expenses which results in the increase in poverty. Similarly, on the other side due to climate change usage

of fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides have increased, crops now require more water and also have storage

issues at household level.

Figure 2: Local Government Structure and its Hierarchy

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Under the emerging challenges of climate change, food security and water scarcity, increase in production

of cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables to meet the food requirement of increasing population is direly

needed. In countries like Pakistan, majority of the people living in rural areas consume substantial quantity

of pluses for meeting their daily meal needs because these are rich source of protein and substitute of other

costly sources of protein - meat and fish. Major pulses include gram, lentil, mung and mash. The pulses are

grown on 5% of the country's total cultivated area. Punjab contributes 80% in total production of the pulses

in the country and occupies 5% of the total cropped area.

7.1. Climate Change Trends in Pakistan A significant warming trend of about 0.57°C in the annual mean temperature was observed in the past

century from 1901 to 2000 in Pakistan. This increase is less than the mean annual temperature increase of

0.75°C in the past century in the South Asia region.7 A more accelerated trend of warming, with the rise of

0.47°C, was observed from 1961 to 2007 in the country. The warmest year recorded until 2007 was 2004,

and the highest increase is observed during winter when the temperature ranges from 0.52°C to 1.12°C.

This is in agreement with the pronounced rate of warming observed over the South Asia region in the

decade 1998–2007, which was attributed to increase in winter temperature and post-monsoon changes. On

a regional basis, the highest increase in winter temperature was observed for Balochistan province, while

the northwestern parts of the country showed negative temperature trends in the summer. The annual

temperatures in Pakistan increased by 0.87°C (maximum) and 0.48°C (minimum) from 1960 to 2007.8

Based on the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) station data from 1951 to 2000, a rising tendency

in the annual mean surface temperature was observed throughout the country.9 In the hyper arid plains, arid

coastal areas, and mountain regions of Pakistan, an increase of 0.6°C–1.0°C in the mean temperature was

observed, whereas an increase of 0.5%–0.7% in solar radiation was noted over the southern half of the

country. In central Pakistan, the cloud cover decreased by 3%–5% with a consequent increase of 0.9°C in

temperature.

The continuous and longtime span data of various meteorological parameters of 56 selected PMD

meteorological stations showed the behavior of summer and winter maximum and minimum temperatures

during the last decade.24 A time series of area-weighted mean annual temperatures of Pakistan for the years

1961 to 2013, after applying uniform weighing factor, based on regional surface feature characteristics for

all the climatic zones of Pakistan.

7.2. Institutional Arrangement for Climate Change The role and importance of strong institutions to address climate change is highly acknowledged to

mainstream the issue in development policies and programs. Strong institutions promote adapting to

climate change and ultimately transform the system by building resilience. However, developing countries,

including Pakistan, suffer from inefficient and weak institutional structures, ultimately yielding poor

governance systems.

Institutionalization of climate change in Pakistan finds its roots in the early environmental efforts dating

back as early as the mid-1970s. Pakistan signed and ratified 14 international environmental commitments

7 M. Ahmed and S. Suphachalasai. 2014. Assessing the Cost of Climate Change and Adaptation in South Asia. Manila: ADB. 8 Q. Z. Chaudhry et al. 2009. Climate Change Indicators of Pakistan. Technical Report. No. 22. Islamabad: Pakistan Meteorological Department. 9 B. F. Anjum et al. 2005. Climate Change Perspective in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Meteorology. 2(2). pp. 11–21.

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between 1971–2001, including the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change and Kyoto

Protocol, which acted as stimuli in initiating and guiding the policy processes and efforts on climate change

in the country. Significant progress has been made to set up institutional structures for guiding the

environmental initiatives in the country. After over 4 decades, however, these efforts still remain

fragmented, with insufficient coordination, political support, and ownership.

After the 18th constitutional amendment was passed in 2010, the Ministry of Environment was devolved

to the provinces and a new Ministry of Disaster Management was established in 2011. This was later

renamed as the Ministry of Climate Change in 2012, which raised the issue of climate change to a cabinet

level portfolio. In 2013, the Ministry of Climate Change was downgraded to a division of the Cabinet

Secretariat and remained in this position until early 2015, when it was upgraded to the level of a ministry

again. Table 9 outlines the institutionalization of environment and/or climate change in Pakistan.

Table 1: Brief History of Institutionalization of Climate Change in Pakistan

Year Accomplishment Purpose and/or Function

1974 Environment and Urban Affairs Division established at

the Federal level Follow up to Stockholm Declaration June 1972

1983 Pakistan Environment Protection Ordinance enacted First comprehensive environment-specific legislation

1989 Environment and Urban Affairs Division upgraded to

Federal Ministry of Environment, Forestry, and

Wildlife

1991–1993 National Conservation Strategy prepared

National Environmental Quality Standards adopted in

1993

It provided the broad framework for addressing

environmental challenges

1995 • Cabinet Committee on Climate Change established • Acted as policy coordination forum for climate

change 1997 • Pakistan Environmental Protection Act enacted • First environmental act of the country

2002 • Global Centre for Impact Studies on Climate Change

established • This research center on climate change functioned

for 10 years as a development project

2004– 2005

• Prime Minister Committee on Climate Change convenes National Environment Policy

• Includes Prime Minister, Ministers of Water and Power, Food and Agriculture,

Science and Technology, Environment, Planning

Commission, Special Advisor to the Prime Minister 2006 • National Energy Conservation Policy

• National Renewable Energy Policy • Clean Development Mechanism National Operational

Strategy

2010 • 18th Amendment to the 1973 Constitution • Devolution of power to the provinces

2011 • Ministry of Environment ceases to exist • New Federal Ministry of Disaster

Management established

• Functions transferred to the Planning Commission

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2012 • Ministry of Disaster Management renamed to the Ministry of Climate Change

• National Climate Change Policy approved by Federal Cabinet

• Punjab and Balochistan Environmental Protection Act prepared and enacted

• “Green Benches” established in all High Courts and Supreme Court of Pakistan by the Chief Justice of Pakistan

• National Disaster Management Plan approved • National Sustainable Development Strategy

• Elevate climate change issue to a cabinet level portfolio

• A dedicated policy on climate change

• Deals with environmental cases; 2013 decision

prioritizes environmental cases in the High Courts

2013 • Ministry of Climate Change downgraded to Division of Climate Change

• Global Climate Change Impact Studies granted autonomous status

• National Disaster Risk Reduction Policy approved

• Becomes part of Cabinet Secretariat

• Serves as the secretariat for the Prime Minister Committee through “GCISC Act 2013”

2014 • Framework for Implementation of Climate Change

Policy adopted

2015 • Division of Climate Change upgraded to the Ministry

of Climate Change • Federal focal ministry on all climate change-related

issues

7.3. Economic Relevance of Agriculture Agriculture remains the second largest economic sector in Pakistan, contributing approximately 18.9% to

the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and absorbing 42.3 % of the labour force, mainly composed

of women. The sector is not only the largest employer in the country but generates over 75% of export

revenue through agri-based textiles (cotton) and agri-food products.

Despite its critical importance to food security, livelihoods, economic growth and export revenues,

agricultural productivity remains low, with significant yield gaps compared to global averages in key crops

like wheat, rice, cotton and sugarcane. The average farm size in Pakistan is 2.6 hectares (ha), with

approximately 43% of the farmers categorized as smallholders with holdings of less than one ha, while only

22% own more than 3 ha of land. In 2016, for first time in the past 15 years, the sector experienced a

negative growth rate of 0.2%, primarily due to the impact of extreme events on key crops, a lack of access

to key inputs, and a global downturn in commodity prices.

Critical investments in improved seeds, farming technology and techniques, and water infrastructure are

needed to tackle the emerging challenges to the sector’s development, especially in the context of declining

water availability and climate change impacts.

Agriculture provides employment for roughly 25 million people in Pakistan and is the main income source

for 34% and 74% of economically active men and women respectively. Yet women have limited access

and control over productive resources (e.g. land, irrigation infrastructure, and agricultural inputs), low

awareness of improved technologies and skills for value addition and marketing, and limited access to

extension and financial services. Their role in the household and in daily agricultural activities, however,

varies across regions according to local customs and traditions.

7.4. Land se

Pakistan receives monsoon rainfall in the summer, while in the winter it receives rainfall due to western

systems (prevailing winds from the Mediterranean). These two forces broadly determine the two main

cropping seasons in the country. These are ‘Kharif’ (April-June), suitable for summer crops cultivation

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(e.g. rice, sugarcane, cotton, maize, pulses), and ‘Rabi’ (October-December) when wheat, lentil, tobacco,

rapeseed, barley and mustard are grown. The major crops are cotton, wheat, rice, sugar cane and maize that

cover over 50% of the harvested area. Some crops such as pulses, onions, potatoes, chili, and tomatoes,

have gained in economic importance in the country, given the consistently high prices of these essential

commodities. Climate variability and change, pest infestation, and commodity price fluctuations are some

of the challenges to crop productivity.

7.5. Food Security and Nutrition Natural disasters, economic instability, and militancy have challenged food security in Pakistan over the

past years, despite significant increases in staple crop yields. Pakistan ranks 78th out of 113 countries in

the Global Food Security Index, with more than half of the population (60%) experiencing food insecurity.

The average food supply in the country is estimated at 2,440 kcal/person/day, yet this is rated insufficient

to meet demand (the country boasts an index score of 39.7, where 100 indicates sufficiency of supply)

given high geographical disparities in food production and supply. From a nutrition perspective, over one-

fifth (22%) of the total population is undernourished, one-third (31%) of children are underweight for their

age (15% are affected by wasting) and diets generally lack diversity (Pakistan scores a 53.60 on the food

diversity index).

7.6. Challenges for the Agricultural Sector Despite significance of agriculture to the country’s economy and its people, the sector currently faces a

multitude of challenges including population growth, reduced water resource availability and gender

inequality.

Pakistan’s population has more than doubled in the past two decades, growing at a rate of approximately

2% per year and is expected to further increase to 244 million by 2030 and 300 million by 2050. At the

same time, life expectancy in the country is projected to increase from 66 to 71 years by 2050. Such

exponential growth will put significant strains on the already extended and vulnerable agriculture system,

boosting demand for food. The current per capita caloric availability in Pakistan, 2,432 kcal/day is likely

to fall unless food production keeps the pace with the projected population growth.

Deficiency in water availability, degradation of soil, and an increasingly animal-based diet are additional

threats to food security in Pakistan. Changing climate conditions such as rainfall, temperature, and humidity

multiply these threats, affecting the availability and quality of natural resources and increasing the

vulnerability of the sector. Most of the country’s territory is classified as arid to semi-arid. Three-fourths

of the country receives less than 250 mm of rainfall annually, while about 20% of such area receives less

than 120mm Rainfall alone, then, is generally insufficient for growing agricultural crops, maintaining

pastures, and growing fruit trees. Roughly 8 million ha of land in Pakistan is idle and unutilized due to

unfavorable climatic conditions. Supplemental water is required for profitable agricultural production in

Pakistan, either from irrigation or through water harvesting techniques.

The rural population, which represents the backbone of the agricultural sector, is comprised mainly of

small-scale, poor farmers who lack access to modern farming technologies, machinery, fertilizer inputs, as

well as drought and other weather-tolerant seeds. The high price of seeds and a lack of support from

government further restrict farmers from adopting improved techniques. Rural infrastructure lacks properly

built roads, transport and storage facilities, electricity, education and health services. Each of these features

is currently inadequate to meet the requirements of a growing agricultural sector.

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7.7 Agriculture and Climate Change Agriculture in our country is significantly affected by short-term climate variability and longer-term climate

change. Pakistan is ranked among the top ten most climate vulnerable countries in the world in the Global

Climate Risk Index. The country has a diversified geography and climate. Climate change threats are

exacerbated in the country due to the arid climate and reliance on water from the glacial melt in the north.

Periods of severe droughts, followed by devastating floods are common in the country and have contributed

to low crop yields, loss of livestock, damage to irrigation infrastructure and food shortages in recent years.

Economic losses associated to the 2010-2014 floods amounted to US$ 18 billion, affecting the livelihoods

of 38 million people and causing damages to approximately 4.3 million ha of cropland. Changes in climate

have been manifested through long-term reduction in rainfall in the semi-arid regions of the country and

higher glacial melts that contribute to over 70% of river flows. Moreover, the mean temperature across the

country has increased by 0.5°C in the past 30 years.

Changes in monsoons and increased temperatures are likely to bring considerable challenges to agriculture.

Increases in temperature will likely speed up crop growth cycles and shorten the time between sowing and

harvesting, affecting crop yields. According to the Climate Change Vulnerability Index, droughts are

expected to increase in winter, affecting the yield of cash harvests. Meanwhile, increase in precipitation in

the summer season may cause floods throughout different areas of Pakistan.

7.8 Climate Change and Agriculture in Punjab

The province of Punjab has the largest share in the agriculture sector, with 57.1% of the cultivated

land belonging to the province. It produces the majority share of cotton, wheat, rice, and sugarcane

crops and milk. Extreme temperatures and a changing global climate have serious implications for

the future of agriculture in Punjab. Changing climate affects both cropping patterns as well as crop

productivity through changes in temperatures and precipitation levels. A recent study by Siddiqui

et al (2012) finds that the impact of climate change is statistically significant on crop productivity

in Punjab.

A more recent study finds that maximum temperatures adversely affect wheat production, while

the effect of minimum temperature is positive and significant for all crops. Rainfall effect towards

the yield of a selected crop is negative. To cope with and mitigate the adverse effects of climate

change, there is a need for the development of heat- and drought-resistant high-yielding varieties

to ensure food security in the Province and country. Although these studies have their statistical

limitations, they have shown that climate change has real and adverse implications for the future

of agriculture in Punjab (Punjab Economic Report, 2017).

The province of Punjab has the largest share in the agriculture sector, with 57.1% of the cultivated

land belonging to the province. It produces the majority share of cotton, wheat, rice, and sugarcane

crops and milk. Agriculture, predominantly contributes to income generation for the people of the

province. It is imperative to protect the agriculture sector from extreme events and natural hazards.

The change in climatic conditions has a profound effect on the agriculture sector, innately

connected with the environment. Punjab, much like the entire country, suffers from various issues

including climate change and natural disasters. Floods have been the major cause of damages in

the province between 1980-2015. Riverine floods have the largest spread across the province and

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have historically affected the greatest number of people, and destroyed property, arable land and

crops (Lead, 2016).

7.9 Climate Change and Agriculture in District Rajanpur

The district of Rajanpur is comprising of three tehsils and 44 UCs. Agriculture in Rajanpur depends

solely upon canal irrigation since rainfall is negligible in the region. The five rivers of the Punjab

meet at the locality of Wang near Mithankot; hence these rivers provide water for irrigation as well

as for domestic usage. Rainfall occurs during the monsoon season (July–September). Occasional

heavy rainfall causes flooding in this region, but such floods are rare. In Rajanpur, flood waters

come from the Koh Sultan and Shacher torrents, as well as the Indus. The district is famous for

cotton and sugarcane crop, although they are cultivating wheat and rice as well (Eikipedia.org).

An empirical study reveals the effect of climatic change on rural livelihood of farmers in the

district. As per study climate change has adversely affected on agriculture yield, income of small

landholders. While Changes in natural temperature directed cause for the unscheduled rains, flood

that cause for the damage of mature crops of small landholders. The livelihood also causes for the

weak health condition of the small landholder. The agricultural sector (crops and livestock), which

is the main source of food and income (livelihood) for majority of local people in the area damage.

So, the farmers are unaware from the changes of climate change (Rehman et al., 2018).

The table given below shows the yield of wheat crop in district Rajanpur. The data shows

fluctuation in the yield of wheat crop in both the districts. The main cause of fluction in yield is

the change in climatic conditions which includes floods, fluctuation in temperature, rains etc.

Table 2: Yield of Wheat in District Rajanpur

Year Rajanpur

maunds/acre

2009-10 27.30

2010-11 27.70

2011-12 23.92

2012-13 26.24

2013-14 26.40

2014-15 28.60

2015-16 31.16

Source: PDS (various years)

8. Primary Data Findings

8.1. Issues During consultation with the government, civil society & farmers communities the following issues were

highlighted which are negatively impacting the efforts made by stakeholders to combat the facts of climate

change on agriculture. The key issues are;

1. Lack of coordination/communication between stakeholders and communities

2. Insufficient, skilled & technical human resources in government line departments

3. Lake of prioritization by Government institutions for policy development regarding climate

change

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon

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4. Insufficient allocation of financial resources for Climate Change

5. Inflexibility of polices implemented in different regions without considering local dynamics

6. Less focus on community awareness raising regarding climate change adaptation

7. Communities are not introduced to progressive farming techniques that are more water

conservative

8. Provision of approved quality seeds

9. Knowledge of crops and cropping patterns

10. Change in rain fall pattern

11. Less rain falls as compared to past on the other hand the district Rajanpur is also prone to heavy

floods that destroy the crops mainly in moon soon season.

8.2. Effects 1. Reduction in agriculture Crops productivity

2. Lesser utilization of land

3. Less opportunities for agriculture labor

4. Change in cropping timing

5. Livestock fodder availability reduced

6. Animal mortality increasing day by day

7. Worsened household food security condition

8. Increased migration trend in the communities

8.3 Recommendations

Soft Measures

1. Farmers are needed to be educated on climate resilient farming

2. Imparting technical knowledge and skills to farmers by establishing farmer schools/advisory

centres

3. Networking with other forums working on smart agriculture techniques

4. Formation of agriculture and seasonal calendar

5. Improved coordination among government line departments and with other stakeholders

6. Exposure visit for farmers to learn about new agriculture practices and researches

7. Documenting indigencies practices to use this knowledge base to adopt best practices

8. Pictorial resource material (IEC) on climate change impact and its impact on agriculture needs to

be made available at community level

9. Re-schedule of sowing pattern of crops

10. Research on seeds, vegetation and plantation techniques

11. Adopt best practices (saving soil test, water, usage of land leveler, low usage of poisons/pesticides/

Fertilizers/chemical)

12. Community should encourage to do versified farming to better utilized their land and resources

Hard Measures

1. Efficiency of canal systems/water channeling needs to be improved

2. A careful assessment need to conducted to identify mitigation measures to minimize community

crops/property losses during floods

3. Provision of environment friendly seeds to the farmers

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4. Provision of Agriculture equipment’s and machinery

5. Provision of Kitchen Gardening kits and seeds to encourage communities to grow vegetables to

meet their food security needs

6. Special attention should be given on proper land leveling to reduce water losses

7. Provision of Green Manure to farmers for environment protection

9. LAPA Framework The LAPA Framework consists of seven steps for integrating climate change resilience into local-to

national planning processes. The steps involved in preparing and implementing local adaptation plans for

action are shown in Figure 3 and include:

1. Climate change sensitisation

2. Climate vulnerability and adaptation assessment

3. Prioritization of adaptation options

4. Developing Local Adaptation Plans for Action

5. Integrating Local Adaptation Plans for Action into planning processes

6. Implementing Local Adaptation Plans for Action

7. Assessing progress of Local Adaptation Plans for Action

Each step is detailed in the following sub-sections outlining why each step is important, the actions to be

undertaken and the tools that can be used.

Figure 3: Steps of LAPA (from GoN, 2011)

Step-1

Sensitisation

(Carried out in all Steps)

Step-2 Vulernerability &

Adaptation Assessment

Step-3 Prioritisation of

Adaptaion Options

Step-4 Formulation of

Adaptation Plan

Step-5 Integration of

Adaptation Plan into Planning Processes

Step-6 Implementation of

Adaptation Plan

Step-7 Review and Progress Assessment

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10.1 Climate Change Sensitisation Effective adaptation planning that addresses the potential impacts of climate change requires information

on climate induced impacts, potential adaptation options and challenges and information on how to access

resources for adaptation. Climate change has a differentiated impact on agriculture, men, women and other

social groups. Information collected therefore needs to be available in disaggregated manner considering

gender, age and social status. This information is needed by district decision makers, civil and private sector

stakeholders and climate vulnerable households alike. Sensitizing stakeholders to the impacts of climate

change and to adaptation options is an essential starting point for adaptation planning. Secondly, climate

change sensitisation also supports stakeholders to identify and establish institutions that will directly

implement and/or assist in the implementation of adaptation plans. The likely institutions may include

Agriculture extension & AR department, DDMA, Irrigation, District networks and civil society.

10.2 Climate vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment

Integrating climate change resilience into local-to-national development planning requires adequate

information on climate vulnerability and adaptation options. In order to make decisions, district planners

need to identify approaches and interventions that will enable the most climate vulnerable communities to

adapt to the impacts of climate change on agriculture and other sectors.

Common Hazard

Riverine Flood

Heavy Rains with Thunderstorms

Flash Flood

Drought

Epidemics

Industrial Accidents

The climatic change negatively impacting on rural livelihood of farmers, rural agricultural yield and

production. The incomes of small farmers directly affected on agricultural yield due to climate change.

However, the changes in natural temperature directed cause for the unscheduled rains, flood that cause for

the damage of mature crops of small farmers. The livelihood also causes for the weak health condition of

the community. The agricultural sector (crops and livestock), which is the main source of food and income

(livelihood) for majority of local the people in the area damage.

10.3 Prioritization of adaptation options Identified adaptation options would need prioritization with due consideration of climate threats. The

process of prioritising adaptation actions helps decision makers in taking forward a robust set of actions for

implementation. Prioritisation helps ascertain actions that are cost-effective and sustainable and are able to

address the needs of the most vulnerable communities first.

10.4 Developing Local Adaptation Plans for Action

Developing a Local Adaptation Plan for Action is an essential step in ensuring that prioritised adaptation

options are implemented. The following 5WH framework can be used to develop an adaptation plan:

1. What actions?

2. Where to implement?

3. Who will implement?

16


4. When to implement?

5. How much will it cost?

10.5 Integrating Local Adaptation Plans for Action into planning processes

Integration of adaptation plans into sector and development planning would help to address climate induced

challenges in an effective and sustainable manner. Integrating LAPA into local-to-national development

planning processes and outcomes allows climate vulnerable men, women, households, communities, wards,

VDC to articulate their adaptation priorities, and draw down on government, civil and private sector

resources for sustainable implementation.

10.6 Implementing Local Adaptation Plans for Action Implementation of the LAPA is important to bridge the gap between adaptation assessment, planning and

delivery. If the adaptation plan has been prepared in a logical way and the leaders and those who will carry

out the actions including the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) have been identified, then implementation

is simply a matter of carrying out the plan.

10.7 Assessing progress of Local Adaptation Plans for Action LAPA Monitoring and Evaluation supports the development planning process in dealing with uncertainty

by collecting and evaluating evidence on the progress and outcomes of the LAPA. Monitoring and

evaluation (M&E) and reviews provides opportunities for learning, reflection and feedback to support

responsive and iterative adaptation planning.

17

11. Framework for Plan of Action

What Action?

Connection to

Thematic

Areas

Where to

implement?

Who will

implement?

When to implement TIMING?

How to implement

?

What will

it cost?

Who will pay

(Donor

)?

Activities

Location

Immediate

(Within

Six

months)

Medium

Term

(Within

1-2

years)

Long

Term

(Within

2-5

years)

Methods

Amount

of

Money

Donor/

Implementing

Agencies

MHVA need to be

conducted to identify

mitigation measures to

minimize community

crops/property losses

during disaster

i. Agriculture

ii. Climate

Change

Adaptation

District

Rajanpur

Agriculture

extension

DDMA

Agriculture

Universities

NGOs

Research Institutes

Revenue

Department

Situational/Vulnerability

Assessment

To be

added

Deputy

commissioner

through planning

officer along with

budget finance

officer,

agriculture

department,

Agriculture

Universities and

INGOs

Provision of climate

resilient seeds

varieties to farmers

i. Agriculture

ii. Climate

Change

Adaptation

District

Rajanpur

Agriculture

Extension &AR

Agriculture

Universities

Seed producers

NGOs

Training sessions &

Community meetings

To be

added

Punjab Seed

Corporation,

Private

Corporation and

NGOs

18


Access point for

certified seeds for

small farmer (1-2

Acre) and on farm

facilitation through

field officer

i. Agriculture

ii. Climate

Change

Adaptation

iii. DRR

iv. Food

Security

v. Nutrition

vi. Health

vii. Livelihood

iii. Livestock

UC Rakh Kot

Mithan & UC

Murghai

Agriculture

Extension & AR

Agriculture

Universities

NGOs

Private sector

UC wise Farmer Centre To be

added

Government

UN/Bilateral

Donors & INGOs

Networking with other

forums working on

smart agriculture

techniques

i. Agriculture

ii. Climate

Change

adaptation

UC Rakh Kot

Mithan & UC

Murghai

Government line

departments

NGOs

Farmers groups

Civil society

Monthly Consultation

meetings with focal

persons recommended

by departments,

seminars and workshops

Development of Web

portal

Media Messaged,

Mobile apps

To be

added

Government,

INGOs and

Media

Coordination meeting

of the District forum

Rajanpur

i. Agriculture

ii. Climate

Change

Adaptation

iii. DRR

iv. Food

Security

v. Nutrition

vi. Health

vii. Livelihood

iii. Livestock

UC Rakh Kot

Mithan & UC

Murghai

Districts Forum,

Government Line

NGOs

Civil Society

Quarterly meetings To be

added

Government

UN/Bilateral

Donors & INGOs

Imparting technical

knowledge and skills

i. Technical

Skills

ii. Agriculture

UC Rakh Kot

Mithan & UC

Murghai,

Agriculture

Extension & AR

Technical

training/Awareness

To be

added

Government

Agriculture

Extension

19


to farmers by

establishing farmer

schools/advisory

Centres

iii. Climate

Change

Adaptation

Irrigation

Agriculture

Universities

INGO/NGOs

Private sector

Civil society

sessions Consultation

meetings, seminars

Pest companies

Agriculture water

management

Education

Institutes

Exposure visit for

farmers to learn about

new agriculture

practices and

researches

i. Agriculture

ii. Climate

Change

Adaptation

UC Rakh Kot

Mithan & UC

Murghai

Agriculture

Extension & AR

Irrigation,

Agriculture

Universities

NGOs

Exposure visits to

government farms,

private Farms.

To be

added

Government

Universities,

NGOs and

Private Sector

IEC Material on

climate change and its

impact at community

level.

i. Agriculture

ii. Climate

Change

Adaptation

District

Rajanpur

Agriculture

Extension

Agriculture

Universities

INGO/NGOs

Civil society

Awareness raising

campaign

Advertisement

campaign, Social Media

Campaign, Radio

Messages, Tv programs

To be

added

Government

Media and

Mobile

companies

Theater/ street

performance

i. Agriculture

ii. Climate

Change

Adaptation

District

Rajanpur

Agriculture

Extension

Agriculture

Universities

INGO/NGOs

Civil society

Theater/ street

performance

To be

added

Government and

INGOs

Re-schedule of sowing

pattern of crops

i. Agriculture

ii. Climate

Change

Adaptation

District

Rajanpur

Agriculture

Extension & AR

Agriculture

Universities

Research & Model

forms

To be

added

Government

(Agriculture

Extension,

Research

Institute,

Agronomist)

Improve resource

saving technology

i. Agriculture

UC Rakh Kot

Mithan & UC

Murghai

Irrigation

department

Water Management

Advocacy, land

leveling, Rehabilitation

and construction of

canals

To be

added

Government and

INGOs

20


Provision of

Agriculture

equipment’s

machinery and

techniques

i. Agriculture

ii. Climate

Change

adaptation

iii. DRR

iv. Food

Security

v. Nutrition

vi. Health

vii. Livelihood

iii. Livestock

UC Rakh Kot

Mithan & UC

Murghai

Agriculture

Engineering

Donor

organizations

INGOs

Advocacy

To be

added

Government

UN/Bilateral

Donors and

INGOs

Provision of Kitchen

Gardening kits and

seeds to encourage

women farmers to

grow vegetables to

meet their food

security needs

i. Agriculture

ii. Climate

Change

Adaptation

iii. DRR

iv. Food

Security

v. Nutrition

vi. Health

viii. Livelihood

UC Rakh Kot

Mithan & UC

Murghai

Agriculture

Extension

Horticulture

department

NGOs

Community training

sessions & provision of

seeds and kits

Advocacy and

coordination with

department

To be

added

Government

UN/Bilateral

Donors and

INGOs

Provision of Green

Manure to farmers for

environment

protection

i. Agriculture

ii. Climate

Change

adaptation

iii. DRR

iv. Food

Security

v. Nutrition

vi. Health

vii. Livelihood

ix. Livestock

UC Rakh Kot

Mithan & UC

Murghai

Farmers Community training

sessions & Green

manure production

To be

added

Government

UN/Bilateral

Donors and

INGOs

Documenting

indigencies practices

to use this knowledge

i. Agriculture

ii. Climate

Change

Adaptation

District

Rajanpur

Agriculture

Universities

NGOs

Farmer Groups

Documentation of Case

study and best practices,

Video Documentaries

To be

added

Government,

Media and Social

Media

21


base to adopt best

practices

Media campaigns i. Agriculture

ii. Climate

Change

Adaptation

Government

Media and Social

Media

INGOs

Radio messages

Newspaper articles

impact stories

To be

added

Government,

Media and Social

Media

Documents

Local Adaptation Plan of Action (LAPA)-District Rajanpur