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Local actors and gender perspectives
in dealing with Water, Food and
Energy Trade-offs:
a case from Jambi, Indonesia
Grace B. Villamor Senior Researcher
Center for Development Research (ZEF)
University of Bonn, Germany
Outline
Introduction:
• Rapid land transformation
• Biofuel vs. Ecosystem Services
Methodology:
• Agent-based modeling / role-playing games
Preliminary results
• Ecosystem services trade-offs
Take home messages
Why Indonesia?
… is the world’s largest producer and exporter of crude oil palm
Between 1967 – 2010:
• 8.4 M ha = oil palm
• 1,900+ km2 per year
Source: Indonesian Ministry of
Agriculture, 2011
Why Indonesia?
… is the 2nd largest producer and exporter
of natural rubber
Top five natural
rubber producers
(2011)
Tonnes
1. Thailand 3.34 M
2. Indonesia 3.10M
3. Malaysia 0.99 M
4. India 0.89 M
5. Viet Nam 0.81 M
Rubber producing provinces:
1. South Sumatra
2. North Sumatra
3. Riau
4. Jambi
5. West Kalimantan
Source: FAO 2011
Sources: Association of Natural Rubber
Producing Countries, Indonesian Rubber
Association (Gapkindo), and Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations
What these transitions mean?
© Tom Newman
www.mubi.com
www.rhino-ifr.org
Source: mongabay.com
Sumatra accounts for 67%
of the Indonesia’s total planted oil palm
Land-use change analysis & carbon emissions
1973-1993
1993-2005
Source: Villamor et al. 2013
… Ranks 2nd in carbon emissions from deforestation &
degradation in the world
What about the local actors?
Landscape/
ecosystem
services
tradeoffs
Local (female)
interactionLocal (male)
interaction
Land-use change
(& ES provision )
Land-use change
(& ES provision)
Multi-method
approach:
6. Focus-group
discussion
5. Agent-based
modeling
4. Role-playing
games
3. Participatory
mapping
2. Survey
1. Land use
intensity analysis
Case study site
Indonesia
Jambi
province
Cross-section of Sumatra
• characterizes the
individual
households
• identifies factors
affecting land-use
decisions
• N = 726 of which
30% are females
Gender perception: spatial land-use arrangement
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Ele
va
tio
n,
m a
bo
ve
se
a l
ev
el
Lubuk Beringin,
Laman Panjang,
Desa Buat
Koto Jayo,
Muara Kuamang,
Padang Pelangeh
Jambi city
Padang
Coastal
zone
Moun-
tain
Foot-
hill
Lowland peneplain Coastal
swamp
Cross section of Sumatra
Lowland
villages
a) Females
b) Males
Upland Lowland
Upland villages
• land use types valuable for livelihood: rice field & rubber agroforest (Upland);
rubber agroforest (lowland)
• pattern of land use change (e.g., fragmentation, clustering)
Land use and perceived ES/functionality
Water
supply
Water
supply
Food
production
Food
production
Gender perception: spatial land-use arrangement
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Ele
va
tio
n,
m a
bo
ve
se
a l
ev
el
Lubuk Beringin,
Laman Panjang,
Desa Buat
Koto Jayo,
Muara Kuamang,
Padang Pelangeh
Jambi city
Padang
Coastal
zone
Moun-
tain
Foot-
hill
Lowland peneplain Coastal
swamp
Cross section of Sumatra
Lowland
villages
a) Females
b) Males
Upland Lowland
Upland villages
Gender and elevation interactions
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
le Female Male
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.
0.
0.
0.
ale Female Male
Gender of respondents
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-0
0
0
0
0
Female Male
Pre
dic
ted
pro
ba
bil
ity
Villamor et al. 2013, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
Women from both the upland and lowland villages who played the RPG
approached land use change in a more dynamic way than men from the same
villages, reacting more positively to external investors proposing logging or oil
palm conversion.
Who is more dynamic and explorative?
Ecosystem goods & services
5/22/2014 14
2005 land use map
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Female dominated Male dominated
Mg
/ha
/yr
Carbon emissions
BAU
PES
A. male-
dominated
landscape
B. Female-
dominated landscape
Ecosystem goods & services
5/22/2014 15
Business-as-usual scenario
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00
Agroforest Rice Rubber Mono
kg
/yr
Females Males
Take home message:
• Gender matters in land-use decision making
• Gender differentiated roles may affect the ecosystem service
delivery
• Gender differentiation should be considered in policies addressing
tradeoffs.
5/22/2014 16
Villamor, G.B., M. van Noordwijk, U. Djanibekov, M.E. Chiong-Javier and D. Catacutan. 2014.
Gender differences in land-use decisions: shaping multifunctional landscapes?. Current Opinion
in Environmental Sustainability, 6: 128-133.
Villamor, G.B., Desianti, F., Akiefnawati, R., Amaruzaman, S. and M. van Noordwijk. 2013.
Gender influences decisions to change land use practices in the tropical forest margins of Jambi,
Indonesia. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, DOI: 10.1007/s11027-013-
9478-7
Villamor, G.B., Leimona, B., and M. van Noordwijk. 2013. RUPES role-playing game (RPG). In:
van Noordwijk, M., Lusiana, B., Leimona, B., Dewi, S., and D. Wulandari (eds.): Negotiation-
support toolkit for learning landscapes. World Agroforestry Centre, 245-248.
Thank you for your attention
