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Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia and Ukraine. A Cross-Country Analysis based on Choice Experiments. Ebers, Tabi, Wüstenhagen, Kostyuchenko, Smolennikov, Joller. Vienna, 04.09.2017

Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia ... · wind energy developed on national and local levels • Despite different history, natural resource endowment, & electricity

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Page 1: Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia ... · wind energy developed on national and local levels • Despite different history, natural resource endowment, & electricity

Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia and Ukraine. A Cross-Country Analysis based on Choice Experiments.

Ebers, Tabi, Wüstenhagen, Kostyuchenko, Smolennikov, Joller.

Vienna, 04.09.2017

Page 2: Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia ... · wind energy developed on national and local levels • Despite different history, natural resource endowment, & electricity

Research question 1:

Installed wind energy capacity by 2016

68

18 7

238

9 100

50

100

150

200

250

Estonia Switzerland Ukraine

10 MW per 1,000 km2 MW per Mio. inhabitants

How does social acceptance of wind power projects differ across countries?

Page 3: Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia ... · wind energy developed on national and local levels • Despite different history, natural resource endowment, & electricity

Geographic focus: Eastern Switzerland

Page 4: Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia ... · wind energy developed on national and local levels • Despite different history, natural resource endowment, & electricity

Geographic focus: Western Estonia

Page 5: Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia ... · wind energy developed on national and local levels • Despite different history, natural resource endowment, & electricity

Geographic focus: Southern Ukraine

Page 6: Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia ... · wind energy developed on national and local levels • Despite different history, natural resource endowment, & electricity

Win

d pr

ojec

tcha

ract

erist

ics Ecological

impact

Location

Profit-sharing

Public participation

Project developer

Source: Tabi and Wüstenhagen, 2015

Socialacceptance

Research question 2:What characteristics of a wind project are connected to highest social acceptance?

Page 7: Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia ... · wind energy developed on national and local levels • Despite different history, natural resource endowment, & electricity

Developer:1) individuals from the region,2) local electric utility,3) cooperation between local utility and a specialized investor, 4) foreign energy company.

Location:1) near a residential area, 2) on agricultural land,3) In industrial and commercial zones,4) in ecologically significant landscapes &

protected areas

Profit sharing: 1) no revenue sharing,2) revenue sharing with local landowner 3) revenue sharing with municipality 4) direct payments to all residents

Public participation: 1) minimal participation as required by law,2) informational brochure and a website,3) public hearing,4) co-determining the number and location

of wind turbinesEcological impact: 1) large2) medium3) low4) almost non-existent

Imagine that you can choose which wind energy project will be built in your region. The wind park consists of 23 wind turbines that are 120 m high.

Method II: CBC

Page 8: Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia ... · wind energy developed on national and local levels • Despite different history, natural resource endowment, & electricity

Method I: CBC

Page 9: Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia ... · wind energy developed on national and local levels • Despite different history, natural resource endowment, & electricity

30%

25%

36%

34%

26%

25%

12%

19%

11%

16%

14%

12%

9%

15%

16%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Switzerland

Ukraine

Estonia

Percent of Respondents

It would not disturb me to live in sight of a wind turbine

Agree

Somewhat agree

Neither agree or disagree

Somewhat disagree

Disagree

45%

75%

41%

37%

21%

46%

9%

3%

9%

5%

1%

4%

3%

0%

1%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Switzerland

Ukraine

Estonia

Percent of Respondents

What is your opinion about the development of wind energy in Switzerland/Estonia/Ukraine?

In favor

Somewhat in favor

Neither in favor noragainstSomewhat against

Against

Results I: Social acceptance

Page 10: Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia ... · wind energy developed on national and local levels • Despite different history, natural resource endowment, & electricity

3023

21

16

11

30 29

17

15

8

37

24

1316

9

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Ecologicalimpacts

Location Projectdeveloper

Revenuesharing

Participation

Perc

ent

Switzerland

Estonia

Ukraine

Results II: Importance of wind project features

Page 11: Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia ... · wind energy developed on national and local levels • Despite different history, natural resource endowment, & electricity

Results III: cross-country comparison

Page 12: Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia ... · wind energy developed on national and local levels • Despite different history, natural resource endowment, & electricity

• High share of population in CH, EE, UA would like to see wind energy developed on national and local levels

• Despite different history, natural resource endowment, &electricity market structure, respondents in CH, EE, and UA had similar preferences wrt to features of wind projects

• Eco-impact, location, developer identity of higher importance, followed by procedural and distributional justice

• Most important to keep wind projects ‘nature-friendly’ and ‘local’

Conclusions I:

Page 13: Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia ... · wind energy developed on national and local levels • Despite different history, natural resource endowment, & electricity

Highest social acceptance of the wind project that: -has smallest ecological impact-is in industrial or commercial zone -is developed by a utility company, alone or with a specialized investor-offers revenue sharing with municipality or all residents-allows local population co-determine the number and location of wind turbines

Conclusions II:

Page 14: Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia ... · wind energy developed on national and local levels • Despite different history, natural resource endowment, & electricity

Thank you

[email protected]@umd.edu

Funding: Swiss National Science FoundationCTI and SCCER CRESTPrivate donations

Page 15: Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia ... · wind energy developed on national and local levels • Despite different history, natural resource endowment, & electricity

Local energy source

54%

66%

53%

38%

21%

36%

6%

9%

8%

1%

3%

2%

1%

1%

0%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Switzerland

Ukraine

Estonia

Percent of Respondents

Local energy resources should be used as much as possible

Agree

Somewhat agree

Neither agree or disagree

Somewhat disagree

Disagree

35%

64%

37%

39%

24%

44%

13%

6%

10%

10%

2%

6%

3%

4%

4%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Switzerland

Ukraine

Estonia

Percent of Respondents

Local wind energy we will make us less dependent from the electricity from abroad

Page 16: Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia ... · wind energy developed on national and local levels • Despite different history, natural resource endowment, & electricity

Economic opportunity

11%

55%

31%

38%

30%

44%

33%

10%

17%

13%

3%

5%

4%

2%

3%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Switzerland

Ukraine

Estonia

Percent of Respondents

Wind turbines contribute to the local economy

Agree

Somewhat agree

Neither agree or disagree

Somewhat disagree

Disagree

9%

22%

18%

28%

30%

37%

28%

25%

20%

22%

14%

9%

13%

10%

16%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Switzerland

Ukraine

Estonia

Percent of Respondents

Wind turbines can be used as a tourist attraction

Page 17: Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia ... · wind energy developed on national and local levels • Despite different history, natural resource endowment, & electricity

Problematic aspects

8%

11%

11%

26%

26%

31%

26%

17%

15%

29%

28%

26%

11%

19%

17%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Switzerland

Ukraine

Estonia

Percent of Respondents

Wind energy is unreliable, because the wind does not always blow

Agree

Somewhat agree

Neither agree or disagree

Somewhat disagree

Disagree

4%

4%

15%

6%

8%

27%

29%

46%

36%

33%

13%

10%

29%

29%

11%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Switzerland

Ukraine

Estonia

Percent of Respondents

Wind turbines can cause health problems

Page 18: Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia ... · wind energy developed on national and local levels • Despite different history, natural resource endowment, & electricity

Landscape impacts

10%

2%

12%

18%

15%

26%

25%

30%

21%

32%

26%

23%

15%

26%

19%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Switzerland

Ukraine

Estonia

Percent of Respondents

Wind turbines destroy the landscape

Agree

Somewhat agree

Neither agree or disagree

Somewhat disagree

Disagree

63%

67%

52%

28%

20%

28%

5%

6%

11%

2%

3%

5%

2%

4%

4%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Switzerland

Ukraine

Estonia

Percent of Respondents

Wind turbines do not bother me if located nearby highways, railroad tracks or power lines

Page 19: Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia ... · wind energy developed on national and local levels • Despite different history, natural resource endowment, & electricity

Wind energy beliefs

4%

20%

15%

11%

23%

32%

21%

30%

32%

41%

14%

15%

22%

13%

7%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Switzerland

Ukraine

Estonia

Percent of Respondents

Electricity from wind energy contributes little to climate protection

Agree

Somewhat agree

Neither agree or disagree

Somewhat disagree

Disagree

33%

66%

46%

36%

24%

40%

17%

7%

9%

10%

2%

3%

4%

2%

2%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Switzerland

Ukraine

Estonia

Percent of Respondents

Wind energy is an important source of renewable energy in Switzerland/Estonia/Ukraine