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ICHmw1 Variant Summary
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Golden Moist Warm Interior Cedar - Hemlock Variant
Location: Mid to lower elevations in the Rocky Mountains from the Kickinghorse to the Sullivan river, and northern Selkirk Mountains from Parson to Gold River.
Elevation range: 750 to 1550 m (south aspect); 750 to 1500 m (north aspect).
Climate: Moist Climatic Region; no climate data. The ICHmw1 is likely wetter than the ICHmk1; drier than the ICHwk1; and wanner and drier than ESSFwm.
Soils, geology, and landforms: Limestone and shale are the main bedrock types in the Rocky Mountain Trench and Selkirk Mountain areas of the ICHmw1. These rock types, in addition to quartzite, phyllite, sandstone, and conglomerate, are also found in the Purcell Mountain areas of this variant. Morainal soils with silty to clayey surface textures occur on all slope positions. Glaciofluvial soils with silty or sandy surface textures are found on toe slopes. Glaciolacustrine soils with loamy or clayey textures and fluvial soils with loamy textures occur on level slopes. Limited areas of colluvial soils with silty to sandy textures occur on the steepest slopes. Some landforms are covered by a shallow deposit of silty eolian material.
Zonal vegetation: Climax zonal sites have stands of Hw and Cw. Seral stands of Sxw, Bl, and Fd are common. Hw and Cw occur as subdominants in seral stands. Common shrubs include falsebox, false azalea, and western yew. A sparse herb layer includes queen’s cup and bunchberry. Red-stemmed feathermoss and knight’s plume moss are prevalent.
Distinguishing the ICHmw1 from adjacent subzones/variants
In the ICHwk1 - less Pl, Pw, and Fd most sites have:
zonal sites also have: - more devil’s club and oak fern
dry sites have: - no common juniper, tall Oregon-grape, baldhip rose, round-leaved alumroot, pinegrass, or juniper haircap moss
- no Pw, Hw, western yew, oval-leaved blueberry, or In the ICHmk1 most sites have: cladinas
more heart-leaved arnica, pinegrass, and racemose pussytoes
In the ESSFwm - more false azalea most sites have: - less Fd, Pw, Cw, Hw, Douglas maple, paper birch,
saskatoon, red-osier dogwood, tall Oregon-grape, western yew, baldhip rose, highbush-cranberry, soopolallie, birch-leaved spirea, prince’s pine, wild sarsaparilla, Hooker’s fairybells, pink wintergreen, electrified cat’s-tail moss, and step moss
- no common juniper, kinnikinnick, parsley fern, round- leaved alumroot, pinegrass, or reindeer lichen
dry sites have:
Forest characteristics: Moderate fire return periods have led to a mosaic of climax and seral stands.
Wildlife habitat: Valley bottom sites are important winter range for moose and elk, and form an important component adjacent to the Columbia River marshes. Snags are important to cavity-nesting birds.
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134
TABLE 6.1. (Concluded)
a The following subzones and variants are grouped to match the level of information available for the species listed. IDFxh includes data from IDFxh, xw, and xm; IDFdm includes data from IDFdm and dk; ICHmk includes data from ICHmk and dk; ESSFdk and dc includes data from ESSFdk, dc, and dv; and ESSFwm, wc, vc includes data from ESSFwm, wc, vc, vv, wv, and wk. The IDFxw, xm, and dk, ICHdk, and ESSFdv, vv, wv, and wk are not found in the Nelson Forest Region.
b R=red; B=blue; Y=yellow; G=green. c� a=attribute dependent. Species requires old-growth forest attributes such as large dead trees or coarse woody debris (stand level).
d=forest dependent. Species requires intact old-growth forests (landscape level). d Abundance is indicated by a lower or upper case letter. Common or abundant is an upper case letter. Uncommon, scarce, rare, or casual is a lower case letter.
An upper case letter does not indicate abundance throughout a subzone variant, but nearly always refers to local abundance. However, if a species has a
known abundance in only a small locality in a subzone or variant a lower case letter is used. Seasonality is indicated by a letter code. P - spring (March-May); S - summer (June -August); A - autumn (September-November); W - winter (December-February); M - migratory (Spring and Autumn); Y - yearlong. Some cases do not fit neatly into this scheme. For instance, a species which is known to be migratory, but has on occasion been seen in
December in a particular subzone, would still be listed as M. All entries are based on the provincial wildlife data base prepared by Stevens (1992) for the Wildlife Interpretation Subgroup.
e� Totals refer to the total number of species known to occur in each subzone.
Ch
ap
ter 5.2F
ens
79
.. Distribution of Fen Site Associations by biogeoclimatic zone
BG BWBS SBPSPP SWB ESSF ICH IDF MS SBS CDF CWH MH
Wf01 Water sedge – Beaked sedge xx x xx xxx xxx xxx xi
Wf02 Scrub birch – Water sedge xxx x xx xx xx xxWf03 Water sedge – Peat-moss xx xWf04 Barclay’s willow – Water sedge – Glow mosss x xxx x xWf05 Slender sedge – Common hook-moss x xx xx xx xxWf06 Slender sedge – Buckbean x x x xWf07 Scrub birch – Buckbean – Shore sedge x x x xWf08 Shore sedge – Buckbean – Hook-moss x x x x xWf09 Few-flowered spike-rush – Hook-moss x x xWf10 Hudson Bay clubrush – Red hook-moss xWf11 Tufted clubrush – Star moss x x x x xWf12 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass – Marsh-marigold xxxWf13 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass – Shore sedge xx xWf50 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass – Peat-moss x xxxWf51 Sitka sedge – Peat-moss x xx xxWf52 Sweet gale – Sitka sedge xx xxs
Wf53 Slender sedge – White beak-rush x xxs
x = incidental; < 5% of wetlands xx = minor; 5–25% of wetlands xxx = major; >25% of wetlands
i = inland areas only s = southern subzones only
80 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification
.. Fen Species Importance Table
Species Wf01 Wf02 Wf03 Wf04 Wf05 Wf06 Wf07 Wf08
Shrubs Betula nana x xyzzz x xy x x xyzzz x
Salix barclayi x x xyzzzz
Salix pedicellaris x xyz xy xy xyzz xy
Spiraea douglasii x x x x
Myrica gale
Herbs Carex utriculata xyzzz xyz xy xy xyz x x x
and Carex aquatilis xyzzz xyzz xyzzz xyzz xyz x xyz x
Dwarf Comarum palustre xy xyz xy xy xy xyzz xy
Shrubs Calamagrostis canadensis x xy x xyzz x x x x
Carex lasiocarpa x xyzzzz xyzzzz xy x
Menyanthes trifoliata x x x xyzzz xyzzz xyzz
Carex limosa x x x x xy xyzz xyzzz
Carex chordorrhiza x x xy xyz xy
Eleocharis quinqueflora x x
Trichophorum alpinum x
Trichophorum cespitosumEriophorum angustifolium x xy xy x x xy xy
Caltha leptosepala xy xy
Carex anthoxantheaEquisetum fluviatile x x xy xy xy xy
Carex magellanica x x
Carex sitchensis xy xy xyz xyz x x
Rhynchospora alba x
Carex livida x x x x
Eriophorum chamissonis x x x
Vahlodea atropurpurea x
Drosera anglica x x xy
Hypericum anagalloidesTriantha glutinosa x x xy
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontaniFauria crista-galli
Senecio triangularis x x xyz xy
Andromeda polifolia x xy xy
Kalmia microphylla x x x
Oxycoccus oxycoccos x x x x xy x
Triglochin maritima x x x xy xy
Drosera rotundifolia x x x
Leptarrhena pyrolifolia xy x
Platanthera dilatata x xy x x x
Sanguisorba canadensis x xy
Utricularia intermedia x x x xy
Viola palustris x x x
Lichens Sphagnum Group I xy xyz xyzz x x xyz x
and Aulacomnium palustre x xyz xyz xyzz x x x x
Mosses Drepanocladus spp. xyz x xy xyzz xyz xyz xyz
Sphagnum Group II x xyz x x xyz xy
Tomentypnum nitens x xyzz xyz xy x xyz xy
Philonotis fontana xy xyz
Calliergon stramineum x x x x x
Scorpidium spp. x xy xyzz xy
Campylium stellatum x x xy xy x x
Warnstorfia spp. x xy x x xyz x xy
Meesia triquetra x x xy xy
Chapter 5.2 Fens 81
Wf09 Wf10 Wf11 Wf12 Wf13 Wf50 Wf51 Wf52 Wf53 Common Name
x x xy x scrub birchx x Barclay’s willow
xy x x bog willowx xyz x pink spireax xyzzzz xyz sweet gale
xy x x xy x x beaked sedgex xyz x xy xyz x x water sedgexy x x x xyz xy x marsh cinquefoilx x xy xy xy xy x bluejoint reedgrassx xyz xy x x x xyzzz slender sedge
xyzzz xyz x x x xy x x buckbeanxyz xyzz xyz x xyzz x x shore sedge
xyzz x cordroot sedgexyzzzz x x few-flowered spike-rush
xyzzzz x Hudson Bay clubrushx xyzzzz x xyz x tufted clubrush
xyz x xyz xyzzzz xyzzz xyzzzz xy x narrow-leaved cotton-grassxy x xyzz xyz x x white mtn. marsh-marigold
xy x yellow-flowered sedgex x x swamp horsetailx x xyz x poor sedge
x x x xy x xyzzzz xyzzz x Sitka sedgexy xyzz white beak-rush
xy x x pale sedgex xy Chamisso’s cotton-grass
xy xy x mountain hairgrassx xyzz xy x x x xy great sundew
x x bog St. John’s-wortx xyz xy xy xy sticky asphodel
xy great bulrushxyz x deer-cabbage
x x x x x arrow-leaved groundselxyz x x bog-rosemary
x x xy x xyz x x western bog-laurelx xyz x xy x bog cranberry
xyz x seaside arrow-grassx xy x xy round-leaved sundew
xy xy x x leatherleaf saxifragexy x x xy x x x fragrant white rein orchidx x x xy xy x Sitka burnet
x xy x flat-leaved bladderwortx x x x xy x marsh violet
x xy xy x xyz xyzz xyzz x peat-moss Group Ixy x x xyz xyz xy xy x glow mossxyz xy xy x x hook-mossesxy xyz xyz x x xyzz x peat-moss Group IIxyz xyz x xy x x golden fuzzy fen moss
xy xyz spring mossxy xyz x xy x x x straw spear-mossxy xyzz x x x sausage-moss
xyzzz xyzzz xy yellow star-mossx x xy xy x hook-mossesxy x x three-ranked hump-moss
General Description
The Tufted clubrush – Star moss Fen Site Association is
scattered throughout the Interior at middle to subalpine ele-
vations, most commonly in regions underlain with base-rich
parent materials. These fens occur on level and gently sloping,
groundwater-fed peatlands that are
permanently saturated but rarely inundated.
Sites have smooth, ribbed, or slightly hum-
mocked topography and any depressions are
water-filled.
Trichophorum cespitosum and Campylium
stellatum are constant dominants and occur
mainly on drier microsites. Menyanthes
trifoliata and calcium-encrusted Scorpidium
scorpioides and Scorpidium revolvens are com-
monly found in very shallow pools.
Most sites have a distinct dense and tenacious turfy peat. Deep peat is
typical (to 5 m) but occasionally thin peat veneers occur. Fibrisols and
Mesisols are typical soil types.
Characteristic Vegetation
Tree layer (0 - 0 - 0)Shrub layer (0 - 1 - 10)Herb layer (20 - 75 - 97)Carex limosa, Eriophorum angustifolium,Menyanthes trifoliata, Trichophorum cespitosumMoss layer (0 - 70 - 95)Campylium stellatum, Sphagnum Group II
Comments
The Wf11 occurs where extremely high pHlimits the availability of phosphorous, mak-ing these sites nutrient-poor even thoughthey have an abundance of cations.Tuftedclubrush–dominated wetlands are also foundin regions underlain by base-poor granitic parent material, such as coastal British Columbia, where phosphorus is also limited.These com-munities lack minerotrophic site indicators and have a Sphagnum-dominated moss layer.Tufted clubrush – Peat-moss ecosystems (Wb52) are very common in coastal British Columbiabut several sites have been observed in interior locations where the local geology is of igneousintrusive origin (e.g., Monashee Ranges).
92 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification
A B C D E F
Soil Nutrient Regime
VM
W
VW
VAM
ASA
N
Ak
pH
St
SlM
oDy
VD
Hydro
dynam
ic In
dex
Soil
Mo
istu
re R
egim
e
Wetland Edatopic Grid
Wf11 Tufted clubrush – Star moss
Trichophorum cespitosum – Campylium stellatum
Ch
ap
ter 5.2F
ens
79
.. Distribution of Fen Site Associations by biogeoclimatic zone
BG BWBS SBPSPP SWB ESSF ICH IDF MS SBS CDF CWH MH
Wf01 Water sedge – Beaked sedge xx x xx xxx xxx xxx xi
Wf02 Scrub birch – Water sedge xxx x xx xx xx xxWf03 Water sedge – Peat-moss xx xWf04 Barclay’s willow – Water sedge – Glow mosss x xxx x xWf05 Slender sedge – Common hook-moss x xx xx xx xxWf06 Slender sedge – Buckbean x x x xWf07 Scrub birch – Buckbean – Shore sedge x x x xWf08 Shore sedge – Buckbean – Hook-moss x x x x xWf09 Few-flowered spike-rush – Hook-moss x x xWf10 Hudson Bay clubrush – Red hook-moss xWf11 Tufted clubrush – Star moss x x x x xWf12 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass – Marsh-marigold xxxWf13 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass – Shore sedge xx xWf50 Narrow-leaved cotton-grass – Peat-moss x xxxWf51 Sitka sedge – Peat-moss x xx xxWf52 Sweet gale – Sitka sedge xx xxs
Wf53 Slender sedge – White beak-rush x xxs
x = incidental; < 5% of wetlands xx = minor; 5–25% of wetlands xxx = major; >25% of wetlands
i = inland areas only s = southern subzones only
80 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification
.. Fen Species Importance Table
Species Wf01 Wf02 Wf03 Wf04 Wf05 Wf06 Wf07 Wf08
Shrubs Betula nana x xyzzz x xy x x xyzzz x
Salix barclayi x x xyzzzz
Salix pedicellaris x xyz xy xy xyzz xy
Spiraea douglasii x x x x
Myrica gale
Herbs Carex utriculata xyzzz xyz xy xy xyz x x x
and Carex aquatilis xyzzz xyzz xyzzz xyzz xyz x xyz x
Dwarf Comarum palustre xy xyz xy xy xy xyzz xy
Shrubs Calamagrostis canadensis x xy x xyzz x x x x
Carex lasiocarpa x xyzzzz xyzzzz xy x
Menyanthes trifoliata x x x xyzzz xyzzz xyzz
Carex limosa x x x x xy xyzz xyzzz
Carex chordorrhiza x x xy xyz xy
Eleocharis quinqueflora x x
Trichophorum alpinum x
Trichophorum cespitosumEriophorum angustifolium x xy xy x x xy xy
Caltha leptosepala xy xy
Carex anthoxantheaEquisetum fluviatile x x xy xy xy xy
Carex magellanica x x
Carex sitchensis xy xy xyz xyz x x
Rhynchospora alba x
Carex livida x x x x
Eriophorum chamissonis x x x
Vahlodea atropurpurea x
Drosera anglica x x xy
Hypericum anagalloidesTriantha glutinosa x x xy
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontaniFauria crista-galli
Senecio triangularis x x xyz xy
Andromeda polifolia x xy xy
Kalmia microphylla x x x
Oxycoccus oxycoccos x x x x xy x
Triglochin maritima x x x xy xy
Drosera rotundifolia x x x
Leptarrhena pyrolifolia xy x
Platanthera dilatata x xy x x x
Sanguisorba canadensis x xy
Utricularia intermedia x x x xy
Viola palustris x x x
Lichens Sphagnum Group I xy xyz xyzz x x xyz x
and Aulacomnium palustre x xyz xyz xyzz x x x x
Mosses Drepanocladus spp. xyz x xy xyzz xyz xyz xyz
Sphagnum Group II x xyz x x xyz xy
Tomentypnum nitens x xyzz xyz xy x xyz xy
Philonotis fontana xy xyz
Calliergon stramineum x x x x x
Scorpidium spp. x xy xyzz xy
Campylium stellatum x x xy xy x x
Warnstorfia spp. x xy x x xyz x xy
Meesia triquetra x x xy xy
General Description
Slender sedge – Common hook-moss fens are common
throughout the Interior at elevations below 1400 m. These
fens occur on peat flats surrounding small lakes and ponds or
in infilled palustrine basins. Pro-
longed shallow surface flooding and
continual surface peat saturation are typical.
Carex lasiocarpa and Drepanocladus aduncus
are constant dominants. Other large water
sedges, such as C. aquatilis and C. utriculata,
are also common. There can be a very sparse
shrub cover of Salix pedicellaris, S. candida, or
Betula nana. The moss layer is usually well
developed but is occasionally absent. Hook-
mosses usually dominate with occasional inclusions of other brown
mosses.
Deep peat deposits are common but some sites may occur on thin or-
ganic veneers. Mesisols are the most common soil type but Humisols
and Fibrisols also occur.
Characteristic Vegetation
Tree layer (0 - 0 - 0)Shrub layer (0 - 3 - 10)Herb layer (13 - 60 - 100)Carex aquatilis, C. lasiocarpa, C. utriculataMoss layer (0 - 55 - 100)Drepanocladus aduncus
Comments
Some Wf 05 sites are marsh-like with deepflooding, low diversity, and virtually no mosslayer.The related Wf 06 occurs on floatingmats with a more equable water regime andhummock/hollow topography. Slender-sedge fens (Wf 05, Wf 06) occur in locationssimilar to the Wf 01 but seem to representsites with longer surface saturation and morebasic soil water. Similar sites in coastal areasare described by the Wf53.
86 Wetlands of British Columbia: A Field Guide to Identification
Wf 05 Slender sedge – Common hook-moss
Carex lasiocarpa – Drepanocladus aduncus
Wetland Edatopic Grid
A B C D E F
Soil Nutrient Regime
VM
W
VW
VAM
ASA
N
Ak
pH
St
SlM
oDy
VD
Hydro
dynam
ic In
dex
Soil
Mo
istu
re R
egim
e
