Living with wildlife –Living with wildlife

≠Khoadi-//Hôas Conservancythe story of

≠Khoadi-//Hôas – after the Khoekhoegowab phrase for ‘elephants corner’

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Living with wildlife ‒ the story of ≠Khoadi-//hôas CoNsERVaNCY ≠Khoadi-//hôas offers an enchanting mix of

charismatic, free-roaming wildlife – elephant,black rhino, giraffe, predators and plains game..

wildlife can generate a variety of benefitsfor local people

interesting cultures and dynamic communities committed to sustainability ¯ people living in≠Khoadi-//Hôas share a common vision for

managing their area and its resources

vast, diverse and spectacular landscapes –the Etendeka Plateau, the Klip River... a healthy environment diversifies economic opportunities

and drives economic growth

a CoNsERVaNCY is...• alegallyregisteredareawithclearlydefinedbordersandaconstituted

management body run by the community for the development ofresidentsandthesustainableuseofwildlifeandtourism

• managedbyagroupelectedtoservetheinterestsofallitsmembers• aplacewhereresidentscanaddincomefromwildlifeandtourismto

traditionalfarmingactivities• aplacewherewildlifepopulationsincreaseastheyaremanagedfor

productivegain• aplacewherethevalueofthenaturalresourcesincreases,enhancing

thevalueoftheland• aforumthroughwhichservicesanddevelopmentscanbechannelled

andintegrated• zonedformultipleusestominimiseconflictandmaximisetheinterests

ofallstakeholders

Conservanciesenable conservation and development over large areas...

MiLEsToNEs aNd sUCCEssEs

1990– theGrootbergFarmers’Unionisformed1996– policychangesallowcommunalarearesidentstobenefitfrom

wildlifeandtourismbyformingconservancies1998– ≠Khoadi-//HôasConservancyisregisteredinJune2000– theForumforIntegratedResourceManagementisestablished2000– ≠Khoadi-//HôasbecomespartoftheannualNorth-WestGame

Count2001– implementationoftheEventBookmonitoringsystemin ≠Khoadi-//HôasConservancy2002– gemsbokaretranslocatedto≠Khoadi-//Hôas2004– ≠Khoadi-//Hôasbecomesfinanciallyindependentandisableto

coverownoperatingexpenses2005– GrootbergLodgeopens,making≠Khoadi-//Hôasthefirst

conservancyinNamibiatofullyownitsownlodge2005– HoadaCampsite,acommunitycampsite,opens2007– ≠Khoadi-//HôasisoneofthefirstconservanciesinNamibiato

reintroduceblackrhino07/08– elandandblack-facedimpalaarereintroducedintothe

conservancy2008– theMinistryofEnvironmentandTourismawardstherightstothe

HobatereTourismConcessiontotheconservancy

QUiCK FaCTsRegion:KuneneSize:3,364squarekilometresApproximate population:3,200Main language:KhoekhoegowabDate of registration:June1998

a LiTTLE hisToRYPrior to Namibia’s independence in 1990, communal area residents

hadfewrightstousewildlife.Wildanimalswereoftenseenaslittlemorethanathreattocrops, livestockandinfrastructure,aswellascommunitysafety. Ground-breaking legislation passed in the mid-nineties laid thefoundationforanewapproachtothesustainableuseofnaturalresources.By forming a conservancy, people in communal areas can now activelymanage–andgeneratebenefitsfrom–wildlifeandotherresourcesintheirarea,encouragingwildliferecoveriesandenvironmentalrestoration.Whileaconservancyisanaturalresourcemanagementstructure,itisdefinedbysocial ties.Conservanciesunitegroupsofpeoplewith thecommongoalof managing their resources. Today, over 60 communal conservanciesembraceoneinfourruralNamibians,underlininganationalcommitmenttobothruraldevelopmentandconservation.

≠Khoadi-//Hôas covers 3,364 square kilometres and is home toaboutasmanypeople,mostofwhomspeakKhoekhoegowab,alanguage

sharedbytheDamaraandNama.TheareathatistodaytheConservancyislikelytohavebeenutilisedbytheDamaraforcenturies.Inthesecondhalfofthe1800s,TopnaarandSwartbooiNamaenteredtheregionfromcentralNamibiatosettleatSesfonteintothenorthandFransfonteintothesouth,respectively,andhadaconsiderableinfluenceontheregion.TheGermancolonisationofNamibiafrom1884andtheSouthAfricanadministrationofthecountryafterWorldWar1heavilyinfluencedsettlementpatterns,withlandintheareabeingallocatedaswhitefarmland.SomeofthesefarmsweresubsequentlyreincorporatedintotheDamaraland‘homeland’createdaftertherecommendationsoftheOdendaalCommissionof1964.

The registration of the conservancywas initiated by the active localfarmingcommunity,theGrootbergFarmers’Union.Therequesttoformaconservancywassubmittedtogovernmentwithoutthehelpofanexternalsupportorganisation,and≠Khoadi-//HôaswasregisteredasoneofthefirstfourconservanciesinNamibiain1998.

people are living with wildlife, are managing natural resources wisely and are reaping the benefits...

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Conservanciesare living landscapes...

Allculturesaredynamic,continuallychanginglivelihoods,traditionsandevenlanguagesovertime.TheDamarawereamongsttheearliestresidentsofwhatistodayNamibia,andstockfarmingstartedbecomingtheircentrallivelihoodactivityatleastacenturyago.TwoNamagroups,theTopnaarandSwartbooi,whoalsodependedon livestock,settled inthenorth-westinthesecondhalfofthe1800sandexertedasignificantinfluenceontheoverallregion.≠Khoadi-//HôaslieshalfwaybetweentheTopnaarbaseatSesfonteinandtheSwartbooicentreatFransfonteinandthemoderncommunitylivingintheconservancywasprobablyshapedinpartbythese,aswellasbytheforcedresettlementsofthecolonialperiod.

REsoURCEs aNd aTTRaCTioNsdegreeofendemismhasdevelopedalongtheNamibianescarpment,andthediversehabitatsoftheconservancyarehometoavarietyofbirds, includingmanyofthecountry’snear-endemicspeciessuchasbare-cheekedbabbler,Carp’stit,rosy-facedlovebird,Rüppell’sparrot,Hartlaub’s francolin,violetwood-hoopoe,Rüppell’skorhaan,Damarahornbill, Monteiro’s hornbill, white-tailed shrike, Herero chat androckrunner.Morethanhalfofthescorpions,25%ofthereptiles,30%of thesnakes,andover40%of the lizardsoccurring in theareaarealsoendemic.

Plant life in the conservancy is as interesting anddiverse.Aroundtenendemic treesoccurhere, includingseveralCommiphora species.Mopane dominates much of the conservancy, while other distinctivespeciesincludekobas,bottletree,ringwoodandshepherd’stree.

to the distant horizon, ranges upon ranges of layered, flat-topped basalt mountains glow deep red in sunset colours,hinting at the volcanic upheaval that created them millions of years ago, as Africa started to become Africa...

the views from the rim of the Etendeka Plateau are truly breathtaking

Much of the spectacular environment of the ≠Khoadi-//HôasConservancy was formed by cataclysmic events that heralded theseparation of the supercontinent known as Gondwanaland around120 million years ago. Between 132 and 125 million years ago, anunimaginable series of eruptions from volcanic fissures depositedextensive lava fields across what later became the edge of south-westernAfrica.The lava eruptions accumulated as a series of basaltlayers, nowwonderfully visible as thewestern edge of theEtendekaPlateauaroundtheGrootbergMountain,themostdistinctivelandmarkof the area. Themetamorphic gneiss complexes and granites whichunderlietheeasterntwo-thirdsoftheconservancyformedmuch,muchearlier―between1,650and2,500millionyearsago―andareamongsttheoldestinNamibia.Theelevationsoftheage-oldhillsof≠Khoadi-//Hôasrangebetween600and1,600metresabovesea level,and thevariedtopography,rockandsoiltypesofferagreatdiversityofhabitatsforbothplantandanimallife.Thedramaticbutchallengingenvironmentgenerally has shallow soils, resulting in difficult farming conditions.Low rainfall and high evaporation rates have created a distinctly arid

environment.Annualrainfallrangesbetween250millimetresinthenorth-eastand100millimetresinthesouth-west.Overthree-quartersofallrainfallsduringthefirstthreemonthsoftheyear,butvariestremendouslyfrommonthtomonth,yeartoyearandplacetoplace.Thisoftenforceswildlifetomoveoverlargeareasinsearchoffood,waybeyondtheboundariesoftheconservancy.

quietly following two expert guides across hours and kilometres of wild lands, with a tingling anticipation steadily building ―until suddenly, the ancient-looking pachyderm is there ahead, big and close and beautiful...rhino tracking is one of the great wilderness experiences of Africa

Since the establishment of conservancies, wildlife numbersin communal areas have rebounded from historic lows prior toindependence. ≠Khoadi-//Hôas is especially rich in wildlife, whichincludes desert-adapted elephant, black rhino, giraffe, mountainzebra,eland,kudu,gemsbok,black-faced impala, springbok,duiker,steenbok,klipspringer,warthog,ostrichandbaboon.Predatorsincludelion, leopard, cheetah, jackal, spotted and brown hyaena. A high

Around ≠KHoadi-//Hôas... The conservancy lies south-westofEtoshaNationalParkandsharesaverysmallborderwithit,aswellaswiththeadjacentHobatereTourismConcession.Totheeast,≠Khoadi-//Hôasbordersontoprivatefarmland,apartofwhichisjointlymanagedinfreeholdconser-vancies.Tothesouthandwest,≠Khoadi-//Hôassharesborderswith//Huab,TorraandEhi-RovipukaConser-vanciesandtheEtendekaTourismConcession.

Overall Endemismof TerrestrialFauna & Flora

HighEndemism

LowEndemism

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reasonableaccesstoboreholewater,butwatersupplyremainsa limiting factor, as boreholesare expensive to drill andmaintain, and often yield onlylimited supplies. Settlementand farming activities arehighestinthenorth-eastoftheconservancy,withthemoreruggedandaridsouth-westreservedmoreforwildlifeandnaturalresourceuse.

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LiVELihoods aNd dEVELopMENT

≠Khoadi-//Hôas facilitates access to diverse training and capacity building, empowers individuals, especially women,to actively take part in decision-making, as well as instilling a renewed sense of pride in cultural heritage

the conservancy creates a range of new livelihood options for its residents, including employment and income from tourism, guiding, craft production and other sales and services based on the sustainable use of natural resources

Conservanciesempower rural people...

KhoekhoegowabisspokenbyalittleovertenpercentofNamibia’snationalpopulation.The language isspokenbybothDamaraandNama, but the circumstances that resulted in the shared languageareuncertain.ExtensivemovementsaroundNamibiabybothDamaraand Nama have continuously reshaped communities. Before theavailabilityofpermanentsuppliesofboreholewaterin≠Khoadi-//Hôas,thepeoplelivingintheareaweresemi-nomadicpastoralists,oftenonthemoveinsearchofgreenerpastures.Nowadays,theconservancyresidents live in permanent settlementsorposte (anAfrikaanswordfor the cattle posts in earlier times) scattered across 44 former

private farmswhichconstitute theconservancyand the !GaiodamanTraditionalAuthorityarea.Inthe1960sand1970s,theSouthAfricanadministrationpurchasedthesefarmsandincorporatedthemintotheDamara‘homeland’.Somepeoplevoluntarilymovedtothishomeland,butotherswereforcedtoresettletherefromelsewhereinNamibiabytheSouthAfricanadministration.

development wassorelyneglected incommunalareasduringtheGerman colonial period and the SouthAfrican administration ofNamibiapriortoindependence,animbalancestillevidenttoday.Twopostein≠Khoadi-//Hôas,ErweeandAnker,haveslowlydevelopedintolargersettlements,whichtodayprovidealimitedrangeoffacilities and services.Severalhundredpeopleliveinthesettlements,eachofwhichhasaprimaryschool,aclinicandafewsmallshops.Therearetwomoreprimaryschools,alargerclinicandavarietyofshopsinKamanjab,lessthan50kilometreseastoftheconservancy,whilethetownsofKhorixasandOutjo,alittlefurtherafieldtothesouthandeastprovideaccesstopublichospitals,secondaryschoolingandabroaderrange of facilities and services. Residents of ≠Khoadi-//Hôas have

Farmingwithgoats, sheepandcattle is still verymuchapartofmost livelihoods in ≠Khoadi-//Hôas, often supplemented by smallscale gardening, as well as by income from employment, pensionsandremittances.Farmingisdifficultintheharshenvironment,andtheconservancyhassignificantlyimprovedthelivelihoodsofmanypeoplein≠Khoadi-//Hôas.Numerous jobshavebeencreated in the tourismindustry and the conservancy itself employs more than ten people.The conservancy distributesmeat from trophy hunting and own-use

hunting,aswellassomecashpaymentsto

residents.Theconservancyhasinvestedinavarietyofcapital

developmentsandhasdonated

moneytotheschools

for renovations,purchasedand loanedbreedingstock to improve thelivestockqualityintheconservancy,andhasdevelopedasoupkitchentoprovidefoodfortheelderly.Trophyhuntingandshootandsellhuntingprovideimportantcashincometocoverconservancyrunningcosts.

Access for visitors isprovidedby theveryscenicC40gravelroadbetweenKamanjabandPalmwag,whichtraversesthespectacularGrootbergPass todescend fromtheEtendekaPlateau into the lowerlyinglandscapesontheeasternfringesoftheNamibDesert.ThisisoneofthemostpopulartourismroutesintotheKuneneRegion.Anumberofsmallergravelroadsprovidegoodaccesstomuchoftheeasternhalfoftheconservancy,whiletheruggedsouth-west isonlyaccessiblebyfour-wheeldriveonorganisedgamedrives.

Grootberg Lodge, a hidden treasure perched on the convolutededgeoftheEtendekaPlateau,withpanoramicviewsovertheKlipRivervalley,provideswonderful tourismaccommodation. It is thefirst lodgeinNamibia tobeentirelyownedbyaconservancy,andwasbuiltwithfundsprovidedbytheEuropeanUnion.Thelodgeismanagedfortheconservancybyprivate tourismoperator JourneysNamibia throughajoint venture agreement. The lodge creates themain income sourcefor the conservancy, aswell as providing significant employment andtrainingopportunities.JourneysNamibiaalsomanagesHoadaCampsiteaspartoftheagreement.Thecampsiteistuckedawayamongstgranitebouldersalong the roadbetweenKamanjaband theGrootbergPass.Thelodgeandcampsitecreateidealstop-overoptionsonthewaytoorfromthenorth-westernKuneneRegion,butarealsoarealattractionintheirownright,especiallybyofferingvisitorstheunmatchedexperienceoftrackingblackrhino.In2008theMinistryofEnvironment&Tourism(MET)awardedtherightstotheHobatereTourismConcessiononthenorthern border of the conservancy to ≠Khoadi-//Hôas, opening upanotherimportantincomeopportunitytothecommunity.

Shoot and Sell

Own-Use Hunting Game Meat

Trophy Hunting

Trophy Hunting Game Meat

Joint Venture Tourism

Campsites & Cultural Tourism

Other

Conservancy & Household Income

Other Benefits

Private Sector Jobs

Household Meat

Cash Payments

Capital Developments

Running Costs

Jobs

Conservancy Expenditure

Other Benefits

CombinedCashIncomeandIn-kindBenefits

Benefits to the conservancy and its members come from a variety of sources. Sources and amounts vary from year to year,depending on factors such as agreements with private sector partners, and market fluctuations.

The pie chart shows the main benefit sources in 2010.

The conservancy spends money and provides community and individual benefits in various areas. Areas and amounts vary from year to year, depending on factors such as conservancy income and priorities. Private sector jobs are created through agreements with private sector partners.The pie chart shows the main expenditure and benefit areas in 2010.

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MaNagiNg NaTURaL REsoURCEs

Conservanciesfacilitate sustainability...

The management structure of the conservancy consists ofamanagementcommitteeof17peoplewhoholdofficeforafive-yearterm.Anexecutivecommitteeofsixmembers,withthetraditionalauthorityacting inanadvisorycapacity,makesmostof theday-to-daydecisionswithintheconservancy.Decisionsarebasedlargelyoninformationfromthemanymonitoringmechanisms used to collect data on wildlife andgrazingresources,aswellaskeyaspectsoftheconservancy’sinstitutionaldevelopment. Conservancy employees include eight environmentalshepherds, an environmental shepherd coordinator and an informationofficer. ≠Khoadi-//Hôas is divided into smaller representational areas

to improve communication with the widely scattered settlements. TheconservancysharesofficeswiththeGrootbergFarmers’Union(GFU)andworkstogetherwiththeGFUonavarietyoflanduseissues.

Activities...TheGFUfirstrecognisedtheopportunitiesthatwildlifemanagementapproachesheldforfarmersandinitiatedtheformationoftheconservancy.TheGFUandtheemergingconservancyworkedwiththeMET,othergovernmentagenciesandNGOstopioneeracooperativemanagement approach, which later became known as the Forum forIntegratedResourceManagement(FIRM).Amorecoordinatedapproachtoruraldevelopmentresulted,includingthemanagementanddevelopmentof water infrastructure, rangeland, livestock, wildlife and tourism. TheFIRMapproachhasbeenfurtherdevelopedandreplicatedelsewhereinNamibia,buttodaythemethodisoftenmorenarrowlyfocusedonlivestockandrangeland.

Tofacilitateeffectivelanduseandreduceconflictsbetweendifferentuses,theconservancyhasbeenzonedintoanumberofareas,includinga large farming and multiple-use zone, and different wildlife zonesfor exclusive tourism and trophy hunting activities. The stunning Klip

River valley has been set aside as the wildlife and tourism nucleus.Reintroductions of wildlife, including eland, black-faced impala andblackrhino,havesignificantlyboostedthevalueoftheareafortourism.

The environmental shepherds undertake active natural resourcemonitoring throughout the conservancy, including monthly fixed routepatrolsdoneonfootacrosstheruggedandlargelywaterlessterrain.Theshepherds alsomonitor grazing and livestock conditions, and addressissuesrelatedtowatersupply.MostofthegatheredinformationisenteredintotheEventBookmonitoringsystem,recordingavarietyofdatasuchas game sightings, human wildlife conflict, poaching incidents, gameutilisationandanyotherdatadeemedimportantbytheconservancy.Thedataisaggregatedintomonthlyandannualreportingchartsthatfacilitateadaptivemanagement.

The conservancy is part of the annual North-West Game Count,carriedoutbytheMinistryofEnvironment&Tourism(MET)incollaborationwiththeconservanciesandwiththesupportofNGOs.Thecensusisthelargestannualroad-basedgamecountintheworld,coveringover7,000kilometresofroadtransectsinanareaofaround70,000squarekilometres.

the ≠Khoadi-//Hôas Conservancy provides vital structures for managing the communal natural resources of the areain a way that enhances development and ensures sustainability

the conservancy uses a mix of modern technologies and traditional knowledge and skillsto enable healthy wildlife populations, a productive environment, and the effective management of natural resources

The MET works with the conservancy andother stakeholders to set annual quotas forusing wildlife, based on information from thegamecountsandtheEventBook.Thisallowstheconservancytocarryouthuntingtosupplyresidents with meat, as well as entering intotrophy hunting concession agreements withhuntingoperators.

≠Khoadi-//Hôas strives to actively mitigatehuman wildlife conflict and has investedheavily in measures to prevent or alleviateproblemscausedbyelephantsandpredators.Protectivewallshavebeenbuilt aroundwaterinfrastructure and water points for elephantshavebeenestablishedtodiscouragethemfromvisitingwater sourcesat settlements.ThroughtheNationalPolicyonHumanWildlifeConflictManagement,anewsystemofprovidingfinancialoffsets for losses is now being implemented.The conservancy receives a fixed lump sumfromtheMETandisresponsibleforpayingoutoffsetstoresidentsuponreceiptofaclaim.Thismustbeaccompaniedbyareportcompletedbygameguardsinvestigatingtheincident,andall

claimsarereviewedbyapanelbefore

paymentscanbemade.

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ChaLLENgEs, oppoRTUNiTiEs... ... aNd ThE FUTUREConservanciesare full of opportunities...

Thevarietyofenvironmentalassetsandculturalresourcesinthe≠Khoadi-//HôasConservancyprovidesuntappedpotential.

Challenges... ≠Khoadi-//Hôas faces the challenge of balancingfarmingactivitieswiththeenvironmentallimitationsofanaridecosystem,aswellasoptimisingbenefitsfromnaturalresourcesamongstasocietywithalongtraditionoflivestockherding.Stockingratesareveryhighinmanyareasof theconservancyandpastureshavebeenovergrazed,particularly around the poste and water points where livestockcongregate.TheclosecooperationwiththeGrootbergFarmers’Union

≠Khoadi-//Hôas harbours great potential to overcome some of the development challenges that the area faces ‒and the conservancy is the ideal structure to coordinate many of the developments

Locatedonakeytourismrouteintothenorth-west,≠Khoadi-//Hôashas a variety ofopportunities to increase benefits from existingtourismtraffic,aswellasdrawingmorepeopleintothearea.GrootbergLodge and Hoada Campsite already offer excellent accommodationoptions,andHoadaiscurrentlybeingupgradedtoprovidemorefacilities.Craftsalescangenerateimportantincome,especiallyforwomen,and

strategic development that maximises the area’s tourism potential while mitigating pressures on the environmentcan facilitate a bright future for ≠Khoadi-//Hôas Conservancy

waystodevelopthissectorarebeinginvestigated.≠Khoadi-//Hôasisalso exploring opportunities such as vegetable gardening and otherproductsandservicesthatcanbeofferedtothetourismindustry.Localculturesarealwaysof interest to visitors,andsomecultural tourismproducts such as village visits could be developed to diversify thevisitorexperience.

TheConcessionsPolicyoftheMinistryofEnvironment&Tourismhasenabledcommunitiestobenefitfromneighbouringstatecontrolledresource areas, and the Hobatere Tourism Concession, a high-valuewildlife refugeon thewesternborderofEtoshaNationalPark,holdsgreatopportunities for theconservancyto increasecommunitybenefits.Negotiationsarecurrentlybeingheldwithtourismoperatorstoexploremanagementoptionsfortheexistinglodgesite,aswellasnewdevelopmentpossibilitiesintheconcession.

With the support of the private sector, the community-ownedGrootbergLodgehasalreadyestablisheditselfasagreatdestination,with rhino tracking being a defining experience ― not only for≠Khoadi-//Hôas, but for a visit to Namibia. By further enhancing

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infrastructure. The diversity of predators causingconflicts with livestock, while a real challenge forresidents, also indicates a significant conservationsuccess ― as a result of increased benefitsfrom wildlife, predator populations have shownimportant recoveries across much of the north-west. Importantly, elephants and predators are ofgreatvalue,bothtotheecosystemandtourism,andin the long run benefits gained from them shouldoutweigh the costs of living with them, if peopleoutsidenationalparksaretocontinuetotoleratethepresenceofdangerouswildlife.

Human wildlife conflicts are monitored using the Event Book and clearly indicate the main conflict species.

Come to ≠Khoadi-//Hôas ― be part of the future...

enables≠Khoadi-//Hôastoaddressthisissueinacoordinatedway.Human wildlife conflict is perhaps the largest challenge for the

conservancy,yetthistendstobethecasewhereeverpeoplecoexistwith wild animals, especially if these include elephants and largepredators. Elephant conflicts have been reduced in the conservancythrough dedicatedwaterholes forwildlife and the protection ofwater

the tourism experience in the conservancy and capitalising onneighbouringHobatere,≠Khoadi-//Hôascanenableabrightfuturefortheconservancyanditsresidents.

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For more information and updates: ≠Khoadi-//Hôas Conservancy

P.O. Box 119Kamanjab

Telephone: +264 (0)67 333017Copyright©NACSO2012;Allphotostakenin≠Khoadi-//HôasbySteveFelton,HelgeDenker&LucyKemp;Layout:HDenker;Charts:AliceJarvis;InformationcompiledbyLucyKemp,JohnMendelsohn&BrianJones,revisedbyHDenker;Maps:SylviaThompson;Backcovermap:RAISON;Printing:JohnMeinertPrinting

For more information and updates:

Etosha Pan

Kamanjab

Anker

Erwee

Grootberg Lodge

Klip

River

Hoada Campsite

Huab River

Conservancy Office

HOBATERETOURISM

CONCESSION

ETOSHANATIONAL PARK

Copyright © NACSO 2012; All photos taken in ≠Khoadi-//Hôas by Steve Felton, Helge Denker & Lucy Kemp; Layout: H Denker; Charts: Alice Jarvis;

TheproductionofthisbrochurewasjointlyfundedbyMCA-Namibia,NoradandWWF

www.namibiawildlifesafaris.com | www.nacso.org.na