Livestock Perspectives on Bio-energy co-products

Feeding DDGS to IN Livestock

Specie Diet inclusion tons / year

Swine 10% 274,950

Dairy 20% 263,000

Repl. Heifers 30% 70,000

Poultry 10% 177,390

Beef/cow-calf var. 47,477

TOTAL 832,817

Est. production of DDGS = 1.4 M tons60%

DDGS Nutritional Issues

1. Variability in available amino acids– Lys digestibility range = 60 to 84%– Novus Intl. in vitro assay (r2 = 0.88)

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50

Sample Number

Dig

estib

ility

(%)

Lysine

Methionine

Threonine

Amino Acid Digestibility (%)

Novus Intl., 2006

High Dig. Lys. Low Dig. Lys.

DDGS Nutritional Issues

1. Variability in available amino acids– Lys digestibility range = 60 to 84%

2. Variability in available energy– ME ranges between 2629 to 2981 kcal/kg

3. Variability in phosphorusTotal P, % Available P, %

total PCorn 0.3 20 to 30%DDGS 0.75 60 to 80%

DDGS Nutritional Issues

4. Variability in sodium content (corn=0.02%)

– 0.05 to 0.17% Typical diet = 0.18%

5. Pelleting – molasses “balls” from solubles cause “gumming” of dies reducing throughput and pellet durability

6. INCONSISTENCY (w/in & between plants)

7. Mycotoxins (concentrated 3X)

8. Sulfur content (0.4 to 0.8 vs corn = 0.12)

SBM vs DDGS

• DDGS contains 62% of the protein of SBMSBM = 44 or 48 DDGS = 27

• DDGS contains 30% of the total lysine of SBM

SBM = 2.83 DDGS = 0.84

• DDGS contains 16% of the available lysineSBM = 2.41 DDGS = 0.39

Feed Manufacturing Issues

• Flow rates (handling / transportation)

• Bridging- bad with high inclusion rates

• Particle size? ( < 400 to > 600 um)

• Separation/settling issues?• Pelletability?

• Wet feeding - spoilage

Other Issues / Unknowns with DDGS

• Effect on Animal Performance (including reproductive performance) ?

• Effect on Product Quality ?

Other Issues / Unknowns with DDGS

• Effect on Animal Performance (including reproductive performance) ?

• Effect on Product Quality ?

• Effect on Nutrient Management ?

• Producer Education

Processing Methods or Technologies

1. Conventional dry grind

2.5-2.7 gal of Ethanol

One bushel of CornCorn Dry Grind Facility

15-17 lbs of DDGS

Ruminant Feed

Co-products in Dry Grind Corn Process

V. Singh, UIUCNonruminant Food

Processing Methods or Technologies

1. Conventional dry grind

2. Modified dry grind – recovers germ and pericarp fiber with a horizontal drum degerminator

3. Quick germ quick fiber – recovers germ and pericarp fiber by soaking corn in water for 6 to 12 hours with alpha-amylase

Coproducts from Modified Dry Grind andQuick Germ Quick Fiber Processes

One bushel CornCorn Dry Grind Facility

2.6 gal Ethanol

7.0 lb Residu

al DDGS

Ruminant Food

Dry DegermDefiberProcess

Nonruminant Food

4 lb Germ

4 lb Perica

rp Fiber

+

V. Singh, UIUC

Effect of Processing Technology on Nutrient Content of DDGS (%)1

Conventional Modified Quick germComponent dry grind dry grind quick fiber

Protein 21 25 28

Fat 14 9 6

Fiber (TDF) 36 28 25

Lysine 0.73 0.63 0.91

Phosphorus, % 0.78 0.47 1.12

1 dry matter basis.Parsons et al., 2006

Processing Methods or Technologies

1. Conventional dry grind

2. Modified dry grind – recovers germ and pericarp fiber with a horizontal drum degerminator

3. Quick germ quick fiber – recovers germ and pericarp fiber by soaking corn in water for 6 to 12 hours with alpha-amylase

4. Enzymatic Dry Grind (E-Mill) – uses enzymes to recover additional endosperm fiber

Coproducts from Enzymatic Dry Grind (E-Mill)

One bushel CornCorn Dry Grind Facility

2.6 gal Ethanol

3.7 lb Residu

al DDGS

Ruminant Food

QuickGerm

QuickFiber

Nonruminant Food

E-Mill

3.3 lb Germ 4 lb

Pericarp

Fiber 4 lb Endosperm Fiber

V. Singh, UIUC

Overall Issues with DDGS

• Product Variation

• Handling, Storage, Transportation

• Effect on Animal Performance

• Effect on Product Quality

• Effect on Nutrient Management

• Producer Education

Glycerol from Bio-diesel• ~ 10% of production

• What to do with off-spec for human / industrial use?

• Can use up to 10% in diets (CHO energy +)

• Purity vs. cost?

• Pellet binder?

• Change in animal fat composition / amount

• Handling issues?

Helpful Resources

• http://www.ddgs.umn.edu/

• http://ilift.traill.uiuc.edu/distillers/