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Low Emission StrategiesLiverpool City Region, April 2011
Andrew WhittlesLow Emission Strategies Programme Technical & Strategic [email protected]
web: www.lowemissionstrategies.orgemail: [email protected]
Low Emission Strategies
- Background to LES
- Land-Use Planning
- Regional Group Initiative
- Leicester Case Study / Parking SPD
- Low Emission Vehicles & Waste
- Evidence Base
- Low Emission Toolkit
DfT 2010
Source Apportionment for NO2: 2015
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Bel
fast
Met
ropo
litan
Urb
an A
rea
Bris
tol U
rban
Are
a
Cen
tral S
cotla
nd
Eas
t Mid
land
s
Eas
tern
Gla
sgow
Urb
an A
rea
Gre
ater
Lon
don
Urb
anA
rea
Gre
ater
Man
ches
ter
Urb
an A
rea
Kin
gsto
n up
on H
ull
Live
rpoo
l Urb
an A
rea
Nor
th E
ast
Nor
th W
ales
Nor
th W
est &
Mer
seys
ide
Not
tingh
am U
rban
Are
a
Por
tsm
outh
Urb
an A
rea
She
ffiel
d U
rban
Are
a
Sou
th E
ast
Sou
th W
ales
Sou
tham
pton
Urb
anA
rea
Tees
side
Urb
an A
rea
The
Pot
terie
s
Tyne
side
Wes
t Mid
land
s
Wes
t Mid
land
s U
rban
Are
a
Wes
t Yor
kshi
re U
rban
Are
a
Yor
kshi
re &
Hum
bers
ide
NO
2 con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g m
)
Total Non Transport + Urban Background Local Traffic: CarsLocal Traffic: HGVs Rigid Local Traffic: HGVs ArticLocal Traffic: Buses Local Traffic: LGVsLocal Traffic: Motorbikes & Mopeds Limit Value
BusesHGVs Local Traffic
Background
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
Particulate emissions
g/kWh (ETC)
Econic CNGEEVEuro 5Euro 4
Greenwich
Emission Reduction Progression
Avoid
Shift
Improve
European Emission Standards
Defra
SMMT
DFT Low Carbon Transport : A Greener Future
Source – An independent report on the future of the Automotive industry NAIGT
-
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Petrol Total Diesel Total Combined Overall
Road Transport Fuel by Volume (million Tonnes)Road Transport Fuel by Volume (million Tonnes)
Supplementary Planning Guidance
• Updates the LES Planning Guidance (Defra 2010)
• Low Emission Assessment Methodology (LEAM)
• Potential to integrate with BREEAM
• Low Emission Strategy Mitigation Options
• Low Emission Technology Availability & Applicability
• Suggested approach to Compensation Formula & Tariffs
• Published on LES Website March
Developer Contributions/Off-Sets
• PPS 23 / PPG 13 /PPS 17?
• Widespread Use for Mitigation & Off-Set
• Bike Hire, Car Clubs, Municipal Fleets, EVR, Gas Refueling
• Approaches – fixed formula, emissions loading, scheme categorisation
• Costed Action Plan
• Clear, Transparent and Easy to Use – Public Database
Low Emission Infrastructure
• Enable communities to make green vehicle choices
• EV Recharging, Natural Gas/Biomethane Refueling
• Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL)
• Non-CIL Issues? Eg Car Clubs, Buses, RCVs?
• Infrastructure Development Plans
• Public Private Partnerships / Low Carbon Economy
Peer GroupCity of LondonCroydonGreenwichHillingdonLeedsLeicesterLewesMaidstoneMid DevonOxford
SeftonSheffieldSouth CambridgeshireTunbridge WellsWandsworthWigan
Regional GroupsLeeds City RegionLiverpool City RegionSussex
Edinburgh
Low Emission Strategies Programme
LES Phase 2 Outputs
• Regional Group Initiative (RGi)- Leeds City Region (York)- Liverpool City Region (Sefton)- Sussex (Lewes)
• Low Emission Toolkit• Supplementary Planning Document Guidance• LES Procurement Guidance• Leicester New Business Quarter Case Study• LES Qualification Development• National Case Study• LES RTPI Seminar Programme• Case Studies Review & Database• LES Newsletter and Website Development
Leeds Low Emission Vehicle Exhibition & Conference
Leeds City Region
Leeds City Region
Plugged-in Places
OLEVOffice of Low Emission Vehicles
• eLive• YorEVolution• South Coast +
LEICESTER NBQ Low Emission Strategy
New Business Quarter
Sheffield Gas Vehicle Demonstration
Dual Fuel Substitution Vs CO2 reduction
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90%
Substitution Level
CO2 r
educ
tion
Low Emission Toolkit
• Defra AQ Grant and Greenwich s106 funds
• Contract with TTR, CERC and RPS
• Now finalising the ‘Beta Version’
Low Emission Toolkit
• Defra AQ Grant and Greenwich s106 funds
• Contract with TTR, CERC and RPS
• Now finalising the ‘Beta Version’
TECHNOLOGY GUIDANCE
Low Emission Toolkit
• Defra AQ Grant and Greenwich s106 funds
• Contract with TTR, CERC and RPS
• Now finalising the ‘Beta Version’
TECHNOLOGY GUIDANCE FLEET TOOL
Low Emission Toolkit
• Defra AQ Grant and Greenwich s106 funds
• Contract with TTR, CERC and RPS
• Now finalising the ‘Beta Version’
TECHNOLOGY GUIDANCE FLEET TOOL DEVELOPMENT
TOOL
Select vehicles
Compare emissions, c
osts, etc.Output results
TECHNOLOGY GUIDANCE
Describe current fleet
Review baseline
Compare alternatives
FLEET TOOL
Define development
Review baseline emissions
Select planning measures
Compare scenarios
DEVELOPMENT TOOL
Procurement Guidance
• Best Practice Guidance on the use of public sector procurement to reduce road transport emissions
• Working Group includes:YPO, Leeds CC, Sheffield CC, Greenwich, Sefton, City, York, TfL & GLA
• Procurement Frameworks, Green Procurement Policies, Sustainable Tender Evaluation, Leasing Innovation, Forward Commitment, Full Life Cycle Costs etc
• EU Cleaner Vehicle Directive & Lifetime Cost Analysis
• Cleaner Road Transport Vehicle Regs 200?
• Draft Guidance April 2011 with full consultation later this year
London Electric Vehicle & Infrastructure Procurement Framework
Target – 1000 vehicles in service by 2015£60 - £80m Procurement FrameworkOpen to Boroughs
Current Clean Vehicle Fleet150 Bi-Fuel LPG vans (Ford)
7 Electric (cars, scooter,van)
(Peugot, Modec)
7 – Hybrid cars (Toyota)
1 – Bi-fuel biomethane van (Iveco)
ULSDiesel - 95% Euro 4, 5% Euro 5
Future Clean VehiclesBi-fuel compressed biomethane gas
(Iveco, Mercedes, Dennis Eagle)
Hybrid Assist (Ashwoods, Connaughts)
Electric – (Smiths Electric, Modec)
Hydrogen fuel cell bicycles (Horizon)
Camden Green Vehicle Policy Development
Lifetime Cost CalculatorType of Fuel
Fuel consumptionDiesel, petrol, LPG, ethanol, biodiesel, emulsion fuel: l/100km.Natural gas or hydrogen gas: Nm3/100km
Liquid hydrogen: l/100km or kg/100km ; Electricity: kWh/100km
Fuel Consumption
CO2 Emissions (g/km)
Pollutant emissions(g/km or g/kWh)If input is in g/kWh, g/km is calculated on the basis of input for fuel consumption
NOx (Nitrous oxides)
PM (Particulate Matter)
NMHC (Non-methane hydrocarbons)
Reference fuel (petrol or diesel, cost before tax)
Reference Fuel
Cost of Reference Fuel (€/l)
Cost of CO2 (€/t) Range 30-40€/t. Default 30€/t
Cost of Vehicle (€)
Lifetime Mileage (km)
Default values
Results of Lifetime Costs
Energy consumption #VALUE!
CO2 emissions #VALUE!
Pollutant emissions #VALUE!
Total Operational Lifetime Costs: #VALUE!
Total Lifetime Costs + Cost of Vehicle #VALUE!
BioethanolBiodiesel
Petrol
Diesel
CNGLPG
Battery Electric
Battery Electric
Hybrid
Plug-in Hybrid
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Air Quality
Cli
ma
te C
ha
ng
e
Bio-methane
GREENEST
MOST POLLUTING Key Results From Two Studies
• Electric vehicles largest emissions reductions when using renewable electricity
• Vehicle size influences emissions
• Bio-methane cleanest burning fuel and lowest life cycle environmental impact
• Bio-diesel produced from waste oil second best performing biofuel
• Bio-diesel reduces PM emissions but slightly increases in NOx
• Bio-ethanol from cereals - increase in aldehyde emissions, life cycle CO2 can be high depending on cultivation & production method
Camden Green Vehicle Policy
1) Electric2) Plug-in hybrid3) Bio-methane fitted with hybrid assist4) Bio-methane5) Compressed Natural Gas/Liquid Natural
Gas fitted with hybrid assist6) Bi-fuel Liquid Petroleum Gas fitted with
hybrid assist 7) Compressed Natural Gas/Liquid Natural
Gas8) Bi-fuel Liquid Petroleum Gas9) Petrol Hybrid10) Diesel Hybrid11) Bio-diesel produced from used cooking oil 12) Bio-diesel produced from virgin plant oil 13) Bio-ethanol14) Ultra low sulphur petrol15) Ultra low sulphur diesel
2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13
15% fromoptions 1-4
70% fromoptions 5-10
15% fromoptions 11-15
20%fromoptions 1-4
65%fromoptions 5-10
15% fromoptions 11-15
25% from options 1-4
65%fromoptions 5-10
10%fromoptions 11-15
30% fromoptions 1-4
60% fromoptions 5-10
10% fromoptions 11-15
2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13
Passenger cars/light commercial (<3.5T)Euro 4
100% 75%
Euro 525% 75% 50%
Euro 625% 50%
Example European Emission Standards
Clean Vehicle Fuel & Technology Hierarchy
Clean Vehicles & Target Dates
Camden Green Vehicle Policy Development
