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© SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd 2014. All rights reserved.
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© SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd 2014. All rights reserved.
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© SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd 2014. All rights reserved.
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An Adaptive Capabilities Approach
Livelihood Restoration in Complex Situations
Dr Cathryn MacCallum
Mines and Money London2014
© SRK Consulting (UK) Ltd 2014. All rights reserved.
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THE BIG FIVE
Mines and Money London 2014
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Artisanal Mining Local Content
Involuntary Resettlement Good Governance Indigenous Communities
SOCIAL ISSUES AFFECTING LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION
Mines and Money London 2014
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A WICKED PROBLEM
Displacement, migration and resettlement in Africa has traditionally been attributed to conflict, natural disasters, developmental pressure, extraction of natural resources or a combination of these. Livelihood Restoration in such difficult, complex situations poses a wicked problem (Rittel and Webber 1973). Mines and Money London 2014
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COMMON FEATURES OF CONFLICT AFFECTED AREAS
AFRICA’s CONFLICT STATES WHERE SRK WORKS
Mines and Money London 2014
• Conflict reduces economic growth; • Vulnerability differs sub-nationally; • Reduces capacity with bad business
environment; • Affects human behaviour and attitudes; • Destruction of societal structures and
relationships , • Weak governance, corruption and
insecurity; • Political instability, human rights violations; • Livelihoods have to be reestablished or new
ones established; • Delivery of and access to services are
lacking; • Poverty becomes a persistent condition,
short and long term; • May contribute to economic growth where
the motivation to develop and use skills are evident.
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RESETTLEMENT
How do you explain, diagnose, predict and plan for re-development? Shift away from an compensation of losses towards reconstruction and restoration of livelihoods; Addressing negative impacts rarely result in major improvements of ‘resettlers’ livelihoods; Effective livelihood restoration should build on what is already there; It is important to understand how people’s livelihoods change as well as their views. .
Mines and Money London 2014
IFC PS 5 requires resettlers are similar or better off than before – not difficult in a situation where people are already landless
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LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION
Real improvements in peoples lives can only be realised when the opportunities and challenges associated with the development assistance and resettlement practice are understood and used to inform and influence practice.
Mines and Money London 2014
‘Resettlers’ often struggle to adapt to new options being offered
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Moving from Needs to Assets
• Start with deficiencies and needs in the community
• Respond to problems • Provide services to users • Substitutes Government services • Focus on individuals • See people as beneficiaries
receiving services • Treats people as passive and
done-to • Implement programmes as the
answer • ‘Fix people’
• Start with the assets in the community
• Identify opportunities and strengths • Invest in people as citizens • Build the capacity of communities • Focus on communities and the
common goals • See people as co-producers with
something to offer • Help people to take control of their
lives • Support people to develop their
potential • See people as the answer
Mines and Money London 2014
Traditional Needs Based Approaches An Asset Based Approach
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ADAPTIVE CAPABILITIES
Mines and Money London 2014
Influenced by what they are exposed to.
Values
The ability to be, do and choose what you value
Freedoms
Made based on what people value
Choices
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LIVELIHOODS FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE CHANGE
Cathryn MacCallum 2013
Focusing on adaptive capabilities is progressive and appropriate for managing wicked problems
Investigation of livelihood dynamics in a given geography and historical context; Livelihoods are dynamic and complex; Interactions of the different capital assets within a broader policy environment; Land is just one among several assets. .
Mines and Money London 2014
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SRKs SUSTAINABLE CHANGE MODEL – Planning phase
Livelihoods Analysis of Assets
and Strengths
Mines and Money London 2014
Understanding of the different livelihood assets that people have access to, ownership and or control of
Sustainable Change Outcomes
Negotiate the viability of change and desired outcomes alongside dynamism of livelihood realities
Policy Makers and Institutional
influences
Identification of governance structures that influence or are involvement in/on local realities
Space for Cross Sectorial Global
Learning
Critical reflection on the local/ global pressures and influences on local realities and their interdependencies
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SRKs SUSTAINABLE CHANGE MODEL – Implementation Phase
Technical Innovation
Mines and Money London 2014
Culturally and ecologically acceptable external intervention
Critical Reflection and Review
Acknowledge mistakes and successes and to be able determine the reasons why.
Addressing Constraints
Redefine desired sustainable change outcomes and determines how to proceed
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embrace dissonance and be ‘not quite right’
Said (2003)
THANKYOU [email protected]
www.srk.co.uk
Mines and Money London 2014
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SRK Office Locations
Mines and Money London 2014
>1,500 Professionals, 50 offices, 22 countries, 6 continents
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COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER
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Mines and Money London 2014