Live in _______________________

• Arboreal: ______________

• Five digit hands with a thumb (“____________________”)

• Nonspecialization: kept all 5 digits…did not specialize into _____, ___________________________

• Limb flexibility: arm and hand __________ unique to primates

• __________________ (great sense of vision)

• frontal direction, stereoscopic (3-D), color perception (typical for animals that _______)

• Upright posture: ____________________

Chapter 14-15-16 Blue Book (“Sitter”)

Lemurs: size of a ______, __________, found in ________________ only, long furry tail, feed on ___________________, live in structured groups

Lorises: _______, slow moving, hunt ______, no tail, eyes ________________

________ mill years. Smaller, _______, _________, “furry”

______ mill years. Larger than prosimians, prominent skulls, more ______________, full color 3-D vision, _______ nose

Howler Monkey: ____________, diurnal, rain forest habitat, feed mainly on leaves. ______________ tails (“grasping” appendage). Loudest calls among primates (i.e. the name!!)…consequently, very low ______________ encounters.

Squirrel Monkey: smaller, __________, white face, dark eyes, long ________________ tails used for balance, abundant food in leaves, fruits, flowers, and even insects…consequently – widespread _____________

___________ group of primates, African in origin.

Guenons:

(Blue Monkey) Small (_______lbs), arboreal, omnivores, live in troops of about ____ with one ___________ male.

Larger sexual __________________(physical difference btw sexes) due to competition among mating males

Non-dominant males live __________ and will mate with wandering females of a troop.

Large variation in __________ patterns

Baboons:

Largest monkey species (_______lbs). adapted for walking on the ___________ (non-arboreal) using _____ limbs.

Classic ______________ difference btw male and female. Large muscles, long tail, large teeth and jaws…used only for _______________ “display”. Will actually stand and defend against predators!!

Complex social organization…both male (“_______”) and female have rank.

Males leave the troops around age 4, females stay (prevents __________)

Highly successful _________ species.

Hairless “_________________” on their butts…bare callous to sit

Apes: larger _________, no tail, Evolved from Old World Monkeys about _____ million years ago.

Gibbons: 3 feet tall. Strictly _________, mostly herbivorous.

Walk upright (_______________), but mostly move by _________________ (“swinging). Can leap ____ feet and brachiate at _____mph (fastest of all primates!!)

Thumbs are small are useless. Hands are used like _________ for swinging quickly

________________ couples live with offspring (like human!!). Leaves the family after 6-8 years.

Very _________ sexual dimorphism, due to low _____________________ among males

Non-confrontational, and due to their speed, are rarely preyed upon.

A. Orangutans

• first of the Great Apes to evolve (___ million years)

• ____________ tree dwelling animal (arboreal) in the world (______lbs)

• Shy solitary animal, difficult to study naturally. Male and female socialize only to mate.

• Diet limited to hard to find fruits…better to be on you own!

• Can grasp with their _______

B. Gorillas

• only discovered in _____ century by European scientists

• Contrary to myth, gorillas are the _____ and _________ of all primates

…in spite of _________ lbs body standing over 6 feet tall!!

• Live in small family groups of about _________. One large dominant silver-back male leads the troop. Females move out after maturity (no inbreeding)

• Herbivorous – eats ________lbs of vegetation per day!!

• Cannot grasp with their feet….usually walk on all fours…NON-arboreal.

• Chest pounding may indicate ___________, ______________, ________, ______________, or ______________________.

• Yawning is a _________________ gesture

• No “rump pad” (ischial callosites) – need to sleep in ___________________

• Threat display: (usually accompanied with loud screams and roars)

• 1. __________ Charge: charge past adversary

• 2. __________ Charge: charge and stop short

• 3. ___________ Charge: runs directly into adversary Dian Fossey: Gorilla in the Mist (1998)

c. Chimpanzee

• share over _______ of human genes…share common ancestor.

• Jane Goodall, Gombe, Tanzania (1960)…witnessed __________________ and _______________

• _________ lbs. Only ______________ left in the wild.

• Usually NON-arboreal

• UNLIKE baboons, ________ stay with the group while ________ migrate.

• Huge array of facial expressions and vocalizations (________________)

• Males hunt monkeys in groups, each with a specific _____ (driver, blockers, chasers, ambushers)

• Chimps at war: they may seek out and kill members of a different community…not eaten for food. Only primate (other than human) to commit “___________”. Suggested that it’s for territorial expansion…war???

D. Bonobos

• used to be called _________ chimps, but they’re not much smaller than chimps

• slimmer _____, narrower __________, longer ____, smaller ________

• Inhabit different areas in the wild, so they don’t _______ with chimps.

• enjoy ________ (unlike chimps)…also have small webbing between toes!

• walk _______________ more easily than chimps

• Society dominated by _________________ (unlike chimps!)

• Like humans, bonobos are ________________ active all the time

• Love, Not War: ___________ is used to maintain harmony within the group!

• Sex is used to avoid aggression, reconcile, or relieve tension (even between _____________________ bonobos

Criteria traditionally used to show the evolution of human intelligence.

However, it no longer is used to determine intelligence because it is NOT linked with the ______________ or ________________ of the Central NS.

It’s an ___________ mechanism for animals to get food rather than changing their physical ________________.

We change our _____________ rather than our ____________(generalization rather than specialization)

Use of a stone to crack open a nut Use of a stick to access a termite mound

_________________ learning occurs primarily in primates, but otherwise is actually quite _________ in the animal kingdom (although does occur in a few others, such as some mammals and birds.

It is an ____________, _________, and __________ way to function within your environment. The passing on of behaviors through generations may result in __________________.

For most animals, it is ____________ (you’re born with it). These instinctive responses protect animals from _______________.

Lots of research still being done on this!! ________ versus ______.

Important Early Childhood Experiences:

• Contact Comfort; touch, warmth, protective security

• Peer Relations; social isolation led to ____________________, sexual _________, rejection by others…also, rocking, swaying, self-mutilation…never learned to __________________ in a very social society.

• Mother Deprivation; ____________ ____________ would sit on the infant, throw it against the wall, or try to ____ it

* Harry Harlow’s work

Mother deprivation continued

• Infants who were raised by __________ then separated from them became ___________________ _______________________. (Anaclitic depression)

•Normal development was ________ down on all levels.

•How many of these findings can we generalize to humans?

•Play; may be ________, ___________, or ____________.

•Costs; use ______, risk ____

•Benefits must outweigh costs…healthy development of the ________ and ______________________. (Greater stimulation led to larger _______ with more ________.)

• Practice movements needed for ______________…deer vs. mountain lion playing. Explore in safety. Practice _______ behaviors. Stimulates the development of the nervous system and __________ abilities. And maybe just for ______!