LITR 640Class 1

July 8, 2013

Who are the students?

Some interesting facts…

The English learner (EL) population is growing nationally and in JCPS.

There are over 60 languages and dialects spoken in JCPS schools.

At the end of 2011, we had about: 5300 Limited English Proficient (LEP) JCPS students 3500 LEP students participating in the ESL

Program We have 38 elementary schools this year

with ESL units. In 2012-13, we will have 40!

Did you know?Spanish

Somali

Arabic

What’s the lingo? While we strive to make language simple

and clear for our English learners (ELs)…we are not that great at making it that way for teachers!

Herrera & Murry p. 6 Common Acronyms from Bilingual and ESL

Education Herrera & Murry pp. 8-9

How do we know who they are?

ESL

LEP

NELBEnrollment Form

Test at Intake Center

Parent Permission

Identification Flowchart

Enter JCPS

Home Language Survey

NELB Not NELB

W-APT

02:LEP 01:IFEP

Accept ESL

Waive ESL

ESL Participation

Instructional Support =1

PSP Documentation of Accommodation

PSP Documentation of Accommodation

ACCESS

03:RFEP—Instructional Type 10

02:LEP

ACCESS

03:RFEP 02:LEP

Home Language Survey

Located on the JCPS Enrollment form

If the child was born outside the US, or the answer to one of the other 4 questions is something other than English, the child is considered NELB and referred to ESL Intake for W-APT assessment and registration

W-APT (WIDA--ACCESS Placement Test)

Overall PL < 5.0

Student is not proficient, then Limited English Proficient (LEP)

Overall PL ≥ 5.0

Student is proficient, then Initially Fully English Proficient (IFEP)

Accept/Waive ESLParents have the right to accept or waive

ESL services If they accept services, the student is LEP and ESL

Bilingual/ESL Type is indicated on their PSP

Student participates in annual ACCESS until Overall PL ≥ 5.0 AND Literacy PL ≥ 4.0

If they do not accept services, the student is LEP but not ESL

Bilingual/ESL Type is Parent/Guardian refusal on their PSP

Student participates in annual ACCESS until

Overall PL ≥ 5.0 AND Literacy PL ≥ 4.0

The JCPS ESL Intake Center

Who are the families we serve?

ImmigrantsMove by choice and due to a promise of a

better life.The main reasons include better economic

conditions, education, and family reasons.They still have a choice to move back to their

country at any time.

RefugeesMove out of a fear of persecution caused by

war, violence, political instability, aggression or due to their religion, beliefs, or political opinion. In most cases, it is not possible for them to move back to their country.

Who are the families we serve?

Since 1990, Kentucky Refugee Ministries has placed over 5,300 refugees, representing 36 different nationalities and ethnic groups including Liberian, Colombian, Vietnamese, Haitian, Cuban, Iraqi, Somali, Kurdish, Bosnian, Kosovar, Russian, Ethiopian, Romanian, Sudanese, Benadir, Barawan, Togolese, Congolese, Burmese, Karen, Burundi, Bhutanese, Afghani, Iranian, Ukrainian and Rwandan in various Kentucky communities. KRM resettles all refugees without regard to race or religion.

www.kyrm.org

How do they get here?

Louisville has two very active resettlement agencies Kentucky Refugee Ministries (KRM) Catholic Charities

Their Cultures

How to include ELs in the classroom community

wwwwww.colorincolorado.org

How do ESL teachers know all of

those languages? We don’t! The Linguistic Dimension

But they sound like they know English!

BICS vs. CALP

Teachers should not assume that ELLs who have acquired a high level of fluency in social language (BICS), have a similar degree of academic language proficiency (CALP).

Current Theories of Language

Development Focus on language and its use, not just on

linguistic components (move away from focus on grammar and translation)

Learning is more important than teaching! Learning is maximized when it matches the

processes that take place naturally in the brain. Thematic integration across content areas

unifies the language processes (reading, writing, speaking, listening). Emphasis should be on higher-order thinking skills.

(Diaz-Rico & Weed, 2006)

Krashen’s Monitor Model

People acquire second-language structures in a predictable order only if: Comprehensible input is obtained Anxiety is low enough to allow input into their

minds

Krashen’s Monitor Model

The Input Hypothesis Language is acquired not by focusing on form

but by understanding messages Language must contain comprehensible input Learners acquire a language by “intaking” and

understanding language that is a “little beyond” their current level of competence (Krashen, 1981)

New information should build off prior knowledge

(i + 1) Scaffolding as a modification

Krashen’s Monitor Model

Affective Filter Hypothesis Learning a new language requires public

practice Anxiety, embarrassment, or anger can block

the learner’s ability to process new or difficult words

The classroom environment should be engaging, non-threatening, and affirming of a child’s native language and culture

Jim Cummins Cognitive approach to language

Learners are not “empty vessels” but come with knowledge of the world

Common underlying proficiency (CUP) Second language and primary language have

a shared foundation Competence in the primary language

provided the basis for competence in the second language

Jim Cummins Distinction between two types of language

Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)

Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)

BICS CALP

• Social language•2-3 years•Context embedded

• Academic language•4-5 years•Context reduced

•Follows general directions•Converses easily about social situations with peers and teachers•May decode reading material with ease but may struggle with comprehension•Can find and copy the answers to questions in textbooks

•Can follow specific directions for academic tasks•Expresses reasons for opinions and asks for clarifications•Reads academic materials with good comprehension•Can write essays supporting a point of view

ACCESS Language Proficiency Test

Overall

Score

Speaking

Listening

Reading

Writing

ACCESS Teacher Reports

ACCESS Language Proficiency LevelsBRIDGING6.0

EXPANDING5.0 – 5.9

DEVELOPING4.0 - 4.9

EMERGING3.0 - 3.9

ENTERING2.0 – 2.9

ENTERING1.0 – 1.9

ACCESS SCORES for EXITING ESL

5.0 or

higher

4.0 or

higher

COMPOSITE SCORE

LITERACY SCORE

EXIT ESL PROGRAM

Linguistic Processes of Second Language Acquisition (SLA)

Each stage has specific characteristics

that indicate the progress of theEnglish language learner along thecontinuum towards English

languageproficiency.

Stages of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) (Adapted from Krashen and

Terrell)Stage Characteristics Approx. time frame Teacher Prompts

EnteringLevel 1

Preproduction

“Silent Period”Minimal comprehension Nods, Draws, Points

0-6 months Show me…Circle the…?Where is…?Who has…?

BeginningLevel 2

Early Production

Limited comprehensionProduces one- or two-word responses Participates using key words and phrases

6 months-1 year Yes/No questionsEither /Or questionsListsLabels

DevelopingLevel 3

Speech Emergence

Good comprehension Produces simple sentencesMakes grammar and pronunciation errors

1-3 years Why…?How…?Explain…Phrase or short-sentenceanswers

ExpandingLevel 4

Intermediate Fluency

Excellent comprehensionMakes few grammatical errors

3-5 years What would happen if…?Why do you think…?

BridgingLevel 5

Advanced Fluency

The student has a near-native level of speech.

5-7 years Decide if…Retell…

Cooperation versus Competition

Many cultures emphasize cooperation over competition.

A classroom structured to maximize learning through cooperation can help students extend their cultural predilection for interdependence. (Diaz-Rico & Weed, 2006)

Why Cooperative Learning Promotes Language Learning

We Learn by Speaking Traditional classroom: Student speaks less

than 2 minutes/hour Cooperative classroom: Student speaks 30

minutes/hour Lower Anxiety

Traditional classroom: Large group of strangers

Cooperative classroom: Small group of friends

Why Cooperative Learning Promotes Language Learning

Language Use= Language Acquisition Traditional classroom: Formal,

decontextualized Cooperative classroom: Language in natural

context Peer Support

Traditional classroom: Negative interdependence (based on competition)

Cooperative classroom: Positive interdependence (based on cooperation)

Interaction Frequent opportunities for interactions

and/or discussion between teacher/student and among students that encourage elaborated responses about lesson concepts

Grouping configurations support language and content objectives of the lesson

Sufficient wait time for student response Ample opportunities for students to clarify

key concepts in L1 as needed with aide, peer, or L1 text

Interaction Frequent opportunities for interactions

and/or discussion between teacher/student and among students that encourage elaborated responses about lesson concepts

Numbered Heads Together Three-Step Interview (Think-Pair-Share) Send a Problem Four Corners (Building Background) Jigsaw

Range of Program Models for CLD

Students Jigsaw

English as a Second Language (ESL)

Transitional Bilingual Education

Developmental Bilingual Education Two-Way

Immersion

Summarizing and Note Taking (Marzano)

Review/Assessment (SIOP) Four main generalizations can be drawn

from the research on note taking:

1. Verbatim note taking is the least effective way to take notes.

2. Notes should be considered a work in progress.

3. Notes should be used as study guides for tests.

4. The more notes taken, the better.(Marzano, 2001)

Summarizing and Note Taking (Marzano)

Review/Assessment (SIOP) Note Taking for ELs

1. Give students teacher-prepared notes.

2. Teach students a variety of note-taking formats.

3. Use combination notes.

(Hill & Flynn, 2006)

Jigsaw Task1. Number off from 1-4 Ones read about English as a Second Language (text pp. 115-118). Twos read about Transitional Bilingual Education (text pp. 118-120). Threes read about Developmental Bilingual Education (text pp. 120-

122). Fours read about Two-Way Immersion (text pp. 123-125).2. All groups be prepared to share the following about the assigned program model: Foundations Characteristics Essentials and Concerns

Jigsaw Task Groups will come back together with a 1, 2,

3, and 4 in each group. Each group member will share with the

others about his/her assigned program model.

Each group member will take notes using combination notes.