LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES VETERINARY ACADEMY

Ina Pamparien÷

APPLYING OF THE THERMOGRAPHY FOR THE EARLY DIAGNOSTIC AND

PREVENTION OF ANIMALS' DISEASES

Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Agricultural Sciences, Veterinary (02A)

Kaunas 2013

The research was carrier out at the Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Veterinary Academy of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences during the period of 2009–2013.

Scientific supervisor – Prof. Dr. Judita ŽYMANTIENö (Veterinary Academy of Lithuanian

University of Health Sciences, Agricultural Sciences, Veterinary – 02A). Veterinary Science Council: Chairman – Prof. Dr. Antanas SEDEREVIČIUS (Veterinary Academy of Lithuanian

University of Health Sciences, Agricultural Sciences, Veterinary – 02A). Members: Prof. Habil. Dr. Arūnas LUKOŠEVIČIUS (Kaunas University of

Technology, Technology Sciences, Elektronical Engineering – 01T);

Dr. Mykolas MAURICAS (State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Biology – 01B);

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arūnas STANKEVIČIUS (Veterinary Academy of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Agricultural Sciences, Veterinary – 02A);

Prof. Dr. Vytuolis ŽILAITIS (Veterinary Academy of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Agricultural Sciences, Veterinary – 02A).

Opponents: Prof. Dr. Albina ANIULIENö (Veterinary Academy of Lithuanian

University of Health Sciences, Agricultural Sciences, Veterinary – 02A);

Prof. Habil. Dr. Aniolas SRUOGA (Vytautas Magnus University, Biomedical Sciences, Biology – 01B).

The thesis will be defended at an open meeting of Veterinary Science

Council at 14 p. m. on 20th December in Dr. S. Jankauskas auditorium of the Veterinary Academy Lithuanian University of Health Sciences.

Address: Tilž÷s St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania The summary of the doctoral dissertation was sent out on 20th of

November 2013 according to the confirmed address. The Doctoral thesis is available at the Library of the Veterinary

Academy of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. Address: Tilž÷s St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania.

LIETUVOS SVEIKATOS MOKSLŲ UNIVERSITETAS VETERINARIJOS AKADEMIJA

Ina Pamparien÷

TERMOGRAFIJOS TAIKYMAS GYVŪNŲ LIGŲ ANKSTYVAJAI DIAGNOSTIKAI IR PREVENCIJAI

Daktaro disertacijos santrauka Žem÷s ūkio mokslai, veterinarija (02A)

Kaunas 2013

Disertacija rengta Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto Veterinarijos akademijos Anatomijos ir fiziologijos katedroje 2009–2013 metais.

Mokslin÷ vadov÷ – Prof. Dr. Judita ŽYMANTIENö (Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto

Veterinarijos akademija, žem÷s ūkio mokslai, veterinarija – 02A).

Veterinarijos mokslo krypties taryba: Pirmininkas – Prof. Dr. Antanas SEDEREVIČIUS (Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų

universiteto Veterinarijos akademija, žem÷s ūkio mokslai, veterinarija – 02A).

Nariai: prof. habil. dr. Arūnas LUKOŠEVIČIUS (Kauno technologijos

universitetas, elektronikos inžinerija – 01T);

dr. Mykolas MAURICAS (Valstybinis mokslinis tyrimo institutas, Inovatyvios medicinos centras, biomedicinos mokslai, biologija – 01B);

doc. dr. Arūnas STANKEVIČIUS (Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto Veterinarijos akademija, žem÷s ūkio mokslai, veterinarija – 02A);

prof. dr. Vytuolis ŽILAITIS (Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto Veterinarijos akademija, žem÷s ūkio mokslai, veterinarija – 02A).

Oponentai: prof. dr. Albina ANIULIENö (Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto

Veterinarijos akademija, žem÷s ūkio mokslai, veterinarija – 02A);

prof. habil. dr. Aniolas SRUOGA (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, biomedicinos mokslai, biologija – 01B).

Disertacija bus ginama viešame Veterinarijos mokslo krypties tarybos pos÷dyje 2013 m. gruodžio 20 d. 14 val. Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto Veterinarijos akademijos dr. S. Jankausko auditorijoje.

Adresas: Tilž÷s g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lietuva.

Disertacijos santrauka išsiųsta 2013 m. lapkričio 20 d. pagal patvirtintą adresų sąrašą.

Disertaciją galima peržiūr÷ti LSMU Veterinarijos akademijos bibliotekoje.

Adresas: Tilž÷s g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lietuva.

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ABBREVIATIONS

AM automatic milking B Bursitis CCL3 chemokine CMT California Mastitis Test DD Digital dermatitis DITI Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging DS Double sole FLIR E50 portable infrared camera with a diameter of 90 mm, automatic

distance regulation, the minimum focusing distance to the test surface is 0.4 m, the maximum – 1 m.

HA Hooves abnormality HE Hell horn erosion ID Interdigital dermatitis IL1, IL6 interleukin IRT infrared thermography KPT body surface temperature LUHS Lithuanian University of Health Sciences M body weight mcid metacarpo phalangia interphalangia distalis mcip metacarpo phalangia interphalangia proximalis mcp metacarpo phalangia mtid metatarso phalangia interphalangia proximalis mtip metatarso phalangia interphalangia distalis mtp metatarso phalangia OC Overgrow of corn P reliability criteria Ph hydrogen ion concentration SA Solar abscess SH Solar hemorrhage SLS number of somatic cells SU Solar ulcer T Tumour THERMA CAM P640

portable infrared camera with a diameter of 142 mm, 2 outdoor charging stations, hands-free, real-time radiometric video, manual distance setting, the distance from the test surface to the camera is from 0.3 m to 2–3 m.

Tmt Torus metatarsus TNF tumour necrosis factor Tt Torus tarsus VA Veterinary Academy WLD White line disease

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INTRODUCTION After Lithuania has entered the European Union and started to

consistently implement a common policy and strategy of veterinary, the EU Animal Health Strategy (2007–2013) with the goal “Prevention is better than cure” became particularly relevant. Today this document constitutes the basis for ensuring animals’ health and welfare. Taking into account the diverse multifactorial devastating impact, which serious disease outbreaks can cause to farmers, to large economic entities, i. e. to the society and the economy, the strategy based on the principle “Prevention is better than cure” acquires a special meaning. In general, the aim of the strategy is to pay greater attention to precautionary measures, disease surveillance, control measures and scientific researches in order to considerably reduce the number of animal diseases and the impact of disease outbreaks.

The new strategy involves far more areas than just the control of animal diseases. Special attention is drawn to the animal health issues: public health, food safety, animal welfare, as well as the related scientific researches. Since its establishment, the European Community has been seeking to create a single market in order to ensure the free movement of various goods, including live animals and animal products. In order to ensure safe trade in live animals and animal products, all Member States of the EU had to establish universally agreed and constantly updated health requirements, since they take into account a number of varying factors influencing animal welfare and health. By now more than 400 legal acts has been prepared, which, unfortunately, cannot solve constantly emerging problems, therefore the European Commission has decided to develop a new animal health legislation with a key element – a preventive approach to the disease control.

The majority of both human and animal diseases and pathological conditions are related to the temperature changes. Temperature is most commonly measured physical quantity and thus is widely applied in many branches of science, including the advanced infrared detection technology (Kastberger, Stachl, 2003). The use and practical application of this physical quantity, when the heat exchange between the animal and the environment based on convection, radiation and evaporation is assessed, have been widely described and scientifically grounded (Gebremedhin, Wu, 2002; McArthur, 1987, 1990; Turnpenny et al., 2000). Temperature measurement is often directly related to the clinical diagnosis, and normal body temperature is an indicator of good health (Tan et al., 2009).

It is known that infrared thermography (IRT) can be a valuable tool in animal health research. It is suitable for investigating physiological

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processes without any contact with the animal and allows tracking important physical indicator, i. e. the temperature changes in natural conditions when the animal is conscious. It does not require anaesthesia, the normal behaviour is undisturbed, the animal does not need to be captured in order to conduct the research (Stewart et al., 2005; Knizkova et al., 2002; Vadivambal, Jaya, 2011). D. J. McCafferty (2010) described the impact of heat exchange in applying this method in veterinary medicine. C. Stelletta and other researchers (2012) provided a detailed study of a wide range of application of thermography as well as the assessment of physiological condition of the animal analyzing the environmental conditions and the amount of the emitted temperature.

Thus, IRT is a non-invasive method that can detect the heat radiation anomalies on any object or body surface. Some functional disorders of the body, the damage of local soft tissue, i. e. muscle, bone fractures, joint, ligament injuries, sprains, etc. may be determined by measuring animal skin temperature. Intensive livestock breeding, particularly in the dairying and swine-breeding sectors, faces important economic losses in cases of both infectious and non-infectious diseases, therefore early disease prevention is extremely relevant in the field. In the food chain from a farm to a table, animals and their raw materials pass through many intermediate links, therefore it is recommended to apply IRT in order to detect inflammatory processes and fever as factors affecting the quality of livestock products (Cook, Schaefer, 2013).

IRT physical features of recording thermal processes are well known. Bodies can emit electromagnetic waves because of a variety of materials and ongoing intra-atomic and intra-molecular processes. Energy sources and types of radiation may differ, however, from all types of electromagnetic radiation one can be distinguished characteristic to all organisms, i. e. the thermal radiation (Veikutis et al., 2010). All bodies with a temperature above absolute zero emit infrared waves of a variety of lengths. The intensity of radiated energy is proportional to the temperature of the body or to the molecular kinetic energy of the body. The energy intensity also depends on the material and its surface condition, i. e. on the body emissivity. Thus, every real physical body, including the animal, emits infrared rays. The body temperature emitted at the infrared wave range is generally stable and has a characteristic thermal relief, although the stability is rather relative.

The intensity of surface circulation generally well reflects the condition of internal organs, where pathological processes accompanied by the changes in heat release reflexively change the surface circulation. G. J. Tattersall and V. Cadena (2010) published a study on the application of the

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method in assessing the intensity of peripheral vascular circulation, heat transfer, metabolism disorders in the body when the physiological functions of the animal are impaired due to unfavourable environmental conditions (high or low ambient temperature). By analyzing the obtained thermal images and periodically following the dynamics of heat transfer therein, the researchers have determined the optimal limits of respiratory function, which help to prevent the general exhaustion of the central nervous system and the death of the animal.

Another way of heat generation in the body is metabolic processes. Metabolism in various organs depends on the intensity of biochemical reactions. When they are intensified, the heat production is more apparent, which may also be reflected by changes in the surface circulation.

The third factor determining the heat balance of the surface layers is the tissue thermal conductivity. It depends on the thickness, composition, structure, hydrophilicity of tissues; physically it is described as the tissue emission or the spectral reflectance.

Mistakes were made when introducing thermography in the veterinary practice. The lack of knowledge and skills was felt; the apparatus itself has been constantly improved in order to be applied for different species. However, it is important to mention that IRT undoubtedly properly applied in veterinary provides an opportunity to detect early changes in skin temperature in a surface area of body tissues and to diagnose many illnesses or pathological conditions. It is a safe, effective and humane tool for both researchers and patients (animals). At present, there are three main areas of veterinary medicine where IRT is undoubtedly useful: 1) prevention, preventive medicine; 2) diagnosis (including early diagnosis); 3) treatment, prognosis and rehabilitation.

The thermal imaging camera captures the intensity of infrared rays, transforms it into electrical signals and compares it with a standard temperature. The image saved in the display or memory of the device may be analyzed, i. e. the temperature of characteristic points, areas, or lines may be determined. In thermal images (cameras), different temperatures correspond to a certain colour scale; brighter colours correspond to more intense infrared radiation (as well as to the higher apparent temperature).

The emission coefficient of the measured surface assessed in the thermal imaging cameras with radiometric properties allow researchers to instantly measure the temperature of any point and to determine the temperature distribution on the surface. The ability to see the temperature distribution on the surface at a distance without affecting the surface itself opens wide opportunities for scientific researches to determine the condition of objects.

Distal places of extremities are easily and reliably tested. This is relevant

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because hoof diseases constitute one of the most important unsolved problems in the dairy industry worldwide (Greenough, 2007).

The scope of IRT in medicine and veterinary is expanding. Recently, it has been widely used (including Lithuania) for monitoring the human body temperature in the places of mass gathering (airports, etc.), for the detection and prevention of dangerous pandemic respiratory infections (SARS, avian, swine flu). In this way, the fever is instantly determined as one of the main signs of infection; sick people or animals are isolated and treated. This is how the infection prevention is carried out.

It has been determined that thermography technology can be applied in diagnosis of the early signs of lameness of some species of animals based on skin temperature changes and the anatomical area (limb diseases of horses, cows, dogs); in analysing pathologies of mammary glands and teats of ruminants; in following reactions after vaccination according to the temperature curve; in controlling a local inflammatory reaction (Eddy et al., 2001; Dunbar, MacCarthy, 2006; Harper, 2000).

The aim of the present study – To evaluate the applicability of the thermography method in early

diagnosis and prevention of animal diseases. Goals of the study: 1. To assess the applicability of the method of thermal imaging in the

diagnosis of skin lesions and subclinical pododermatitis in guinea pigs by determining the surface temperature of the sole skin in the selected points in guinea pigs of the control group.

2. To determine the temperature indicators of the surface skin of front and hind limbs in healthy dairy cows of the control group housed in free stalls in the measuring points at the positive +18 °C and negative –1 °C ambient temperature.

3. To evaluate the temperature difference and the pathological cases in lame dairy cows.

4. To orthopedically examine and assess the clinical condition of dairy cows with the increased temperature in limbs; to assess the correlation between the pathological changes and temperature indicators;

5. To evaluate the applicability of the method in making thermal images of healthy cows and cows with subclinical mastitis.

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Scientific novelty and significance Neither Lithuanian, nor foreign scientists have ever applied the

descriptive method in combination with the latest high sensitivity mobile thermal imaging systems “FLIR E50” and “Therma CAM P640” to determine the surface temperature of the sole skin in healthy guinea pigs, to examine sole lesions, subclinical pododermatitis in guinea pigs and to determine and evaluate the health of dairy cows and the condition of their udders.

For the first time the thermographic examination of limbs, when cows were housed in free stalls, in shallow pits, in cold barn, without bedding, being loose, with rubber mats for lying, was carried out at the positive +18 °C and negative –1 °C ambient temperature. The temperature indicators of the surface skin of front and hind limbs in healthy dairy cows were determined in the measuring points, the clinical condition and pathology of lame dairy cows with the increased temperature in limbs were assessed, the correlation between the pathological changes and temperature indicators were evaluated. The applicability of the method was evaluated in the diagnosis of early mastitis at a positive and negative ambient temperature. The method of early detection of pathologies was described on the basis of thermal images received during the study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Time, place and scope of the research The scientific study was carried out in 2009–2013 in the Lithuanian

University of Health Sciences, Veterinary Academy, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, in the Public Institution Practical Training Test Centre of the Lithuanian Veterinary Academy, currently known as LUHS VA and LUHS VA vivarium.

The research was conducted in two stages. The first stage of the research included the examination of

conventional short-haired female guinea pigs of a similar age and weight kept in LUHS VA vivarium.

The method of thermal imaging and the system “FLIR E50” was employed to determine the skin temperature of soles Torus metatarseus (Tmt) and heels Torus tarseus (Tt). The obtained thermographic images were analyzed and evaluated according to the temperature differences. The examination of these areas of skin was performed. Based on the results guinea pigs were divided into three groups.

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The second stage of the research involved the thermographic examination of limbs and udders of all dairy cows kept in the farm at a positive and negative ambient temperatures “THERMA CAM P640”. Front and hind limbs were evaluated separately. Groups were composed by the extremities of temperature changes in the areas. Temperature changes in each teat of the udder were evaluated and the test of subclinical mastitis was carried out. Groups were formed according to the CMT test reactions. The evaluation of lameness and orthopaedic examination was performed at a positive ambient temperature, groups were formed according to the points of lameness and the clinical condition of hooves.

Grouping principle of test guinea pigs The research involved three-year-old conventional short-haired female

guinea pigs of the average weight 882±0.12 g. The pets were kept on the continuously variable sawdust substrate in the cages “Techniplast” (Italy). The rodents received granular feed and drinking tap water ad libitum. In the premises where the guinea pigs were kept, the light/dark regime was 12/12 hours per day, the average ambient temperature was 20 °C±1.2, relative humidity ranged from 55 to 62 percent.

The research was conducted in accordance with the permit No. 0220 issued by the Lithuanian Commission on Ethics of Use of Laboratory Animals under the State Food and Veterinary Service in 2011-12-20.

The electric thermometer (Jorgen Kruuse A/S, Denmark) was used to measure the rectal temperature of all test animals, corresponding to the physiological rate – from 37.8 to 38.2 °C.

The visual inspection of the skin of a sole Torus metatarseus (Tmt) and a heel Torus tarseus (Tt) was performed, the surface temperature of the skin of a sole Torus metatarseus (Tmt) and a heel Torus tarseus (Tt) was measured.

Based on the results, the guinea pigs were selected for research and divided into three groups:

Group I (control) – guinea pigs (n=9) with visually unchanged condition of Tmt and Tt skin, and the average skin temperature of these areas was 25.08±1.36 °C.

Group II – guinea pigs (n=6) with visually unchanged condition of Tmt and Tt skin, and the average skin temperature of these areas was 27.36±1.27 °C.

Group III – guinea pigs (n=5) with damaged Tmt and Tt skin, and the average skin temperature of these areas was 33.02±1.33 °C.

Animals of Group II received daily observation for three weeks after the application of the thermal imaging method.

Examination of guinea pigs with the system “FLIR E50”

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The examinations were performed in the premises where the animals were kept. The skin temperature of soles and heels of the short-haired guinea pigs was measured employing thermal camera “FLIR E50” (FLIR Systems Inc., USA, 2011) with a diameter of 90 mm, touch-sensitive colour liquid-crystal display screen. The thermal camera detector was of FPA type, uncooled, resolution of 240x180 pixels, thermal sensitivity (NETD) <0.05 °C, spectral range scanning frequency is 60 Hz. The range of the temperature measurement of the thermal camera was from –20 °C to +650 °C, the viewing angle – 25°×19°, the minimum focusing distance to the test surface was 0.4 m, the zoom brightness was increased by 4 times.

The test surface areas of the animals’ skin were recorded and scanned using thermal camera, the comparative asymmetric assessment was carried out applying different colour scale systems. The resulting thermal images and digital photographs were generated in the FLIR system. The thermal images saved in the display and memory of the device were used to perform thorough analysis of temperatures of characteristic points, areas and lines.

When analyzing the thermal images, the skin surface temperature was assessed in the areas of 10x10 mm in Tmt and Tt, and the isotherm was calculated, i. e. the temperature of the midline connecting the areas of Tmt and Tt.

The obtained thermal images were assessed in accordance with B. B. Lahiri (2012). The test body areas were compared with each other applying asymmetrical analysis. The obtained temperature measurements on opposite parts of the body and the temperature differences were evaluated in comparison to the models of healthy animal (Ferreira et al., 2008).

Selection and grouping principle of test cows The study was carried out during the indoor period in the Republic of

Lithuania in Kaunas, in Girait÷ complex and involved 62 dairy cows of black-and-white Lithuanian breed with Holstein degree of 75 percent and more, in November of 2011, and 97 dairy cows in March of 2012. The cows were kept loose in cowsheds, in shallow pits, in cold barn, without bedding, being loose, with rubber mats for lying, trails made of grating floor with manure channels underneath. The cattle were feed using mobile farm feeders and were given water from automatic water-troughs. Milking unit was installed next to the storage room and connected to a cowshed. Dairy cows were milked in the milking line twice a day (at 4 am and 4 pm).

The test cows were of 4–7 years old after 2–5 periods of lactation. In the premises, the light/dark regime was 12/12 hours per day. When the study was conducted at a negative ambient temperature, the average ambient temperature was –1±0.2 °C and the relative humidity was 35 percent; when the study was conducted at a positive ambient temperature, the average

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ambient temperature was +18±1.2 °C and the relative humidity was 75 percent.

The skin surface temperature of front and hind limbs in the test cows was measured, the lameness was assessed, the orthopaedic examination of limbs was performed, the thermal imaging study was carried out in the udder area, the surface temperature of the udder surface area was scanned, the milk was tested applying an indicatory express diagnostic method, cows with subclinical mastitis were selected.

The skin surface temperature of front and hind limbs was assessed in the obtained thermal images by applying the method introduced by P. R. Greenough (2007). In the thermal image of each test limb, measurement points were marked in three segments (Figure 1) – of front limbs – metacarpeus phalangia (mcp), interphalangia proximalis (mcip),

interphalangia distalis (mcid); of hind limbs – metatarseus phalangia (mtp),

interphalangia proximalis (mtip), interphalangia distalis (mtid). Isotherms, i. e. the midlines, connecting mcp and mcid areas in front

limb and mtp and mtid points in the hind limb as well as their temperature were measured and calculated.

Figure 1. The temperature measurement points

and the isotherm according to P. R. Greenough (2007)

According to the environmental conditions and the thermal imaging

examination data, the limbs of dairy cows were divided into 8 groups. A negative ambient temperature included 4 groups:

Group NP1 (control) – front limbs (n=76) and Group NU1 (control) –

Isotherm

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hind limbs (n=24), with no visual changes in the skin condition of the area metacarpo phalangia (mcp), interphalangia proximalis (mcip),

interphalangia distalis (mcid) and metatarso phalangia (mtp),

interphalangia proximalis (mtip), interphalangia distalis (mtid), the cow does not limp, and the average skin surface temperature of these areas was 15.49±0.16 and 18.30±0.40 °C respectively;

Group NP2 – front limbs (n=46) and Group NU2 – hind limbs (n=90), with no visual changes in the skin condition of the area metacarpo

phalangia (mcp), interphalangia proximalis (mcip), interphalangia distalis

(mcid) and metatarso phalangia (mtp), interphalangia proximalis (mtip),

interphalangia distalis (mtid), limping and abnormal walking was detected, the temperature was 23.24±0.29 and 26.35±0.16 °C respectively;

A positive ambient temperature included 4 groups of dairy cows: Group TPI (control) – front limbs (n=158) and Group TUI (control) –

hind limbs (n=59), with no visual changes in the skin condition of the area metacarpo phalangia (mcp), interphalangia proximalis (mcip),

interphalangia distalis (mcid) and metatarso phalangia (mtp),

interphalangia proximalis (mtip), interphalangia distalis (mtid), the cow does not limp, and the average skin surface temperature of these areas was 18.81±0.09 ir 20.17±0.16 °C respectively;

Group TP2 – front limbs (n=36) and Group TU2 – hind limbs (n=133), with no visual changes in the skin condition of the area metacarpo

phalangia (mcp), interphalangia proximalis (mcip), interphalangia distalis

(mcid) and metatarso phalangia (mtp), interphalangia proximalis (mtip),

interphalangia distalis (mtid), limping was detected, the average skin surface temperature of these areas was 26.52±0.25 and 28.55±0.10 °C respectively;

Lameness of dairy cows (n=97) was detected. The study with a 5-point system was carried out at a positive ambient temperature. According to the obtained results, cows were divided into five groups (I–II–III–IV–V).

Orthopaedic examination of limbs was carried out at a positive ambient temperature. Dairy cows (n=97) were investigated. Their limbs were divided into two groups. TO1 – Group I, hooves and limbs without clinical lesions, healthy. Group II – TO2, visually visible pathological changes in hoof and limb areas, the clinical diagnosis of changes were determined.

At a positive and a negative ambient temperature, the thermal imaging of the udder of dairy cows (n=159) was performed, the skin surface temperature of the udder area was scanned, the surface temperature of each teat ring-closing muscle or of the sphincter area was measured. The measurement locations of the skin surface of teats are shown in Figure 2.

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Figure 2. Thermographic measurement location (Pamparien÷, 2011)

The milk was tested applying an indicatory express diagnostic method,

cows with subclinical mastitis were selected. Based on the study results and the ambient temperature, teats were

divided into 4 groups: Group NS0 (control) – a negative CMT reaction and a negative ambient

temperature, and Group TS0 (control) – at a positive ambient temperature the subclinical mastitis reaction is negative;

NS1 – a positive reaction, the subclinical mastitis is determined at a negative ambient temperature, and TS1 – a positive reaction at a positive ambient temperature.

Temperature indications of the teat skin surface of all groups of cows – NS0, NS1, TS0 and TS1 – were grouped, calculations and statistical assessment were performed.

Examination of cows with “Therma CAM P 640” When measuring the skin temperature of front and hind limbs as well as

of the udder area of dairy cows, the high-tech thermal camera “Therma CAM P640” was employed (FLIR Systems, USA) with a diameter of 142 mm LCD (1024x600 pixels), a built-in external liquid-crystal display screen; thermal sensitivity (NETD) up to 0.06 °C at 30 °C, a detector of FPA type, uncooled, 640x480 pixels, spectral range scanning frequency – up to 50 Hz. The range of the temperature measurement of the thermal camera

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was from –40 °C to +500 °C, the viewing angle – 45°x34°, the minimum focusing distance to the test surface was 0.3 m, auto or manual focus, “QuickView” software, two field charging stations, hands-free, real-time radiometric image.

The areas of test surfaces were recorded and scanned with the thermal camera. The distance from the test surface to the camera was 2–0.3 m. During the test, the thermal image was visually assessed according to the colour scale “Rainbow HC”. The thermal image and photographs obtained with “QuickView” software was generated to the FLIR system for further computer analysis.

Evaluation of cow lameness When assessing lameness, dairy cows were examined after milking

according to the methodology proposed by D. J. Sprecher and other researchers (1997); the posture and gait of each cow on rubber mats and concrete trail were individually observed. Points were appointed in relation to the back flexion, the smoothness of steps and the posture symmetry when walking, the position of raised and places limbs on a solid ground and the standing angle.

Orthopaedic examination The orthopaedic examination of limbs of dairy cows was conducted at a

positive ambient temperature 24 hours after the thermographic examination and the evaluation of lameness. During the examination, the following indicators were recorded: the gait of front and hind legs, the regularity of the hoof shape. Then each cow was individually investigated on mills: two raised legs at a time (in opposite direction) were recorded in turn. The manure was scraped from hooves and between digits using a hoof knife and a thick cloth. The investigated area was dried and all hooves and digits were thoroughly examined: the horn quality of each hoof horny capsule in the areas of hoof walls, sole and hell horn, the skin condition between digits in the areas of the ridge and round the hoof was visually inspected. A pair of palpative nippers was employed to examine the sensitivity of the sole; we found healthy hoofs without pathological changes and clinical signs. Doubtful hooves and their local places for inadequate sensitivity or changes in colour (usually in the areas of the sole, the hell horn and the white line) were additionally examined. A certain layer of the hoof horn was removed in a specific place. Referring to P. R. Greenough (2007), the pathological changes were determined: digital dermatitis (DD), interdigital dermatitis (ID), tumour (T), the double sole syndrome (DS), sole ulcer (SU), solar hemorrhage (SH), white line disease (WLD), solar abscess (SA), bursitis

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(B), the hell horn erosion (HE), overgrow of corn (OC) and the hooves abnormality (HA).

Methodology of detection and assessment of subclinical mastitis Before milking, the milk of dairy cows was examined applying the

indicatory express diagnostic method and using CMT (California Mastitis Test). In addition to surfactants, the test contains bromocresol purple, which indicates the milk pH by its altered colour. The interaction of the surfactant (detergent) with the mastitis milk affects the nucleus of somatic cells and the viscosity of the mixture increases. The assessment of milk reaction applying express diagnostic test is provided (Table 1).

Table 1. The assessment of milk reaction applying express diagnostic

test

Points Changes in the consistency of the

mixture

Limits in SLS,

thousand/cm3

Average of SLS,

thousand/cm3

1 The consistency of the mixture is homogeneous, liquid, without visible changes (reaction is negative)

<200 100

2 Minor flakes appear, which vanish while turning the plate (trace)

150–500 300

3 (+)

Minor clots are formed, the viscosity of the mixture increases (reaction is weakly positive)

400–1500 900

4 (++)

The mixture is viscous, a clot is visible while turning the place and is localized in one place (the reaction is moderately positive)

800–5000 2700

5 (+++)

A gummy, viscous mixture is formed, a clot of the form of an albumen is clearly seen and it drops out when pouring the mixture out of the plate (the reaction is strongly positive)

>5000 8100

The reaction was considered negative when the changes in the

consistency of the mixture constituted 1 and 2 points. The reaction was considered positive when the changes in the consistency of the mixture constituted 3, 4 and 5 points.

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Statistical assessment of the data The obtained statistical data were calculated employing SPSS software

(version 15, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). The results are considered reliable at p≤0.05.

The research data were processed applying statistical analysis method and using the statistical package “R 2.9.1.” (http://www.r-projekt.org) as well as the WinExel program. Arithmetic means of samples ( x ), standard square deviations (σ), coefficients of variation (Cv), standard deviations (mx) were calculated. The reliability of the difference of arithmetic means (P) was determined by applying the Student’s test (Juozaitien÷, Kerzien÷, 2001). The correlation (r) coefficients of the teat temperature and CMT results were calculated and their reliability at different ambient temperatures was determined. The correlation (r) coefficients of the temperature of front and hind limbs and the temperature readings of pathological changes were calculated and their reliability at a positive ambient temperature was determined.

The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine the influence of the ambient temperature on the teat temperature and CMT results, the influence of the pathological changes on the skin surface temperature of front and hind limbs, the influence of the temperature of the right and left limbs on front and hind limbs. Statistical models were composed for this purpose. The temperature influence (percentage) on pathologies was calculated and its statistical reliability was assessed. The results are considered to be reliable at P<0.001, P<0.01, P<0.05.

GENERAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Examination results of the limb skin of control guinea pigs After analyzing the limb skin temperature (Table 2), it was found out

that the sole skin temperature of guinea pigs of the control group was higher than the heel skin temperature.

The skin temperature of the examined areas in the left foot of clinically healthy animals differed by 1.9 °C (P<0.01), in the right foot – by 1.52 °C (P<0.05).

The skin temperature and isotherms of the sole and the heel in the left and right feet of the same group of animals differed not significantly (P>0.05).

No skin lesions were observed in the sole and heel skin of guinea pigs of Group I.

The average temperature of Group II (control) guinea pigs (n=9) with no visual changes in the skin condition of Tmt and Tt areas was 25.08 °C±

19

1.36 °C. Applying the method of thermal imaging, the average temperature of the

sole skin of clinically health (control) guinea pigs was 25.03 °C. Table 2. Sole and heel skin temperature of guinea pigs

Skin temperature, °C

Investigated area Group I Group II Group III

Tmt 25.93±0.41 28.02±0.42* 33.22±0.72* Tt 24.03±0.24 26.40±0.47* 32.06±0.39* Left foot Isotherm 24.81±0.26 27.32±0.39* 32.86±0.48* Tmt 25.94±0.36 28.02±0.35* 34.22±0.47* Tt 24.42±0.42 26.90±0.53* 32.56±0.37*

Right foot

Isotherm 25.01±0.29 27.42±0.33* 33.40±0.46*

*P<0.001; Groups II and III are to be compared with Group I Examination results of the limb skin of Group II guinea pigs After analyzing the limb skin temperature (Table 2), it was found out

that the sole skin temperature of Group II guinea pigs was higher than the heel skin temperature. The skin temperature of the examined areas in the left foot of these animals differed by 1.62 °C (P<0.05), and in the right foot – by 1.12 °C (P>0.05) on average.

The skin temperature and isotherms of the sole and the heel in the left and right feet of Group II animals differed not significantly (P>0.05).

After visual inspection, no lesions were observed in the sole skin. The analysis of the skin temperature has shown that the skin temperature

of the sole and the heel in the left foot of Group II guinea pigs was by 2.09 °C (P<0.001) and 2.37 °C (P<0.001) respectively, and in the right foot – by 2.08 °C (P<0.001) and 2.48 °C (P<0.001) respectively higher than the temperature of the control group animals. The isotherm temperature of the left and right feet of Group II guinea pigs was by 2.51 °C (P<0.001) and 2.41 °C (P<0.001) respectively higher in comparison with the control group (Table 2).

It was found out that the skin temperature of the investigated areas in limbs of Group II animals was lower than the temperature of Group III animal. The skin temperature of the sole and the heel in the left foot of Group II and Group III guinea pigs differed by 5.2 °C (P<0.001) and 5.66 °C (P<0.001) respectively, and in the right foot – by 6.2 °C and 5.68 °C (P<0.001) respectively.

Guinea pigs with no clinical and morphological signs of pododermatitis

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and with the skin temperature of the investigated areas of by 2.32 °C higher (P<0.001) in comparison to the control group probably have inflammation.

Visual changes in the skin were observed in Tmt and Tt areas within the three-week period of observation. Initial symptoms of pododermatitis (congestion, swelling, blistering), common to all Group II guinea pigs, showed up.

Examination results of the limb skin of Group III guinea pigs After analyzing the limb skin temperature (Table 2), it was found out

that the sole skin temperature of guinea pigs of all groups was higher than the heel skin temperature. The skin temperature of the examined areas in the left foot of Group III animals differed by 1.16 °C (P<0.05) and 1.64 °C (P<0.01) on average. The skin temperature and isotherms of the sole and the heel in the left and right feet of the same group of animals differed not significantly (P>0.05).

The limb skin of Group III guinea pigs was erubescent, calluses, blisters and erosion were observed.

The skin temperature of the sole and the heel in the left foot of guinea pigs of this group was by 7.29 °C (P<0.001) and 8.03 °C (P<0.001) respectively, and in the right foot – by 8.28 °C (P<0.001) and by 8.16 °C respectively higher than the temperature of the control group animals. It was found out that the skin temperature of the investigated areas in limbs of Group III animals was higher than the temperature of Group II animal. The skin temperature of the sole and the heel in the left foot of Group II and Group III guinea pigs differed by 5.2 °C (P<0.001) and by 5.66 °C (P<0.001) respectively, and in the right foot – by 6.2 °C and by 5.68 °C (P<0.001) respectively. The isotherm temperature of the left and right feet of Group III guinea pigs was by 8.05 °C (P<0.001) and by 8.39 °C (P<0.001) respectively higher in comparison with the control group, and by 5.54 °C (P<0.001) and by 5.98 °C (P<0.001) respectively higher in comparison with Group II guinea pigs.

The sole skin temperature of animals with clear symptoms of pododermatitis was by an average of 8.03 °C higher (P<0.001) than of clinically healthy subjects (control group).

THE EXAMINATION OF COWS WITH “THERMA CAM P640”

AT DIFFERENT AMBIENT TEMPERATURES The results of examining changes in limb temperatures at a negative

ambient temperature When analyzing the surface temperature of front limbs, it was

21

determined that the limb surface temperature of Group NP2 was higher than the temperature of Group NP1 (control) in all four measurement points by an average of 7.75 °C, or by 50 percent (P<0.001) (Table 3).

The surface temperature of investigated areas in front limbs of Group NP2 dairy cows in measurement points was: in mcp area – by 5.86 °C, or by 36.8 percent, in mcip – by 7.76 °C, or by 50.1 percent, in mcid – by 10.02 °C, or by 67.3 percent higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of the relevant places of Group NP1 (control) diary cows.

The isotherm, connecting mcp and mcid measurement points and passing through all three segments, temperature of Group NP2 was by 7.35 °C, or by 47.1 percent higher (P<0.001) in comparison with Group NP1 (control).

Table 3. The surface temperature of the limb skin of dairy cows

Air temperature, °C

Negative ambient temperature

Positive ambient temperature Investigated area

Control Pathological

changes Control

Pathological changes

mcp 15.95±0.36 21.81±0.43 19.32±0.17 26.16±0.44 mcip 15.49±0.31 23.25±0.51 18.77±0.21 26.45±0.52 mtid 14.89±0.31 24.91±0.76 18.06±0.14 27.31±0.64

Front limb

isotherm 15.63±0.31 22.98±0.45 19.09±0.16 26.17±0.37 mtp 18.99±0.66 25.27±0.26 20.31±0.31 27.87±0.18 mtip 18.04±0.79 26.13±0.32 20.30±0.32 28.44±0.20 mtid 18.07±1.03 28.06±0.40 19.58±0.34 29.77±0.22

Hind limb

isotherm 18.10±0.78 25.96±0.25 20.47±0.33 28.12±0.16 The surface temperature of hind limbs of dairy cows between Groups

NU2 and NU1 considerably differed in all measurement points. It was found out that the limb surface temperature of Group NU2 cows was by 8.05 °C, or by 44 percent, higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of Group NU1 (control). The temperature of mtp, mpip and mtid measurement points of Group NU2 cows was by 6.28 °C, or 33.1 percent, by 8.09 °C, or by 44.8 percent, by 9.99 °C, or by 55.3 percent higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of Group NU1 (control) (Table 3).

The temperature of the isotherm, connecting all measurement points of the limbs of Group NU2, was by 7.86 °C, or by 43.4 percent, higher (P<0.001) in comparison with Group NU1 (control).

After analyzing and comparing temperature changes between control Groups NP1 and NU1, it was found out that the surface temperature of front

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and hind limbs of dairy cows varies. The temperature of Group NU1 (control) animals in all measurement points was by 2.81°C, or by 18.1 percent, higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of Group NP1 (control).

The surface temperature of mtp, mpip, and mtid measurement points of Group NU1 (control) cows was by 3.04 °C, or by 19.00 percent, (P<0.001), by 2.55 °C, or by 16.5 percent, (P<0.01), by 3.18 °C, or by 21.3 percent, (P<0.01) respectively higher than the temperature of mtp, mpip, and mtid

measurement points of Group NP1 (control) cows. The temperature of the isotherm, connecting mtp and mtid measurement

points in Group NU1 cows, and mcp and mcid in Group NP1 and passing through all three segments, was by 2.81 °C, or by 18.1 percent, higher (P<0.001) in Group NU1 (control) than in Group NP1 (control).

After analyzing and comparing temperature changes between Groups NP2 and NU2, it was found out that the surface temperature of front and hind limbs varies. The temperature of Group NU2 dairy cows in all measurement points was by an average of 3.11 °C, or by 13.4 percent, higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of Group NP2.

The surface temperature of mtp, mpip, and mtid measurement points of Group NU2 dairy cows was by 3.45 °C, or by 15.8 percent, by 2.88 °C, or by 12.4 percent, by 15 °C, or by 12.6 percent, respectively higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of mtp, mpip, and mtid measurement points of Group NP2 cows.

The temperature of the isotherm, connecting mtp and mtid measurement points in Group NU2 cows, and mcp and mcid in Group NP2 and passing through all three segments, was by 3.11 °C, or by 13.4 percent, higher (P<0.001) in Group NU2 than in Group NP2.

The results of examining changes in limb temperatures at a positive

ambient temperature When analyzing the surface temperature of front limbs, it was

determined that the limb surface temperature of Group TP2 dairy cows in measurement points was by 7.71 °C, or by – 41 percent, (P<0.001) higher than the temperature of Group TP1 (control) (Table 3).

The surface temperature of investigated areas in front limbs of Group TP2 dairy cows in measurement points was: in mcp area – by 6.84 °C, or by 35.4 percent, in mcip – by 7.69 °C, or by 41 percent, in mcid – by 9.25 °C, or by 51.2 percent higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of the relevant measurement points of Group TP1 (control) diary cows.

The isotherm, connecting mcp and mcid measurement points and passing through all three segments, temperature of Group TP2 was by 7.08 °C, or by 37.1 percent higher (P<0.001) in comparison with Group TP1 (control)

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cows. The surface temperature of hind limbs of dairy cows between Groups

TU2 and TU1 considerably differed in all measurement points. It was found out that the surface temperature of hind limbs of Group TU2 cows was by 8.38 °C, or by 41.6 percent, higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of Group TU1 (control). The temperature of mtp, mpip and mtid measurement points

of Group TU2 cows was by 7.55 °C, or by 37.2 percent, by 8.13 °C, or by 40.1 percent, by 10.19 °C, or by 52 percent, respectively higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of Group TU1 (control).

The temperature of the isotherm, connecting all measurement points of the limbs of Group TU2, was by 7.65 °C, or by 37.4 percent, higher (P<0.001) in comparison with Group TU1 (control).

After analyzing and comparing temperature changes between control Groups TP1 and TU1, it was found out that the surface temperature of the hind limbs of Group TU1 dairy cows in all measurement points was by 1.36 °C, or by 7.2 percent, higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of front limbs of Group TP1 (control) cows.

The surface temperature of mtp, mpip, and mtid measurement points of Group TU1 (control) dairy cows was by 0.99 °C, or by 5.1 percent (P<0.01), by 1.54 °C, or by 8.2 percent (P<0.001), by 1.53 °C, or by 8.4 percent, (P<0.01) respectively higher than the temperature of mtp, mpip, and mtid

measurement points of Group TP1 (control) cows. The temperature of the isotherm, connecting mtp and mtid measurement

points in Group TU1 cows, and mcp and mcid in Group TP1 and passing through all three segments, was by 1.38 °C, or by 7.2 percent, higher (P<0.001) in Group TU1 (control) than in Group TP1 (control).

After analyzing and comparing temperature changes between Groups TP2 and TU2, it was found out that the surface temperature of front and hind limbs varies. The temperature of Group TU2 dairy cows in all measurement points was by an average of 2.03 °C, or by 7.6 percent, higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of Group TP2.

The surface temperature of mtp, mpip, and mtid measurement points of Group TU2 dairy cows was by 1.71 °C, or by 6.5 percent, by 1.98 °C, or by 7.5 percent, by 2.46 °C, or by 9 percent, respectively higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of mtp, mpip, and mtid measurement points of Group TP2 cows.

The temperature of the isotherm, connecting mtp and mtid measurement points in Group TU2 cows, and mcp and mcid in Group TP2 and passing through all three segments, was by 1.95 °C, or by 7.5 percent, higher (P<0.001) in Group TU2 than in Group TP2.

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The results of examining changes in limb temperatures at positive and negative ambient temperatures

When analyzing the limb skin temperature of dairy cows, it was determined that the skin temperature of front limbs of dairy cows of the control group was higher than the skin temperature of the hind limbs. Similarly, the skin temperature of the hind limbs of cows with diagnosed pathological changes was considerably higher than the temperature of front limbs.

After analyzing and comparing temperature changes between control Groups NP1 and NU1, it was found out that the skin temperature of Group TP1 dairy cows in all measurement points was by an average of 3.32 °C, or by 21.4 percent, higher (P<0.001) than the skin temperature of Group NP1 cows.

The surface temperature of mcp, mcip, and mcid measurement points of Group TP1 dairy cows was by 3.37 °C, or by 21.1 percent (P<0.01), by 3.28 °C, or by 21.1 percent (P<0.001), and by 3.17 °C, or by 21.3 percent, respectively higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of mcp, mcip, and mcid

measurement points of Group NP1 (control) (Table 3). The temperature of the isotherm, connecting mcp and mcid measurement

points and passing through all three segments, of Groups TP1 and NP1 was by 3.46 °C, or by 22.2 percent higher (P<0.001) in Group TP1 than in Group NP1 (control).

After analyzing and comparing temperature changes between Groups NP2 and TP2, it was found out that the surface temperature of front limbs of Group TP2 cows in all measurement points was by 3.28 °C, or by 14.1 percent, higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of Group NP2.

The surface temperature of mcp and mcip measurement points of Group TP2 dairy cows was by 4.35 °C, or by 19.9 percent, by 3.2 °C, or by 13.8 percent, higher (P<0.001), and the temperature of mcid measurement point - by 2.4 °C, or by 9.6 percent, higher (P<0.05) than the temperature of corresponding mcp, mcip and mcid measurement points of Group NP2.

The temperature of the isotherm, connecting mcp and mcid measurement points and passing through all three segments, of Groups NP2 and TP2 was by 3.19 °C, or by 13.9 percent higher (P<0.001) in Group TP2 than in Group NP2 (control).

When analyzing the surface temperature of hind limbs of dairy cows of control groups, it was determined that the limb surface temperature of Group TU1 in measurement points was by 1.87 °C, or by 10.2 percent, higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of Group NU1.

The surface temperature of mpip measurement point of Group TU1 cows was by 1.33 °C, or by 7 percent, higher (P<0.01) than the temperature of

25

Group NU1 (control) in the relevant mpip measurement points. In other measurement points (mtp, mtid), temperature differences were not statistically significant.

The temperature of the isotherm, connecting mtp and mtid measurement points in Groups TU1 and NU1 and passing through all three segments, was by 2.37 °C, or by 13.1 percent, higher (P<0.01) in Group TU1 than in Group NP1 (control).

When analysing the surface temperature of hind limbs of cows with temperature changes, it was found out that the limb surface temperature of Group TU2 cows in all four measurement points was by an average of 2.2 °C, or by 8.3 percent (P<0.001), higher than the temperature of Group NU2.

The surface temperature of mtp, mpip, and mtid measurement points of Group TU2 cows was by 2.6 °C, or by 10.3 percent, by 2.31 °C, or by 8.8 percent, by 1.71 °C, or by 6.1 percent respectively, higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of Group NU2.

The temperature of the isotherm, connecting mtp and mtid measurement points and passing through all three segments, of Groups TU2 and NU2 was by 2.16 °C, or by 8.3 percent, higher (P<0.001) in Group TU2 in comparison with Group NU2.

THE ASSESSMENT OF LAMENESS OF DAIRY COWS WITH

TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN LIMBS AND THE RESULTS OF ORTHOPAEDIC EXAMINATION OF LIMBS

Examination of lameness According to lameness assessment points (Figure 3), it was determined

that 40.32 percent of dairy cows were healthy, their lameness was assessed by 1 point. The lameness of 12.9 percent of dairy cow was assessed by 2 points. They were slightly limping. Most of dairy cows of the herd, even 62.9 percent, were moderately limping and their lameness was assessed by 3 points. 33.87 percent of cows were considerably limping and their lameness was assessed by 4 points. The largest degree of lameness was observed in 6.45 percent of cows and it was assessed by 5 points.

During the orthopaedic examination, twelve diseases of cow hooves were determined according to the obtained lameness points – digital dermatitis (DD), interdigital dermatitis (ID), tumour (T), the double sole syndrome (DS), sole ulcer (SU), solar hemorrhage (SH), white line disease (WLD), solar abscess (SA), bursitis (B), hell horn erosion (HE), overgrow of corn (OC) and the hooves abnormality (HA) – each examined cow was assessed (Table 4).

26

39

4

25

8

21

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Lameness points

Num

ber o

f cow

s

1 2 3 4 5

Figure 3. The number of dairy cows and the lameness points results

Table 4. The results of examination of lameness points in cow limbs and

clinical diagnosis

Lameness points

Legs DD ID T DS SU SH WLD SA HE B OC HA

1 Front 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 Hind 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 Front 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

2 Hind 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 1

3 Front 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 6

3 Hind 12 1 7 8 11 6 4 0 12 0 14 4

4 Front 2 3 0 3 8 0 0 0 1 0 2 4

4 Hind 8 5 7 5 8 4 5 0 8 3 1 0

5 Front 0 1 0 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 2

5 Hind 2 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 Orthopaedic examination After analysing the temperature changes in thermal imaging of front

limbs of dairy cows, it was found out that the limb surface temperature of Group TO2 cows in all four measurement points was by 7.71 °C, or by 41

27

percent, (p <0.001) higher in comparison with Group TO1 (control). The surface temperatures of the investigated areas of front limbs of

Group TO2 cows in the measurement points at DD disease were as follows: in mcp area – by 7.68 °C, or by 39.73 percent, mcip – by 7.53 °C, or by 40.14 percent, mcid – by 10.84 °C, or by 60.03 percent; at ID disease: in mcp area – by 8.95 °C, or by 46.33 percent, mcip – by 8.41 °C, or by 44.81 percent, mcid – by 9.14 °C, or by 50.62 percent, higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of Group TO1 (control) cows in the corresponding measurement points. At DS disorder, the temperature in mcp area was by 5.06 °C, or by 26.19 percent (P<0.01), mcip – by 6.15 °C, or by 32.77 percent (P<0.001), mcid – by 7.15 °C, or by 41.57 percent higher (P<0.01) than the temperature of Group TO1 (control) cows in the corresponding measurement points.

The temperature of Group TO2 cows with SU in mcp area was by 8.16 °C, or by 42.22 percent, mcip – by 10.34 °C, or by 55.12 percent, mcid – by 11.85 °C, or by 65.63 percent higher than the temperature of Group T01 (control groups) in corresponding measurement points. The temperature of cows with WLD in mcp area was by 5.48 °C, or by 28,35 percent, mcip – by 9.03 °C, or by 48.14 percent, mcid – by 10.34 °C, or by 57.26 percent; the temperature of cows with HE in mcp area was by 6.28 °C, or by 32.49 percent, mcip – by 12.43 °C, or by 66.25 percent, mcid – by 13.64 °C, or by 75.,54 percent; with OC in mcp area – by 7.55 °C, or by 39.08 percent, mcip – by 7.67 °C, or by 40.88 percent., mcid – by 8.67 °C, or by 47.99 percent; with HA pathology in mcp area – by 6.16 °C, or by 31.89 percent, mcip – by 6.17 °C, or by 32.87 percent, mcid – by 8 °C, or by 44.29 percent, higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of Group TO1 (control) cows in corresponding measurement points.

The temperature of isotherm, connecting mcp and mcid measurement points and passing through all three segments, was by 7.31 °C, or by 38.30 percent, by 6.49 °C, or by 33.98 percent, by 5.56 °C, or by 29.13 percent, by 8.13 °C, or by 42.60 percent, by 8.91 °C, or by 46.68 percent, by 10.51 °C, or by 55.07 percent, by 7.80 °C, or by 40.86 percent, by 6.86 °C, or by 35.94 percent respectively, higher (P<0.001) in Group TO2 dairy cows with pathological changes (DD, ID, DS, SU, WLD, HE, OC, HA) than in Group TO1 (control).

After having conducted the univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), it was determined that pathological changes affected the surface temperature of front legs in mcp point by 65.8 percent, in mcip point – by 63.5 percent, the surface temperature of front legs in mcid point by 76.3 percent, and the isotherm of all three measurement points by 70.9 percent. This effect was statistically significant (P<0.001).

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The univariate analysis of variance has revealed that the side – left or right – does not have influence on the examination results since the surface temperature measurement points in front legs of cows (mtp, mtip, mtid, isotherm) do not affect the results.

A strong positive temperature correlation of front limbs of cows (Figure 4) was determined between different orthopaedic cases and cow limbs without temperature changes (control): r=0.728, (P<0.01).

Figure 4. ID pathological change in front right limb of a cow

The surface temperature of hind limbs of Groups TO2 and TO1 cows

considerably differed in all measurement points. It was determined that surface temperature of hind limbs of Group TO2 cows was by 8.38 °C, or by 41.6 percent, higher (P<0.001) in comparison with Group TO1 (control). The surface temperature of hind limbs of Group TO2 cows with DD disease in mtp, mpip and mtid areas was by 8.54 °C, or by 42.06 percent, by 9.21 °C, or by 45.38 percent, by 10.84 °C, or by 55.33 percent; with ID disease in corresponding places – by 7.70 °C, or by 37.91 percent, by 9.00 °C, or by 44.31 percent, by 10.69 °C, or by 54.57 percent, higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of Group TO1 (control) in corresponding measurement points. The temperature of cows with tumours in mtp area was by 8.28 °C, or by 40.76 percent, mpip – by 9.61 °C, or by 47.35 percent, mtid – by 11.33 °C, or by 57.87 percent, higher in comparison with Group TO1

29

(control). For cows with DS disorder, the temperature in mtp area was by 7.49 °C, or by 36.89 percent, mtip – by 7.95 °C, or by 39.17 percent, mtid – by 9.81 °C, or by 50.08 percent, higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of Group TO1 (control) in corresponding measurement points.

The temperature of cow with SU disease in mtp area was by 8.06 °C, or by 39.69 percent, mtip – by 8.54 °C, or by 42.06 percent, mtid – by 10.55 °C, or by 53.87 percent, higher (P<0.001) in comparison with Group TO1 (control) cows. For cows with lesions characteristic to SH disease, the temperature in the corresponding points was by 7.09 °C, or by 34.93 percent, by 7.75 °C, or by 38.15 percent, by 10.40 °C, or by 53.10 percent, higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of Group TO1 cows in the relevant measurement points.

For cows with WLD, the temperature in mtp area was by 7.66 °C, or by 37.69 percent, mpip – by 8.44 °C, or by 41.55 percent., mtid – by 10.36 °C, or by 52.87 percent higher in comparison with Group TO1 (control) cows. For cows with solar abscess, the temperature in mtp area was by 10.55 °C, or by 51.95 percent, mpip – by 9.20 °C, or by 45.30 percent, mtid – by 10.85 °C, or by 55.39 percent higher than the temperature of Group TO1 (control) cows in the relevant measurement points. In the case of HE disease, the temperature was by 8.12 °C, or by 39.96 percent, by 8.39 °C, or by 4133 percent, by 10.18 °C or by 51.96 percent, and in the case of B disease – by 7.12 °C, or by 35.05 percent, by 6.10 °C, or by 30.03 percent, by 9.92 °C, or by 50.63 percent higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of Group TO1 (control) cows in the relevant measurement points.

In the case of OC disorder, the temperature in mtp area was by 6.14 °C, or by 30.22 percent, mpip – by 6.22 °C, or by 30.64 percent, mtid – by 8.68 °C, or by 44.3 percent, and in the case of HA disease – by 4.92 °C, or by 24.22 percent, by 6.40 °C, or by 31.51 percent, by 7.05 °C, or by 35.99 percent respectively, higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of Group TO1 (control) cows in the relevant measurement points.

The temperature of isotherm, connecting mtp and mtid measurement points and passing through all three segments, was by 8.31 °C, or by 40.58 percent, by 8.09 °C, or by 39.51 percent, by 8.81 °C, or by 43.02 percent, by 7.49 °C, or by 36.58 percent, by 8.00 °C, or by 39.08 percent, by 7.36 °C, or by 35.97 percent, by 7.33 °C, or by 35.81 percent, by 10.26 °C, or by 50.14 percent, by 8.26 °C, or by 40.36 percent, by 4.20 °C, or by 20.50 percent, by 6.53 °C, or by 31.90 percent, and by 6.16 °C, or by 30.11 percent respectively, higher (P<0.001) in Group TO2 dairy cows with pathological changes (DD, ID, T, DS, SU, SH, WLD, SA, HE, B, OC, HA) than in Group TO1 (control).

After having conducted the univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), it

30

was determined that pathological changes affected the surface temperature of front legs in mtp point by 75.7 percent, in mtip point – by 75.4 percent, the surface temperature of front legs in mtid point by 76.3 percent, and the isotherm of all three measurement points by 78.6 percent. This effect was statistically significant (P<0.001).

The univariate analysis of variance has revealed that the side – left or right – does not have influence on the surface temperature of measurement points (mtp, mtip, mtid, isotherm) in hind legs of cows. The influence result is equal to 0 percent.

A moderately strong positive temperature correlation of hind limbs of cows (Figure 5) was determined between different orthopaedic cases and cow limbs without temperature changes (control) – 0.476 (P<0.01).

Figure 5. SU pathological change in the hind left limb of a cow

THERMAL IMAGING OF MAMMARY GLANDS OF DAIRY

COWS AND THEIR COMPARISON WITH CMT RESULTS Subclinical mastitis test 62 dairy cows were examined in a negative ambient temperature. The

CMT was positive for 38 cows (61.3 percent), and negative for 24 dairy cows. The reaction of all udder quarters examined was also negative.

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At a positive ambient temperature, the CMT was positive for 45 dairy cows (46.4 percent).

Changes in teat temperature and subclinical mastitis test results at

negative and positive ambient temperatures After analysing and comparing temperature changes and subclinical

mastitis test results (Table 1), it was determined that 134 udder quarters of Group NS0 (control) were healthy at a negative ambient temperature.

94 udder quarters with positive reaction were determined in Group NS1 (test reaction is positive).

At a positive ambient temperature, 260 quarters were healthy in Group TS0 (control). 120 udder quarters of cows in Group TS1 reacted positively.

At a negative ambient temperature, the skin surface temperature of teat sphincters of Group NS1 cows was by 9.62 °C (by 43.5 percent) higher (P<0.001) in comparison with Group NS0 (control) cows.

At a positive ambient temperature, the skin surface temperature of teat sphincters of Group TS1 cows was by 4.60 °C (by 17.8 percent) higher (P<0.001) in comparison with Group TS0 (control) cows.

Analyzing the surface temperature of the closing muscle of the teat ring (Figure 6), it was determined that this temperature was by 3.72 °C (16.8 percent) higher (P<0.001) in Group TS0 than in Group NS0 at a positive ambient temperature.

30,42

25,83

31,73

22,11

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

NS0 NS1 TS0 TS1

Subclinical mastitis groups

Sur

face

tem

pera

ture

of

teat

s, . o

C

Figure 6. The surface temperature of teats of control cows and cows

with positive CMT reaction

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Figure 7. The surface temperature of teat skin when CMT reaction is

negative (a) and positive (b)

a

b

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The surface temperature of teats of Group NS1 cows was by 1.31 °C (by 4.3 percent) higher at a negative ambient temperature than the temperature of Group TS1 at a positive ambient temperature (P<0.001).

The correlation between the teat temperature and CMT results at different ambient temperatures was calculated.

A strong positive correlation of the teat temperature and CMT results between Groups NS0 and NS1 was determined when the ambient temperature was negative – 0.769 (P<0.01).

A strong positive correlation of the teat temperature and CMT results (between Groups TS0 and TS1) was determined when the ambient temperature was positive (Figures 7a and 7b) – 0.717 (P<0.01).

After having conducted the univariate analysis of variance of Groups NS0 and TS0, it was determined that the ambient temperature influenced the skin surface temperature of the teat sphincters. The influence was not great, however, statistically significant (P<0.01). It was found out that the ambient temperature affected the CMT results. This influence was statistically significant (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of conducted examinations, the following

conclusions can be drawn: 1. The thermal imaging system “FLIR E50” was employed to examine

healthy guinea pigs of control groups and guinea pigs with lesions in the sole skin; the increase of temperature by 2.32 °C at subclinical pododermatitis and the increase of temperature by 8.03 °C (P<0.001), when clear signs of clinical pododermatitis were observed in the skin of the sole and the heel, were determined. The average temperature of the sole and the heel skin of clinically healthy (control) guinea pigs was 25.03 °C.

2. During the cold season of the year, after the IRT examination of control groups of dairy cows, the temperature determined in measurement points of hind limbs – metatarso phalangia (mtp), interphalangia proximalis

(mtip), interphalangia distalis (mtid) – was by 1.36 °C higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of front limbs in corresponding measurement points (15.49±0.16 °C).

3. At a positive ambient temperature, the temperature of hind limbs of dairy cows of control groups in measurement points was by 2.81 °C higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of front limbs in the corresponding measurement points (18.81±0.09 °C).

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4. The surface temperature of cows with subclinical mastitis in measurement points was by 9.62 °C considerably higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of cows of the control group. The skin surface temperature of the closing muscle of the teat ring in control cows at a positive ambient temperature was 3.72 °C (16.8 percent) (P<0.001) higher than at a negative ambient temperature (22.11±0.44 °C).

5. Applying thermographs, the skin surface temperature of teat sphincters of healthy dairy cows and cows with subclinical mastitis was very close to the CMT test readings.

6. The surface temperature of the limb skin of lame cows (n=64) in all four measurement points was by an average of 7.71±0.05 °C, or by 41 percent, higher (P<0.001) than the temperature of healthy cows of the control group.

7. A strong positive temperature correlation r=0.728 of front limbs and a moderately strong positive temperature correlation r=0.476 of hind limbs was determined in a group of cows with orthopaedic pathology and the increased surface temperature of the limb skin.

8. Subclinical inflammatory processes, which positively correlated with subsequent clinical signs, can be identified at an early stage applying the method of thermal imaging.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 1. Pamparien÷ I., Žymantien÷ J., Želvyt÷ R., OberauskasV.,

Monkevičien÷ I. Thermography and its application in guinea pigs. Biomedical Engineering 2011. Kaunas. Technologija. ISSN 2029-3380. 2011. P. 42–45.

2. Pamparien÷ I., Žymantien÷ J., Želvyt÷ R., Monkevičien÷ I., Oberauskas V. Termovizijos taikymas jūrų kiaulyčių (Cavia porcellus) pododermatito diagnostikai. Veterinarija ir zootechnika. Kaunas. ISSN 1392-2130. 2013. T. 63(85). P. 50–54.

CONFERENCES 1. Pamparien÷ I., Žymantien÷ J., Želvyt÷ R., Oberauskas V. The

Application of the Thermal Imaging Method for the Examination of Rabbits. Kaunas. Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto Veterinarijos akademija, 2011. (II Sekcija. Gyvūnų sveikatingumas / Section II AnimalHealth.). P. 77–78.

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2. Pamparien÷ I., Žymantien÷ J. ,Želvyt÷ R., Oberauskas V. Applying of infrared thermography method for cow's hooves examination and lameness prevention. Kaunas. Lithuanian Physiological Society. 2013. (Experimental and cell physiology.). ISBN 978-9955-15-275-0. P. 23–24.

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REZIUME Lietuvai tapus Europos Sąjungos nare ir prad÷jus nuosekliai vykdyti

bendrą veterinarijos politiką bei strategiją, ypač aktuali tapo ES gyvūnų sveikatos strategija (2007–2013) kurios siekis „prevencija – geriau už gydymą“. Strategijos tikslas – skirti daugiau d÷mesio atsargumo priemon÷ms, ligų steb÷jimui, kontrol÷s priemon÷ms ir moksliniams tyrimams, siekiant ženkliai mažinti gyvūnų ligų skaičių ir ligų protrūkio poveikį.

Susirgimai bei patologin÷s būkl÷s vienaip ar kitaip susiję su temperatūros pokyčiais. Temperatūra – dažniausiai matuojamas fizikinis dydis, tod÷l daugelyje mokslo šakų plačiai naudojama, kaip tame tarpe ir progresyvios infraraudonųjų spindulių detekcijos technologijos (Kastberger, Stachl,2003). Šio fizikinio dydžio panaudojimą ir pritaikymą praktikoje, kai įvertinami šilumos mainai tarp gyvūno ir aplinkos, pagrįsti konvekcija, spinduliavimu ir garavimu plačiai aprašyti ir moksliškai pagrįsti (Gebremedhin, Wu, 2002). Temperatūros matavimas dažnai yra tiesiogiai susijęs su klinikine diagnoze, o normali kūno temperatūra yra geros sveikatos rodiklis (Tan et al., 2009).

Žinoma, kad infraraudonoji termografija (IRT) gali būti naudinga pagalbin÷ priemon÷ atliekant gyvūnų sveikatos tyrimus. Ji tinkama tirti fiziologinius procesus be kontakto su gyvūnu, leidžia sekti svarbaus fizikinio rodiklio – temperatūros pokyčius natūraliomis sąlygomis, gyvūnui esant sąmoningam. Tam nereikalinga anestezija, netrikdomas įprastinis elgesys, tyrimui atlikti nereikia gyvūno fiksuoti (Vadivambal, Jayas,2011).

IRT yra neinvazinis metodas, galintis aptikti šilumin÷s spinduliuot÷s anomalijas ant bet kokio objekto ar kūno paviršiaus. D÷l įvairių medžiagose vykstančių tarpatominių ir tarpmolekulinių procesų kūnai gali spinduliuoti elektromagnetines bangas. Energijos šaltiniai ir spinduliuot÷s rūšys gali būti skirtingos, tačiau iš visų elektromagnetin÷s spinduliuot÷s rūšių galima išskirti vieną, būdingą visiems kūnams – šiluminį spinduliavimą (Veikutis et al., 2010).

Taigi, registruojant infraraudonąjį organizmo paviršiaus spinduliavimą galima aptikti šilumos gamybos ir perdavimo sutrikimus.

Tai saugi, veiksminga ir humaniška priemon÷ ir tyr÷jams, ir pacientams (gyvūnams). Šiuo metu nustatytos trys pagrindin÷s veterinarijos sritys, kur IRT yra neabejotinai naudinga: 1) prevencin÷, profilaktin÷ medicina; 2) diagnostika (taip pat ankstyvoji); 3) gydymas, prognoz÷ ir reabilitacija.

Mokslininkai (Kunc et al., 2007; Schaefer et al., 2004; 2007; 2012) savo studijose apraš÷ tyrimus su gyvūnais, kai šilumos srautus fiksavo stacionarios infraraudonųjų spindulių sistemos. M. Mitchell (2013) teigia,

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kad termografiją tikslinga taikyti šiais atvejais: 1. Kai kinta aplinkos sąlygos (karštis, šaltis), o termoreguliaciniai

procesai vyksta organizmas geba prisitaikyti.

2. Kai d÷l gyvūno organizme vykstančių uždegiminių procesų, infekcijų, patologijų, onkologinių darinių, traumų vyksta temperatūros pokyčiai kūno paviršiuje, regionin÷se srityse.

3. Kai temperatūros pokyčiai vyksta d÷l širdies ir kraujagyslių disfunkcijos sutrikus vazomotorinio centro veiklai, kai organizme automatiškai, kaip atsakas į skausmą, stersą (chirurgines ar identifikavimo procedūras, triukšmą), vyksta šilumos mainai, perfuzija.

4. Kai vietin÷s ir bendros organizmo temperatūros pokyčiai susiję su gyvūnų transportavimu, perk÷limu ir k.t.

Darbo tikslas – vertinti termografijos metodo tinkamumą gyvūnų ligų

ankstyvajai diagnostikai ir prevencijai. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti termovizijos metodo tinkamumą diagnozuojant pado odos

pažeidimus ir slaptuosius jūrų kiaulyčių pododermatitus, nustatyti kontrolin÷s grup÷s jūrų kiaulyčių paviršinę pado odos temperatūrą pasirinktuose matavimo taškuose.

2. Nustatyti sveikų, kontrolin÷s grup÷s melžiamų karvių, laikomų palaiduoju būdu, priekinių ir užpakalinių galūnių paviršin÷s odos temperatūros rodiklius matavimo vietose esant teigiamai +18 °C ir neigiamai –1°C aplinkos temperatūrai.

3. Įvertinti šlubuojančių melžiamų karvių temperatūros skirtumus ir patologinius atvejus.

4. Ortopediškai ištirti ir įvertinti melžiamų karvių su padid÷jusia galūnių temperatūra klinikinę būklę; įvertinti koreliaciją tarp nustatytų patologinių pakitimų ir temperatūros rodiklių;

5. Įvertinti metodo tinkamumą atliekant sveikų ir slaptuoju mastitu sergančių karvių termogramas.

Mokslinis darbo naujumas, mokslin÷ ir praktin÷ vert÷ Aprašomas metodas, naudojant sistemas „FLIR E50“ ir „Therma CAM

P640“, nei Lietuvos, nei užsienio šalių mokslininkų nebuvo taikytas sveikų jūrų kiaulyčių paviršinei pado odos temperatūrai nustatyti, odos pažeidimams, slaptiesiems pododermatitams tirti ar melžiamų karvių

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galūnių sveikatos ir tešmens būklei nustatyti bei vertinti. Pirmą kartą termografiniai galūnių tyrimai atlikti, kai karv÷s buvo

laikytos laikomos besaičio laikymo karvid÷se, sekliuose boksuose, šaltame tvarte, be pakratų, palaidos, o guoliaviet÷s išklotos guminiais kilim÷liais, esant teigiamai +18 °C ir neigiamai –1 °C aplinkos temperatūrai. Nustatyti sveikų, kontrolin÷s grup÷s melžiamų karvių priekinių ir užpakalinių galūnių paviršin÷s odos temperatūros rodikliai matavimo vietose, įvertinta šlubuojančių melžiamų karvių su pakilusia galūnių temperatūra klinikin÷ būkl÷ ir patologija, įvertinta koreliacija tarp nustatytų patologinių pokyčių ir temperatūros rodiklių. Metodo tinkamumas vertintas ankstyvojo mastito diagnostikoje esant teigiamai ir neigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai. Tyrimo metu gautų termogramų analize paremtais duomenimis aprašyta patologijų ankstyvosios detekcijos metodika.

Šio mokslinio darbo reikšm÷ ta, kad, taikant infraraudonųjų spindulių skenavimo metodiką nuo kūno paviršiaus, galima nustatyti ankstyvuosius temperatūros, vietinius patologinius pokyčius, susijusius su uždegimo vystymusi bei kraujotakos sutrikimu. Taikant termovizinių sistemų tyrimo metodiką (dorsaliniams, ventraliniams, lateraliniams bei medialiniams paviršiams), gyvūnams nesukeliamas stresas, nes jie nefiksuojami, o tyrimas yra efektyvus, didelio diagnostinio jautrumo, gali būti kartojamas keletą kartų, atliekamas nuotoliniu būdu, nesukeliant skausmo ir užtikrinant gyvūnų gerovę. Mūsų tyrimas taip pat truko tiek, kiek pats melžimo procesas. Gyvūnai nepatyr÷ streso, nes galūnes ir tešmens vietas skenavome 2–3 m atstumu be kontakto, be fiksavimo.

Mūsų tyrimai, taikant „FLIR E50“ sistemą jūrų kiaulyčių pododermatito požymiams nustatyti, atlikti pirmą kartą veterinarijoje. Mokslin÷je literatūroje analogiškų studijų n÷ra. Įrod÷me, kad metodas yra veiksminga prevencin÷ priemon÷ šios rūšies gyvūnų galūnių sveikatos būklei vertinti. Studijos, kai infraraudonųjų spindulių skenavimo metodika taikoma su „Therma CAM P640 sistema ankstyvosioms pieninių karvių galūnių patologijoms aptikti bei tešmens spenių fiziologinei būklei vertinti, įrod÷ aukštą metodo specifinį jautrumą šiluminiams pokyčiams audiniuose analizuoti.

MEDŽIAGOS IR METODAI Tyrimų laikas, vieta, apimtys Mokslinis tiriamasis darbas atliktas 2009–2013 metais Lietuvos

sveikatos mokslų universiteto Veterinarijos akademijoje, Anatomijos ir fiziologijos katedroje, Viešojoje įstaigoje Lietuvos veterinarijos akademijos Praktinio mokymo ir bandymų centre (VšĮ LVA PMBC) dabar – LSMU VA

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PMBC ir LSMU VA vivariume. Bandomųjų jūrų kiaulyčių grupių sudarymo principai Tirtos trejų metų konvencin÷s trumpaplauk÷s jūrų kiaulyčių patel÷s,

kurių vidutinis svoris buvo 882±0,12 g. Gyvūn÷liai laikyti „Techniplast“ (Italija) narveliuose ant nuolat keičiamo pjuvenų substrato.

Tyrimas atliktas vadovaujantis Lietuvos laboratorinių gyvūnų naudojimo etikos komisijos prie Valstybin÷s maisto ir veterinarijos tarnybos išduotu leidimu 2011-12-20 Nr. 0220.

Jūrų kiaulyčių tyrimai „FLIR E50“ sistema Trumpaplaukių jūrų kiaulyčių p÷dos ir kulno minkštimų odos

temperatūra matuota termovizoriumi „FLIR E50. Gauti termograminiai vaizdai vertinti pagal B. B. Lahiri (2012).

Tiriamosios kūno sritys lygintos tarpusavyje taikant asimetrinę analizę. Gauti temperatūros matavimai priešingose kūno dalyse ir nustatyti temperatūros skirtumai vertinti lyginant juos su sveikų gyvūnų modeliais (Ferreira et al., 2008).

Bandomųjų karvių atrinkimas ir grupių sudarymo principai Tyrimas tvartiniu periodu atliktas su 62 melžiamomis Lietuvos

juodmargių populiacijos karv÷mis 2011m. lapkričio m÷nesį, esant neigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai –1±0,2 °C, o su 97 melžiamomis karv÷mis 2012 m. kovo m÷nesį, esant teigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai +18±1,2 °C

Gautose termogramose priekinių ir užpakalinių galūnių odos paviršiaus temperatūra įvertinta P. R. Greenough (2007) pasiūlytu metodu (1 pav.).

Karvių tyrimai su „ThermaCAMP640” Tiriant melžiamų karvių priekinių ir užpakalinių galūnių (1 pav.), bei

tešmens srities odos temperatūrą (2 pav.), naudota aukštųjų technologijų termokamera „Therma CAMP640” (FLIR Systems, JAV). Termokamera fiksavome ir skenavome tiriamų paviršių plotus.

Karvių šlubavimo vertinimas Vertindami šlubavimą, melžiamas karves, pagal D. J. Sprecher ir kitų

mokslininkų, (1997) metodiką. Ortopedinis tyrimas Melžiamų karvių galūnių ortopedinį tyrimą atlikome esant teigiamai

aplinkos temperatūrai, pra÷jus 24 val., nuo termografinio tyrimo ir šlubavimo vertinimo Pagal P. R. Greenough (2007) nustat÷me patologinius pakitimus.

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Subklinikinio mastito nustatymo ir vertinimo metodika Melžiamų karvių pienas prieš melžimą buvo tiriamas indikatoriniu

ekspres diagnostikos metodu (1 lentel÷), naudojant CMT (California Mastitis Test).

TYRIMŲ REZULTATAI IR APTARIMAS Kontrolinių jūrų kiaulyčių galūnių odos tyrimo rezultatai Analizuodami galūnių odos temperatūrą(2 lentel÷) nustat÷me, kad

kontrolin÷s grup÷s jūrų kiaulyčių p÷dos minkštimo odos temperatūra buvo aukštesn÷ už kulno odos temperatūrą.

Kliniškai sveikų gyvūnų kair÷s kojos odos temperatūra skyr÷si vidutiniškai 1,9 °C (p<0,01), dešin÷s kojos – 1,52 oC (p<0,05). P÷dos ir kulno minkštimų odoje pažeidimų nenustatyta ir odos vidutin÷ temperatūra buvo 25,03 °C.

II jūrų kiaulyčių grup÷s galūnių odos tyrimo rezultatai II grup÷s jūrų kiaulyčių p÷dos minkštimo odos temperatūra buvo

aukštesn÷ už kulno odos temperatūrą, kair÷s kojos temperatūra skyr÷si vidutiniškai – 1,62 °C (p<0,05), o dešin÷s – 1,12 °C (p>0,05).

Įvertinus vizualiai, nustatyta, kad odoje pažeidimų n÷ra ir temperatūra buvo atitinkamai 2,09 °C ir 2,37 °C (p<0,001), dešin÷s kojos – 2,08 °C ir 2,48 °C (p<0,001) aukštesn÷, nei kontrolin÷s grup÷s gyvūnų.

Nustatyta, kad II grup÷s gyvūnų galūnių tiriamų sričių odos temperatūra taip pat buvo žemesn÷ nei III grup÷s. II ir III grup÷s jūrų kiaulyčių kair÷s kojos pado ir kulno odos temperatūra skyr÷si atitinkamai 5,2 °C ir 5,66 °C (p<0,001), dešin÷s kojos – 6,2 °C ir 5,68 °C (p<0,001).

Jūrų kiaulyt÷ms, kurioms pododermatito klinikiniai ir morfologiniai požymiai nepasireišk÷, bet tirtų odos sričių temperatūra buvo vidutiniškai 2,32°C aukštesn÷ (p<0,001) nei kontrolinių, veikiausiai prasideda uždegimas.

Trijų savaičių steb÷jimo laikotarpiu Tmt ir Tt srityse nustatyti vizualūs odos pokyčiai. Išryšk÷jo pirminiai pododermatito požymiai (hiperemija, tinimas, pūslel÷s), būdingi visoms III grup÷s kiaulyt÷ms.

III grup÷s jūrų kiaulyčių galūnių odos tyrimo rezultatai Analizuodami galūnių odos temperatūrą nustat÷me, kad gyvūnų kair÷s

kojos odos temperatūra skyr÷si vidutiniškai 1,16 °C (p<0,05) ir 1,64 °C (p<0,01). Pado oda buvo paraudusi, susidarę nuospaudos, pūslel÷s ir erozijos. Kair÷s kojos p÷dos ir kulno minkštimų odos temperatūra buvo atitinkamai 7,29 °C (p<0,001) ir 8,03 °C (p<0,001), dešin÷s kojos – 8,28 °C

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(p<0,001) ir 8,16 °C (p<0,001) aukštesn÷ nei kontrolin÷s grup÷s gyvūnų. II ir III grup÷s jūrų kiaulyčių kair÷s kojos p÷dos ir kulno odos temperatūra skyr÷si atitinkamai 5,2 °C (p<0,001) ir 5,66 °C (p<0,001), dešin÷s kojos – 6,2 °C ir 5,68 °C (p<0,001).

Termovizijos metodu ištyrę ant pjuvenų substrato laikomų jūrų kiaulyčių užpakalinių galūnių odos temperatūrą nustat÷me, kad kair÷s ir dešin÷s kojų p÷dos minkštimų odos temperatūra vidutiniškai buvo 1,49 °C aukštesn÷ nei kulno. Manome, kad aukštesnę pado odos temperatūrą gal÷jo lemti šiai sričiai tenkantis didesnis kompresinis krūvis, nes jūrų kiaulyt÷s yra p÷daeigiai gyvūnai (Cooper, Schiller, 1975).

Nustatyta, kad vyresnių jūrų kiaulyčių, apvaisintų patelių, did÷jant jų svoriui, p÷dų odos būkl÷ blog÷ja, t. y. oda parausta, atsiranda pūsl÷s, nuospaudos, gali patekti infekcija (Brown, 2009). Nustat÷me, kad jūrų kiaulyčių, sergančių pododermatitu (III gr.), abiejų užpakalinių galūnių izotermių bei p÷dos ir kulno vidutin÷ temperatūra buvo 32,10 proc. aukštesn÷ (p<0,001) nei kontrolin÷s grup÷s gyvūnų. Ankstyvas šios ligos diagnozavimas pad÷tų išvengti ligos komplikacijų, veislinių patelių išbrokavimo ir sumažinti gydymo išlaidas. Apžiūrint II grup÷s jūrų kiaulyčių galūnių odos būklę, nenustatyta pododermatito simptomų, tačiau abiejų užpakalinių galūnių izotermių bei p÷dos ir kulno minkštimų odos vidutin÷ temperatūra buvo 9,30 proc. aukštesn÷ (p<0,001) nei kontrolin÷s grup÷s gyvūnų. Manome, kad uždegimo pradžioje suaktyv÷jo užpakalinių galūnių odos kapiliarin÷ kraujotaka ir išsiskyr÷ didesnis šilumos kiekis. Panašius rezultatus su kitos rūšies gyvūnais tiriant galūnių ligas nustat÷ ir kitų šalių tyr÷jai (McGavin, Zachary, 2007; Nikkhah et al., 2005).

Tyrimo rezultatai (2 lentel÷) įrod÷, kad vietinio uždegimo pirminių požymių nustatymas p÷dos ir kulno odos srityse, glaudžiai susijęs su kraujotakos sutrikimu, tod÷l gydymas gali būti s÷kmingas tik laiku įvertinus situaciją ir taikant profilaktikos priemones. Tai patvirtina ir antros grup÷s jūrų kiaulyčių būkl÷s steb÷jimas. Šios grup÷s kiaulyt÷ms po temperatūrų matavimo Tmt ir Tt odos srityse išryšk÷jo pirminiai pododermatito požymiai (hiperemija, patinimas, pūslel÷s) tik po trijų savaičių. Galime daryti prielaidą, kad profilaktiškai taikant termovizijos metodą, gyvūnų galūnių skenavimui, galima užtikrinti jų gerovę ir sveikatą.

„THERMA CAM P640“ naudojimas tiriant karves esant skirtingai

aplinkos temperatūrai Galūnių temperatūros pokyčių tyrimo rezultatai esant neigiamai

aplinkos temperatūrai Analizuodami paviršinę priekinių galūnių temperatūrą (3 lentel÷)

nustat÷me, kad NP2 grup÷s galūnių paviršiaus temperatūra visose keturiose

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matavimo vietose buvo aukštesn÷ nei NP1 (kontrolin÷s) grup÷s, vidutiniškai 7,75 °C, arba 50 proc. (p<0,001).

Paviršin÷ užpakalinių melžiamų karvių galūnių temperatūra tarp NU2 ir NU1 grupių visose matavimo vietose skyr÷si ženkliai. Nustat÷me, kad NU2 grup÷s karvių galūnių paviršiaus temperatūra buvo 8,05 °C, arba 44 proc. aukštesn÷ (p<0,001), nei NU1 (kontrolin÷s) grup÷s

Išanalizavę ir palyginę temperatūros pokyčius tarp kontrolinių grupių NP1 ir NU1. nustat÷me, kad priekinių ir užpakalinių melžiamų karvių galūnių paviršiaus temperatūra skiriasi. NU1 (kontrolin÷s) grup÷s galvijų temperatūra visose matavimo vietose yra 2,81 °C, arba 18,1 proc., aukštesn÷ (p<0,001), nei NP1 (kontrolin÷s) grup÷s.

Išanalizavę ir palyginę rezultatus tarp NP2 ir NU2. grupių su temperatūros pokyčiais nustat÷me, kad priekinių ir užpakalinių galūnių paviršiaus temperatūra skiriasi. NU2 grup÷s melžiamų karvių temperatūra visose matavimo vietose buvo vidutiniškai 3,11 °C, arba 13,4 proc. aukštesn÷ (p<0,001), nei NP2 grup÷s.

Karvių galūnių temperatūros pokyčių tyrimo rezultatai esant

teigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai Analizuodami paviršinę priekinių galūnių temperatūrą (3 lentel÷)

nustat÷me, kad TP2 grup÷s melžiamų karvių galūnių paviršiaus temperatūra visose matavimo vietose buvo 7,71 °C, arba – 41 proc. (p<0,001) aukštesn÷, nei TP1 (kontrolin÷s) grup÷s.

Paviršin÷ užpakalinių galūnių temperatūra tarp TU2 ir TU1 grupių visose matavimo vietose ženkliai skyr÷si. Nustat÷me, kad TU2 grup÷s karvių užpakalinių galūnių paviršiaus temperatūra buvo 8,38 °C, arba 41,6 proc., aukštesn÷ (p<0,001), nei TU1 (kontrolin÷s) grup÷s.

Išanalizavę ir palyginę temperatūrinius pokyčius tarp TP1 ir TU1 kontrolinių grupių nustat÷me, kad užpakalinių galūnių paviršiaus temperatūra TU1 grup÷s karvių visose matavimo vietose buvo 1,36 °C arba 7,2 proc., aukštesn÷ (p<0,001), nei priekinių galūnių paviršiaus temperatūra TP1 grup÷s karvių.

Išanalizavę ir palyginę temperatūros pokyčius tarp TP2 ir TU2 grupių pasteb÷jome, kad priekinių ir užpakalinių galūnių paviršiaus temperatūra skiriasi. TU2 grup÷s melžiamų karvių temperatūra visose matavimo vietose buvo vidutiniškai 2,03 °C arba 7,6 proc., aukštesn÷ (p<0,001), nei TP2 grup÷s.

Karvių galūnių temperatūros pokyčių tyrimo rezultatai esant teigiamai ir neigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai

Išanalizavę ir palyginę temperatūros pokyčius (3 lentel÷) tarp kontrolinių NP1 ir TP1 grupių nustat÷me, kad TP1 grup÷s melžiamų karvių temperatūra

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visose matavimo vietose buvo vidutiniškai 3,32 °C arba 21,4 proc., aukštesn÷ (p<0,001), nei NP1 grup÷s.

Išanalizavę ir palyginę temperatūros pokyčius tarp NP2 ir TP2 grupių su temperatūros pokyčiais nustat÷me, kad TP2 grup÷s karvių priekinių galūnių paviršiaus temperatūra visose matavimo vietose 3,28 °C, arba 14,1 proc., aukštesn÷ (p<0,001), nei NP2 grup÷s.

Analizuodami kontrolinių grupių melžiamų karvių užpakalinių galūnių paviršiaus temperatūrą nustat÷me, kad TU1 grup÷s galūnių visose keturiose matavimo vietose ji buvo aukštesn÷, nei NU1 grup÷s – 1,87 °C, arba 10,2 proc. (p<0,001).

Analizuodami paviršinę užpakalinių galūnių temperatūrą karvių su temperatūros pokyčiais nustat÷me, kad TU2 karvių grup÷s galūnių paviršiaus temperatūra visose keturiose matavimo vietose buvo vidutiniškai 2,2 °C, arba 8,3 proc. (p<0,001) aukštesn÷, nei NU2 grup÷s.

Mes nustat÷me, kad kontrolin÷s grup÷s priekinių galūnių tiriamųjų sričių paviršin÷ izoterm÷s jungiančios mcp ir mcid matavimo vietas ir einančios per visus 3 segmentus temperatūra buvo 15,63±0,31 °C esant neigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai ir 19,09±0,16 °C esant teigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai. Atitinkamai užpakalin÷se galūn÷se nustat÷me 18,10±0,78 °C ir 20,47±0,33 °C (p<0,001). Iš gautų duomenų teigiame, kad paviršin÷ priekinių galūnių izoterm÷s temperatūra, kai yra nustatyti patologiniai pakitimai esant neigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai buvo 22,98±0,45 °C ir esant teigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai 26,17±0,37 °C, (p<0,001).

Atitinkamai užpakalin÷se galūn÷se nustat÷me 25,96±0,25 °C ir 28,12±0,16 °C (p<0,001). Iš gautų duomenų teigiame, kad aplinkos sąlygos turi įtaką sveiko gyvūno išspinduliuotai šilumai, esant teigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai priekin÷se galūn÷se nustatyta temperatūra buvo 3,46 °C, užpakalin÷se 2,37 °C aukštesn÷ nei esant neigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai. Kai galūn÷se nustatyti patologiniai pakitimai atitinkamai 3,19 °C aukštesn÷ priekin÷se ir 2,16 °C užpakalin÷se galūn÷se esant teigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai.

Melžiamų karvių galūnių su paviršiaus temperatūros pokyčiais

šlubavimo vertinimo ir ortopedinio galūnių tyrimo rezultatai Šlubavimo tyrimas Pagal šlubavimo vertinimo taškus (3 pav.) nustat÷me, kad 40,32 proc.

melžiamų karvių buvo sveikos, jų šlubavimas įvertintas 1 tašku. 12,9 proc. Melžiamų karvių šlubavimas įvertintos 2 taškais. Joms nustatytas nežymus šlubavimas. Daugiausia, net 62,9 proc., melžiamų bandos karvių nustatytas vidutiniškas šlubavimas, įvertinta 3 taškais. Žymiai šlubuojančių rasta 33,87

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proc. Karvių vertintų 4 taškais. 5 taškais įvertintos labia žymiai šlubuojančios melžiamos karv÷s, kurių tiriamojoje bandoje buvo 6,45 proc.

Pagal gautus šlubavimo taškus ir ortopedinio tyrimo metu (4 lentel÷) nustat÷me dvylika karvių nagų ligų – piršto dermatitą (DD), tarpupirščio dermatitą (ID), auglius (T), dvigubo pado sindromą (DS), pado opas (SU), hemoragijas pade (SH), baltosios linijos ligą (WLD), abscesus pade (SA), bursitą (B),užpenčių eroziją (HE), netaisyklingą nago rago audinio augimą (OC) bei netaisyklingą nagų formą (HA).

Ortopedinis tyrimas Ištyrę temperatūros pokyčius priekinių melžiamų karvių galūnių

termogramose nustat÷me, kad TO2 grup÷s karvių galūnių paviršiaus temperatūra visose keturiose matavimo vietose buvo 7,71 °C, arba 41 proc. (p<0,001) aukštesn÷, nei TO1 (kontrolin÷s) grup÷s.

Atlikus vienfaktorinę dispersinę analizę (ANOVA) nustatyta, kad patologiniai pokyčiai tur÷jo 70,9 proc. įtakos visų trijų matavimo taškų izotermei. Ši įtaka buvo statistiškai reikšminga (p<0,001).

Vienfaktorin÷ dispersin÷ analiz÷ parod÷: nesvarbu kuri pus÷ – kair÷ ar dešin÷ – tiriama, nes atlikti matavimai karvių priekinių galūnių kojų paviršiaus temperatūros taškuose (mtp, mtip, mtid,izoterm÷) įtakos tyrimų rezultatams neturi.

Nustatyta stipri teigiama karvių priekinių galūnių (4 pav.) temperatūros koreliacija tarp skirtingų ortopedinių atvejų ir karvių galūnių be temperatūros pokyčių (kontrolinių): r=0,728, (p<0,01).

TO2 ir TO1 grupių karvių užpakalinių galūnių paviršiaus temperatūra visose matavimo vietose skyr÷si ženkliai. Nustat÷me, kad TO2 grup÷s karvių užpakalinių galūnių paviršiaus temperatūra buvo 8,38 °C, arba 41,6 proc., aukštesn÷ (p<0,001), nei TO1 (kontrolin÷s) grup÷s.

Atlikus vienfaktorinę dispersinę analizę (ANOVA) nustatyta, kad patologiniai pakitimai tur÷jo 78,6 proc. įtakos visų trijų matavimo taškų izotermei. Ši įtaka buvo statistiškai reikšminga (p<0,001).

Vienfaktorin÷ dispersin÷ analiz÷ parod÷, kad užpakalinių galūnių kojų paviršiaus temperatūros taškams (mtp, mtip, mtid,izotermei) įtakos neturi galūn÷s pus÷s – kair÷s ar dešin÷. Įtakos rezultatas – 0 proc.

Nustatyta vidutinio stiprumo teigiama užpakalinių galūnių temperatūros koreliacija tarp skirtingų ortopedinių patologijų ir galūnių be temperatūros pokyčių (kontrolin÷s) grup÷s karvių – 0,476 (p<0,01).

Pienin÷je galvijininkyst÷je apie 95 proc. nagų yra problemin÷s, ypač užpakalin÷s galūn÷s, reikšmingi temperatūriniai skirtumai vertinant temperatūrinius skirtumus tarp priekinių ir užpakalinių galūnių. Mes nustat÷me, kad dažniausias patologinis pakitimas – pado opa (SU) ji sudar÷

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21,7 proc. visų atvejų priekin÷se galūn÷se ir 15,3 proc. užpakalin÷se (5 pav.). Nustatyta stipri teigiama priekinių galūnių temperatūros koreliacija tarp SU atvejų ir galūnių be temperatūros pokyčių (kontrolin÷s), kuri buvo 0,694 (p<0,01) atitinkamai užpakalin÷se galūn÷se 0,853 (p<0,01). Patologinis pakitimas – daug nago rago (OC) nustatytas 17,4 proc., priekin÷se ir 14,7 proc. užpakalin÷se galūn÷se. Priekinių galūnių temperatūros koreliacija tarp galūnių be temperatūros pokyčių (kontrolin÷s) ir OC patologinio pakitimo nustatyta stipri teigiama r=0,643 (p<0,01) atitinkamai užpakalin÷se galūn÷se 0,805 (p<0,01).

Melžiamų karvių pieno liaukų termogramos ir jų palyginimas su

cmt rezultatais Subklinikinio mastito tyrimas Neigiamoje aplinkos temperatūroje tirtos 62 melžiamos karv÷s. 38

melžiamų karvių (61,3 proc.) CMT testas buvo teigiamas, o 24 melžiamų karvių – neigiamas. Neigiama buvo ir visų tirtų tešmens ketvirčių reakcija.

Esant teigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai 45 melžiamų karvių (46,4 proc.) CMT testo rezultatai buvo teigiami.

Spenių temperatūros pokyčių ir subklinikinio mastito tyrimo

rezultatai esant neigiamai ir teigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai Išanalizavę ir palyginę temperatūros pokyčius ir subklinikinio mastito

tyrimo rezultatus nustat÷me, kad esant neigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai NS0 (kontrolin÷je) grup÷je sveiki buvo 134 tešmens ketvirčiai.

NS1 (testo reakcija teigiama) grup÷je nustatyta 94 teigiamai reagavę tešmens ketvirčiai.

Esant neigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai NS1 karvių grup÷je spenių sfinkterių odos paviršiaus temperatūra buvo 9,62 °C (43,5 proc.) aukštesn÷ (p<0,001), nei NS0 (kontrolin÷s) grup÷s karvių.

Esant teigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai (6 pav.) TS1 grup÷s karvių spenių sfinkterių odos paviršiaus temperatūra buvo 4,60 °C (17,8 proc.) aukštesn÷ (p<0,001), nei TS0 (kontrolin÷s) grup÷s karvių.

Nustat÷me, kad esant teigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai sveikų spenių paviršiaus temperatūra yra 3,72 °C arba 16,82 proc., aukštesn÷ (p<0,001), nei spenių paviršiaus odos temperatūra esant neigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai. Mūsų tyrimų metu gauti rezultatai sutapo su M. A. Mitchell (2013) tyrimų duomenimis.

Esant neigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai (6 pav.) NS1 grup÷s karvių spenių paviršiaus temperatūra buvo 1,31 °C, (4,3 proc.), aukštesn÷ nei TS1 grup÷je, esant teigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai (p<0,001).

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Mes nustat÷me, kad esant neigiamai ir teigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai, kai CMT reakcija teigiama, odos paviršiaus temperatūra žiedinio raumens vietoje buvo 31,73±0,13 °C ir 30,42±0,08 °C (p<0,001);

Kai CMT reakcija neigiama, atitinkamai 22,11±0,44 °C ir 25,83±0,15 °C (p<0,001).

Tačiau R. J. Berry su bendradarbiais, (2003 b) pritar÷ K. Barth (2000), kuris teig÷, kad ankstyvajam mastitui diagnozuoti IRT metodas n÷ra patikimas d÷l didel÷s pašalinių veiksnių įtakos.

Apskaičiuota spenių temperatūros ir CMT rezultatų koreliacija esant skirtingai aplinkos temperatūrai.

Nustatyta stipri teigiama spenių temperatūros ir CMT rezultatų koreliacija tarp NS0 ir NS1 grupių – 0,769 (p<0,01), kai aplinkos temperatūra buvo neigiama.

Esant teigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai (7a ir 7b pav.) nustatyta stipri teigiama spenių temperatūros ir CMT rezultatų koreliacija (tarp TS0 ir TS1 grupių), – 0,717 (p<0,01).

Atlikus vienfaktorinę dispersinę NS0 ir TS0 grupių analizę nustatyta, kad aplinkos temperatūra dar÷ įtaką spenių sfinkterių odos paviršiaus temperatūrai. Įtaka nebuvo didel÷, bet statistiškai reikšminga (p<0,01). Nustatyta, kad aplinkos temperatūra tur÷jo įtakos CMT rezultatams. Ši įtaka buvo statistiškai patikima (p<0,05).

IŠVADOS 1. Sveikoms kontrolinių grupių jūrų kiaulyt÷ms ir turinčioms galūnių

pado odoje pažeidimų, išbandyta termovizijos sistemos „FLIR E50“ galima nustatyti 2,32 °C pakilusią temperatūrą esant slaptiems pododermatitams ir 8,03 °C (p<0,001) pakilimą, kai p÷dos ir kulno minkštimų odoje yra aiškūs klinikiniai pododermatito požymiai. Kliniškai sveikų (kontrolinių) jūrų kiaulyčių p÷dos ir kulno minkštimų odos vidutin÷ temperatūra buvo 25,03 °C.

2. Šaltuoju metų laiku atlikus kontrolinių grupių IRT tyrimą melžiamų karvių užpakalinių galūnių matavimo vietose –metatarseus phalangia (mtp),

interphalangia proximalis (mtip), interphalangia distalis (mtid) – nustatyta 1,36 °C temperatūra aukštesn÷ (p<0,001), nei priekinių galūnių atitinkamose matavimo vietose (15,49±0,16 °C).

3. Esant teigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai, kontrolinių grupių melžiamų karvių užpakalinių galūnių temperatūra matavimo vietose buvo 2,81 °C aukštesn÷ (p<0,001), nei priekinių galūnių atitinkamose matavimo vietose (18,81±0,09 °C).

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4. Slaptuoju mastitu sergančių karvių matavimo vietose paviršin÷ temperatūra buvo 9,62 °C statistiškai reikšmingai didesn÷ (p<0,001), nei kontrolin÷s grup÷s karvių. Kontrolinių karvių paviršin÷ spenio žiedinio uždaromojo raumens odos temperatūra esant teigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai buvo 3,72 °C (16,8 proc.) (p<0,001) aukštesn÷, nei esant neigiamai aplinkos temperatūrai (22,11±0,44 °C).

5. Tiriant termografais melžiamų sveikų ir sergančių slaptuoju mastitu karvių spenių sfinkterių odos paviršiaus temperatūra labai artima CMT testo parodymams.

6. Šlubuojančių karvių (n=64) galūnių paviršiaus odos temperatūra visuose keturiuose matavimo taškuose vidutiniškai 7,71±0,05 °C, arba 41 proc., aukštesn÷ (p<0,001), nei sveikų, kontrolinių karvių grup÷s.

7. Ortopedinę patologiją ir padid÷jusią galūnių odos paviršiaus temperatūrą turinčių karvių grup÷je nustatyta stipri teigiama r=0,728 priekinių galūnių ir vidutinio stiprumo teigiama r=0,476 užpakalinių galūnių temperatūros koreliacija.

8. Termovizijos metodu ankstyvojoje stadijoje galima identifikuoti slaptus uždegiminius procesus, kurie teigiamai koreliuoja su v÷liau išryšk÷jusiais klinikiniais požymiais.

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GYVENIMO APRAŠYMAS (CURRICULUM VITAE) Ina Pamparien÷, gim÷ 1968 m. birželio 11 dieną, Kapsuko r.

(Marijampol÷s sav.). 1975–1986 m. mok÷si Kazlų Rūdos vidurin÷je mokykloje. 1986 m. įstojo į Lietuvos veterinarijos akademiją, kurią 1991 m. baig÷,

įgydama veterinarijos gydytojos kvalifikaciją. 1991–1992 m. dirbo K÷dainių r. Valstybiniame Pagirių sodininkystes

ūkyje vyr. vet. gydytoja. 1992–2003 m. įkūr÷ individualią Inos Pamparien÷s veterinarinę firmą. Nuo 1992 ir dabar turi Veterinarin÷s praktikos licenziją. Nuo 1995 m. atestuota Kauno apskrities veterinarijos tarnybos –

Gyvulių, paukščių skerdimo, m÷sos, žuvies ir jų produktų veterinarin÷s-sanitarin÷s ekspertiz÷s klausimais, dirbo K÷dainių r. Valstybin÷je veterinarijos ligonin÷je, veterinarijos gydytoja inspektore.

Nuo 2003 m. ir dabar dirba Anatomijos ir fiziologijos katedroje vyresniąja laborante.

2009 m. įstojo į doktorantūrą LSMU Veterinarijos akademijos Anatomijos ir fiziologijos katedroje.

Dalyvauja mokslinių tyrimų srityse: eksperimentai su bandomaisiais gyvūnais, fiziologinių procesų organizme tyrimai, telemetrinių metodų taikymas veterinarijoje.

Doktorantūros studijų metais paskelb÷ 2 mokslinius straipsnius (ISI) sąraše, dalyvavo tarptautin÷se mokslin÷se konferencijose.