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Literature Review
What is the Literature Review? The ‘finished product’
i.e. chapter(s) in your dissertation Extensive reference to relevant research in your
area Sets the scene for why you do the things you did
in the way you did them
What is the Literature Review? The ‘process’
Conducting a review of the literature Ongoing activity not just at start of the research
process Helps formulate your research question Helps identify approaches or experimentation Later helps with analysis and evaluation
Why do I need a Literature review?(Process)
Finding out what is happening in your area of research is a vital step along your journey to discovery,
to find and understand how leading researchers in your field have tackled similar problems and the results they obtained, shortcomings they observed and methodologies they employed
= goals of the literature review process.
Why do I need a literature review?(Product) It shares with the reader with other studies closely
related to your work It relates your work to the larger, ongoing dialogue
in the literature It introduces terminology and definitions to clarify
how terms are being used in the context of your work
It shows how your study is filling in gaps and extending prior studies
It provides a framework for establishing the importance of your study
It provides a benchmark for comparing the results of your study with other findings
Introduction
...in other words...
Introduction
...the literature review...
Introduction
...is really, really
important.
2D Analysis The objective of this process is to
systematically analyse the existing research and classify it in one of two dimensions.
The breadth of the review is concerned with ‘setting the scene’, in terms of describing the foundational research in this particular domain, there will be research mentioned from each of the areas you have included in your spider diagram.
The depth of the research concerns itself with the particular topic work that your research will be built upon. There should be approximately the same number of research papers covered in the depth and breath of the research review.
Examples Let’s look at three examples
Knowledge Management Information Technology Assistive Technology
2D Analysis
Breadth of Research
Depth of R
esearch
The Literature Review To made things clear, we divide the Literature
Review into three parts:
LiteratureSurvey
LiteratureComprehension
LiteratureReview
Collecting the literature
Understandingthe literature
Reviewing the literature
The Literature Survey/Search
‘a systematic and thorough search of all types of published literature in order to identify as many items as possible that are relevant to a particular topic’Gash, S. (2000) Effective Literature Searching for Research 2nd Ed., Aldershot: Gower Publishing Ltd.
Literature Survey Identifying and acquiring
the research papers, textbooks, web-sites, theses, etc.
to get a comprehensive overview of the research that has been done in the area that you are investigating.
Literature Survey A focused survey technique is recommended
to ensure you ‘hit the ground running’ If you know the exact domain of your research
it makes sense to initially focus your search on papers that relate (almost) exactly to your own research, rather than spending a great deal of time reading every paper under the sun that seems remotely relevant.
Recording the sources you have found and read is also of vital importance
Literature Survey
Recording the sources you have found and read is also of vital importance, and techniques and software available for these tasks are also covered in this section.
If you know the exact domain of your research it makes sense to initially focus your search on papers that relate (almost) exactly to your own research, rather than spending a great deal of time reading every paper under the sun that seems remotely relevant.
Sources of information Books
Textbooks, specialist collection books, reference books
Journal Articles Peer-reviewed academic articles Each journal has a specific focus
Review articles Reports Theses and dissertations Conference Proceedings Media
Good Sources ? Journal Papers Conference Papers Textbooks Other Books Company Whitepapers Company Websites Blogs Wikis
Literature Survey
A vital step is to identify
KEYWORDS
Literature Survey Using these keywords, go to the library and go
online and look for journal papers, books, conference papers, etc. that are relevant.
Just using Google is insufficient, you need to search in the real world as well.
Literature Survey e.g. you are doing research on Communities
of practice What other keywords do we need to look out
for? Network of practice Virtual community Virtual Ethnography Virtual team Community-driven knowledge management
Literature Survey If you are doing research on one of the
following Cloud Computing Knowledge Sharing Usability Data Quality
What other keywords do we need to look out for?
Literature Survey You need to get a
notebook/create an electronic artefact you can access constantly and list all the keywords in there.
Use that to record ideas you have about your research.
Use it to record details of meetings with your supervisor.
Insert any useful newspaper articles, pictures, etc. that help.
Snowball Technique As you read you will redefine your focus
through searches You will become familiar with authors and
texts commonly cited and start to look for specific papers
Snowball technique is when you follow up references from bibliographies of texts you read
Keep a record
Literature Survey What does peer-reviewed mean?
When you submit a research paper, a number of people will read the paper and give feedback/corrections on it.
The people who review it will be as expert as you are in the field of research (and as such are your peers).
Some conferences only get one person to review a paper, others get two, others more – the more people that review conference papers, the more prestigious the conference is, since the papers in it are bound to be of very quality.
Journal papers are normally reviewed by several people, and are considered very credible.
Literature Survey
What are some good journals?
Who are ACM ? The Association for Computing Machinery, or ACM,
is a learned society for computing. It was founded in 1947 as the world's first
scientific and educational computing society. Its membership is more than 92,000 as of 2009.
ACM is organized into over 170 local chapters and 35 Special Interest Groups (SIGs), through which it conducts most of its activities.
Many of the SIGs, like SIGGRAPH, SIGPLAN, SIGCSE and SIGCOMM, sponsor regular conferences which have become famous as the dominant venue for presenting new innovations in certain fields.
The groups also publish a large number of specialized journals, magazines, and newsletters.
ACM SIGs
SIGACCESS - Accessible Computing SIGACT - Algorithms and Computation Theory SIGAda - Ada Programming Language SIGAPP - Applied Computing SIGARCH - Computer Architecture SIGART - Artificial Intelligence SIGBED - Embedded Systems SIGCAS - Computers and Society SIGCHI - Computer-Human Interaction SIGCOMM - Data Communication SIGCSE - Computer Science Education SIGDA - Design Automation SIGDOC - Design of Communication SIGecom - Electronic Commerce SIGEVO - Genetic and Evolutionary Computation SIGGRAPH - Computer Graphics and Interactive
Techniques SIGIR - Information Retrieval
SIGITE - Information Technology Education SIGKDD - Knowledge Discovery in Data SIGMETRICS - Measurement and
Evaluation SIGMICRO - Microarchitecture SIGMIS - Management Information
Systems SIGMM - Multimedia SIGMOBILE - Mobility of Systems, Users,
Data and Computing SIGMOD - Management of Data SIGOPS - Operating Systems SIGPLAN - Programming Languages SIGSAC - Security, Audit and Control SIGSAM - Symbolic and Algebraic
Manipulation SIGSIM - Simulation and Modeling SIGSOFT - Software Engineering SIGSPATIAL - SIGSPATIAL SIGUCCS - University and College
Computing Services SIGWEB - Hypertext, Hypermedia and Web
Who else ?
Another significant group are IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) called “eye-triple-e” is a professional organization for the advancement of technology, it also publishes a number journals,
including IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
IEEE Transactions IEEE Computational intelligence and AI
IEEE Transactions on Computers
IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Services Computing
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing
IEEE Transactions on Haptics
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
IEEE Transactions on Nanobioscience
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking
Emerald Journals
Journal Credibility ? As you start to find out more about an area
you will start to see that there are certain journals that people researching in the area target
When you come across a journal for the first time, a way of measuring its ‘quality’ is the ranking it has journal citation reports
Literature Survey
And any good research sites ?
Research Sites – Search Engines Google – http://www.google.com
Google Scholar – http://scholar.google.com Google Correlate -
http://www.google.com/trends/correlate/ Wolfram Alpha
http://www.wolframalpha.com/tour/examples.html Metasearch engines
Dogpile – http://www.dogpile.com Mamma – http://www.mamma.com
Top 15 search engines 2012 http://www.ebizmba.com/articles/search-engines
100 search engines you may never have heard of http://edudemic.com/2012/07/best-search-engines/
Research Sites – Bibliographic Databases Help you search for articles and papers Collection of references to work WebofKnowledge –
http://webofknowledge.com The collection of computer science
bibliographies - http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/
DBLP Bibliography - http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/
Research Sites – Digital Libraries
Citeseerxhttp://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu
Citeseerxhttp://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu
http://arxiv.org/archive/cs
WebLenshttp://www.weblens.org/scholar.html
Gartner (http://www.gartner.com)
Literature Survey
Searching the Web
Google Operators and search help
http://support.google.com/websearch/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=136861
Advanced Search http://www.google.com/advanced_search
Google Guide http://www.googleguide.com/
Spiders Apprentice http://www.monash.com/spidap.html
Google Scholar
Literature Survey
But remember: If you just search for “Community of
practice” you will miss out on: Network of practice Virtual community Virtual Ethnography Virtual team Community-driven knowledge management
Exercise Look at the following slide and find out the
meaning of each of the terms presented!
synonyms
acronyms
polysemy
single-conceptprinciple
neologisms
monosemyabbreviations
quasi-synonyms,or near-synonyms
pseudo-synonyms,or false synonymsantonyms
phraseologism
hyponyms
hypernyms
collocation Cross-
references
PROBLEMS WITH USINGA SEARCH ENGINE AS THE SOLE SOURCE OF
INFORMATION
tautonyms
Finding Research online
Effective Searching Let us consider searching for information
relating to 'Project-Based Learning'
The Hyphen The first thing to note is the hyphen between
the words 'Project' and 'Based‘ Will every web-page relating to this subject have
the hyphen in it, or will some just leave it out? If you just leave it out the search engines will
find the phrase with or without the hyphen.
Finding Research online
So the first search to try is "Project Based Learning"
if this returns 10,000 links then try "Project Based Learning" "PhD Thesis" "Project Based Learning" "Masters Thesis“ “Project Based Learning” “Masters Thesis”
Declaration this may return PhD or Masters thesis on
the subject you require information on.
Finding Research online
To find other 'good' pages relating to your subject matter, try "Project Based Learning Link*"
for "PBL Links" or "PBL Link Page" "Project Based Learning Portal*"
for "PBL Portal" or "PBL Portal Page" "Project Based Learning Webring*"
for "PBL Webring" or "PBL Webrings" "Project Based Learning FAQ*"
for "PBL FAQ"or "PBL FAQs" or "PBL FAQL"or "PBL FAQLs"
Finding Research online
If you are looking for papers relating to "Project Based Learning", try "Project Based Learning" Bibliography "Project Based Learning" Literature Review "Project Based Learning" Literature Survey "Project Based Learning" Overview "Project Based Learning" “A Roadmap”
Unlike the previous section where we were looking for 'good' pages and put the entire phrase in double quotes, in this section we are only putting the subject matter we are investigating in quotes and the rest of the terms are free text, in this way we can find pages which may not be titled, for example, "Project Based Learning Bibliography", but may be a bibliography which contain references to Project Based Learning.
Finding Research online
If you are looking for a more specific topic, for example, "The Impact of the Web on Project Based Learning", try "Impact of the Web on Project Based Learning"
(unlikely) "Project Based Learning" overview web "Project Based Learning" survey web "Project Based Learning" review web "Project Based Learning" assessment web
Finding Research online
Also consider web-sites which will be using the acronym for "Project Based Learning"
so try "PBL" "P.B.L." Consider the acronym for "Virtual Learning
Environments", it could be "VLE"or "VLEs"or "V.L.E."or "V.L.E.s"or "V.L.Es", so try
"VLE*" "V.L.E*"
Literature Survey
Here is a good tip:
Literature Survey
Find an up-to-date thesis that is closely related to your research question (your supervisor should be able to help you with this, if not, search the web) and use this as a launch pad to your research
This is a very useful starting point since it will give you an immediate overview of your research field.
Some Considerations When Using A Thesis As A Starting Point
Regional Variations : Different countries, different regions and even different universities have differing standards for their dissertations, so, whilst the dissertation is a useful starting point, it can only be considered as such, and is not a template for your own work.
Correspondence of Research : The dissertation that you are using should have a significant overlap with your own research, but there are bound to be differences, therefore, your own literature review will be very different to the one you have found, since yours is aimed at highlighting the ‘gap’ that you wish to address.
Quality of Research : The quality of the dissertation is something you will need to consider, how comprehensive is this person’s work ? Have they missed any important papers or major blocks of research ?
Exercise – Getting Started Your task is to spend 30 mins searching for
material about a trend related to your programme area
Use any or all of the resources mentioned in the lecture and available to you in the library
Tweet at least once to the group @DITRWSL2012 Remember to include @DITRWSL2012 in your
tweet
