LITERATURE REVIEW sravani.doc

8/10/2019 LITERATURE REVIEW sravani.doc

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/literature-review-sravanidoc 1/13

Investigation of causes on Deterioration of Buildings

in Vijayawada and Suggestion of Remedial Measures

Under the guidance of Submitted by

Dr Chava Srinivas !Meher Sravani

"ead of the De#t! $%&'$D&($)



*BSR*C+

Buildings are man made structures which has components like beams,

slabs, Colums etc..,. Like everything in this world buildings also get

deteriorated. From past few decades the buildings have been constructed

with RCC (Reinforced concrete cement material. !very structure has

been created with huge amount of resources. "e cannot even dream of

recreating the assets out of limited resources. #t is therefore essential to

maintain them in functional condition. $ince, %eterioration of building is

natural phenomenon and has started e&hibiting in large number of

structures a systematic approach is needed in dealing with such problems.

#dentification of causes of deterioration and conse'uent

repairrehabilitation strategy at optimum costs needs a scientific

evaluation and solution. $o in this pro)ect we will consider the sample

points in buildings which were constructed *+- years ago and /%0

tests will conducted at the sample points in the selected buildings and so

that we may conclude that where the building strength lacks, the

structural health and we can suggest the remedial measures for those

deterioration causes and minimi1e the deterioration effects in a structure.



Introduction+

a 2bout Concrete3 #n this modern !ra, buildings are generally

constructed with concrete. "e all well known that concrete is a mi&ture

of water, cement, aggregates which include coarse and fine. 0he buildings

or structures which have been constructed with reinforcement cement

concrete are comparatively strong than which are constructed with other

materials

4roperties of Concrete

• 5igh compressive $trength

• Low tensile strength

• Low coefficient of thermal e&pansion

• Concrete ha high alkalinity

b 2bout %eterioration3

0he general definition of deterioration is the impairment of usefulness

0he concrete usually gets deteriorated when the surface gets e&posed

to weather ,chemical, water etc..,

#f the structure is given sufficient protection from these factors then

the structure will last for few more decades with low maintenance cost

and ade'uate strengthFactors causing deterioration in $tructures

• Corrosion

• %ue to free1e and thaw action

• 6ver loading

• 5eat

• Lightning %amage



C 5ow to detect deterioration in a building

• 7isual inspection

• 6uter surface of concrete deterioration can be detected by

testing with a metal hammer

• 0he deterioration of embedded steel can be carried out by

/%0 test using Rebound hammer, 8ltrasonic pulse velocity

test etc..,

• $ample testing is important part of any inspection i.e. core

samples must be drilled and sample tests can be done in

these samples like compressive strength, depth of

carbonation and chloride content.



,-iterature Review.

*Lee 5iggins, 9ohn 4.Forth,2nne /eville, Rod 9ones, 0revor

5odgsons:Behaviour of crac/ed reinforced Concrete beams under

re#eated and sustained load ty#es;

#nternational )ournal of engineering structures

"hen a reinforced concrete beam is sub)ected to repeated loads then the

deformation in the beam increases. "here when repeated loadings were

investigated concluded the magnitude of the peak applied load is

influential .0his conclusion is reasonable as the upper applied load will

determine the degree of cracking within the section. 6ne of the ob)ectives

of the current research was to e&amine whether an increased no of cycles

due to higher loading fre'uency significantly changes structural response

within tension 1one.

2 $eries of reinforced concrete beams have been tested in

bending under various types. #t has been shown that repeated loading

causes larger deformations in both the tension and compression 1ones of

concrete member when compared to deformations e&perience under

sustained load. 0his results in larger curvature and deflection values for

beams under repeated loads.

-$.L. 4agliolico, R.%oglione,9<.0ulliani:Diagnosis of the surface

layer damage in a $012s reinforced concrete building.



#nternational )ournal of Construction materials

Causes of degradation causes of the palace of public works located in

$.=iovanni s'uare in 0urin(#taly samples are collected from building and

analysed by mans of scanning electron microscopy($!<,>Ray

diffraction ,0hermo gravimetric coupled with differential thermal analysis

etc..,

0o determine the state of concrete, bricks , steel reinforcement inside the

structure an avg of ? samples were collected in the building .0he

samples were collected from all faces of building. $amples of bricks and

mortars were collect with a scalpel, #ncoherent efflorescence@s were

sampled by means of a brush from brick surface .Black crusts were

removed with a bistouri.>R% analyses and 0=%02 are performed.

Carbonation depth shows the porosity of concrete generally the carbon

dio&ide concentration in air should be -Appm when the concentration

reaches a threshold value of ppm then the concrete structures gets

effected by corrosion and carbonation .0he reinforcing bars are protected

against corrosion by passivtaion.

Continued e&posure of steel to o&idi1ing agents causes the formation of

layers of iron o&ides and hydro&ides having different degree of o&idation

with a much lower density than that of iron. 0his causes a considerable

increase in volume of the surface layer which generates sufficient stressto disrupt concrete cover by cracking and spalling regarding facing bricks

and brick laying mortars the most diffuse degradations were lacunas,

pulverisation ,delaminationetc.., dissolution ad leaching of mortar

between brick courses and the presence of slats inside the masonry.

?$antiago =u1man, 9aime C.=alve1,9ose <.$amcho:Cover crac/ing

reinforced concrete due to rebar corrosion induced by chloride

#enetration.



#nternational )ournal of C6/CR!0! 2/% C!<!/0 R!$!2RC5

Corrosion of reinforcement bar #s a primary cause in deterioration of

concrete structures which may lead to failure and even collapse .#n any

case the cost of the associated repair and maintenance is enormous.

Chloride induced corrosion of the reinforcing steel is known to be ma)or

cause of premature rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures.

0he #nitial stage is until aggressive specie concentration around the

reinforcement bar reaches a threshold value necessary to trigger active

corrosion

0he 4ropagation stage is in which the rust generation

#nduces tensile stresses in the concrete cover

0he general conclusion that service life ends when steel depassivates on

the first calculation the chloride ingress and transportation studied when

chloride concentration around the reinforcement bar reaches a thresh hold

value

Lue the concrete cracking cover is e&amined through -nd

model. 0he

meso scale approach has been successful for chloride ingress and

transportation and for concrete cracking. #n the initial stage the proposed

finite element model reproduce results of e&perimental tests by means of

a priori parameter estimations acc to the characteristic of materials and

environment conditions. 2 model has been proposed for the analysation

of the second stage propagation stage embedded cohesive crack elementand it is able to estimate the surface cracking 'uite accurately. 5owever it

is necessary to make some assumptions about the consideration of an

especially porous 1one around the steel concrete interface and the

accommodation of corrosion products within the open cracks generated in

the process .#n addition the rust mechanical properties need further

analysis.



<d 21ree othuman <ydin,<ahyuddin Ramil ,5ani1am 2wang

3,4actors of Deterioration in Building and the #rinci#les of Re#air;

#nternational )ournal of 8!<

0he general building defects are regularly in the form of dampness , wall

cracks ,even water penetration to the building .$ome buildings defects

may be noticeable and some other defects may not be noticeable. 2n

e&act identification of a building defect necessitates knowledge and

familiarity with the design and construction of a building combined with

an indulgent of methods of scientific e&ploration.

#f we identify the correct cause of deterioration of building then the

sensible remedy can be applied. 0echnical knowledge and proficiency

and an indulgent of building defects and the remedial measures essential

to put the defects right. %etermining the origin of the deficiency will

depend on which areas have been e&aggerated.

%ifferent causes of deterioration and defects are

2<echanical 2gents

b !lectromagnetic 2gents

c 0hermal 2gents

d Chemical 2gents

e Biological agents

fbuilding users

=ood repair practice is central to good conservation in all countries.Repair would be only action necessary to facilitate buildings to endure.

+5iroshi "202/2B! and 5iroshima 6=2:5eneral information

on deterioration of e6isting concrete structures and recent research

to#ics on the maintenance techni7ues in 8'RI.

4ublic works research institute has been undertaking comprehensive

research pro)ects for effective maintenance techni'ues for e&isting

concrete structures. #n the survey conducted national most of the concrete



structures deteriorated by salt attack. #n this paper, the research results are

introduced and discussed to recogni1e importance of preventive

maintenance against deterioration salt induced corrosion. #t is very imp to

establish strategic maintenance programme for the e&isting civil concrete

structures.

#n general the D of deteriorated concrete structures is closely related with

ages there are more deteriorated structures among the older ones, and

there is no evidence for a particularly inferior decade on the other hand

not all structures deteriorate with time +.AD of samples remained in

perfect condition for more than ?+ years .Causes of deterioration are low

'uality concrete and shortage of cover concrete were common.

E!milio Bastidas2rteaga,Franck $choefs,<ark =.$tewart,>iaoming

"ang:Influence of global warming on durability of corroding Rc

Structures *8robabilistica##roach.

#nternational )ournal of !ngineering $tructures

Bastidas 2rteaga proposed a :$tochastic 2pproach; to study the

influence of global warming on chloride ingress for Rc $tructures but this

study only focused on the effect of climate change on the corrosion

initiation stage

0he result showed that global warming can reduce the time to

failure by upto ?*D shorten service life upto *+ years for moderate levels

of aggressiveness.G2.Balaras,alliopi %rousta ,!lena %ascalaki,$imon

ontoyiannidis:Deterioration of 9uro#ean *#artment Buildings.

#nternational )ournal of !nergy and Buildings

2 survey has been conducted in a total of ?H buildings to collect the data

on the degradation of building elements. follow up analysis revealed the

most important influencing factors on the deterioration of e&isting

residential buildings throughout !urope. Building elements are divided



into two main categories they are architectural elements and installation

elements .2ge is commonly considered as a determining factor for not

only the deterioration process but also for overall performance of

building. so many influence factors have been taken into consideration

and analysis have been made .

A 4aolo Foraboaschi, 2lessia 7anin:96#erimental investigation on

bric/s from historical venetian buildings subjected to moisture and

salt crystalli:ation.

#nternational )ournal on engineering failure analysis

0he mechanical behaviour of bricks has been studied in this paper

sub)ected to salt crystalli1ation and moisture .0he e&perimental studies

reveal that moisture significantly reduces the compressive strength and

moreover moisture along with salt can also reduce the salt compressive

strength of concrete. 0he results of compression tests performed on

specimens e&tracted from bricks of a venetian building demonstrate that

moisture causes a dramatically decrease in the compression strength of a

brick.

H6.4oupad, 7.L 5oists, $.Catinaud,#.4etreLa1ar:Corrosion damage

diagnosis of a reinforced concrete beam after )2 years natural

e6#osure in marine environment.

#nternational )ournal of Cement and Concrete Research2 %etailed investigation of the chloride induced corrosion damage was

performed on a years old reinforced concrete beam e&posed in marine

environment. 7isual observations , electrochemical measurements,

carbonation depth, total chloride content were carried out . 5alf cell

potential measurements were used to locate corrosion areas. 2ll these

data indicate that on the beam one may distinguish two types of areas

high corrosion 1one and low corrosion 1ones. <easurements have



confirmed that chloride ions are the only responsible of corrosion attack.

0he comparison of the results issue from non destructive methods with

visual observation of reinforcing steels has allowed to conclude that

corrosion rate measurements confirmed the corrosion damage risks within

concrete beam and potential gradient measurement methods is very

attractive to locate the corroding area within concrete structure.

*5arald $.<uller ,<ichael 5aist ,<ichael 7ogel:*ssessment of the

sustainability #otential of concrete and concrete structures

considering their environmental im#act; #erformance and life time.

#nternational )ournal on construction and building materials

$ustainable structural engineering is based on the basic principle that the

energy and resources consumption due to construction and operation of a

structure must me minimi1ed. the evaluation is highly comple& as it

involves three factors those are environmental,technical,lifetime .<ost of

the factors depend on environmental factors.

,8R<8<S9D SUD=;

2s <a)or 4roblems now we are facing is Building %eterioration .0his

topic has been selected as a 4ro)ect and #n our 7i)ayawada $ome areas

like Bhavanipuram ,4olice 'uarters and R <arket etc.., some selected

buildings which have been constructed - years back and deteriorated are

selected as sample points of the pro)ect and the root causes of

deterioration of the structures have been identified with the help of /%0

tests .and suggestion of remedial measures have been listed for the cause

of buildings deteriorated.





Documents

LITERATURE REVIEW sravani.doc