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LITERATURE REVIEW
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Dr. Lili Ann SMM4999 - Literature Review 2
What is LR?
A literature review discusses publishedinformation in a particular subject area,and sometimes information in a
particular subject area within a certaintime period.
A literature review can be just a simplesummary of the sources, but it usually
has an organizational pattern andcombines bothsummary andsynthesis.
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What is LR?
A summaryis a recap of the importantinformation of the source, but a synthesisis are-organization, or a reshuffling, of thatinformation.
It might give a new interpretation of oldmaterial or combine new with oldinterpretations.
Or it might trace the intellectual progression of
the field, including major debates. And depending on the situation, the literature
review may evaluate the sources and advisethe reader on the most pertinent or relevant.
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What is LR?
A literature review is the effectiveevaluation of selected documents on aresearch topic.
A review may form an essential part of theresearch process or may constitute aresearch project in itself.
In the context of a research paper or thesisthe literature review is a critical synthesisof previous research.
The evaluation of the literature leadslogically to the research question.
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What is LR?
A good literature review..
.. is asynthesis of available research
.. is a critical evaluation.. has appropriate breadth and depth.. has clarity and conciseness.. uses rigorous and consistent
methods
A poor literature review is..
..an annotated bibliography
.. confined to description.. narrow and shallow.. confusing and longwinded.. constructed in an arbitrary way
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Why write LR?
Literature reviews provide you with a handyguide to a particular topic. If you havelimited time to conduct research, literature
reviews can give you an overview or act asa stepping stone.
Literature reviews also provide a solidbackground for a research paper's
investigation. Comprehensive knowledge ofthe literature of the field is essential tomost research papers.
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Why write LR?
For professionals, they are usefulreports that keep them up to datewith what is current in the field.
For scholars, the depth and breadthof the literature review emphasizesthe credibility of the writer in his or
her field
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Why write LR?
The purpose of a literature review is for youto take a critical look at the literature (factsand views) that already exists in the area
you are researching. A literature review is not a shopping list ofeverything that exists, but a criticalanalysis that shows an evaluation of theexisting literature and a relationship
between the different works. It demonstrates the relevance of the
research.
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Why write LR?
Literature can include books, journalarticles, internet (electronic journals),newspapers, magazines, theses anddissertations, conference proceedings,
reports, and documentaries. Literature reviews are written occasionally
in the humanities, but mostly in thesciences and social sciences; in experimentand lab reports, they constitute a section of
the paper. Sometimes a literature review is written as
a paper in itself.
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Why write LR?
In a broader context Hart (1998) lists thefollowing purposes of a review:
Distinguishing what has been done from what
needs to be done; Discovering important variables relevant to the
topic;
Synthesising and gaining a new perspective;
Identifying relationships between ideas andpractice;
Establishing the context of the topic or problem;
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Why write LR?
Rationalising the significance of theproblem;
Enhancing and acquiring the subject
vocabulary; Understanding the structure of the subject;
Relating ideas and theory to applications;
Identifying methodologies and techniques
that have been used; Placing the research in a historical context
to show familiarity with state-of-the-artdevelopments.
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Why write LR?
Its purpose is to: Place each work in the context of its contribution
to the understanding of the subject under review Describe the relationship of each work to the
others under consideration Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light onany gaps in, previous research
Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictoryprevious studies
Identify areas of prior scholarship to preventduplication of effort
Point the way forward for further research Place one's original work (in the case of theses or
dissertations) in the context of existing literature
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What should I do before writing theliterature review?
Clarify If your assignment is not very specific, seek
clarification from your supervisor/lecturer: Roughly how many sources should you include?
What types of sources (books, journal articles,websites)?
Should you summarize, synthesize, or critiqueyour sources by discussing a common theme orissue?
Should you evaluate your sources? Should you provide subheadings and otherbackground information, such as definitionsand/or a history?
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What should I do before writing theliterature review?
Find models
Look for other literature reviews in your area ofinterest or in the discipline and read them to get
a sense of the types of themes you might wantto look for in your own research or ways toorganize your final review. You can simply putthe word "review" in your search engine alongwith your other topic terms to find articles of
this type on the Internet or in an electronicdatabase. The bibliography or reference sectionof sources you've already read are also excellententry points into your own research.
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What should I do before writing theliterature review?
Narrow your topic There are hundreds or even thousands of
articles and books on most areas of
study. The narrower your topic, theeasier it will be to limit the number ofsources you need to read in order to geta good survey of the material. Yourinstructor will probably not expect you toread everything that's out there on thetopic, but you'll make your job easier ifyou first limit your scope.
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What should I do before writing theliterature review?
Consider whether your sourcesare current
Some disciplines require that you useinformation that is as current aspossible. In the sciences, for instance,treatments for medical problems areconstantly changing according to thelatest studies. Information even twoyears old could be obsolete.
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What should I do before writing theliterature review?
As you read widely but selectively in your topicarea, consider instead what themes or issuesconnect your sources together.
Do they present one or different solutions?
Is there an aspect of the field that is missing? How well do they present the material and do
they portray it according to an appropriatetheory?
Do they reveal a trend in the field?
A raging debate?
Pick one of these themes to focus theorganization of your review.
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What should I do before writing theliterature review?
Construct a working thesisstatement
Then use the focus you've found toconstruct a thesis statement. Yes!Literature reviews have thesisstatements as well! However, your thesisstatement will not necessarily argue for a
position or an opinion; rather it willargue for a particular perspective on thematerial.
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What should I do before writing theliterature review?
Some sample thesis statements forliterature reviews are as follows:
The current trend in treatment forcongestive heart failure combinessurgery and medicine.
More and more cultural studies scholarsare accepting popular media as a subjectworthy of academic consideration.
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What should I do before writing theliterature review?
Consider organization You've got a focus, and you've narrowed
it down to a thesis statement.
Now what is the most effective way ofpresenting the information?
What are the most important topics,subtopics, etc., that your review needs
to include? And in what order should you present
them?
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What should I do before writing theliterature review?
Develop an organization for your review atboth a global and local level:
First, cover the basic categories
Just like most academic papers, literaturereviews also must contain at least three basicelements: an introduction or backgroundinformation section; the body of the reviewcontaining the discussion of sources; and,finally, a conclusion and/or recommendationssection to end the paper.
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What should I do before writing theliterature review?
Introduction:Gives a quick idea of the topicof the literature review, such as the centraltheme or organizational pattern.
Body:Contains your discussion of sourcesand is organized either chronologically,thematically, or methodologically (seebelow for more information on each).
Conclusions/Recommendations:Discusswhat you have drawn from reviewingliterature so far. Where might thediscussion proceed?
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What should I do before writing theliterature review?
The introductionshould provide the reader with thescale and structure of your review. It serves as a kindof map.
The bodyof the review depends on how you have
organised your key points. Literature reviews atpostgraduate level should be evaluative and notmerely descriptive. For example possible reasons forsimilarities or differences between studies areconsidered rather than a mere identification of them.
The conclusionof the review needs to sum up themain findings of your research into the literature. Thefindings can be related to the aims of the study youare proposing to do. The reader is thus provided witha coherent background to the current study.
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What should I do before writing theliterature review?
Organizing the body Once you have the basic categories in place, then you
must consider how you will present the sourcesthemselves within the body of your paper. Create anorganizational method to focus this section even
further. To help you come up with an overall organizational
framework for your review, consider the six typicalways of organizing the sources into a review: Chronological By publication
By trend Thematic Methodological Questions for Further Research
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What should I do before writing theliterature review?
Similar to primary research, development ofthe literature review requires four stages:
Problem formulationwhich topic or field isbeing examined and what are its component
issues? Literature searchfinding materials relevant
to the subject being explored
Data evaluationdetermining which literature
makes a significant contribution to theunderstanding of the topic
Analysis and interpretationdiscussing thefindings and conclusions ofpertinent literature
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What should you write?
the accepted facts in the area the popular opinion the main variables
the relationship between concepts andvariables shortcomings in the existing findings limitations in the methods used in the
existing findings
the relevance of your research suggestions for further research in the
area.
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What should you write?
Layout
Make your literature review have an academic andprofessional appearance. Here are some points tomake the look of your report appealing to the reader
White space: leave space between sections,especially from the abstract. This gives an unclutteredeffect.
Headings/sub-headings: these help to separateideas.
Text boxes: you can use these for quotations orparaphrasing to separate them from the rest of yourtext. It is also pleasing to the eye.
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What should you write?
Language focus Create a balance between direct quotation
(citation) and paraphrasing. Avoid too muchdirect quoting. The verb tense chosen dependson your emphasis:
When you are citing a specific author's findings,use the past tense: (found, demonstrated);
When you are writing about an accepted fact,use the present tense: (demonstrates, finds);and
When you are citing several authors or making ageneral statement, use the present perfecttense: (have shown, have found, little researchhas been done).
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What should you write?
Final checklist Have I fulfilled the purpose of the literature review? Is it written at a level appropriate to its audience? Are its facts correct? Is all the information included relevant?
Are the layout and presentation easy on the eye? Is the language clear, concise and academic? Does the abstract summarise the entire review? Does the introduction adequately introduce the topic? Is the body organised logically? Does the conclusion interpret, analyse and evaluate? Are the recommendations reasonable?
Does the table of contents correspond with the actual contents?Are page numbers correct?
Have I acknowledged all sources of information through correctreferencing?
Have I checked spelling, grammar and punctuation? Have I carefully proof-read the final draft?
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How to review?
The whole process of reviewingincludes:
a. Searching for literature
b. Sorting and prioritising the retrievedliteraturec. Analytical reading of papersd. Evaluative reading of papers
e. Comparison across studiesf. Organising the contentg. Writing the review
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How to review?
Comparison across studies The aim is to extract key points by comparing
and contrasting ACROSS studies, instead ofreading one paper after another.
Key points for a review may concern areas ofsimilarities and/or differences in:
Research aim(s) or hypotheses Research design and sampling Instruments and procedures used
How data were analysed Results or findings Interpretations
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How to review?
Find similarities and differences betweenstudies at different levels, e.g.:
- philosophy
- epistemology- morality- methodology- methods
- types of data- data analysis- interpretation
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How to review?
Set out your thinking on paper throughmapsand trees.
Feature map Classifies and categorises your thought in tabular form
Concept mapLinks between concepts and processes, or shows relationship betweenideas and practice
Tree construction
Shows how topic branches out into subthemes and related questions orrepresents stages in the development of a topic.
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How to review?
Tips on writing
SentencesExpress one idea in a sentence. Ensure that all your sentences have
a subject, verb and object.
ParagraphsGroup sentences that express and develop one aspect of your topic.
Use a new paragraph for another aspect or another topic.
Consistent GrammarUse sentences and paragraphs with appropriate use of commas,
colours and semi-colours. Incorrect use of punctuation can affect
the meaning.
Transition WordsUse words that link paragraphs and which show contrast anddevelopment to your argument e.g. hence, therefore, but,
thus, as a result, in contrast.
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Example
Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) are statistical tools thathave been used successfully in modelling difficult tasks suchas speech recognition [15] or biological sequence analysis[16]. Inspired by a similar speech application, HiddenMarkov model (HMM) has also been applied to activityrecognition. The first approach for the human movements
based on HMMs was described in [13]. It distinguishedbetween six different tennis strokes. This system dividedthe image into meshes and counted the number of pixelsrepresenting the person for each mesh. The numbers werecomposed to a feature vector that was converted into adiscrete label by a vector quantizer. The labels wereclassified based on discrete HMMs. In [8], an HMM is used
as a representation of simple actions which are recognizedby computing the probability that the model produces thevisual observation sequence. In [14] layered HMMs wereproposed to model single person office activities at varioustime granularities
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Example
Most of the existing work relies on using only a singlesource of information (example, either audio or visual trackdata alone). In [4], the average video shot activity and theduration are used as features for the categorization ofmovies according to the actions. An action scene wascharacterized by temporally localized properties of video
shots which have little or no recurring similar visualcontents [5]. Although these visual characters areundoubtedly good indicators of rapidly evolving actioncontents, they are not enough to determine the desiredaction. On the other hand, audio-based action detectionwas independently performed on the sound track in [6].However, this audio alone method may lead to many
potential false detected cases because many sounds oftenmix different noises and other similar background sound.
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ExampleVideo
Pre-processing Classification
Motion
Genre
Object
Event
ShotColour Feature
ExtractionEdge Feature
Extraction
ObjectCamera
Length
Duration
Colour
Histogram
Edge
Detection
Edge
ClusteringPan
Zoom
Translation
EdgeCount
Rule-based
classifiers
Recognition
result
FIGURE 2.3 Schematicdiagram for videoclassification
Source: L.N. Abdullah et al.2005.
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ExampleResearch Technique Features
Used
Domain Disadvantage /
Advantage
Future Direction
Lin et al. 2007 A priori algorithm
Association rulemining
Pre-filteringarchitecture
Audiovisual Weather
Sports
Commercial
Reduce the amount ofmisclassification errors.
Able to identify a highpercentage of positiveinstances in each concept
Due to the differentproperties of the datasets representing thesemantic conceptssuch as weather,commercial, andsports, they proposedto use differentstrategies to merge therules.
Davis & Tyagi2006
Probabilistic reliable-inference framework
Hidden MarkovModel (HMM) output
likelihoods and actionpriors
Maximum likelihood(ML) and maximuma posteriori (MAP)
Motion Walking, running,standing, bending-forward, crouching-down, and sitting
The system only makesclassifications when itbelieves the input isgood enough fordiscrimination between
the possible actions