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SCRITTI LETTERARIui
LEONARDO DA VINCIMgft(ftufografie
pu66etca*i
J.
P.
RICHTER
IN
DUE
PARTI.
PARTE
II.
LONDRA:8AMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE & RIVINGTON188,
FLEET STREKT
1883
ui.
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saiK\
THE LITERARY WORKSOF
LEONARDO DA VINCIcompifeb anb &tfeb front f(k OriginalBY
JEAN PAUL RICHTER,KNIGHT OF THE BAVARIAN ORDER OFST.
PH. DR.,MICHAEL,&C.
IN
TWO VOLUMES.-VOL.
II.
LONDON:SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE & RIVINGTON1
88,
FLEET STREET
1883
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
DEDICATEDBY PERMISSIONTO
HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY
THE QUEEN
CONTENTS OF VOLUMEXI.
II.
Pages
NOTES ON SCULPTURESome practical hints (706 monument (710 715).
ModelsNotes on the casting of the Sforza 709). for the horse of the
Sforza monument (716
124
The project Occasional references to the Sforza monument (719
724). 718). The mint of Rome (726). On the coining of the Trivulzio
monument (725). of medals (727. 728). On plaster (729. 730). On
bronze casting generally(73J
74o).
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS ON THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS AND
WRITINGS ON ARCHITECTUREXII.
25.
26
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNSPlans for canals and streets in a 744).
(741 town (745 B. Projects for palaces. III. Castles and villas. A.
Castles. 747). C. Plans for small castles or villas (748 IV.
Ecclesiastical Architec752). ture. A. General observations (753 B.
The theory of constructing 755). Domes. i. Churches formed on the
plan of a Greek cross. Group I. Domes rising from a circular base.
Group II. Domes rising from a square base. Group III. Domes rising
from a square base and four pillars. Group IV. DomesI.
2774
Plans
for
towns
II.
above an octagonal base. Group V. Suggested by S. Lorenzo at
Milan 2. Churches formed on the plan of a Latin cross. A. Studies
after B. Designs or Studies (757). C. Studies for a form of
existing monuments. church most proper for preaching D. Design for
a mausoleum. E. Studies for the Central tower or Tiburio of Milan
Cathedral (758). F. The Project for G. Descriplifting up the
Battistero of Florence and setting it on a basement.rising
(756).
tion
of
an
unknown
temple
(759).
V.
Palace
architecture
(760
763).
VI. Studies of architectural details (764XIII.
769).
THEORETICAL WRITINGS ON ARCHITECTUREI.
75
99
OnIII.
Fissures
778).
On
the
walls (770 776). nature of the arch (779in
nature of the ground and supports (789
(777 IV. On Foundations, the 788). V. On the resistance of beams
792).
II.
On
Fissures
in
niches
VUI
CONTENTS OF VOLUME
II.
Pages
ARCHITECTURE KKMARKS ON THE STYLE OF LEONARDO'SXIV.
100-104
I
ANATOMY, ZOOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY and \NATOMY :-A general
introduction ( 79 6).-Plans"trialsfor the divisions of the head
(812. 8 13). -Physiological
of
,
u-
repn^trton leanness (809-8
).-
m
ASTRONOMYThe earth's place in the universe (857. 858). AS A
PLANET: How to prove that the laws of the solar system (859 The
fundamental 864). The principles of astronomical perspective (868
earth is a planet (865867). On the luminosity of the earth in the
universal space (874 878). to 873). The question of the true and of
the apparent size of the sun II. THE SUN: (879884). Of the nature
of sunlight (885). Considerations as to the sizeI.
13
5~
1
72
THE EARTH
III. THE MOON: On the luminosity of the moon (892 of the sun
(886 891). On the spots to 901). Explanation of the lumen cinereum
of the moon (902). in the moon (903 On the moon's halo (908). On
instruments for 907). On the light of the stars IV. THE STARS:
observing the moon (909. 910). Observations on the stars (914). On
the history of astronomy (911 913). Of time and its divisions (916
918). (915).
XVI.
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHYINTRODUCTION. Schemes for the arrangement of
the materials (919 General introduction (929). I. OF THE NATURE OF
WATER: The928).
173221arrangement of
Book I (930). the globe (933(937-
Definitions (931. 932). Of the surface of the water in relation
to Of the proportion of the mass of water to that of the earth
936).
93 8 ) -The theory of Plato (939). That the flow of rivers
proves the slope of the land (940). Theory of the elevation of
water within the mountains (941). The relative height of the
surface of the sea to that of the land II. ON THE OCEAN: (942 945).
Refutation of Pliny's theory as to the saltsea (946. 947). The
characteristics of sea water (948. 949). On the formation of gulfs
On the encroachments of the sea on the (950. 951). land and vice
versa The ebb and flow of the tide (955960).(952 954). INEAN WATER
COURSES: Theory of the circulation of the waters (961.
ervations in support of the IV. OF RIVERS: hypothesis (963 969).
which the sources of rivers are fed The tide in (970). On the
alterations caused in the courses of rivers by their On the
alterations in the channels Whirlpools (975). ~~?74).
m
Fhe origin of sand in rivers V. ON MOUN(977. 978). f mountains
The authorities for the study (979 983).
CONTENTS OF VOLUME
II.
IX
Pages
VI. GEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS: of the structured the earth (984).
Programme (985). Doubts about the Deluge (986). That marine shells
could not go up the mountains (987). The marine shells were not
produced away from the sea Other problems (992 VII. On Further
researches (989 994). 991). (988). On the motion of Constituents of
the atmosphere (995). the atmosphere:air
(996
999).
The globe an organismXVII.
(1000).
TOPOGRAPHICAL NOTESCanals in Canals in connection with the Arno
(1001 ITALY: 1008). Estimates and preparatory studies for canals
(1014. the Milanese (1009 1013). Remarks on natural pheNotes on
buildings at Milan (1016 1019). 1015). nomena in and near Milan
(1021. 1022). Note on Pavia (1023). Notes on Notes on the North
Italian lakes the Sforzesca near Vigevano (1024 1028). Notes on
places in Central Italy, visited in 1502 (1034 1054). 1033). (1029
The Alps (1057 1062). The Alessandria in Piedmont (1055. 1056). II.
FRANCE (1069 On the Germans (1080. 1068). 1079). Appenines
(1063I.
223270
The Danube (1082). III. THE COUNTRIES OF THE WESTERN END OF THE
1081). MEDITERRANEAN: The straits of Gibraltar (1083 1085). Tunis
(1086). Libya Majorca (1088). The Tyrrhene Sea (1089). IV. THE
LEVANT. The (1087).Levantine Sea (1090).
Customs of
Asiatic
(1103. 1104). The Euphrates Dardanelles (uc8). Constantinople
(1109). On the natives of hot countries (1112). Asia
(mi).XVIII.
The Red Sea (1091. 1092). The Nile (1093 1098). Nations (1099.
noo). Rhodes (noi. 1102). Cyprus The Caspian Sea (1105. 1106). The
sea of Azov (1107). The(i
no).
Central
NAVAL WARFARE.The
MECHANICAL APPLIANCES. MUSIC
271282
of Alberti and of Leonardo (1113). ship's log Methods of staying
and moving in waters (1114). On naval warfare (1115. The use of
swimming belts (1117). On the gravity of water (1118). 1116).of
Vitruvius,
Diving1126).
apparatus
On
mining (1127).
and skating (11191121). On fly ing -machines (1122 On Greek fire
(1128). On music (1129. 1130).XIX.
PHILOSOPHICAL MAXIMS. MORALS. POLEMICS AND SPECULATIONSI.
PHILOSOPHICAL MAXIMS: The powers of Prayers to God (1132. 1133).
Nature (1134 1139). Psychology (11401147). Science, its principles
and rules (11481161). II. MORALS: What is life? (1162. 1163). Death
(1164). How to spend life (1165 1179). On foolishness and ignorance
(1180 On riches (1183 1187). Rules of Iife(n88 1202). Politics
(1203. 1182). III. POLEMICS. SPECULATION: 1204). Against
speculators (1205. 1206). Against alchimists (1207. 1208). Against
writers of Against friars (1209)..
283311
epitomes (1210). on Nature (1217
On
spirits
(1211
1215).
Nonentity
(1216).
Reflections
1219).
XX.
HUMOROUS WRITINGSSTUDIES ON THE LIFE AND HABITS OF ANIMALS (1220
1264). FABLES II. Fables on animals (1265 Fables on lifeless
objects 1270). Fables on plants (1275 III. (1271 1274). JESTS AND
TALES 1279). IV. PROPHECIES (1293 (1280 1292). 1313). -V. DRAUGHTS
AND SCHEMES FOR THE HUMOROUS WRITINGS: Schemes for Fables &c.
(1314 1323); Schemes for Prophecies (13241329); Irony (1331. 1332).
Tricks (13331335)I.:
313
379
b
CONTENTS OF VOLUME
II.
XXI.
Pages
LETTERS.
PERSONAL RECORDS.
DATED NOTES
381
417
Draughts of letters and reports referring to Armenia (1336.
1337). Notes about adventures abroad (1338. 1339). Draughts of
letters to Lodovico il Moro (1340 1345). Draught of letter to a
Commission at Piacenza (1346 Letter to the Cardinal Ippolito d'Este
(1348). to '347)Draught of letter to the French Governor of Milan
(1349). Draughts of letters to the Superintendent of canals and to
Melzi (1350). Draughts of letter to Giuliano de' Meili.
Holkam Hallfromthe
............ ToT-
facetext r face
120
PL
CO.
Sketch
Map
NO. IOIO
......
of Milan;
Codex Atlanticus, Milan-see
......... To
233
Four Topographical Drawings from Manuscripts in the Institut de
France No. i (Constantinopel)-see text No. izo 9 -from Manuscript
LV,g evano)_see text No. 1 02 -in red 4 chalk, from Manuscript nena
Urbmo)-see text Nos. 765 and io 3 8-andNo. 4 (Cesenaj text No. 1040
from Manuscript L ..:
H
........
To
face
o
/
LlhL?"5i ?' A Awry, Windsor
?P Castle,-see text Mediterranean Sea; from the Codex
r
resentin g
the
Town of No. 105:-;
Imola from the Royal No. 2 representing the Atlanticus-see text'
No between pp. 240 and
T ^2-
241
Coloured ed
Ma Map
of part of art Tuscany, from the Royal Library, Windsor between
pp. 240 andpar. of Central Italy; from the Royal Library, Windsor
yal
241
Cdoured Map of
between pp. 248 and
249
.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN
VOLUME
II.
XVPage
PL CXV.
SketchBritish
Map of Museum
the Loire
see text
Amboise; from the Arundel Manuscript, No. 1074 To faceat
251
PI.
CXVI.
Sketch of Armenian Mountains; from the Codex Atlanticus,
Milantext
seeface
No. 1336
To
385
PI.
CXVII.
textPI.
see Sketch of Armenian Mountains; from the Codex Atlanticus,
Milan, To face No. 1336
388
CXVIII.
Sketch of a Peak in Armenia, and Sketch
Map
of Armenia;,. .
from the
CodexPI.
Atlanticus, Milan
see text No.
1336
To To
face
391
CXIX.
Sketch
Map
of Armenia;
from the Codex Atlanticus, Milan
see textface
No. 1336
392
PL CXX.
Drawing of Oriental Heads,
in red chalk;
from the Royal Library, Turin
ToPL CXXI.Drawing of Musical Instruments &c. ;British
face
394
Museum, London
see text Nos.
from the Arundel Manuscript, 1128 and 860 To face.. .
411
PL CXXII.
Drawing of Caricatures;
from
the
Royal
Library,
Windsor
Castleface
To
411
The size of the original drawings has been reduced on Plates
LXVI, CVII, CIX, CXI No. I, CXII, CXIII, CXIV, CXVI, CXVII, CXVIII
and CXXII. On Plate CXIX it has been enlarged. The colour and tone
of the paper have in every case been faithfully imitated, in order
to give to the facsimiles a perfect and complete resemblance to the
originals, whether drawn in charcoal, red chalk or pen and ink. It
is to be understood that all Drawings here reproduced are in
pen-and-ink, unless otherwise stated.
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