Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
USAID Nepal’sEducation for Income Generation in Nepal Program
Pre-Vocational (Part 1)
Literacy
This book has been prepared for USAID Nepal's Education for Income Generation program
(EIG). This program has targeted youth from the ages of 16 to 30 years in the 15 districts
of the conflict affected Mid-western region. This literacy package will be used by the
participants of the nine - month literacy program, the disadvantaged youth having no
education or only very limited education are eligible. The main objective of this book is to
increase the literacy and numeracy level of the participants.
This book aims to help the participants enhance their thinking, writing, reading and
spoken skills in Nepali. Messages have been presented through pictures, cartoons,
conversations and stories to make it easy to navigate. Logos and instructions in boxes
have been used for ease of facilitating and conducting activities such as reading, writing
and discussion.
This book is presented in two parts - part A and part B.
Objective of Part A:- To help the participants recognize, read and write Nepali letters and the alphabet.
Under this part the participants will learn the alphabet from "Ka - Gnya".
Objectives of Part B:- To increase literacy skill. Under this section the participants will be able to construct
words and sentences using Nepali Letters and also gain knowledge on different
topics related to their daily life.
- To enable the participants to do simple calculations. Also under this section the
participants will learn to write and read 1-100 digits and learn to do simple addition
and subtraction.
Objective of the Book and User’s Guideline
TeachingThis symbol is for facilitators. This indicates
that the facilitators should teach the lesson
to the participants.
Discussion
Reading
Exercise
Calculation
Symbols Used in the Text
This symbol designates a time for
discussion. This indicates that the
participants should hold discussions in small
groups.
This symbol is for reading. This logo
indicates that the participants should read
by themselves, together in groups, or alone
with the facilitator.
This symbol is for doing exercises. This
indicates that the participants should read
the question and write in the answer.
This symbol is for calculation. This indicates
that the participants should do math.
Table of Contents
Heading Page No.
Objective of the Book and User's Guideline
Symbols Used in the Text
Part A - Alphabet Practice
Lesson 1- 8 1-24
Part B - Literacy (Word/Sentence Formation and Calculations)
Lesson 9: Fertilizer Application 25
Lesson 10: Son and Daughter 30
Lesson 11: Conversation 35
Lesson 12: Read and Write 42
Lesson 13: Group Formation 48
Lesson 14: Saving Purse 55
Lesson 15: Common Experience 62
Lesson 16: Well and Water Tap 69
Lesson 17: Opportunity and Benefit 75
Lesson 18: A Unified Plan 83
Lesson 19: Addition and Subtraction 94
Lesson 20: Loan and A Retail Shop 102
Lesson 21: Agricultural Tools 109
Lesson 22: Capacity, Power and Forum 115
Lesson 23: Ramjanam's Poster Business 124
Lesson 24: Entrepreneurial Ideas of Radhika and Vikram 134
Part AAlphabet Practice
1
s s s s\ Ss5'jf
v v v v\ Vv/fof]
kf7 !
tortoise/turtle
kachhuwaa
rabbit
kharaayo
s o 1so 1Lesson 1Lesson 1
ka ka ka half ka half ka
kha kha kha half kha half kha
2
3 3 3 3\ £38L
u u u u\ Uudnfgamalaa
flower pot
watch
ghaDii
ga ga ga half ga half ga
gha gha gha half gha half gha
3
ª ª ª ª ª\ª
s v u 3 ª
nga nga nga nga half nga
nga
ka kha ga gha nga
4
r r r r\ Rr/f
5 5 5 5 5\5ftf
kf7 @
bird
umbrella
chhaataa
charaa
o L 2L o 2Lesson 2Lesson 2
cha cha cha half cha half cha
chha chha chha chha half chha
5
h h h h\ Hhxfh
em em em em\ ‰em08f
ship
flag
jahaaja
jhaNDaa
ja ja ja half ja half ja
jha jha jha half jha half jha
6
r 5 h em `
` ` ` `\ ~
` yna
yna yna yna half yna half yna
cha chha ja jha yna
7
6 6 6 6 6\6df6/
7 7 7 7 7\7]sL
kf7 #
tomato
TamaaTar
a special woodenpot for churningyogurt intobutterThekii
sso Le n 3Lesson 3
Tha Tha Tha Tha half Tha
Ta Ta Ta Ta half Ta
8
9 9 9 9 9\9s
8 8 8 8 8\8d?
pan (of a weighing scale)
Dhaka
Damarusmall drum
Da Da Da Da half Da
Dha Dha Dha Dha half Dha
9
0f 0f 0f 0f\ 0t?0f
6 7 8 9 0f
youth
taruNa
Na Na Na half Na half Na
Ta Tha Da Dha Na
10
t t t t\ Tt/sf/L
y y y y\ Yyd{;
kf7 $
vegetables
tarakaarii
tharmasa
s L s L ss Lesson 4Lesson 4
thermos
ta ta ta half ta half ta
tha tha tha half tha half tha
11
b b b b b\b/fh
w w w w\ Wwfuf]
cupboard
daraaja
yarn
dhaago
da da da half da half da
dha dha dha half dha half dha
12
t y b w g
g g g g\ GgS;f map
naksaa
na na na half na half na
ta tha da dha na
13
k k k k\ Kkxf8
km km km km\ Çkmnkm"n
kf7 %
mountain
pahaaDa
fruit
phalafuula
e o s es o Lesson 5Lesson 5
pa pa pa half pa half pa
pha pha pha half pha half pha
14
e e e e\ Ees'08f]
a a a a\ Aa; bus
basa
football
bhakuNDo
ba ba ba half ba half ba
bha bha bha half bha half bha
15
d d d d\ Ddo"/
k km a e d
peacock
mayuura
ma ma ma half ma half ma
pa pha ba bha ma
16
o o o o\ øoGq
/ / / /\ {/y
kf7 ^
instrument/microscope
yantra
chariot
ratha
e 6L s n Lesson 6
ya ya ya half ya half ya
ra ra ra half ra half ra
17
n n n n\ Nn;'g
j j j j\ Jjlsn lawyer
wakila
lasunagarlic
la la la half la half la
wa wa wa half wa half wa
18
o / n jya ra la wa
19
z z z z\ Zzx/
if if if if\ iif6\sf]0f
kf7 &
city
shahara
shaTkoNa
L s n s 7Lesson 7
hexagon
sha sha sha half sha half sha
sha sha sha half sha half sha
20
x x x x x\xnf]
; ; ; ;\ :;k{ snake
sarpa
plough
halo
sa sa sa half sa half sa
ha ha ha half ha half ha
21
z if ; xsha sha sa ha
22
If If If If\ IIf]qkmn
q q q q\ œ
kf7 *
lqsf]0f
seesLessonLesson 8 8 8 8
area
kshetraphala
triangle
trikoNa
ksha ksha ksha half ksha half ksha
tra tra tra half tra half tra
23
1 1 1 1 1\1fgL
If q 1
intelligent
gnyaanii
ksha tra gnya
gnya gnya gnya gnya half gnya
24
tnsf vfln 7fpFdf ldNg] cIf/ eg{'xf];\ .
s u 3 ªr 5 em `6 8 9 0f
y b w gk km a eo / n zif ; If q
1
Fill in the blanks with the suitable alphabet.
ka ga gha nga
cha chha jha yna
Ta Da Dha Na
tha da dha na
pa pha ba bha
ya ra la sha
sha sa ksha tra
gnya
Part BLiteracy
(Word/Sentence Formation andCalculations)
25
kf7 (
dn xfnmala haala
L 9so Lesson 9
fertilizerapplication
mala haala
mala haala
26
d n xf nd
xn
d df ld
n nf ln
x xf lx
xn dn
xfn dfn
dfdf nfdf
dfnf ldn
ma... maa.. mi
aaa sign short iiii sign
ma la haa lama
la
ha
ma... maa.. mi
hala mala
haala maala
maamaa laamaa
maalaa mila
ma
ma
solve fertilizer
put goods
unclebuddhistpriest
garland mill
ma maa mi
la laa li
ha haa hi
27
%
$
#
@
!
%
1...2...3...
1
2
3
4
5
Counting Lines number
ma
la
ha
haa
la
mala haala
5
28
n, nf dnd .
, .
Here, take the ointment.
comma full stop
We use a cccco m m ao m m a toseparate parts of asentence. A period or lluullfullfullstst ppopop means the sentence iscomplete.
1
1
2
3
4
5
29
lnnf, dn xfn.Lila, put the fertilizer.
Lilaa, mala haala.
3
30
kf7 !)
5f]/f5f]/Lchhoraachhorii
son anddaughter
chhoraachhorii
sso 10Lesson 10ss 10o Lesson 10
chhoraachhorii
31
5f] /f 5f] /L
5/
5 5f l5 5L 5f]/ /f l/ /L /f]d df ld dL df]x xf lx xL xf]n nf ln nL nf]
nx/
nf]xf
nx/f
nf]nf
5n
lxdfnL
5/
dflxnL
chhochho raa chho rii
chha
ra
chha..chhaa
chha..chhaa
long iiii sign oo sign
lahara laharaa chhala chhara
lohaa lolaa himalii maahilii
wave creeper
ironseconddaughter
water filledballoon
deceit spread
himalayan
chha chhaa chhi chhii chho
ra raa ri rii ro
ma maa mi mii mo
ha haa hi hii ho
la laa li lii lo
chho
32
!)
(
*
&
^
chhoraachhorii
6
7
8
9
10
chha
ra
chho
raa
rii
6...7...8...
33
%f]/Lsf] /x/ % / Û
lxnf]df df%f % Û
Ûexclamation
mark
This punctuationmark is used toshow surprise orexcitement.
You have a wish for a daughter !
There's a fish in the mud!
6
6
7
8
9
10
34
%f]/L dLndf xf]nL.
lxnf]df df%f % Û
Daughter mustbe in the mill.
chhorii miilamaa holii.
There's a fish in the mud!
hilomaa maachhaa chha !
8
35
kf7 !!
s'/fsfgLkuraakaanii
conversation
kuraakaanii
kuraakaanii
1L n 1Lesson 11
36
s' /f sf gL
sg
s sf ls sL s' sf]g gf lg gL g' gf]d df ld dL d' df]x xf lx xL x' xf]n nf ln nL n' nf]5 5f l5 5L 5' 5f]/ /f l/ /L ? /f]
ku raa kaa nii
ka
na
ka...kaa
ka...kaa
short uu sign
ku
ku
ka kaa ki kii ku ko
na naa ni nii nu no
ma maa mi mii mu mo
ha haa hi hii hu ho
la laa li lii lu lo
chha chhaa chhi chhii chhu chho
ra raa ri rii ru ro
37
sd
snd
s'g
s'df/
lsnf]
slnnf]
sfd
sdn
s'd
s'df/L
lsnf
sldnf
g/
gfgf
gfd
gfnf
g/d
gf]s/
gf/L
gfgL
gfdL
gfnL
g/dL
gf]s/L
kama
kama
kama kaama
kalama kamala
kuna kuma
kumaara kumaarii
kilo kilaa
kalilo kamilaa
nara narii
naanaa naanii
nama naamii
naalaa naalii
narama naramii
nokara nokarii
kuraakaanii
ka
na
ku
nii
ru
worklittle/less
pen lotus
which shoulder
unmarriedboy
1000gram nails
tender ants
unmarriedgirl
male female
clothsweetlittlegirl
name famous
drain
soft softly
domestichelper
service
smallcanal
38
) # @ )
mahamaa
mahamaa
dxdf sldnf % .
df]x/ gsnL % Û gs/f x/L Û
zero
Zero means "There aren'tany."
There is an ant in the honey.gfgL, sldnf glgn ÛDon't swallow the ant, dear!
This coin is fake! Shut up, Hari !
3 2 0
5
39
lsg lsg\xfg
xfn
ldn
lgn
xfg\
xfn\
ldn\
lgn\
5fg
l5g
x'g
lgsfn
5fg\
l5g\
x'g\
lgsfn\
/df / nfn'sf 5f]/f5f]/L 5g\ .
5f]/f5f]/L slnnf 5g\ .
5f]/Lsf] gfd dL/f xf] .
5f]/fsf] gfd s'df/ xf] .
s'df/ snfsf/ x'g\ .
kina kin
haana haan
haala haal
mila mil
nila nil
chhaana chhaan
chhina chhin
huna hun
nikaala nikaal
Rama and Lalu have children.
The children are very young.
The daughter's name is Mira.
The son's name is Kumar.
Kumar is an artist.
halanta
The hhalantata means thatthe short a sound should
be dropped.
Ramaa ra Laaluka ....
why buy
hit hit
recent/current
put
mill join
swallow
select
she issnatch
goingto be is/are
takesomethingout
swallow
select
takesomethingout
40
nfn dxndf sf] sf] 5g\ <
dflxnL / sfn' 5g\ .
dflxnL / sfn' dxndf lsg 5g\ <
lsgsL dxndf sfd 5 .
s] sfd 5 <
dxndf dfnLsf] sfd 5 .
<
sdnL lsg gx/df l%g\<
lsgls gx/dfdf%f %.
df%f gdf/ Ûdf%f lngdgfxL % Û
Who is there at Laal Mahal?
Maahili and Kaalu are there.
Why are Maahili and Kaalu at the Mahal?
Because, there's work at the Mahal.
What kind of work?
There is gardening work at the Mahal.
question mark
When you see thispunctuation mark it meanssomething is being asked.
Why is Kamalii in the canal?
Because there's fish inthe canal.
laala mahalama koko chhan?
Hey, no fishing!
Fishing is
prohibited!
41
Who is there at Laal Mahal?
is/are
is/are
7
chhan
hun
42
kf7 !@
n]vk9read and write
lekhapaDha
lekhapaDha
L 12Lesson 12 L 12Lesson 12
lekhapaDha
43
n] v k 9
v
v vf lv vL v' v] vf]k kf lk kL k' k] kf]9 9f l9 9L 9' 9] 9f]d] x] n] 5] /] s] g]
k
9
le kha pa Dha
le
kha
pa
Dha
kha..khaa
e sign
kha..khaa
kha khaa khi khii khu khe kho
pa paa pi pii pu pe po
DhaDhaa Dhi Dhii Dhu Dhe Dho
me he le chhe re ke ne
le
44
vfgf
vf]n
v's'nf]
vfgL
vf]/
s'v'/L
k/L
kfgf
kfvf
kf/L
kfgL
kfvL
9s
9f]u
l9sL
9sgL
9f]sf
l9nf]
s]xL
d]/f]
s]/f
sf]xL
d]/L
s/]nf
khaanaa khaanii
khukulo kukhurii
khola khora
parii paarii
paanaa paanii
paakhaa paakhii
Dhoga Dhokaa
Dhaka Dhakanii
mero merii
keraa karelaa
kehii kohii
Dhikii Dhilo
khaanaa
khaanaa
food mine
cover
loose chicken
fairythe otherside
page water
dryland
weightstone
cover/lid
bow withrespect door
huskingmill late
some/few
anyone/someone
my/mine
bananabittergourd
kha
pa
Dha
le
cage
rug
my/mine
lekhapaDha
45
!+@=#@+!=#)+#=##+ =#
+=
!+ =$)+ =$
#+ =$$+ =$
@+ =$
!+ =%
@+ =%
)+ =%
$+ =%
# + =%
%+ =%
"plus" sign
"equal" sign
Say:"1 plus 2equals 3."
1 2 3
1 4
0 4
3 4
4 4
2 4
1 5
2 5
0 5
4 5
3 5
5 5
2 1 3
0 3 3
3 0 3
46
g\ + 5 = G5 lsG5', ?G5g\
g\ + g = Gg lvGg, vGg
vfG5 vfG5g\
dfG5 dfG5g\
xfG5 xfG5g\
vfg vfGg
dfg dfGg
xfg xfGg
joined letter
Say: " Joined halfnna and chha lookslike this: kkii c hc hnchhanchha,
ru hcnchhan."
khaanchha khaanchhan
maanchha maanchhan
haanchha haanchhan
khaana khaanna
maana maanna
haana haanna
half na chha nchha kinchhu runchhan
half na na nna khinna khanna
buy cry
upset to dig
eating won'teat
accepttocelebrate
hit to hit
eats eat
agrees agree
hits hit
khanna
Dhikii
Kamala is upsetChildren are crying.
47
sdnf lvGg l5g\ lsgls 5f]/f5f]/L
?G5g\ . df]xgn] s]/f lsG5 . sdnf,
df]xg / 5f]/f5f]/Ln] s]/f vfG5g\ .
sdnf, df]xg / 5f]/f5f]/Lsf]
s'/fsfgL klg x'G5 . df]xgn] sdnf /
5f]/f5f]/Lsf] s'/f dfG5 .
Kamala is upset because her children
The first three sentences ofthe story are groupedtogether. This group of
sentences is called ap pap a pparagraphparagraph.
First paragraph
Second paragraph
In writing, when wefinish one topic, the
paragraph changes. Whenstarting a new paragraph
we leave a little space.
cry. Mohan buys bananas. Kamala,
Mohan and the children eat the bananas.
Kamala, Mohan and their children also
have a conversation with one another. Mohan agrees to what
Kamala and the children say.
48
kf7 !#
;d"x u7ggroup formation
samuuha gaThana
samuuha gaThana
o 13Lesson 13
samuuha gaThana
49
; d" x u 7 g
;
; ;f l; ;L ;' ;" ;] ;f]
u uf lu uL u' u" u] uf]
7 7f l7 7L 7' 7" 7] 7f]
d" x" n" 5" ¿ s" g" v"
u
7
sa
sa
sa
Tha
ga
sa.. saa
sa.. saa
long uu sign
sa muu ha ga Tha na
sa saa si sii su suu se so
ga gaa gi gii gu guu ge go
Tha Thaa Thi Thii Thu Thuu The Tho
muu huu luu chhuu ruu kuu nuu khuu
50
7u
57
7]nf
7uL
7x/
7]ufgf
u/d
uf]nf]
u'¿
u/dL
uf]nL
u'?df
;/sf/
;fu
;'v
;/sf/L
;fu/
;'vL
7"nf]
;f;
¿v
7"nL
;f;"
¿vf]
Thaga Thagii
chhaTha Thahara
Thelaa Thegaanaa
garama garamii
golo golii
guruu gurumaa
sarakaara sarakaarii Thuulo Thuulii
sukha sukhii
saaga saagara
ruukha ruukho
saasa saasuu
Thag
Thag
cheater cheating
A festival ofterai people
pointout
pushcart address
hot hot
round bullet
maleteacher
femaleteacher
government governmental
greenleaves ocean
happiness happy
big/largeeldestdaughter
breath mother-in-law
tree dry
sa
ga
Tha
muu
ruu
samuuha
gaThana
51
/\ + g = g{ ug{ x]g{
/\ + g] = g]{ ug]{, x]g]{
/\ + 5 = 5{ u5{, x]5{g\
s\ + 5 = S5 ;S5, ;S5g\
s\ + g = Sg l;Sg
s\ + ln = lSn ;lSng\
;\ + n] = :n] s:n]
u\ + g] = Ug] nf]Ug]dflg;
s'/fsfgLuf]dfM sfd 5 ls <
uf]kfnM dlxnfn] s] sfd ug{ ;lS5g\ / <
uf]dfM dlxnfx¿n] x/]s lsl;dsf sfd ug{ ;S5g\ .
uf]kfnM dlxnfn] sfd u/] 5f]/f5f]/L s:n] x]5{g\ lg <
uf]dfM 5f]/f5f]/L x]g{] sfd nf]Ug]dflg;n] klg ug{ ;S5g\ .
uf]kfnM dlxnfsf] sfd ug{] ;Lk x'G5 / <
uf]dfM dlxnfx¿n] klg ;Lk l;Sg ;S5g\ lsgls g/ / gf/L ;dfg 5g\ .
joined letter
Say: "Joined half raaand nnnana look like
this: ggar arna, ehe nrna."
Conversation
half ra na rna garna, herna
half ra ne rne garne, herne
half ra chha rchha garchha, herchhan
half ka chha kchha sakchha, sakchhan
half ka na kna sikna
half ka li kli saklin
half sa le sle kasle
half ga ne gne lognemaanisa
to do to see
willdo will see
doestheywatch
cando
they cando
to learn
can do
who
male
Goma: Is there any work?
Gopal: What kind of work can a woman do?
Goma: Women can do all types of work.
Gopal: Who will look after the children if women work?
Goma: Men can also look after the children.
Gopal: Do women have working skill?
Goma: Women can also learn skills as men and women are equal.
52
! + = ^@ + = ^) + = ^
% + = ^$+ = ^^ + = ^# + = ^
! + = &^ + = &) + = &
# + = &$+ = && + = &
@ + = &% + = &
! + = *& + = *) + = *
# + = *% + = **+ = *
@ + =*^ + =*$+ =*
1 5 6
2
5 6
4
6
3
6
6
6
6
6
1 7
6 7
7
7
7
7
7
7
2
5
3
4
7
1 8
7
2
6
4
3
5
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
53
5f]/f5f]/L x]g{] sfd n] klgug{ ;S5g\ .
g/ / gf/L 5g\ .
n] x/]s lsl;dsf] sfd ug{ ;S5g\ .dlxnfx¿
nf]Ug]dflg; dlxnfx¿ ;dfg
d\ + /f] = d|f] /fd|f], xfd|f]
/\ + g' = g{' ug{', x]g{'
/\ + dL = dL{ udL{joined letter
Say: "Joined halfamaama and rrrroo look
like this: raaa rmmro,haahaamrmrmrmroo."
men women equal
half ra andshort nnu
half raa andlong mimi Women can do all types of work.
________ can also look after the children.
Men and women are _______________ .
half ma ro mro raamro, haamro
half ra nu rnu garnu hernu
half ra mii rmi garmii
good our
to do to see
hot
raamro
haamro
garnu
garmii
raamro
garnu
garmii
54
a]n6f/sf dflg;x¿n] ug{ l;s]sf 5g\ .
dflg;x¿n] w]/} hfg]sf 5g\ .
dflg;x¿ ¿vsf] d'lg 5g\ .
dflg;x¿n] u7gsf] s'/f /fd|f] dfG5g\ .
;a} hgf x'G5g\ .
n]vk(
;d"x u7ga]n6f/sf dflg;x¿n]
n]vk9 ug{ l;s]sf 5g\ . clxn]
dflg;x¿n] w]/} s'/fx¿ hfg]sf 5g\ .
a]n6f/df udL{ 5 . dflg;x¿ ¿vsf] 5xf/L
d'lg 5g\ . s]xL dflg;x¿n] ;d"xdf ldn]/ sfd ug{]
s'/f u5{g\ . w]/}n] ;d"x u7gsf] s'/f /fd|f] dfG5g\ .
s'/fsfgL kl5, ;d"x
u7g x'G5 . ;a} hgf
v'zL x'G5g\ .
v'zL 5xf/L n]vk9 s'/fx¿ ;d"x
Group Formation
The people of Beltar have
It's hot in Beltar. The people are under the shade of
After the discussion, the group
samuuha
samuuha
happy shade read and write things group
The people of Beltar have learned to read and write.
The people are knowledgeable about many .
The people are under the of the tree.
All the people are .
The people appreciate the idea of formation.
learned to read and write. Now,
the people of Beltar are knowledgeable.
the tree. Some people talk about working together in a group.
Most of them appreciate the idea of group formation.
is formed. All the people
are happy.
55
kf7 !$
art y}nL
ess n o Lesson 14
saving purse
bachata thailii
bachata thailii
bachata thailii
56
a r t y } n L
a
a af la aL a' a" a] a} af]r rf lr rL r' r" r] r} rf]t tf lt tL t' t" t] t} tf]y yf ly yL y' y" y] y} yf]d} x} n} 5} /} s} g} v} k}
rty
ba cha ta thai lii
ba
cha
ta
tha
ba
ba
ba .. ba ...
ba .. ba ...
ai sign
ba baa bi bii bu buu be bai bo
cha chaa chi chii chu chuu che chai cho
ta taa ti tii tu tuu te tai to
tha thaa thi thii thu thuu the thai tho
mai hai lai chhai rai kai nai khai pai
57
a;
a"9f
a}gf
af;
a"9L
a}7s
rgf
r]nL
r}g
r/L
rf]nL
r}t
t/
ltgL
t}/g'
ta
ltdL
t}klg
y/
yk
y}nf
y/L
yfk
y}nL
basa
basa
basa baasa
buuDhaa buuDhii
bainaa baiThak
chanaa charii
chelii cholii
chaina chaita
tara taba
tinii timii
tairanu taipani
thara tharii
thapa thaapa
thailaa thailii
ba
cha
ta
tha
thai
bachata
thailii
sit down shelter
elderlyfemale
meeting
elderlymale
tokenmoney
gram bird
daughter blouse
peacelast monthin Nepalicalender
but then
she you
float however
surname
to add
bag
types
hold
purse
58
sdnfsf] s/];faf/Lgd:sf/ . d]/f] gfd sdnf xf] . d a]n6f/df a:5' .
d]/f] nf]Ug] df]xg x'g\ . xfd|f ;fgf ;fgf 5f]/f5f]/L 5g\ .
5f]/f5f]/L :s"ndf k9\5g\ . 5f]/Ln] /fd|/L n]vk9 ug{ ;lS5g\ .
d}n] :s"ndf k9]sL 5}g . t/ d a]n6f/sf] art ;d"xdf 5' . d}n]
;d"xdf a;]/ n]vk9 ug{ l;s]sL 5' . d x/lx;fa klg ug{ ;S5' .
xfd|f] art ;d"xn] lgs} /fd|f] sfd u/]sf] 5 . x/]s dlxgf ;d"xsf] a}7sdf ;a}n]
art u5{g\ . d}n] klg art u5{' .
d]/f] ;fgf] s/];faf/L klg 5 . d}n] s/];faf/Ldf t/sf/L /f]k]sL 5' . d]/f
5f]/f5f]/Ln] t/sf/L dg k/fpF5g\ . To;}n] xfdL la/fdL 5}gf} . d x/]s xKtf t/sf/L
a]r]/ art y}nLdf k};f /fV5' . d / d]/f kl/jf/ ;'vL 5f}+ . a]n6f/df s'g} k;n 5}g .
d}n] ;fgf] k;n vf]Ng] ;f]r]sL 5' .
s\ + l5 = lS5 ;lS5g\
s\ + 5' = S5' ;S5'
;\ + 5' = :5' a:5'
;\ + s = :s gd:sf/
;\ + s" = :s" :s"n
9\ + 5 = 9\5 k9\5, k9\5g\
9\ + g' = 9\g' k9\g', k9\g'xf];\
Joined half ka andshort h ichhiihchhi look
like this: asakkchhin
sakchhin
Kamala's Kitchen Garden
Namaste. My name is Kamala. I live in Beltar.
My husband is Mohan. We have small children.
They study in school. My daughter can read and write well.
I have not studied in school. But I am a member in a savings group of Beltar. I
have learnt to read and write as one of the members of the group. I can also do arithmetical calculations.
Our saving group has done a very good job. Each group member saves during group
meeting every month. I am also saving .
I also have a small kitchen garden. I have planted vegetables there. My
children like vegetables . So we do not get sick as often. Every week I sell some vegetables and put
the money in the savings purse. I and my family members are very happy. There are no shop in
Beltar. I am thinking of opening a small shop.
half ka chhi kchhi sakchhinshe can do
half ka chhu kchhu sakchhu
half sa chhu schhu baschhu
half sa ka ska namaskaara
half sa kuu skuu skuula
half Dha chha Dhchha paDhchha, paDhchhan
half Dha nu Dhnu paDhnu, paDhnuhos
can do
will sit
greeting somebody byjoining two palms
school
reads read
to readpleaseread
59
! + = (@ + = ($+ = () + = (# + = (
*+ = (& + = (% + = (( + = (^ + = (
@ + = !)# + = !)) + = !)$+ = !)! + = !)
* + = !)& + = !)
+ = !)^ + = !)( + = !)
!)
% + = !)
1 9
2 9
2 8 10
3 10
4 10
1 10
8 10
7 10
10 10
6 10
9 10
5 10
0 10
4 9
0 9
3 9
8 9
7 9
5 9
9 9
6 9
60
k\ + t = Kt xKtf
v\ + 5' = V5' /fV5', n]V5'
v\ + g' = Vg' n]Vg', n]Vg'xf];\
n\ + g] = Ng] vf]Ng]
r\ + 5' = R5' a]R5'
g\ + 5' = G5' lnG5'
joined letter
Joined half ppappa andtta look like this:
haha ttptaaptaa.
half pa ta pta haptaa
half kha chhu khchhu rakhchhu, lekhchhu
half kha nu khnu lekhnu, lekhnuhos
half la ne lne kholne
half cha chhu chchhu bechchhu
half na chhu nchhu linchhu
week
willkeep
willwrite
towrie
pleasewrite
open
will sell
will take
haptaa
linchhu
bechchhu
cholii
herchhan
saklin
61
vfnL afs;df n]Vg'xf];\ .
k;n :s"n y}nL t/sf/L ;d"x
!= sdnfsf] 5f]/f5f]/L df k9\5g\ .
@= xfd|f] n] /fd|f] sfd u/]sf] 5 .
#= d s/];faf/Lsf] a]R5' .
$= d}n] t/sf/L a]r]sf] k};f df /fV5' .
%= a]n6f/df s'g} 5}g .
:s"n
Write in the empty boxes.
shop school purse vegetables group
Kamala's children study in school.
Our _____________ has done a good job.
I sell _____________ grown in the kitchen garden.
I put the money from the vegetables I sell in my __________________.
There aren't any _________________ in Beltar.
62
kf7 !%
;femf cg'ej
Les n Lesson 15L es n Lesson 15
saajhaa anubhawacommon experience
saajhaa anubhawa
saajhaaanubhawa
63
;f emf c g' e j
em
c
em emf lem emL e'm e"m e]m e}m emf]
e ef le eL e' e" e] e} ef]
j jf lj jL j' j" j] j} jf]
cej
saa jhaa a nu bha wa
jha
a
bha
wa
sa
sa
a
a ..
a ..jha jhaa jhi jhii jhu jhuu jhe jhai jho
bha bhaa bhi bhii bhu bhuu bhe bhai bho
wa waa wi wii wu wuu we wai wo
64
emf/
emf]n
e'mn
em/L
emf]nf
e'mngf
esf/L
efn]
e';
ef/L
efn'
e'n
j/k/
jf/
jL/
jl/k/L
jf/L
jL/tf
c;/
cgk9
c;n
c;f/
cldg
cvaf/
jhaara jharii
jhola jholaa
jhula jhulanaa
bhakaarii bhaarii
bhaale bhaalu
bhusa bhula
warapara wariparii
waara waarii
wiira wiirataa
asara asaara
anapaDha amina
asala akhabaara
jhaara
jhaara
bear
courage
third monthin Nepalicalender
illiterate
newspaper
bha
jha
aa
wa
nu
saajhaa
anubhawa
bush rain
liquid bag
mosquitonet cradle
loadpanels/strips
cock
husk mistake
surroundingground
day this side
courageous
impact
best
a courtsurveyor
65
gd:sf/,d]/f gfd sdn
xf] .
ægd:sf/,Æ sdnn] eg] .æd]/f] gfd sdn xf] .Æ
s\ + s = Ss 5Ss
g\ + y] = Gy] eGy], uGy]
n\ + n = Nn ;Nnfx, vNnf]
t\ + / = q leq, gq, dfq
n\ + g = Ng vf]Ng, af]Ng
Namaste,
My name is Kamal.
"Namaste," Kamal said.
" My name is Kamal."
quotation marks
When writing dialoguewe use quotation
marks("") to show theactual words spoken
by a person
joined letter
Joined half kkkkaa andka look like this:
hc ach achhachhakkkkkkkkaaaa
surprised
tasteless
to speak
counted
half ka ka kka chhakka
half na the nthe bhanthe ganthe
half la la lla sallaaha khallo
half ta ra tra bhitra natra maatra
half la na lna kholna bolna
Namaskara
chhakka
said
advice
to open
in otherwise only
66
#+@%#
+@%
^+@
$+#
%+@
#+&
!+!
@+@
#+#
$+$
%+%
&+@
(+)
*+!
^+#
%+$
vfnL afs;x¿ eg{'xf];\ .Fill in the empty boxes.
vertical addition
Say: "3 plus 2 is5."
3
2
2
5
35
6453
7 2 3 2
10
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 6 8 9 7
20134
67
;femf cg'eja]n6f/ ufpF /fd|f] 5 . oxfFsf o'jf o'jtLx¿n] ;fIf/tf
sIffaf6 w]/} /fd|f s'/fx¿ l;s]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿ Pscfk;df
cfˆgf cg'ejx¿af/] s'/fsfgL ug{ yfn] .
;Ltfn] elgg\, æklxn] ;a}n] nf5L
eGy] . clxn] d ;a}l;t af]Ng ;S5' .
kl/jf/n] klg dl;t ;/;Nnfx
u5{g\ . ca t d]/f] s'/f ;a}n]
dfG5g\ .Æ
æd]/f] cg'ej klg /fd|f] 5,Æ
x/Ln] eg] . æd}n] ;fIf/tf sIffdf
n]vk9 ug{ l;s]sf] 5' . clxn] t d]/f] k;nsf] lx;fa
lstfa ;lhn} ug{ ;S5' .Æ
;a}sf] s'/f ;'lg;s]kl5 /dfn] elgg\, æclxn] t d}n] d]/f 5f]/f
5f]/LnfO{ k9\gdf ;xof]u klg u/L /x]sL 5' .Æ
klxn] ;a}n]
nf%L eGy] .
Common Experience
Beltar village is beautiful . Youth of this village have learnt many good
things from the literacy class. They began to discuss about their experiences
amongst themselves.
Sita said "Formerly, everyone used to call
me a coward. But now I can speak with
everyone. My family members also take
my advice. Now, every one
"My experience has also been good,"
said Hari." I have learnt to read and write
in the literacy class. Now I can easily do calculations for the daily
transactions in my shop."
After listening to everyone, Rama said, "Nowadays, I am helping my
Earlier everyone used to
call me a coward.
respects my opinion.
children in their study too."
68
vfnL afs;x¿df n]Vg'xf];\ .
!= o'jfo'jtLx¿n] w]/} s'/fx¿ 5g\ .
@= clxn] d ;a}l;t ;S5' .
#= kl/jf/n] klg dl;t u5{g\ .
$= d}n] ;fIf/tf sIffdf ug{ l;s]sf] 5' .
%= clxn] d}n] 5f]/f 5f]/LnfO{ df
;xof]u u/L /x]sL 5' .
æd]/f] s'/f ;a}n] dfG%g\,„;Ltfn] elgg\ .
æd]/f]
æd]/f] cg'ej klg /fd|f] %,„x/Ln] eg] .
l;s]sf
n]vk9 k9\g af]Ng ;/;Nnfx l;s]sf
Write in the empty boxes.
read and write study speak advice learnt
Youth have learnt various things.
Now, I can ___________ with everyone.
Nowadays, I am helping my children in their __________.
I have learnt to ____________ from the literacy class.
My family members also take my _________.
"Everyone respects my opinion," Sita said.
"My experience is also good," said Hari.
69
kf7 !^
Ogf/, wf/finaara, dhaaraa
inaara, dhaaraa
well and water tap
inaara,dhaaraa
L o 1e 6Lesson 16
70
O gf / wf /f
O O{
w wf lw wL w' w" w] w} wf]dha dhaa dhi dhii dhu dhuu dhe dhai dho
O
w
O O{
i naa ra dhaa raa
i
dha
i
i
i....
i....
i ii
short iiii long ii
71
O{6f
O{v
tkfO{
tfO{
O{Zj/
O{vfn'
t/fO{
s/fO{
O;f/f
Ogfd
Ond
enfO
Onfsf
Ogf/
Onfd
egfO
g]kfn
gLlt
gftf
g]kfnL
lgod
gftL
wfs
wg
wf]tL
wfuf]
wfg
w"k
Ogf/wf/f
iitaa iishwara
iikha iikhaalu
tapaaii taraaii
taaii karaaii
isaaraa ilaakaa
inaama inaara
ilama ilaama
bhalaai bhanaai
iitaa
iitaa
nepaala nepaalii
niiti niyama
naataa naatii
dhaaka dhaago
dhana dhaana
dhotii dhuupa
brick God
ego egoist
you plane area
wokfryingpan
area
reward a well
sayingbenefit
residentof Nepal
policy rule
relation grandson
thread
property
women'sapparel
paddy
incense
i
ii
dha
dhaa
inaarra
dhaaraa
signal
name ofa districtskilled
Nepal boast
72
$– !=% –$=
$– #=$–$=
$– @=) –)=
# –)=
# – @=
–vfnL afs;x¿ eg{'xf];\ .
%– @= #"minus" sign
A "minus"sign means to
take awaysomething
Say: "5 minus 2equals 3."
Fill in the empty boxes.
5 2 3
5 4 4 1
3 4 4 4 3
1
3 2 4 2
0
0 0
73
;kmfkfgL/fwfM d]/f 5f]/f5f]/L ;w}+ la/fdL x'G5g\ . lsg xf]nf /fhg
bfO{ <
;df M d]/f] 5f]/L klg ;w}+ la/fdL x'lG5g\ . clxn] p;nfO{
kvfnf nfu]sf] 5 .
;kmf kfgL lkpg Ogf/
;kmf /fVg'k%{ .
/fhgM tkfO{x¿n] sxfFsf] kfgL k|of]u ug'{ x'G5 <
/fwfM d]/f] 3/df Ogf/ 5 . xfdL To;}sf] kfgL
lkpF5f}+ . t/ ;dfsf] 3/df t wf/f 5 .
/fhgM Ogf/ wf/f hxfFsf] kfgL k|of]u u/] klg
kfgL rfxLF ;kmf x'g'k5{ . kmf]x/ kfgLsf]
k|of]u ubf{ ljleGg /f]ux¿ nfUg
;S5g\ .
;dfM To;f] eP /f]ux¿af6 aRg s] ug]{ <
/fhgM ;kmf lkpg] kfgL k|of]u ug]{ . To;sf] nflu Ogf/ a]nf a]nfdf ;kmf
ug]{ . kfgLsf] d'xfg / jl/kl/ ;kmf /fVg] . vfgf ksfpg', vfgf vfg'
cl3 tyf kmf]x/ d}nf 5f]Pkl5 / lb;f wf]Pkl5 ;fa'g kfgL jf v/fgL
kfgLn] /fd|f];Fu xft w'g'k5{ .
Clean Water
Radha: My children always get sick. Why is this brother Rajan?
Sama: My daughter also always gets sick. Now, she is
suffering from diarrhoea.
Rajan: What water source do you use?
Radha: There is a well at my home. We drink water
from it. But Sama has a tap at her home.
Rajan: We can use water from well, tap or any other
source , but the water should be clean. We
can suffer from different intestinal diseases if
we use dirty water.
Sama : If it is so, what should be done to take precaution to be free from disease?
Rajan: We should use clean drinking water. For this we should clean our well from
saphaa paanii
we should keep the well
clean to drink
time to time. We should keep the water source and it's surrounding area
clean. We should always wash our hands with soap or ash before cooking,
eating food, after working and after going to the toilet (latrine).
74
vfnL afs;x¿df n]Vg'xf];\ .
!= /fwfsf] 3/df Ogf/ 5 .
@= ;kmf kfgL k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
#= kmf]x/ kfgLn] /f]u nfUb}g .
$= kfgLsf] d'xfg ;kmf /fVg'k5{ .
%= vfgf vfg' cl3 xft w'g' kb}{g .
7Ls 5 jf 5}g x]g{'xf];\ .
7Ls a]7Ls
P
Ogf/nfO{ a]nf a]nfdf ;kmf ug'{k%{ .
;fa'g jf v/fgL kfgLn] xft w'g'k%{ .
True or false?
There is a well at Radha's home.
We should use clean water.
Dirty water does not spread diseases.
We should always keep the water source clean.
We should not wash our hands before eating food.
Write in the empty boxes.
We should always wash our hands with soap or ash.
We should clean the well from time to time.
True False
75
kf7 !&
df}sf,kmfObf
benefit
opportunity
maukaa,
phaaidaa
maukaa, phaaidaa
maukaa,phaaidaa
o 1o 1Lesson 17Lesson 17
76
pha phaa phi phii phu phuu phe phai pho phau
da daa di dii du duu de dai do dau
kau khau gau chau chhau jhau Thau
Dhau tau thau dhau nau pau bau
bhau mau rau lau wau sau hau
kmn
km/s
k"mn
kmf]x/
kmnkm"n
km/flsnf]
k"mnaf/L
kmf]xf]/L
b/
bx
bfgf
bf]sfg
b/L
bxL
bfgL
bf]efg
mau
df} sf kmf O bf
km
km kmf lkm kmL k'm k"m km] km} kmf] kmf}b bf lb bL b' b" b] b} bf] bf}sf} vf} uf} rf} 5f} emf} 7f}9f} tf} yf} wf} gf} kf} af}ef} df} /f} nf} jf} ;f} xf}
b
mau kaa phaa i daa
pha
da
phala phalaphuula
pharaka pharaakilo
phuula phuulabaarii
phohara phohorii
dara darii
daha dahii
daanaa daanii
dokaana dobhaana
mau
pha..phaa...
pha..phaa...
fruitsfruit
different wide
flower garden
dirt dirty
rate mattress
curd
kernel
shop
swamp
riverjunction
generous
77
nf}sf
df}sf
;f}tf
nf}sf6
rf}sf
;f}bf
tf}/
gf}sf
kf}/v
tf}n
gf}gL
kf}/vL
vfnL afs;x¿df n]Vg'xf];\ .
g\ + 5' = ln
t\ + t = ; /L
d\ + k = ; s{
t\ + / = g eg]
laukaa laukaata
maukaa chaukaa
sautaa saudaa
taura taula
naukaa naunii
paurakha paurakhii
laukaa
laukaa
oppor-tunity
dealstep-wife
weight
boat cream
labourious
Write in the empty boxes.
pha
da
mau
half na chhu nchhu li nchhu
half ta ta sa rii
half ma pa sa rka
half ta ra na bhane
maukaa
phaaidaa
a kind ofpheasant gourd
fourtimes
method
labour
78
( –$=& –%= * – ^ =
* – # =^6–$= & – @ =
!)– %=^ – # = * –$=
* –%=( – ^ =
say: "9 minus 6equals 3."
vfnL afs;x¿ eg{'xf];\ .Fill in the empty boxes.
9 6 3 8 5
6 3 8 4 10 5
4 7 2 8 3
7 5 8 6 9 4
79
;\ + b = :b a:b5g\
k\m + g = ˆg cfˆgf]
;\ + y = :y cj:yf, l:ylt
r\ + b = Rb ;f]Rb5g\
/\ + ly = ly{ cfly{s
t\ + j = Tj dxTj
joined letter
Joine half sasa andada look like this:bba dsda hchhan
are sitting
self
status
arethinking
economic
half sa tha stha awasthaa sthiti
half sa da sda basdachhan
half pha na phna aaphno
half cha da chda sochdachhan
half ra thi rthi aarthika
half ta wa twa mahatwaimportance
afs;x¿df n]Vg'xf];\ .Write in the empty boxes.
basdachhan
awasthaa
aaphno
mahatwa
sochdachhan
basdachhan
condition
80
/fwf / /d]z a]n6f/df a:b5g\ . pgLx¿ u/La 5g\ . b'j}n] cfˆgf] cfly{s cj:yf s;/L
;'wfg{] eg]/ ;f]Rb5g\ .
b'O{ JolQmsf] syf
a]n6f/df ;fIf/tf sIff cfPsf] 5 . /fwfn]
sIffdf egf{ eO{ k9\g] ljrf/ ul/g\ .
/d]zn] klg ;fIf/tf sIffsf] af/]df ;'g] .
t/ pgL bf]dg eP .
sIffsf ;a} ldnL 5nkmn ug{ yfn] .
5nkmn kl5 ;a} ldn]/ k9\g yfn] .
A Story of Two Persons
Radha and Ramesh live in Beltar. They are poor. They both think about how to
improve their economic condition.
There is a literacy class in Beltar. Radha
has decided to join the class and study.
Ramesh has also heard about the
literacy class but he is undecided .
Everyone in the class started discussing.
After the discussion they began to study. study? There is too much work to be done athome," he thought."
/d]zn] k9\g] cfF6 ug{ ;s]gg\ . , æs;/L
k9\g] < 3/df w]/} sfd 5Æ pgn] ;f]r] .Ramesh could not decide on studying. "How can I
81
/fwfn] ;fIf/tf sIffaf6 Joj;fo s;/L
ug]{ l;lsg\ . pgn] ;fgf] k;n vf]lng\ .
/d]znfO{ klg k;n vf]Ng] OR5f 5 . t/
Joj;fo s;/L ug]{ pgnfO{ s]xL klg yfxf 5}g .
/fwfn] k;n vf]n]/ lgs} k};f sdfOg\ .
ltgsf] kl/jf/ v'zL 5g\ . /fwfsf]
;'ema'em b]v]/ l5d]sLx¿ klg 5Ss 5g\ .
/d]z ce}m u/La 5g\ . pgn] df}sfsf]
kmfObf lng ;s]gg\ .
Radha learnt how to run an enterprise from
the literacy class. She opened a small shop.
Radha earned a lot of money after
opening the shop. Her family is happy.
Neighbors are surprised to see Radha's wisdom.
Ramesh also wants to open a shop. But
he doesn't know how to do such abusiness.
Ramesh is still poor. He was unable to
take benefit of the opportunity.
82
!= /fwfn] ;fIf/tf sIffdf efu lnOg\ .
@= /d]zn] klg ;fgf] k;n vf]n] .
#= /fwfn] k;n yfk]/ k};f sdfOg\ .
$= /d]zn] Joj;fo s;/L ug'{k5{ ;fIf/tf
sIffaf6 l;s] .
7Ls 5 jf 5}g x]g{'xf];\ .
7Ls a]7Ls
P
/fwfn] ;fIf/tf sIffdf k(\g] ljrf/ u\l/g\ .
/fwfn] ;fgf] k;n vf]lng\ .
True or false
Radha took part in the literacy class.
Ramesh also opened a small shop.
Radha earned a lot of money after opening the shop.
Ramesh learnt how to run an enterprise from the literacy class.
True
Radha opened a small shop.
vfnL afs;x¿df n]Vg'xf];\ .Write in the empty boxes.
Radha decided to study in a literacy class.
False
83
kf7 !*
Pp6} of]hgf
lrq x]/L 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .
euTai yojanaaa unified plan
a unified plan
a unifiedplan
o 18o 18Lesson 18Lesson 18
Look at the picture and discuss.
84
P
P P] p pm
6 6f l6 6L 6' 6" 6] 6} 6f] 6f}
o of lo oL o' o" o] o} of] of}
h hf lh hL h' h" h] h} hf] hf}
p6oh
pmP]
p pm
P p 6} of] h gfe
e
e.. ai...
e.. ai...
e u Tai yo ja naa
e
u
Ta
ya
ja
ai
uu
1
short u long uu
e ai u uu
Ta Taa Ti Tii Tu Tuu Te Tai To Tau
ya yaa yi yii yu yuu ye yai yo yau
ja jaa ji jii ju juu je jai jo jau
85
6f]n
l6s6
6f]nL
6Lsf
Ps
P]g
Pstf
P]gf
ptf
pmg
ptf/
pmgL
hd/f
h/f
hdLg
h/fof]
otf
ofqf
otL
ofqL
one unity
mirror wool
there
woollen
cluster group
ticketa kind ofadornmenton forehead
here
travel
yetiseedlingof oat
traveller
land
root
6f6f]
6';f
6f7f]
6'sL
clever
oil lamp
act
bud
e
eka ekataa
u
Ta
ya
ja
euTai
yojanaa
utaa utaara
uuna uuniiaina ainaa
TaaTo TaaTho
Tusaa Tukii
Tola Tolii
TikaTa Tiikaa
yataa yatii jamaraa jamiina
yaatraa yaatrii jaraa jaraayo
putdown
patch
deer
86
g\ + y\ + of] = GYof] lbGYof]
j\ + of = Jof Jofkf/, Aofh
;\ + o = :o ;b:o
d\ + df = Ddf hDdf
/\ + of] = ¥of] u¥of], k¥of]
n\ + 5 = N5 xfN5
joined letter
Joined half na, halfhtha and yyo look
like this: d nd ndindin hhththyyyyoo
had given
business interest
member
total
did have to
put
half na half tha yo nthyo dinthyo
eka
aina
utaa
uuna
ai
uu
half wa yaa wyaa wyaapaara byaaja
half sa ya sya sadasya
half ma maa mmaa jammaa
half ra yo ryo garyo paryo
half la chha lchha haalchha
act
one
there
wool
87
(– #
$– $
&– #
%– @
$– @
@– !
*– $
^– #
!)– %
^– )
%– %
*– #
&– %
(– @
4
vfnL afs;x¿ eg{'xf];\ .
^– $@
verticalsubtraction
Say: " 6 minus 4equals 2."
6
4
2
7
3
4
5
2
9
3
4
4
10
5
8
4
6
3
4
2
2
1
9
2
8
3
7
5
6
0
5
5
Write in the empty boxes.
88
v\ + /f = v|f afv|f
;\ + t = :t d:t
s\ + ;L = S;L /S;L
/\ + r = r{ vr{
/\ + b} = b{} ub{}5g\
u\ + b} = Ub} k'Ub}g
r\ + b = Rb a]Rbl5g\
joined letter
Joined half khaand ra look likethis: bbaabbaakkkkhhrhhraaaaaaaa
goat
alcohol
expense
are doing
insufficient
she sells
tensionfree
half kha raa khraa baakhraa
half sa ta sta masta
half ka sii ksii raksii
half ra cha rcha kharcha
half ra dai rdai gardaichhan
half ga dai gdai pugdaina
half cha da chda bechdachhin
baakhraa
garyo
gardaichhan
dinthyo
kharcha
goat
89
Joj;fo of]hgfgf/fo0f / a;GtL >Ldfg\ >LdtL x'g\ . pgLx¿sf] hUuf w]/} 5}g . To;}n]
k};f sdfpg pgLx¿n] d"nfsf] crf/sf] Joj;fo z'? ug]{ ljrf/ u/] .
l5d]sLn] pgLx¿nfO{ d"nfsf] crf/ agfpg] tflnd lng ;Nnfx lbP .
pgLx¿n] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{non] lbg] crf/
agfpg] tflnddf efu lnP . To;kl5 b'j} hgfn]
Joj;fosf] nflu of]hgf agfP . crf/ agfpgsf]
nflu slt k};f rflxG5 < d"nf sxfFaf6 lsGg] <
slt pTkfbg ug]{ < s:tf] a§fdf crf/ /fVg] <
crf/ sxfF / s;nfO{ a]Rg] < s'g sfdsf] lhDdf
s;n] lng] < oL ;a} s'/fsf] /fd|/L of]hgf agfP .
pgLx¿n] of] Joj;foaf6 dlxgf jf jif{df s]
slt cfDbfgL x'G5 < gfkmf x'G5 ls x'Fb}g < of]
s'/f klg cWoog u/] .
o;/L /fd|/L of]hgf agfP/ crf/sf] Joj;fo z'? u/]sf] x'gfn] pgLx¿sf]
Joj;fo /fd|/L rn]sf] 5 . glhssf] ahf/ dfq xf]Og 7"nf] zx/x¿df klg
pgLx¿sf] crf/sf] dfu a9]sf] 5 .
Business Plan
Narayan and Basanti are husband and wife. They do not have much land. So, they
thought of earning money by producing and selling radish- pickle. Their neighbors
advised them to take training on making radish- pickle. They participated in the pickle
making training given by the Cottage and Small Industry Development Committee.
Then they made plans for the business. How much
money is necessary to make radish-pickle. Where
shall they buy radish? How much pickle should they
produce? What kind of bottle should they use? Where
to sell pickle and to whom ? Who is going to take what
responsibility? They made plans for all these works
carefully. They also studied about how much income
there would be per month or year? Will there be profit or
They started the pickle business with a good plan so, their business is running
well. Not only in the nearby markets, but the demand for their pickle has increased
in large urban areas too.
not ? etc.
90
!= gf/fo0f / a;GtLsf] hUuf w]/} 5}g .
@= k};f sdfpg pgLx¿n] d"nfsf] crf/sf]
Joj;fo z'? ug]{ ljrf/ u/] .
#= b'j} hgfn] Joj;fosf] nflu of]hgf agfP .
$= pgLx¿sf] Joj;fo /fd|f];Fu rn]sf] 5}g .
%= pgLx¿sf] crf/sf] dfu a9]sf] 5 .
7Ls 5 jf 5}g x]g{'xf];\ .
7Ls a]7Ls
P
pgLx¿n] d"nfsf] crf/ agfpg] tflnd lnP .
crf/ agfpgsf] nflu slt k};f rflxG% .
vfnL afs;x¿df n]Vg'xf];\ .
True or false?
Narayan and Basanti do not have much land.
They thought of starting a business of making radish-
Both of them made plans for the business.
Their business is not running well.
The demand for their pickle has increased.
Write in the empty boxes.
They took the training on making radish- pickle .
How much money is necessary to make pickle?
pickle to earn money.
True False
91
sxfF
uxF'
sfFr
bfofF
oxfF
uxF't
sfFrf]
afofF
;'+u'/
h+un
sxL+
;+;f/
a+u'/
d+un
oxL+
;+rf/
¿k}ofF, a}+schandrabindu
ruupaiyãã bãika
shirbindu
When you see thec and a in uchandrabinduc d inan a uchandrabindu or the
i i u shirbindu you should givethe vowel a nasal sound.
rupees bank
where here
wheat
glass raw
leftright
blackpig
white pig
forest tuesday
anywhere here
world communication
kahãã yahãã
gahun gahunta
kããcha kããcho
daayãã baayãã
sungura bãgura
jãgala mãgala
kahiin yahiin
sãsaara sãchaara
kahãã
yahiin
daayãã
sungura
ruupaiyãã
bãika
urineof cow
92
a]n6f/df d+unjf/sf] lbg xf6 nfU5 . xf6ahf/df ufO{, e}+;L,
afv|f, a+u'/, ;+'u'/sf] lsga]r x'G5 . sfO{nLn] sfFrsf] r'/f, sfOFof],
skfndf nufpg] sfF6f, cflb a]lR5g\ . ;Ltfn] klg ahf/df uxF' a]lR5g\ .
sfO{nL / ;Ltfn] Joj;foaf6 w]/} k};f sdfpF5g\ .
sfO{nLn] cfˆgf] k};faf6 ;'g rfFbLsf] uxgf agfpFl5g\ . t/
;LtfnfO{ k};f To;/L vr{ ug'{ x'Fb}g eGg]
s'/f yfxf 5 . To;}n] pgn] cfˆgf] ¿k}ofF a}+sdf hDdf ul5{g\ . ;Ltfn]
v'zL x'Fb} elG5g\, æd t ;w}+ a}+sdf k};f hDdf u5{' . Aofh klg cfpF5 .
cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf] a]nf lemSg klg kfOG5 .Æ
d+unaf/] xf6The Tuesday Fair
The village trade fair takes place at Beltar on Tuesday. At the fair cows, buffaloes,
goats, improved pigs; local pigs, etc. are traded. Kaili sells different goods such as
glass bangles, combs, hair-clips etc. Sita also sells wheat at the market.
Kaili and Sita earn lots of money from the business.
Kaili makes gold and silver ornaments from her money . But
Sita knows that she should not spend money in that way.
So, she deposits her money at the bank . She says
cheerfully," I always deposit money in the bank. I also get interest. I can withdraw
money whenever I need it."
93
hf]8f ldnfO{ afs;df n]Vg'xf];\ .
xf6ahf/df
;Ltfn] cfkm\gf] ?k}of
a}+sdf hDdf ul5{g\ .
a+u'/sf] lsga]r x'G5 .
uxgf agfpl5g\ .
xf^ahf/df a+u'/sf] lsga]r x'G% .
sfO{nLn] k};faf6
Match the two halves and write them in the boxes.
At the village trade fair
improved pigs are traded. With the money, Kaili
makes gold ornaments.Sita deposits money
at the bank.
cluster
root
head
travel
pickup
Tola
jaraa
Taauko
yatraa
uThaauu
At the village trade fair, improved pigs are traded.
94
kf7 !(
hf]8,36fp
lrq x]/L 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .
o 19 Lesson 19
Look at the picture and discuss.
addition,
subtraction
joDa, ghaTaau
joDa, ghaTaau
joDa,ghaTaau
95
38 8f l8 8L 8' 8" 8] 8} 8f] 8f}3 3f l3 3L 3' 3" 3] 3} 3f] 3f}
8
8/
8fnf]
8]/f
8f9
8fs
8sf/
8fnL
8f]/L
8f8'
8fd
3/
3f/L
3Lp
3';
38f
3g
3fd
3fp
3'g
38L
hf] 8 3 6f p jo Da gha Taa u
jo
jo
Da
gha
Da .. Daa ....
Da .. Daa ....
fear belch
bamboobasket
minibasket
rentedhouse rope
jealous bigspoon
call imprint
house hammer
bush sun
ghee
bribe
jar
wound
watch
Dara Dakara
Daalo Daalii
Deraa Dorii
DaaDha DaaDu
Daaka Daama
ghara ghana
ghaarii ghaama
ghiiu ghaau
ghusa ghuna
ghaDaa ghaDii
wood worm
Da Daa Di Dii Du Duu De Dai Do Dau
gha ghaa ghi ghii ghu ghuu ghe ghai gho ghau
96
ghããsa hããsa bããsa
jããcha pããcha bhããcha
ãDaa ãka ãsha
kãkaala kãgaala jãjaala
7f8f] hf]83' + 8f =
+ g + nL =
t];f{] hf]8
afF;efFrc+z
h+hfn
3fF;hfFrc+8f
s+sfn
xfF;kfFrc+s
s+ufn
Add horizontally
Add vertically
grass swan bamboo
checkup five break
egg numbershare inproperty
skeletonextremelypoor
Da
gha
joDa
ghaTaau
ghu Da ghuDaa
na lii nalii
ghuna Daalii
conspiracy
7f8f] / t];f{] hf]8 u/L afs;x¿ eg{'xf];\ .Add vertically and horizontally to fill in the boxes.
97
36fp lrGxn] b'O{ ;d"xx¿ aLrsf]
km/s b]vfpF5, h:t}M
kfFr hgf dflg;x¿ 5g\ .
tLg hgfn] lrof kfP .
slthgfn] kfPgg\<
kfFr / tLgsf] km/s b'O{ x'G5 .
% –#=@
&–@= %–%=
^–$=
^–)=$–!=
km/s b]vfpg /]vf sf]g{'xf];\ /
afs;df c+s n]Vg'xf];\ .
The minus sign shows the difference between
the two groups, for example:
There are five people.
Three received tea.
How many didn't get it?
The difference between 5 and 3 is 2:
Draw lines to show the difference
and write the numbers in the box.
6 4 2
7 2 5 5
4 1 6 0
5 3 2
98
;\ + 6 = :6 df:6/
d\ + b = Db cfDbfgL
v\ + ly = lVy /flVyg\
h\ + of = Hof Hofnf
8\ + b = 8\b hf]8\blyg\
d\ + lt = lDt lglDt
joined letter
Joined half ssaand TTaa look likethis: amamaa TsTaara
master/teacher
income
she kept
wage
sheadded
for
half sa Ta sTa maasTara
half ma da mda aamdaanii
half kha thi khthi raakhthin
half ja yaa jyaa jyaalaa
half Da da Dda joDdathin
half ma ti mti nimti
nimti
jammaa
aamdaanii
raakhthin
jyaalaa
maasTara
99
:s"n glhs} ;'sd/Lsf] lrof k;n 5 . :s"nsf df:6/x¿ ;w}+
pgsf] k;ndf lrof vfg cfpF5g\ .
;'sd/Ln] cfˆgf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] lx;fa /flV5g\ . vr{df b"w,
lrgL, lrof / cfˆgf] Hofnf klg hf]8\l5g\ . lbge/Lsf] cfDbfgLdf ;a}
vr{x¿ 36fP/ ;'sd/Ln] gfkmfsf] lx;fa ul5{g\ .
gfkmf
k;n;+u}sf] :s"ndf w]/} s]6fs]6Lx¿ k9\5g\ . s]6fs]6Lx¿sf]nflu
;'sd/Ln] e'6]sf] rgf, s]/fp / la:s'6 klg k;ndf /fv]sL l5g\ . :s"nsf
gfgLx¿n] pgsf] k;naf6 vfg]s'/f lsG5g\ . x/]s lbg ;'sd/Ln] cfDbfgL /
vr{sf] lx;fa ul5{g\ . s]6fs]6Lsf] vfg]s'/faf6 pgn] w]/} gfkmf sdfPsL l5g\ .
Profit
Sukmari has a tea shop nearby a school. The school teachers always
come to drink tea at her shop.
Sukmari keeps records of her income and expenditure. She adds the price of
the milk, tea, sugar and her wage in the expenses. Then she subtracts all the expenses
from the total of her daily income and calculates the profit.
Many children study in the school next to the shop. Sukmari has also kept
fried grams, peas and biscuits in her shop for the children. The school children buy
snacks from her shop. Every day Sukmari calculates her income and expenditure.
She has earned a lot of profit from the children's snacks.
100
hf]8f ldnfP/ afs;df n]Vg'xf];\ .
:s"n glhs} ;'sd/Lsf]
:s"nsf df:6/x¿
;'sd/Ln] cfDbfgL /
vr{sf] lx;fa /flVyg\ .
pgn] gfkmf sdfOg\ .
lrof vfg cfp“y] .
:s"n glhs} ;'sd/Lsf] lrof k;n % .
vr{df b"w, lrgL, lrof,
s]6fs]6Lsf] vfg]s'/faf6
lrof k;n 5 .
/ cfkm\gf] Hofnf klghf]8\l5g\ .
Match the halves and write in the boxes.
Sukmari has a tea shop
nearby a school.
The school teachers
came to drink tea.Sukmari kept record of her income
and expenditure.
She adds the price of the milk, tea, sugar
and her wage in expenses.
From children's snacks
she has earned profit.
Sukmari has a tea shop nearby a school.
101
km/s b]vfpg /]vf sf]g{'xf];\ /
afs;df c+s n]Vg'xf];\ .
&–$=
!)–^=
(–&=
^–%=
!)–*=
*–@=
*–%=
(–#=
Draw lines to show the difference and
write the numbers in the boxes.
8 2 6 10 6
9 3 6 5
10 8 7 4
8 5 9 7
102
kf7 @)
C0f,gfª\n] k;n
lrq x]/L 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .Look at the picture and discuss.
Les n 20Lesson 20
riNa, naangle pasala
loan,
retail shop
riNa, naangle pasala
riNa,naanglepasala
103
baaNa baaNii
puraaNa puurNataa
kaaraNa charaNa
guNa hariNa
ranga nanga
ringa singa
hinga pinga
rangaa junggaa
C 0f gf ª\ n] k ; n
ªC
0f 0ff 0fLª ªf ªL
0f
af0f
k'/f0f
sf/0f
u'0f
af0fL
k"0f{tf
r/0f
xl/0f
/ª
l/ª
lxª
/fªf
gª
l;ª
lkª
h'Ëf
C0fkqCt'j0f{
C0fCt'
C0fLCt'/fh
ri Na naa ng le pa sa la
Na
ri
ri
nga
ri ...
ri ...
ri
Na Naa Nii
nga ngaa ngii
loan debtor
season
creditpaper
arrow oracle
completion
cause step
quality deer
color nail
ring horn
asafoetida swing
moustache
springseason
types ofseason
riNa riNii riNapatra
ritu rituraaja rituwarNa
hindureligious book
malebuffalo
104
7f8f] / t];f{] hf]8 u/L afs;x¿ eg{'xf];\ .
kmf + / + d =+ u' + 0f + g =
Add vertically and horizontally and fill in the boxes.
ri
Na
nga
riNa
form
festival of colors
faagu
flat round tray made of bamboo
naangle
105
/\ + uf = uf{ b'uf{
k\ + /f = k|f k|f0f
;\ + j = :j :j/, :ju{
n\ + jf = Njf Njfª
e\ + jf = Ejf Ejfª
s\ + y\ + of}+ = SYof+} ;SYof}+
eGg'xf];\, æcfwf / / uf hf]8\bf o:tf] x'G5M b'uf{Æ
k|0ffd
k|f0f
k|df0f
k|f0fL
emfª
:jfª
Ejfª
Njfª
Say: "Joined half ra and gaa look like this: durgaa
goddess ofpower
life
voice heaven
cloves
hole
could
bush hole
pretense cloves
proof
lifelivingthing
half ra gaa rgaa durgaa
half pa raa praa praaNa
half sa wa swa swara swarga
half la waa lwaa lwaanga
half bha waa bhwaa bhwaanga
half ka half tha yaun kthyaun sakthyaun
greeting/namaste
jhaanga bhwaanga praNaama pramaaNa
swaanga lwaanga praaNa praaNii
praaNii
lwaanga
riNapatra
106
hlt c+s 36fPsf] 5 Tolt j6f uf]nfx¿ sf6\g'xf];\ /
afs;x¿ eg{'xf];\ .
* – % = % + =*dtna
æ* af6 % 36fpFbf # x'G5 . o;sf] dtna % / # hf]8\bf * x'G5 .Æ
& – $ = $ + = &dtna
!)–&= &+ =!)dtna
^ – @ = @ + = ^dtna
( – # = # + = (dtna
Cross out circles equal to the number substracted and
"8 minus 5 equals 3. It means 5 plus 3 equals 8."
It's the same as
It's the same as
8 5 35
38
7 4 4 7
107710
6 2 2 6
9 3 3 9
fill in the boxes.
It's the same as
It's the same as
107
b'uf{n] Pp6f gfª\n] k;n /fVg rflxg\ . pgn] cfˆgf
;fyLx¿;Fu ;Nnfx dflug\ .
;fyLx¿n] b'uf{nfO{ klxn] ahf/ a'‰g] ;Nnfx lbP . b'uf{ /
e'jgn] ahf/df s:tf ;fdfgx¿sf] lsga]r x'G5 x]g{ uP .
ænf} x]/, b'uf{ Û dfG5]n] xl/of]
;fukft slt ¿rfpFbf /x]5g\ .Æ
e'jgn] eg] .
æufpFsf] /fof]sf] ;fu,
n;'g, cfn', d"nf a]r] kmfObf
xf]nf lg,Æ b'uf{n] elgg\ .
æltdLn] 7Ls eGof} . xfdL]n] t/sf/Lsf] Joj;fo g}
ug{'k5{,Æ e'jgn] ;Nnfx lbP .
t/sf/L lsGg dflg;x¿ laxfg / a]n'sL a9L cfpg] u5{g\ . To;}n]
b'uf{n] laxfg / a]n'sLsf] ;dodf gfª\n] k;n /fVg] lgwf] ul/g\ .
gfª\n] k;nA Retail Shop
Durga wanted to set up a retail shop. She asked for
Her friends advised her to study the market first. Durga and
Bhuvan went to the market to see what goods are traded.
"Look there, Durga ! People like
green vegetables very much," said
"If we could sell green leafy
vegetables, garlic, potatoes and radish of
our village, then we could make a profit," Durga replied.
"Yes, you're right. We must do a business of selling vegetables," Bhuvan
suggested her.
More, people come to buy vegetables in the morning and evening. So,
Durga decided to start a retail shop in the morning and evening time.
advice from her friends.
Bhuvan.
108
hf]8f ldnfP/ afs;df n]Vg'xf];\ .
b'uf{n] Pp6f gfªn]
;fyLx¿n] b'uf{nfO{ ahf/
dfG5]n] xl/of] ;fukft
slt ¿rfp“bf /x]5g\ .
kmfObf xf]nf .
k;n /fVg rflxg\ .
b'uf{n] Pp^f gfªn] k;n /fVg rflxg\ .
ufp“sf] /fof], n;'g a]r]
b'uf{n] gfªn] k;n
/fVg] lgwf] ul/g\ .
a'em\g] ;Nnfx lbP .
Durga wanted to set up
a retail shop.
Her friends advised Durga
to study the market.
People like green vegetables
very much.
If we could sell green leaves and garlic from
the village then we could make a profit.
Durga decided to
start a retail shop.
Durga wanted to set up a retail shop.
Match the halves and write them in the boxes.
109
kf7 @!
s[lif cf}hf/
lrq x]/L 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .
es n s Lesson 21
Look at the picture and discuss.
krishi aujaaraagricultural tools
krishi aujaara
krishiaujaara
110
s[ lif cf} hf /
c cf cf] cf}if iff lif ifL if' if" if] if} iff] iff}
cf] cf}
ifs[kof
jiff{
ljif
bf]if
jiff{ofd
ljiffn'
bf]ifL
cf]v/
cf]/fnf]
cf}sft
cf]vn
cf]/fnL
cf};t
s[kof
s[lqd
ljs[lt
s[kf
s[lt
:jLs[t
s[kfn'
s'nt
:jLs[lt
kri shi au jaa rakri
kri
Joined half kkaaand rri look likethis: kkkkrriipppapayyyy aaaaaa
sha
a aa o au
sha shaa shi shii shu shuu she shai sho shau
o au
sha .. shaa
sha .. shaa
Please
mercy please
bad habit artificial
approval
rainyseason
poisonous
guilt guilty
walnut
stone/woodmortar
status average
kripaa kripaalu kripayaa
kriti kulata kritrima
swiikrita swiikriti wikriti
okhara okhala
oraalo oraalii
aukaata ausata
warshaa warshaayaama
wisha wishaalu
dosha doshii
kripayaahalf ka ri kri
s\ ± C Ö s[
creation ofa writer
approve deformity
rain
poisondownhill
merciful
downhill
111
vfnL afs;x¿df n]Vg'xf];\ .
;\ + jL = s[t
/\ + yL = cf s
k\ + / = df0f
h\ + of = nf
Write in the empty boxes.
krishi
aujaara
au
kri
sha
o
half sa wii swii krita
half ra thii aa ka
half pa ra maaNa
half ja yaa laa
112
syf k9\g'xf];\ . hf]8 jf 36fp s] ug{'k5{ x]g{'xf];\ . 3]/fdf hf]8
lrGx -+_ jf 36fp lrGx -—_ /fvL afs;x¿df c+s klg n]Vg'xf];\ .
/fwf;Fu $ j6f s]/fx¿ 5g\ .
uf]df;Fu # j6f s]/fx¿ 5g\ .
ca pgLx¿ b'a};Fu sltj6f s]/fx¿ 5g\ <
;Ltfn] ^ j6f ;'Gtnf l6lkg\ .
pgn] @ j6f vfOg\ .
ca pgL;Fu sltj6f ;'Gtnfx¿ afFsL 5g\ <
# j6f r/fx¿ ?vdf lyP .
c? @ j6f r/fx¿ ylkP .
ca ToxfF sltj6f r/fx¿ 5g\ <
* j6f sL/fx¿ kf]v/Ldf lyP .
df5fn] # j6f vfof] .
ca kf]v/Ldf sltj6f sL/fx¿ 5g\ <
Read the story. Decide if you need to add or subtract. Write a plus sign
(+) or a minus sign (-) in the circle and write the numbers in the boxes.
Radha has 4 bananas.
Goma has 3 bananas.
How many bananas do both of them have together?
Sita picked 6 oranges.
She ate two of them.
How many oranges are left with her?
There were 3 birds in a tree.
Two more came to join them.
Now how many birds are there in the tree?
There were 8 bugs in the pond.
A fish ate 3.
How many bugs are left in the pond now?
4
3
7
6
2
3
2
113
a]n6f/jf;L 5nkmnsf] nflu hDdf eP . pgLx¿n] pGgt
v]tLaf/] 5nkmn ug{ yfn] .
/fwfM xfdLn] pGgt hftsf] aLp / dn k|of]u u/f}+ g . o;af6
xfd|f] pAhgL a9\5 . cfDbfgL klg x'G5 .
;dL/M kfgL klg t rflxG5 lg . v]t af/Ldf kfgL eP xfdLn] lgs}
t/sf/L kmnfpg ;SYof}+ .
uf]dfM To;f] eP xfdL ;a}
ldn]/ l;+rfO{sf]
Joj:yf u/f}+ g .
;dL/M l;+rfO{sf] nflu s'nf]
vGbf x'G5 . t/ sfd Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g . y'k|} k};f rflxG5 .
uf]dfM k};f lsg < ;a} ldn]/ vGg] lg . clg l;+rfO{ u/L pGgt
v]tL nufP/ cfDbfgL a9fpg] .
pGgt v]tLModern Farming
The residents of Beltar village gathered for a meeting. They started
discussing about modern farming.
Radha: Let's start using improved fertilizer and seeds. This will increase our yields.
We will have increased income also.
Samir: We will also need water. If there is water in the field
we could grow lots of vegetables.
Goma: If it is so, let’s all make
arrangement for
irrigation together.
Samir: We can construct water
channel for irrigation. But the work is not so easy. It needs a lot of money.
Goma: Why money? We’ll dig the channel together. And with irrigation we’ll do
modern farming and will increase our income.
Read and role play the dialogue.s'/fsfgL k9L 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .
114
hf]8f ldnfP/ afs;df n]Vg'xf];\ .
xfdLn] pGgt hftsf] aLp
kfgL klg t
l;+rfO{sf] nflu
s'nf] vGbf x'G5 .
/ dn k|of]u u/f}+ g .
xfdLn] pGgt hftsf] aLp / dn k|of]u u/f}+ g .
s'nf] vGg
;a} ldn]/
vGg] .
rflxG5 lg .
y'k|} k};f rflxG5 .
Match the halves and write them in the boxes.
Let's start using improved fertilizer
and seeds.
We will also need
water.
We can construct water channel
for irrigation.
Constructing a channel
needs a lot of money.
the channel together.
We’ll dig
Let's start using improved fertilizer and seeds.
115
kf7 @@
Ifdtf, zlQm,
d~r
lrq x]/L 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .
es n so Lesson 22
Look at the picture and discuss.
capacity
power
forum
kshamataa
shakti
mayncha
kshamataa, shakti, mayncha
kshamataa,shakti, mayncha
116
If d tf z lQm d ~ r
z zf lz zL z' z" z] z} zf] zf}
zs\ + lt = lQm d'lQm
`\ + r = ~r ;~rf/
ksha ma taa sha kti
ma ñ cha
s\ ± if Ö If Ifdf
ksha
ksha
Joined half kka andhhshasha is "kkkshaksha"
sha
Joined half kkkkaa andi ti iti look like this:
mu ikti
In writing we onlyfind half aynaayna )(ñ))(ñ) as
in say hynchaaraa
sha shaa shi shii shu shuu she shai sho shau
mukti
saynchaara
half ka ti kti
half yna cha yncha
half ka sha ksha kshamaa
forgive
release
communication
117
nIf/Iff
kIfsIff
bIflzIff
z/L/ zx/
lz/ lzz'
k~rdL k~rzLn
;~rfng ;~rflnt
pQm plQm pko'Qm
zQm zlQm czQm
target capableside
classsecurity education
body city
head baby
fifth day
conduct
idea
strengthstrong weak
suitablegiven
kshamataa
shakti
mayncha
ksha
sha
yna
laksha paksha daksha
rakshaa kakshaa shikshaa
shariira shahara
shira shishu
paynchamii paynchashiila
saynchaalana saynchaalita
fiveprinciples
conducted
ukta ukti upayukta
shakta shakti ashakta
118
d\ + lt = lg
s\ + C = kof
g\ + y\ + of] = lb
s\ + y\ + of}+ = ;
h\ + ` = 1 1fg
`\ + h = ~h k~hf
6\ + 6} = §} l5§}6\ + of = 6Ø 5'6Øfpg'
ª\ + uf = Ëf rËf, 9'Ëf
w\ + o = Wo cWoIf
eGg'xf];\, æcfwf h / ` hf]8\bf o:tf] x'G5M 1fgÆ
1fg
cf1f
1fgL
cf1fsf/L
o1
k|lt1f
lj1
lj1fg
Ifdf
If]q
Iflt
If]qLo
Say: " Joined half ja and yna becomes: gnyaana."
palm
stone
soon
separate
president
kite
knowledge
knowledgeable
permission
knowledge
promiseobedient
specialist forgiveworship
science
destroyed
half ja yna gnya gnyaana
half yna ja ynja paynjaa
half Ta Tai TTai chhiTTai
half Ta yaa Tya chhuTyaaunu
half nga gaa nggaa changgaa Dhunggaa
half dha ya dhya adhyaksha
gyaana gyaanii
Aagyaa Aagyaakaarii
yagya wigya kshamaa kshati
kshetra kshetriiyapratigyaa wigyaana
vfnL afs;x¿df n]Vg'xf];\ .Write in the empty boxes.
half ma ti mti ni
half ka ri payaa
half na half tha yo di
half ka half tha yaun sa
regional area
119
syf k9L hf]8 jf 36fp s] ug{] 5'6\Øfpg'xf];\ . 3]/fdf hf]8 lrGx
-+_ jf 36fp lrGx -—_ /fvL afs;x¿df c+s klg n]Vg'xf];\ .
;Ltf;Fu % y'Ëf km"nx¿ 5g\ .
/fd;Fu # y'Ëf km"nx¿ 5g\ .
ca pgLx¿ b'j};Fu slt y'Ëf km"nx¿ 5g\ <
% j6f Eofu'tfx¿ 9'Ëfdf al;/x]sf 5g\ .
@ j6f rfxL+ kfgLdf xfdkmfNof] .
ca 9'Ëfdf sltj6f Eofu'tfx¿ 5g\ <
( hgf dflg;x¿ e]nfdf cfP .
lrof Nofpg] s]6fn] ^ lunf; lrof Nofof] .
ca slthgf dflg;x¿nfO{ lrof k'u]g <
af/Ldf * j6f ufh/x¿ lyP .
v/fof]n] $ j6f ufh/x¿ vfof] .
ca sltj6f ufh/x¿ afFsL 5g\ <
Read the story and decide whether to add or subtract. Write a plus sign
(+) or a minus sign (-) in the circle and write the numbers in the boxes.
Sita has 5 flowers.
Rama has 3 flowers.
How many flowers do both of them have together?
Five frogs are sitting on a rock.
Two jump into the water.
How many frogs are left on the rock?
9 people came to the meeting.
The tea boy brought 6 glasses of tea.
How many people did not get tea?
There were 8 carrots in the garden.
A rabbit ate 4 of the carrots.
How many carrots are left?
3
5
120
;/;kmfO
a]n6f/jf;Ln] Pp6f 7"nf] e]nf u/] . e]nfdf ufpFsf ;a}
dflg;x¿ hDdf eP .
;Ltfn] elgg\, æxfdL ;a}n] lgs} /fd|f] sfd u/]sf 5f}+ . ca
xfdL ldn]/ ufpFdf ;/;kmfOsf] cleofg z'? u5f{}+ .Æ rf}tf/fdf
plePsf] Pp6f o'jsn] eGof], ænf} kf]yL af:g yfNof] . ca ufpFdf
al;vfg x'Gg .Æ
ær'k nfu, ufpF 8'n'jf xf] Û dlxnfnfO{ gfgfy/L eG5;\,Æ
5]pd} a;]sf a"9f afn] ufnL ug'{eof] .
uf=lj=;=sf cWoIfn] ufpFsf dflg;x¿sf] sfdsf] k|z+;f
u/] . pgn] eg], æo:t} sfd xfdLn] ub}{ uof}+ eg] of] ufpFsf]
ljsf; l5§} x'G5 .Æ of] s'/f ;'g]/ ;a} v'zL eP .
Cleaning-up
The people of Beltar organized a large meeting.
Everybody in the village was there.
Sita said" We all have done a very good job. Now, we are going to start a
cleaning campaign in our village together." One of the youth standing on the
ground said" Oh! Look, hens crowing like roosters. Pretty soon this place won't be
fit to live anymore.
"Be quiet, you village roamers. You should not speak that way about
women," scolded an old man sitting near him.
The chairman of the V.D.C. praised the work of the villagers. He said "If
we all continue doing this type of work, then our village will develop very soon."
Hearing this, everyone was happy.
121
b\\ + b = 2 d2t
u\ + C = u[ u[x, u[xsfo{
b\ + j = å åf/, åf/f
z\ + / = > >dbfg, >Ldfg
eGg'xf];\, æcfwf z / / hf]8\bf o:tf] x'G5M >dbfgÆ
k'gM ctM k|foMh;f]
b'Mv
gof“ hf]8]sf] cIf/x¿ k9\g'xf];\ .
sorrow
visarga
The i rvisari rvisargaga isused only in few
words.
Say: Joined half sha and ra becomes: shramdaana."
again
laborcontribution mister
gate through
homehomework
help
Read new joined words.
duhkha
punah atah praayahjaso
half sha ra shra shramadaana shriimaana
half da wa dwa dwaara dwaaraa
half ga ri gri griha grihakaarya
half da da dda maddata
ngga
TTa
dda
gnya
shra
finally normally
122
ejbLo,
/fwfcWoIf
hfu[tL ;d"x
lr7L k9\g'xf];\ .
ldltM r}t (, @)^$
>Ldfg\ uf=lj=;= cWoIfHo",
;f]gk'/ uf=lj=;=
a]n6f/
dxf]bo,
a]n6f/ ufpFdf vfg]kfgLsf] cefj 5 . kfgL Nofpg dlxnfx¿n]
lgs} b'Mv ef]Ug' k/]sf] 5 . To;}n] xfdL dlxnfx¿n] ufpFdf wf/f agfpg]
lg0f{o u/]sf 5f}+ .
xfdLn] wf/f agfpg ufpFaf6 >dbfg h'6fpg]5f}+ . t/ lgdf{0fsf]
nflu kfOk, wf/f, ;Ld]G6 cflb rflxG5 . xfdL cfkm}n] oL ;a} ;fdu|Lx¿
lsGg ;Sb}gf}+ . To;}n] xfdLnfO{ uf=lj=;=sf] d2t rflxG5 . tkfO{n] xfd|f]
ufpFdf wf/f /fVg d2t ug{' x'g]5 eGg] cfzf u/]sf 5f}+ .
;xof]usf] nflu wGojfb .
Read the letter.
Date: 2065/12/09
Honorable VDC Chairperson
Sonpur V.D.C.
Beltar.
Respected sir,
There is a shortage of drinking water in Beltar village. Women face a lot of
trouble to carry water. Therefore, we women have decided to construct a tap in
We will encourage labor contributions from the village to make the tap. But
we need pipes, tap, cement etc. for the construction. We cannot buy all these
construction materials ourselves. So, we need the assistance of the V.D.C. We
hope that you will help to construct the drinking water tap in our village.
Thank you for your help.Sincerely yours
Radha
Chairperson
Jagritii Group.
the village.
123
cWoIfhfu[tL ;d"x
>Ldfg cWoIfHo";f]gk'/ uf=lj=;=a]n^F/
Honorable VDC Chairperson
Sonpur V.D.C.
Beltar.
Chairperson
Jagritii Group.
Knowledge
duhkha
gnyaana
Dhungga
chhiTTai
maddata
shramadaana
adhyaksha
chhuTyaaunu
124
kf7 @#
/fdhgdsf] kf]i6/ Jofkf/
/fdhgdsf] 3/ alb{ofsf] ;b/d'sfd u'nl/ofdf k5{ . pgL u'nl/of ahf/lt/
hfFbf af6f]x¿df /fd|f /fd|f kf]i6/x¿ a]Rg] u/]sf] b]v]sf lyP . kf]i6/x¿
lsGgsf] nflu dflg;x¿sf] eL8 klg nfUg] uYof]{ . To:t} ufpF3/lt/ klg
;fOsndf /fv]/ kf]i6/x¿ laqmL ug{ nu]sf] b]v]sf lyP . ;fOsndf nu]sf]
kf]i6/x¿ klg ufpFn]x¿n] lsGg] uy]{ .
kf]i6/df ljleGg eujfgsf kmf]6f], lkmNddf v]Ng] lx/f] lx/f]Ogsf kmf]6f],
v]nf8Lsf kmf]6f] tyf /fd|f /fd|f b[Zox¿ lyP . pgL klg kf]i6/ lsGg] 7fpFdf
uP/ x]g]{ uy]{ . dflg;x¿n] eg] htL d"No lt/]/ lsGg] ub{y] . o;n] ubf{
pgn] kf]i6/ Jofkf/df yf]/} nufgLaf6 /fd|f] kmfObf x'g] /x]5 eGg] yfxf
kfP . kf]i6/x¿ k"hf ug]{ sf]7f, a}7s sf]7f, ;'Tg] sf]7fx¿df ;hfpgsf]
nflu /fd|f] x'g] x'Fbf w]/} laqmL x'g] pgn] cg'dfg u/] .
es n so Lesson 23
Ramjanam's Poster Business
Ramjanam's house lies in Gulariya, the district headquarter of Bardia. While
going to the Gulariya market, he used to see beautiful posters on sale. People
used to crowd around to buy the posters. Similarly, he had seen posters
being sold at villages on cycles. The villagers also used to buy posters
brought in by the cycles.
The posters contained pictures of various dieties, photos of film actors, actressess,
players and beautiful scenes. Ramjanam also used to go and see the posters at their
selling places. The customers used to pay as much as was asked by the sellers and
didn't bargain. So, he came to know that he could earn a profit from less investment in
the poster business. As posters are good for decoration of prayer room, drawing
room, bed room etc. he guessed that their sale might be quite large in his area.
tnsf syf k9L 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .Read the following story and discuss.
125
/fdhgdn] kf]i6/ Jofkf/sf] nflu b'O{ xhf/ ?k}of ufpFsf] ;xsf/L ;+:yfaf6 C0f
lnP . clxn] pgn] u'nl/ofdf kf]i6/sf] Jofkf/ u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] ahf/sf
rf]sx¿df kf]i6/ a]Rg] u5{g\ . pgsf] of] Jofkf/ /fd|f];Fu rn]sf] 5 . pgn]
Pp6f ;fOsn klg lsg]sf 5g\ . xfn pgL ;do cg';f/ ;fOsndf kf]i6/
lnP/ ufpFsf xf6ahf/ b]lv cGo kj{ / d]nf nfUg] 7fpFx¿ ;Dd k'Ug]
ub5{g\ . Jofkf/af6 pgsf] sdfO{ /fd|f] ePsf] 5 . pgn] cfkm"n] lnPsf]
C0fsf] ls:tf klg lt/L ;s]sf 5g\ . ca pgn] of] Jofkf/nfO{ u'nl/ofsf]
ahf/df g} Pp6f ;fgf] sf]7f ef8fdf lnP/ a9fpg] ljrf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
Ramjanam took a loan of Rs. 2000/- from a cooperative of his village for the
poster business. Now he is selling posters in Gulariya. He sells posters at
different crossroads of the market place. His poster business is going well. He has
also bought a bicycle. Nowadays he goes to different places such as fairs, feasts and
festivals carrying posters on his cycle. He is earning well from the poster business.
He has already paid back the installment of the loan. Now he is
thinking of expanding this business to the Gulariya Bazaar itself by
renting a small room there.
126
/fdhgdsf] #/ u'nl/ofdf k%{ .
!_ /fdhgdn] u'nl/of ahf/lt/ hfFbf af6f]x¿df /fd|f /fd|f
a]Rg] u/]sf] b]v]sf lyP .
@_ pgn] kf]i6/ Jofkf/df yf]/} nufgLaf6 /fd|f] x'g] /x]5
eGg] yfxf kfP .
#_ /fdhgdn] kf]i6/ Jofkf/sf] nflu ?k}of ufpFsf] ;xsf/L
;+:yfaf6 C0f lnP .
$_ pgn] Pp6f klg lsg]sf 5g\ .
%_ u'nl/ofsf] ahf/df g} Pp6f ;fgf] sf]7f lnP/ Jofkf/
a9fpg] ljrf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
Jofkf/af^ pgsf] sdfO{ /fd|f] % .
;fOsn b'O{ xhf/ ef8fdf kmfObf kf]i6/x¿bicycle two thousand profitrenting posters
While going to Gulariya market, Ramjanam used to see
beautiful on sale.
He came to know that he could earn good
from less investment in poster business.
Ramjanam took loan of Rs.
He has also bought a .
He is thinking of expanding his business to
Gulariya Bazaar itself by a small room there.
His earning is good from the business.
Ramjanam lives in Gulariya.
from a cooperative of his village for the poster business.
vfnL afs;df ldNg] zAb n]Vg'xf];\ .Write correct words in the empty boxes.
127
b\ + o = B pBdL, pBf]u
z\ + o = Zo p2]Zo
x\ + /} = x|} ;fx|}x\ + C = Å Åbo
b\ + / = b| ;d'b|
s\ + /f = qmf 6'qmf, sfo{qmd
eGg'xf];\, æcfwf b / o hf]8\bf o:tf] x'G5M pBdLÆSay: "Joined half da and ya becomes: udyamii
half da ya dya udyamii udyoga
half sha ya shya uddeshya
half ha rai hrai saahrai
half ha ri hri hridaya
half da ra dra samudra
half ka raa kraa Tukraa kaaryakrama
saahrai
Tukraa
udyamii
samudra
hridaya
entrepreneur
uddeshya
objective
hard
heart
sea/ocean
piece
industry
program
128
!! P3f/
!@ afx|
!# t]x|
!$ rf}w
!% kGw|
!^ ;f]x|
!& ;q
!* c7f/
!( pGgfO;
@) aL;
@! PSsfO;
@@ afO;
@# t]O;
@$ rf}aL;
@% kRrL;
@^ 5AaL;
@& ;QfO;
@* c¶fO;
@( pgGtL;
#) tL;
!!
!@
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Twelve
Eleven
Thirteen
Twenty four
Twenty eight
Twenty nine
Twenty six
Twenty two
Twenty three
Twenty five
Twenty seven
Twenty one
Thirty
eghaara
baahra
tehra
chaudha
pandhra
sohra
satra
aThaara
unnaaisa
biisa tiisa
unantiisa
aTThaaisa
sattaaisa
chhabbiisa
pachchiisa
chaubiisa
teisa
baaisa
ekkaaisa
pbfx/0fdf h:t} vfnL afs; leq c+sx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .write numbers in the empty boxes as shown.
Fourteen
Fifteen
Sixteen
Twenty
Seventeen
Eighteen
Ninteen
y
129
#! PstL;
#@ aQL;
## t]QL;
#$ rf+}tL;
#% k}+tL;
#^ 5QL;
#& ;}+tL;
#* c7\tL;
#( pgGrfnL;
$) rfnL;
$! PsrfnL;
$@ aofnL;
$# lqrfnL;
$$ rjfnL;
$% k}+tfnL;
$^ 5ofnL;
$& ;t\rfnL;
$* c7\rfnL;
$( pgGrf;
%) krf;
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Thirty seven
Thirty two
Thirty four
Thirty eight
Thirty nine
Forty
Thirty six
Thirty one
Thirty three
Thirty five
Forty one
Forty three
Forty two
Forty four
Forty five
Forty six
Forty nine
Forty eight
Forty seven
Fifty
paintiisa
chauntiisa
chhattiisa
saintiisa
aThtiisa
tettisa
ekatiisa
battiisa
unanchaaliisa
chaaliisa
ekachaaliisa
bayaaliisa
trichaaliisa
chawaaliisa
paintaaliisa
chhayaaliisa
aThchaaliisa
satchaaliisa
unanchaasa
pachaasa
130
%! PsfpGg
%@ afpGg
%# lqkGg
%$ rjGg
%% krkGg
%^ 5kGg
%& ;GtfpGg
%* cG7fpGg
%( pgfG;f7L
^) ;f7L
^! Ps;ÝL
^@ a};ÝL
^# lq;ÝL
^$ rf+};ÝL
^% k}+;ÝL
^^ 5};ÝL
^& ;T;ÝL
^* c7;ÝL
^( pgG;Q/L
&) ;Q/L
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
Fifty one
Fifty two
Fifty three
Fifty four
Fifty six
Fifty seven
Fifty five
Fifty eight
Fifty nine
Sixty
Sixty three
Sixty four
Sixty five
Sixty six
Sixty eight
Sixty seven
Sixty nine
Seventy
Sixty one
Sixty two
ekaaunna
baaunna
tripanna
chawanna
pachapanna
chhapanna
santaaunna
anthaaunna
unaansaaThii
saaThii
ekasaTThii
baisaTThii
trisaTThii
chaunsaTThii
painsaTThii
chhaisaTThii
satsaTThii
aThasaTThii
unansattarii
sattarii
131
&! PsxQ/
&@ axQ/
&# lt/xQ/
&$ rf}xQ/
&% krxQ/
&^ 5oxQ/
&& ;txQ/
&* c7xQ/
&( pgf;L
*) c;L
*! Psf;L
*@ aof;L
*# lqof;L
*$ rf}/f;L
*% krf;L
*^ 5of;L
*& ;tf;L
** c7f;L
*( pgfGgAa]
() gAa]
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
Eighty one
Eighty two
Eighty three
Eighty four
Eighty five
Eighty six
Eighty seven
Eighty eight
Eighty nine
Ninety
Seventy one
Seventy two
Seventy three
Seventy four
Seventy five
Seventy six
Sevety seven
Seventy eight
Seventy nine
Eighty
ekahattara
bahattara
tirahattara
chauhattara
pachahattara
chhayahattara
satahattara
aThahattara
unaasii
asii nabbe
unaannabbe
aThaasii
sataasii
chhayaasii
pachaasii
chauraasii
triyaasii
bayaasii
ekaasii
132
!_ rf}w
@_ klRr;
#_ c¶fO;
$_ rf}+tL;
%_ rfnL;
lgDg zAbx¿nfO{ c+sdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
^_ ;trfnL;\
&_ ;GtfpGg
*_ k}+;¶L
(_ ;txQ/
!)_ rf}/f;L
!!_ aofGgAa]
(! PsfGgAa]
(@ aofGgAa]
(# lqofGgAa]
($ rf}/fGgAa]
(% kGrfGgAa]
(^ 5ofGgAa]
(& ;GtfGgAa]
(* cG7fGgAa]
(( pgfG;o
!)) Ps ;o
!$
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
Forty seven
Fifty seven
Sixty five
Fourteen
Twenty five
Twenty eight
Thirty four
Seventy seven
Eighty four
Ninety two
Forty
Write the words below in numbers.
Ninety one
Ninety two
Ninety three
Ninety four
Ninety five
Ninety six
Ninety eight
Ninety nine
Hundred
ekaannabbe
bayaannabbe
triyaannabbe
chauraannabbe
panchaannabbe eka saya
unaansaya
anThaannabbe
santaannabbe
chhayaannabbe
chaudha
pachhiisa
aTThaaisa
chauntiisa
chaaliisa
satchaaliisa
santaaunna
paisaTThii
satahattara
chauraasii
bayaannabbe
Ninety seven
133
!$
!(
@#
@*
#!
#%
$)
$@
$^
%!
%(
^@
^%
^(
&#
&^
*)
*#
*(
(!
(&
((
rf}wFourteen14
19
23
28
31
35
40
42
46
51
59
62
65
69
73
76
80
83
89
91
97
99
lgDg c+sx¿nfO{ zAbdf n]Vg'xf];\ .Write the numbers below in words.
134
/flwsf / ljqmdsf] Joj;flos ;f]r
/flwsf / ljqmd >Ldfg\ >LdtL x'g\ . pgLx¿sf] ufpF afFs] lhNnfdf kb{5 .
pgLx¿ 3/sf] cfly{s cj:yf ;'wfg{ rfxGy] . To;sf] nflu pgLx¿n] s'g}
Joj;fo ug]{ ;f]r agfP . Tof] klg cfˆg} ufpFdf .
pgLx¿sf] ufpF t/fO{df ePsf]n] ufpFsf x/]s 3/df ;fOsn k|of]u x'g]
u5{ . t/fO{sf ufpF3/df ;fOsnnfO{ oftfoftsf] ;fwgsf] ?kdf lnO{G5 .
;fOsn lalu|of] jf kGr/ eof] eg] t'?Gt dd{t ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ljqmdsf]
ufpFdf ;fOsn dd{t ug]{ 7fpF gePsf]n] ;fOsn lalu|of] eg] Ps 306f
6f9f;Dd hfg' k5{ . of] ;d:ofn] ubf{ ufpFdf Ps ;fOsn dd{t s]Gb|sf]
cfjZostf ;a}n] dx;'; u/]sf 5g\ . ljqmd;Fu ;fOsn dd{t ug]{ ;Lk
klg 5 . /flwsfn] klg p;nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;lS5g\ . To;}n] b'j} hgfn]
kf7 @$
tnsf syf k9L 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .
es 24so Lesson 24
Entrepreneurial Ideas of Radhika and Vikram
Read the story below and discuss.
Radhika and Vikram are husband and wife. Their village lies in Banke district. They
wanted to improve their economic condition. For this, they thought of starting an
enterprise in their own village.
Since their village is in Terai region, a bicycle is used by every house of the village. The
bicycle is considered as a means of transportation in villages of the Terai region. If the
bicycle breaks down or gets punctured, it needs to be repaired immediately. Since
there is no bicycle workshop at Vikram's village, the people have to walk one hour for
repair. Due to this problem everyone feels the need of a bicycle repair center in the
village. Vikram has bicycle repairing skill. Radhika can also assist him.
So, the couple decided to open a bicycle repairing
135
ufpFdf Pp6f ;fOsn dd{t s]Gb| /fVg] ;f]r u/] .
pgLx¿;Fu /sdsf] cefj lyof] . t/ pkfo klg ;Fu} lyof] . /flwsf ufpFsf]
u|fdL0f ljsf; a}+ssf] ;d"xdf ;b:o l5g\ . pgn] ToxL+af6 kfFrxhf/ ?k}ofF
C0f lnOg\ . o;/L clxn] cfP/ b'j} hgfn] ;fO{sn dd{tsf] Joj;fo z'?
u/]sf5g\ . pgLx¿ g]kfnu~haf6 cfjZos ;fdfgx¿ klg lnP/ cfP .
xfn pgLx¿sf] k;ndf ;fOsnsf] eL8 nfUg]u5{ . pgLx¿n] ;fOsn
dd{t ug]{ b]lv kGr/ 6fNg], 6fo/, 6\o"a km]g]{ ;a} sfd u5{g\ . of] sfdaf6
pgLx¿n] /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] C0fsf] ls:tf klg
ltb}{5g\ .
center in the village.
They did not have much money but found a way out. Radhika is a member in the
'Rural Development Bank' of the village. She took a loan of Rs. 5000 /- from there.
With this money they have started a bicycle repairing business. They also brought the
necessary tools and materials from Nepalgunj.
Today, there are many cycles in their workshop. They do all kinds of repairing work
such as patching the punctures, replacing the tyre and tubes etc. They have started to
make a good income from this work. They are also paying back the installments of the
loan.
136
hf]8f ldnfP/ afs;df n]Vg'xf];\ .
/flwsf / ljqmdn] s'g}
;fOsnnfO{ oftfoftsf]
/flwsf u|fdL0f ljsf;
;fwgsf] ?kdf lnOG5 .
Joj;fo ug]{ ;f]r agfP .
b'j} hgfn] ;fOsn dd{t s]Gb| /fVg] ;f]r u/] .
pgLx¿ g]kfnu~h uP/
xfn k;ndf ;fOsnsf]
cfjZos ;fdfgx¿ NofP .
eL8 nfUg]u5{ .
a}+sdf ;b:o l5g\ .
Combine the pairs and write them in the boxes.
Radhika and Vikram thought
of starting an enterprise .
Bicycle is considered as a
means of transportation.
Radhika is a member
in Rural Development Bank.
They brought necessary tools
and materials from Nepalgunj.
Nowadays, there is crowd of
cycles in their workshop.
Both of them thought to start a cycle repair centre.
137
t\ +t=Q aQL
s\ +t=Qm zlQm
s\ + if =If nIf
z\ +/=> >dbfg
t\ +/ =q gq
s\ +/=qm sfo{qmd
h\ +`=1 1fg
5\ +o=5Ø 5ØfKg'
s]xL cIf/x¿ a]Unfa]Un} lsl;dn] n]Vg
;lsG5 .
oL hf]8]sf cIf/x¿ gla;{g'xf];\ .
l = n mihl;
‡ = a ‡nu.v
‡o = ao ‡o%tI
Ì = = Ìmt;
A = C A,
v[Ð = qm $uv[Ð;
.Ð = ´ s;.Ð;
a = ‡; a;”m;é
‡* = a* ‡*j;r
x = z ixÌ;
™; = , A™;
„ = Nn .„uhos(
Some letters can be written in
different ways.
Don't forget these joined letters.
loan
please say
education
medicine instrument
capacity
ladiesexperience
commonwoman
piece
light otherwise
strength
target
program
laborcontribution
knowledge
splash
la la mahilaa
a a anubhawa
o o okhatii
ksha ksha kshamataa
ri ri riNa
kra kra Tukraa nna nna bhannuhosa
Na Na riNa
sha sha shikshaa
au au aujaara
a aa aaimaaii
jha jha saajhaa
half ta ta tta battii
half ka ta kta shakti
half ka sha ksha laksha
half sha ra shra shramadaana
loan
half ka ra kra kaaryakrama
half chha ya chhya chhyaapnu
half ja yna gya gyaana
half ta ra tra natra
138
tnsf] hf]8]sf cIf/x¿ /fd|/L x]g{'xf];\ .Take a good look at the joined letters below.
half Na Da NDa bhaNDaara half sha Ta sTa pausTika
half Da Da DDa aDDa half Ta Tha TTha chiTThii
half ra na rna garna half ra ya rya paryo
half pa ra pra prema half Ta ra Tra Traka raasTtra
half da da dda uddeshya half da ya dya udyoga
half da wa dwa bidwaana half da ri dri drishya
half da ma dma padma hald da dha ddha buddhimaana
half ha rai hrai sahrai half ha ri hri hridaya
half na ha nha chinha half ha la hla orhlanug\ + x= Gx lrGx sign x\ +n=ñ aoñRnu get down
x\ +C= Å Åbo heart
b\ +w= 4 a'l4dfg intelligent
b\ +C= b[ b[Zo scenary
b\ + o= B pBf]u industry
6\ + /= 6« 6«s, /fi6« nationtruck
/\ + o= ¥o k¥of] have to
6\ + 7= Ý lrÝL letter
if\ + 6= i6 kf}li6s nutritious0f\+ 8= 08 e08f/ store
8\ +8= • c•f governmentoffice
/\ + g= g{ ug{ do
k\ +/= k| k]|d love
b\ + b= 2 p2]Zoobjective
b\ + j = å ljåfg intelligent
b\ + d= ß kß honorable
x\+ /} = x|} ;fx|} very
139
!
@
#
$
%
^
&
*
(
!)
!!
!@
!#
!$
!%
!^
!&
!*
!(
@)
@!
@@
@#
@$
@%
@^
@&
@*
@(
#)
#!
#@
##
#$
#%
#^
#&
#*
#(
$)
$!
$@
$#
$$
$%
$^
$&
$*
$(
%)
%!
%@
%#
%$
%%
%^
%&
%*
%(
^)
^!
^@
^#
^$
^%
^^
^&
^*
^(
&)
&!
&@
&#
&$
&%
&^
&&
&*
&(
*)
*!
*@
*#
*$
*%
*^
*&
**
*(
()
(!
(@
(#
($
(%
(^
(&
(*
((
!))
tnsf ! b]lv !)) ;Ddsf] c+sx¿ k9\g'xf];\ .Read the numbers from 1 to 100.
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91
2 12 22 32 42 52 62 72 82 92
3 13 23 33 43 53 63 73 83 93
4 14 24 34 44 54 64 74 84 94
5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95
6 16 26 36 46 56 66 76 86 96
7 17 27 37 47 57 67 77 87 97
8 18 28 38 48 58 68 78 88 98
9 19 29 39 49 59 69 79 89 99
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
140
c cf O O{ p pmP P] cf] cf} c+ cMs v u 3 ªr 5 h em `6 7 8 9 0ft y b w gk km a e do / n j zif ; x If q
1
e ai o au an ah
ka kha ga gha nga
cha chha ja jha yna
Ta Tha Da Dha Na
ta tha da dha na
pa pha ba bha ma
ya ra la wa sha
sha sa ha ksha tra
gnya
a aa i ii u uu
