Literacy and Education

Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys Data Interpretation, Further Analysis and

Dissemination Workshop

Literacy andEducation

2

Overview of presentation

Literacy (2 tables) School readiness (3 tables) Primary and secondary school attendance (4

tables) Gender parity (2 tables)

3

Indicators and definitions

Other Non-MICS Indicators that can be produced with MICS data: Gross Attendance Ratio (Pre-primary, Primary,

Secondary) Pre-primary Net Attendance Ratio (adjusted) Lower Secondary Net Attendance Ratio (adjusted) Upper Secondary Net Attendance Ratio (adjusted) Cumulative Primary Dropout and Repetition Rates Youth Primary Completion Rate (17-22) Youth Secondary Completion Rate (23-27)

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Age

Transition rate to

secondary

Primary completion ratio

Literacy rate

Tertiary

Reaching Grade 5

Primary Secondary

Net attendance Ratio

Dropout and repetition rates

Early education

Pre-primary

% entering Prim.Sch.

Pre-Sch. Attendan.

School Readiness

Net Attendance Ratio

Reaching last grade of

primary

Out of School Rate Out of School Rate

5

Things to remember

Age Adjustments (Age at beginning of school year )The age of child at the beginning of the school year is estimated by rejuvenating children to the first month of the (current or most recent) school year by using information on the date of birth, if available, and information on when the current (or most recent) school year began. If the date of birth is not available, then a full year is subtracted from the current age of the child at the time of survey, if the interview took place more than 6 months after the school year started. If the latter is less than six months and the date of birth is not available, the current age is assumed to be the same as the age at the beginning of the school year.

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Rejuvenate children to the first month of the (current or most recent)

Date of birth available

Date of birth NOT available

Use : Date of birth, and Information on when the current

(or most recent) school year began

Interview took place >= 6 months after the school year started

Interview took place < 6 months after the school year started

Subtracted a full year from the current age of the child at the time of survey ted

Current age is assumed to be the same as the age at the beginning of the school year

Age Adjustments (Age at beginning of school year)

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Table ED.1: Literacy (young women)Percentage of women age 15-24 years who are literate, Country, Year

Percentage

literate1

Percentage not

known

Number of women age 15-24 years

1 MICS indicator 7.1; MDG indicator 2.3 - Literacy rate among young women

Used as a proxy for adult literacy

Measures the ability to read a few sentences

Interpretation should be

done cautiously

Present a gender

component

ED.1M - Men

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Table ED.1: Literacy among young womenPercentage of women age 15-24 years who are literate, Bhutan, 2010

Percentage literate [1]

Percentage not known

Number of women age 15-24 years

Area Urban 77.9 .1 1635Rural 44.5 .1 2920

Education None 5.2 .2 1706Primary 43.6 .3 643Secondary + 100.0 .0 2205

Age 15-19 67.1 .1 205220-24 47.9 .1 2502

Wealth index quintiles

Poorest 20.7 .1 718Second 34.3 .3 737Middle 48.2 .2 839Fourth 70.7 .1 1055Richest 84.7 .0 1207

Total 56.5 .1 4555

Country example

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Table ED.2: School readinessPercentage of children attending first grade of primary school who attended pre-school the previous year, Country, Year

Percentage of children

attending first grade who attended preschool in previous year1

Number of children attending first grade of

primary school

1 MICS indicator 7.2 - School readiness

Denominator: number of children attending first grade of primary education regardless of age.

Numerator: children who are in first grade of primary school this year and were in preschool last year.

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Table ED.3: Primary school entry

Percentage of children of primary school entry age entering grade 1 (net intake rate), Country, Year

Percentage of children of primary school entry age

entering grade 11

Number of children of primary school

entry age

1 MICS indicator 7.3 - Net intake rate in primary education

Denominator: number of children who were of primary school entry age at the beginning of the current (or the most recent) school year.

Numerator : children in the denominator who are attending grade 1 or 2 of primary school.Grade 2 of primary school is accepted to take into account early starters.

Primary school entry age is defined at the country level (usually based on UNESCO's ISCED classification).

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Table ED.4: Primary school attendance and out of school childrenPercentage of children of primary school age attending primary or secondary school (adjusted net attendance ratio), percentage attending preschool, and percentage out of school, Country, Year

Male Female Total

Net attendance

ratio (adjusted)

Percentage of children:

Number of

children

Net attendance ratio

(adjusted)


Number of

children


(adjusted)


Number of childr

en

Not attending school or preschool

Attending preschool

Out of school

Not attendi

ng school

or presch

ool

Attending

preschool

Out of school

Not attendi

ng school

or presch

ool

Attending

preschool

Out of

school

1 MICS indicator 7.4; MDG indicator 2.1 - Primary school net attendance ratio (adjusted)

Numerator: Children of primary school age at the beginning of the school year currently attending primary or secondary school

Denominator: All children of primary school age (at the beginning of the school year)

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Male Female Total

Net attendance

ratio (adjusted)


Number of

children


(adjusted)


Number of

children


(adjusted)


Number of childr

en


Attending preschool

Out of school

Not attendi

ng school

or presch

ool

Attending

preschool

Out of school

Not attendi

ng school

or presch

ool

Attending

preschool

Out of

school


Attendance to secondary school is included to take into account early starters.

Ratios are termed "adjusted" since they include not only primary school attendance, but also secondary school attendance in the numerator.

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Male Female Total

Net attendance

ratio (adjusted)


Number of

children


(adjusted)


Number of

children


(adjusted)


Number of childr

en


Attending preschool

Out of school

Not attendi

ng school

or presch

ool

Attending

preschool

Out of school

Not attendi

ng school

or presch

ool

Attending

preschool

Out of

school

Age at beginning of school year

6 7 8 9 10 11


This should be adapted in accordance with the country-specific primary school ages as indicated by ISCED

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Male Female Total

Net attendance

ratio (adjusted)


Number of

children


(adjusted)


Number of

children


(adjusted)


Number of childr

en


Attending preschool

Out of school

Not attendi

ng school

or presch

ool

Attending

preschool

Out of school

Not attendi

ng school

or presch

ool

Attending

preschool

Out of

school


Not attending school of preschool:Those not attending school or preschool in the current school year.

NEW! Out of school

Attending preschool:Those who in the current school year have been attending preschool school

Out of school:Those who are not attending primary or secondary school

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Table ED.4: Primary school attendancePercentage of children of primary school age attending primary or secondary

school (Net attendance ratio), Bhutan, 2010

Male Female TotalNet

attendance ratio

(adjusted) [1]

Number of children

Net attendance

ratio (adjusted)

[1]Number of

children

Net attendance

ratio (adjusted)

[1]Number of

childrenArea Urban 97.0 1441 95.6 1443 96.3 2884

Rural 88.9 3759 91.5 3749 90.2 7508Age at beginning of school year

6 82.4 803 80.7 768 81.6 15717 93.7 709 92.9 722 93.3 14318 96.5 700 96.4 643 96.5 13439 94.8 745 98.0 698 96.3 144310 91.4 724 96.2 765 93.9 148911 90.8 709 95.0 772 93.0 148112 89.9 812 90.9 822 90.4 1634

Mother's education None 89.6 4056 91.7 4031 90.7 8087Primary 96.7 590 97.2 586 96.9 1176Secondary + 96.6 555 95.0 574 95.8 1128Mother not in household

. 0 100.0 0 100.0 0


Poorest 85.8 1047 83.7 1079 84.7 2126Second 86.4 1055 91.3 993 88.8 2048Middle 90.6 1029 96.4 1032 93.5 2061Fourth 96.0 1071 95.6 1091 95.8 2162Richest 97.2 998 96.7 997 97.0 1995

Total 91.2 5201 92.7 5192 91.9 10392[1] MICS indicator 7.4; MDG indicator 2.1

18Bangladesh MICS 2009

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Table ED.5: Secondary school attendance and out of school childrenPercentage of children of secondary school age attending secondary school or higher (adjusted net attendance ratio), percentage attending primary school, and percentage out of school, Country, Year Male Female Total

Net attendance

ratio (adjusted)


Number of

children


(adjusted)


Number of

children


(adjusted)


Number of childr

en

Attending

primary school

Out of school

Attending

primary school

Out of school

Attending

primary school

Out of school

1 MICS indicator 7.5 - Secondary school net attendance ratio (adjusted)

Numerator: Children of secondary school age (as of the beginning of the current or most recent school year) who are attending secondary school or higher

Denominator: All children of secondary school age at the beginning of the school year

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Net attendance

ratio (adjusted)


Number of

children


(adjusted)


Number of

children


(adjusted)


Number of childr

en

Attending

primary school

Out of school

Attending

primary school

Out of school

Attending

primary school

Out of school


Analysis for secondary school age children: Use the three indicators – Percentage of children of secondary school age who are attending primary

school Adjusted secondary school net attendance ratio Percentage of children of secondary school age out of school.

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Net attendance

ratio (adjusted)


Number of

children


(adjusted)


Number of

children


(adjusted)


Number of childr

en

Attending

primary school

Out of school

Attending

primary school

Out of school

Attending

primary school

Out of school

Mother's education

None Primary Secondary Higher Cannot be determined


Mother's/caretaker's education are collected for all children 0-14 at the time of interview."Cannot be determined" includes children who were age 15 or higher at the time of the interview whose mothers were not living in the household - information on their primary caretakers is not collected - therefore the educational status of the mother or the caretaker cannot be determined.

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Table ED.6: Children reaching last grade of primary schoolPercentage of children entering first grade of primary school who eventually reach the last grade of primary school (Survival rate to last grade of primary school), Country, Year

Percent attending

grade 1 last school year who are in

grade 2 this school year

Percent attending

grade 2 last school year

who are attending


Percent attending


who are attending


Percent attending


who are attending


Percent attending


who are attending


Percent who reach grade 6 of those who enter grade 11

1 MICS indicator 7.6; MDG indicator 2.2 - Children reaching last grade of primary

Children reaching the last grade of primary, also known as the survival rate to the last grade of primary school, is defined as the percentage of children attending the first grade of primary school who would be expected to reach the last grade of primary school, if current rates of transition from one grade of primary school to the next were applicable.

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Example: to calculate the probability that a child in grade 1 eventually reaches grade 2

The number of children who are in 2nd grade of primary school at the time of the survey and who were in 1st grade last year

is divided by:

The number of children who were in 1st grade last year and graduated to 2nd grade or dropped out of school

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Children reaching last grade of primary school

12

y 10 y 11

10

y 12

y 12

y 10

11

y 11

y y y

etc.

Not in school

Grade 1

Grade 2

Grade 3 etc.

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

Year 4

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Table ED.6: Children reaching last grade of primary schoolPercentage of children entering first grade of primary school who eventually reach the last grade of primary

school (Survival rate to last grade of primary school),Bhutan, 2010

Percent attending grade 0 last year

who are in grade 1 this year

Percent attending grade 1 last year

who are in grade 2 this year

Percent attending grade 2 last year who are

attending grade 3 this year







Percent who reach grade 6 of those who

enter grade 0

[0]Sex Male 99.5 98.4 99.1 97.8 97.6 98.4 91.2

Female 98.9 99.7 99.5 99.4 99.1 99.4 96.0Area Urban 98.6 100.0 100.0 99.4 100.0 99.7 97.7

Rural 99.4 98.7 99.1 98.3 97.7 98.6 92.1Mother's education

None 99.1 98.8 99.2 98.7 98.1 98.8 93.0Primary 98.9 100.0 100.0 99.0 99.1 99.3 96.3Secondary + 100.0 99.8 100.0 99.5 100.0 100.0 99.3Mother not in household

100.0 100.0 . . . 100.0 .


Poorest 99.5 98.8 98.7 97.8 95.1 99.4 89.7Second 99.9 100.0 99.2 98.1 98.1 96.2 91.8Middle 98.0 99.7 98.9 98.3 98.9 99.4 93.3Fourth 98.5 99.2 100.0 99.2 99.2 99.4 95.7Richest 100.0 97.5 100.0 99.7 99.8 100.0 97.0

Total 99.2 99.1 99.3 98.6 98.4 98.9 93.6[1] MICS indicator 7.6; MDG indicator 2.2

Careful customization of country specific

grades

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Methodological issues

RLG is an indicator with some degree of difficulty for both estimation and interpretation

Note that in the current approach we exclude from our estimation children found to be repeating a grade under the assumption that their probability of dropping from school, repeating again, or promotion to the next grade is included in the other cohorts

It measures the probability for children starting grade 1 to reach last grade of primary and it is based on children that are participating in school

It is used as a proxy for literacy among children

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Table ED.7: Primary school completion and transition to secondary schoolPrimary school completion rates and transition and effective transition rates to secondary school, Country, Year

Primary school

completion rate1

Number of

children of

primary school completion age

Transition rate

to secondary

school2

Number of children who

were in the last grade of

primary school the previous

year

Effective transition

rate to secondary

school

Number of children who were in the last

grade of primary school the previous

year and are not repeating that grade in the current school

year

1 MICS indicator 7.7 - Primary completion rate2 MICS indicator 7.8 - Transition rate to secondary school

Primary completion rate = 100 * (number of children attending the last grade of primary school - repeaters) / (number of children of primary school completion age at the beginning of the school year).It can be greater than 100!

Transition rate to secondary education = 100 * (number of children in the first grade of secondary school who were in the last grade of primary school the previous year) / (number of children in the last grade of primary school the previous year).

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Country example

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Table ED.8: Education gender parityRatio of adjusted net attendance ratios of girls to boys, in primary and secondary school, Country, Year

Primary school Secondary school

Primary school

adjusted net attendance ratio (NAR),

girls

Primary school


boys

Gender parity index

(GPI) for primary school

adjusted NAR1

Secondary school


girls

Secondary school


boys

Gender parity index

(GPI) for secondary

school adjusted

NAR2

1 MICS indicator 7.9; MDG indicator 3.1 - Gender parity index (primary school)2 MICS indicator 7.10; MDG indicator 3.1 - Gender parity index (secondary school)

Check!Numerators and denominators of all of the ratios in this table can be found in Tables ED.4 and ED.5.

Gender parity index (GPI) : ratio of female to male adjusted net attendance ratios (primary or secondary)

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Table ED.9: Out of school gender parityPercentage of girls in the total out of school population, in primary and secondary school, Country, Year

Primary school Secondary school

Percentage of

out of school

children

Number of

children of primary

school age

Percentage of

girls in the total

out of school population of

primary school age

Number of

children of

primary school age out

of school

Percentage of

out of school

children

Number of

children of

secondary

school age

Percentage of

girls in the total

out of school population of

secondary school age

Number of

children of

secondary school

age out of school

Check!The percentage of out of school children can be found in tables ED.4 and ED.5 for primary and secondary school ages, respectively.These form the denominators of the calculation of the percentage of girls in the total out of school population of primary and secondary school ages.

NEW!

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Methodological issues

Results refer to attendance instead of enrolment In reality we should aim to measure attendance Enrolment tends to over estimate school participation Results refer to net attendance instead of gross Gross attendance in primary/secondary education

includes children of no primary/no secondary education ages

Gross attendance ratios can be greater than 100% Primary/secondary attendance ratios include children

attending primary or higher/secondary or higher

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Expected patterns

Literacy rates are lower for those youth in rural areas and in poorer families

Children living in urban areas and from richer families are more likely to attend preschool and start primary school on time

Children living in rural areas, children from poor families, children whose mothers have no/low education and children from indigenous language and religious groups are less likely to attend school

34

Expected patterns

At the primary school level, girls and boys are equally likely to attend school

At the secondary school level, gender equality in attendance lowers

35

Things to look for in the tables

Disparities in educational participation by:Gender, Geographical regions, Wealth, Language,Religion, Mother’s education, Child labour status.

36

Things to look for in the tables

To better describe school participation we propose:• Look at primary and secondary together• Use the following 3 simple indicators:

– Primary net attendance ratio– Secondary net attendance ratio– Percentage of secondary school age children that

are attending primary school • Present analysis of school participation (levels and GPI)

in a comprehensive way rather than primary and secondary separated

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Some ideas for further analyses

Interconnected disparitiesEducation Participation ProjectionAverage Annual Rate of IncreaseOther non-standard MICS indicatorsOut-of-school children analysisSchooling pathwaysSchooling profile by age

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Documents

Literacy and Education