Lit Rev Effect of Bullying v2

8/18/2019 Lit Rev Effect of Bullying v2

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Journal 1: Bully victimization: the childhood bullying and long term effects during

adulthood

Previous research had been studied upon for the purpose to gain insight regarding

the effect of bullying. Bully victimization: the childhood bullying and long term effects

during adulthood written by Sarah E. ewey investigate the relationship between

bullying e!perience and how its effect can be present itself as posttraumatic stress

disorder "P#S$ symptoms in the adulthood% and this article also investigates whether

there e!ists a difference between the genders.

Before entering the discussion about the main study of this research% the author

also study upon previous research to gain understanding and insight about the effects of

bullying% particularly she study upon research that investigate how the effects of bullying

can interfere with the development stages which was originally developed by Eric&

Eric&son. She 'uote (lweus and also Sharp ) Smith "as cited in ewey% *+1,$% for the

definition of bullying was defined as -negative% unwanted% aggressive action directed

towards the victim% repetition of pattern inflicted towards certain individual and the

aggressive dominance of a wea&er person. /nd therefore% the act bullying is considered

as traumatic event because of the negative emotional response and e!perience that would

stimulate feelings of inferior% anger and shame. "ewey% *+1,$ 0n light of that% the author

references leason% /le!ander and Somer2s "as cited in ewey% *+1,$ wor& which factor

in Eric&son2s developmental theory% that negative inferiority would impact the

development growth as the victim development of self3 concept is low which leads to

maladaptive belief. #hese two factors would then combine and cause poor social s&ill

development and personal 'uality issues due to the lac& of social interaction and


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eventually lead to the inability to create meaningful interpersonal relationship with

others. Eventually% the trauma would be carried into the victim2s later life as they

transition into adulthood. #he author argues this point by referring to 4lome&2s research

which suggested that bully victimization is a mediating factor that contributes to increase

psychological distress through an!iety% social phobia% eating disorder% loneliness and

depression% furthermore ris& factors that influence from childhood also become a suicidal

ris& factors "as cited in ewey% *+1,$.

#o further understand on how the effect of bullying can affect the development

process% ewey refer to 5ammac&3Berry that latency stage is when a child developed

sense of self3concept and self3esteem. Self3concept is developed from perception and

thoughts of self6 while self3esteem is derived from these thoughts and perception% and that

a child2s self3esteem is influence by events% e!periences% environment and e!ternal

awareness% and bully can impact these negatively and hence having bad influence on the

development of self on a victim. (25onnor2s wor& "as cited in ewey% *+1,$ also

proposed that failure to receive social support would result in the development of sense of

inferiority% and when these victims grow up into adulthood% they e!perience all &ind of

negative impact such as depression% an!iety% social phobia% substance abuse% mental

health issues and others due to their development stage being altered and impacted them

negatively in their adult life "ewey% *+1,$. 0n addition% ewey also mentioned that

children who are publically humiliated and re7ected by peers build intense aggression%

and victims of bullying had been &nown to e!ternalize their aggression. 8eary and others%

as referred by ewey suggested that social re7ection and chronic bullying may be the

reason for the concerning issue of school shooting "ewey% *+1,$


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iven the premises of previous finding% the author was interested in identifying if

there was a clear relationship between childhood bully victimization and P#S

symptoms in later adulthood. #o achieve her purpose% ewey conducted the study using

statistical study on sub7ects of age 19% using two 'uestionnaires: etrospective bullying

'uestionnaire and P#S chec&list. #he data collected was then analyzed using /;(


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0n relation to the interest of the assignment on the effect of bullying% Swearer and

=ymel refers to the wor& of yoo% @ang and Swearer "*+1A$% with their findings on the

effects that bullying can have on both the victim% bullies or victim3bully. 0n their wor&s% it

was suggested that fre'uent victim and perpetrators are the least stable subgroups and

that children may assumed different roles in the bullying scene across their school year%

for e!ample% the victims of bully may started to become the bully themselves as they

became older and started to bully the younger grades% or% an individual might assumed the

role of both the victim and bully themselves such as being bullied to at school but was the

bully to their siblings at home. Swearer and =ynel also refers to the longitudinal studies

by =altigan and


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compared to either bullies or victim% being at greater ris& for an!iety% depression% low

self3esteem% self3harm% suicidal intention% physical in7ury% substance abuse% absenteeism%

poor reception towards school% aggression and delin'uency "as cited by Swearer and

=ymel% *+1,$.

0n light of that% Swearer and =ymel2s diathesis Hstress model view bullying as a

stressful life event that place youth at ris& for a host of negative outcome% regardless of

type of involvement% and they argue that stressful life event plays primary role in the

development of depression% an!iety and stress disorder. #hey also further illustrate that

peer victimization can lead to negative self3schema% such as the thin&ing of: -0 am a loser%

everyone hates me% leading to a perception towards self as unlovable and unworthy.

Bully perpetrators on the other hand can developed into negative self3other belief

operated on the basis of hostile schema about self and others% which leads to aggressive

social relationship in order to maintain power and control% wrongful sense of entitlement

and moral disengagement for their action in order to rationalize their bullying "Swearer

and =ymel% *+1,$.

eferences:

ewey% E. S. "*+1,$ Bullying

Documents

Lit Rev Effect of Bullying v2