Listening and ReadingListening and ReadingGERM 5380/ ROML 5395GERM 5380/ ROML 5395

September 16, 2010September 16, 2010

Manuela WagnerManuela Wagner

ListeningListening

What does listening consist of?What does listening consist of?- Perceiving aural stimuli (physiological, ears sensitive, Perceiving aural stimuli (physiological, ears sensitive,

minimal pairs)minimal pairs)- Attending to aural stimuli (concentration, tune out Attending to aural stimuli (concentration, tune out

background noise, filter stimuli)background noise, filter stimuli)- Assigning meaning to aural stimuli (interpretative act, Assigning meaning to aural stimuli (interpretative act,

involves personal, cultural and linguistic matters, also involves personal, cultural and linguistic matters, also individual subjective act)individual subjective act)

Wolvin and Coakley (1985)Wolvin and Coakley (1985)

Is listening active or passive, Is listening active or passive, productive or receptive?productive or receptive?

LISTENERS ARE ACTIVE PARTICIPANTS LISTENERS ARE ACTIVE PARTICIPANTS DURING THE COMMUNICATIVE ACT.DURING THE COMMUNICATIVE ACT.

LISTENING IS A DYNAMIC PROCESS LISTENING IS A DYNAMIC PROCESS DRAWING ON A VARIETY OF MENTAL DRAWING ON A VARIETY OF MENTAL

PROCESSES AND KNOWLEDGE SOURCES.PROCESSES AND KNOWLEDGE SOURCES. (Lee and VanPatten, 2003; p. 195)(Lee and VanPatten, 2003; p. 195)

Inference: Inference: Speaker 1: My husband left me.Speaker 1: My husband left me.Speaker 2: Who is she?Speaker 2: Who is she?

The listener is not a bystander but a co-The listener is not a bystander but a co-constructor of the discourse. constructor of the discourse. (Lee and VanPatten, 2003; p. 201)(Lee and VanPatten, 2003; p. 201)

What about listening in the classroom?What about listening in the classroom?

Listening as COMMUNICATIONListening as COMMUNICATION

Listening: Listening: collaborativecollaborative

noncollaborativenoncollaborative Modalities:Modalities: auralaural

aural and visualaural and visual

(telephone, interview, radio, TV News)(telephone, interview, radio, TV News)

Roles of listenerRoles of listener

Maintaining discourseMaintaining discourse TRPTRP Global queryGlobal query Local queryLocal query Transitional queryTransitional query

How to develop communicative How to develop communicative listening skillslistening skills

P. 202 Pause to considerP. 202 Pause to consider Classroom discussions vs. nonclassroom Classroom discussions vs. nonclassroom

conversationsconversations

Culture (Culture, culture), not divorced from Culture (Culture, culture), not divorced from activities, develop cultural sensitivityactivities, develop cultural sensitivity

ActivtiesActivties

READINGREADING

Factors involved in L2 readingFactors involved in L2 reading

literacy in L1literacy in L1

difference in symbol systemsdifference in symbol systems

How readers contribute to comprehensionHow readers contribute to comprehension

schema theory (readers bring schemata, schema theory (readers bring schemata, persona; knowledge and experience)persona; knowledge and experience)

SCHEMATASCHEMATA

ConstrainConstrain ElaborateElaborate Filter (culturally schematic filter)Filter (culturally schematic filter) CompensateCompensate Organize: formal schemataOrganize: formal schemata

p. 233 PTCp. 233 PTC

TEXT FEATURESTEXT FEATURES

LanguageLanguage Chronological order in narrativesChronological order in narratives Cause effect relationships in expository textsCause effect relationships in expository texts Transparent and opaque wordsTransparent and opaque words Explicit and implicit definitionExplicit and implicit definition

p. 225 PTCp. 225 PTC

INTERACTIVE MODELS OF INTERACTIVE MODELS OF READINGREADING

Reader-based factorsReader-based factors Text-based factorsText-based factors Background knowledge (schemata)Background knowledge (schemata) Feature analysis – letter analysis– letter cluster Feature analysis – letter analysis– letter cluster

analysis – syntactic knowledge – lexical analysis – syntactic knowledge – lexical knowledge – semantic knowledge knowledge – semantic knowledge

Interactive models of readingInteractive models of reading

Reading is an interactive process.Reading is an interactive process. The process of reading involves “actively The process of reading involves “actively

constructing meaning among the parts of the constructing meaning among the parts of the text and between the text and personal text and between the text and personal experience.” experience.” (Lee and VanPatten, 2003, p.227)(Lee and VanPatten, 2003, p.227)

Reading has informational and linguistic Reading has informational and linguistic outcomes.outcomes.

Linguistic outcomes:Linguistic outcomes:

- Incorporate reading into beginning levels- Incorporate reading into beginning levels

GlossaryGlossary Minimal pairsMinimal pairs (e.g., ship, sheep – minimal phonemic contrast) (e.g., ship, sheep – minimal phonemic contrast) Illocutionary meaning: Illocutionary meaning: What we do with language (purpose of What we do with language (purpose of

utterance)utterance) TRPTRP: Transition relevance places: Transition relevance places (Sacks, Schegloff, Jefferson (Sacks, Schegloff, Jefferson

1974) 1974) GambitsGambits:: routine formulae (e.g., The way I look at it, Yes? You routine formulae (e.g., The way I look at it, Yes? You

know…)know…) Expository textExpository text is written by authors to inform, to explain, to is written by authors to inform, to explain, to

describe, to present information or to persuade: ad, autobiography, describe, to present information or to persuade: ad, autobiography, campaign speech,…campaign speech,…

Back-channelingBack-channeling: mhm, request for clarification, sentence : mhm, request for clarification, sentence completion, head nodding or shaking, brief restatementcompletion, head nodding or shaking, brief restatement

SchemataSchemata: higher-level complex knowledge structures (Landry, : higher-level complex knowledge structures (Landry, 2002), background knowledge influencing you when reading a text2002), background knowledge influencing you when reading a text