LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Cartoon showing range of processes governing surface fluxes at high latitudes, following from Open University polynya cartoon, with addition of mixed ice, open ocean radiation, waves, CO2. Examples of observations from ships, buoys, and satellites (below or around). Preliminary figure by Renfrew. Final version to be drafted by ??. [could include Example of GasEx instrumentation, data coverage.] Bourassa.

Figure 2. Comparison of flux products: oceanic latent heat (left) and sensible (right) heat fluxes, for high latitudes in the northern hemisphere (top) and southern hemisphere (bottom). Products are NCEP2, JMA, ERA40, IFREMER, and HOAPS. Each box shows zonally averaged monthly fluxes for either the 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, or 95th percentile. The period for comparison (for which all products are available) is 03/1992 through 12/2000.

Figure 3. Map of atmospheric in situ observations for April 1, 2009, from the Historical Unidata Internet Data Distribution (IDD) Global Observational Dataset, binned into 0.5 degree x 0.5 degree bins. Upper air observations (Raobs) have the greatest influence, followed by observations from regular land sites (METAR/SYNOP), with ship and buoy observations having relatively little weight. Observation density is clearly very poor at high latitudes, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere.

Figure 4. Frequency of winds over 25m/s for the QSCAT observations from July 1999 through

February 2009, based on Remote Sensing Systems ku2001 algorithm. Northern hemisphere extreme

winds are associated with topography and western boundary currents; whereas, southern hemisphere

events are more wide spread.

Figure to be developed – see end of file for possible substitute

Figure 5. Zonally averaged all-sky surface SW down Flux for July 2001 as derived from ISCCP D1 with the above two models and from MODIS atmospheric products with a modified version of the UMD model. (Pinker)

Figure 6. Neutral transfer coefficients for momentum (CD, top), sensible and latent heat (CH and

CE, middle) and K660 (bottom), as a function of U10. Need legend.

Comment [MB1]: Need to get this from Chris.

- just need the SOSE data Figure 6. 2006 Annual cycle for 5 from Ocean Station Mike (left) and the ice free SE Pacific Ocean (65S to 50S, 100W to 150W) for various flux products. Needs legend.

Comment [MB2]: 2nd Figure 6

Figure 7. Boundary-layer observations of a cold-air outbreak off the east coast of Greenland during an instrumented aircraft flight on 5 March 2007. Panels show (top) 2-m temperature (red) and sea-surface temperature (blue); (middle) 10-metre wind speed; and (bottom) surface sensible (red) and latent (red) heat fluxes calculated using the eddy covariance method (taken from Petersen and Renfrew 2009) as a function of distance. The observations are averaged into 12-km runs (circles). Interpolated estimates from ECMWF operational analyses (solid line) and NCEP global reanalyses (dashed line) are also plotted. The plots show a rapid warming from over the sea ice zone (0-30 km) off shore and a jump in wind speed and observed heat fluxes across the ice edge.

Yet to be done Figure 8. Spatial plot - see what we can get for 2008 SE Pacific Ocean with Large and Yeager,

CEP1, SOSE, ECMWF. Bourassa

Figure 9. Ice concentration versus CDN or heat flux versus fetch.. Renfrew

N Yet to be done

Figure 10. Polar low example. Bourassa Figure 11. Lack of data illustration: Satellite coverage showing samples per inertial frequency versus latitude (or samples per day or samples per Eady growth scale or samples per atmospheric storm? scale) Bourassa Yet to be done (easy – just need to decide on products are time period) Figure 12. Comparison of regional precipitation. Polar projection. Bourassa

Figure 13. Schematic showing spatial and temporal sampling requirements for different applications. Note: (1) need more stress limits, (2) would like more off axis processes, (3) can adjust type characteristics in final version. Yet to be done Figure 14. Meridional overturning/mode water illustration (as sidebar) Talley

Figure 1. Annual cycles of model-calculated and observed DLR (W/m2) at some of the most reliable high-latitude sites, mid-latitude sites, and low-latitude sites: model calculations by ECHAM3 (dotted) and ECHAM4 (dashed), and observed (solid).