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Fig.
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Appendix - I
LIST OF FIGURES
Areas of Mud bank formation along the Keraia-Karnataka
coast.
Pamba River System.
Minachii River System.
Muvattupuzha River System.
Periyar River System.
Sampiing Locations of Vembanad Lake Sediments (Pre
monsoon).
Sampiing Locations of Vembanad Lake Sediments (Post
monsoon).
Sampling Locations of the Mud Bank Sediments.
Frequency distribution (in %) Vs Grain size parameters.
Phi Mean Size Vs Pamba ar distance.
Standard deviation Vs Pamba ar distance.
Skewness Vs Pamba ar distance.
Kurtosis Vs Pamba ar distance.
Phi Mean size Vs Standard deviation.
Phi Mean size Vs Skewness.
Phi Mean size Vs Kurtosis.
Standard deviation Vs Skewness.
Standard deviation Vs Kurtosis.
Frequency distributhmi (hi %) Vs Grain-size parameters.
Phi mean size Vs Minachil ar distance.
Standard deviation Vs Minachii ar distance.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
4.6 a.
4.6 b.
4.6 c.
4.6 d.
4.6 e.
4.7.
4.8 a.
4.8 b.
4.9 a.
4.9 b.
4.9 c.
4.9 d.
4.9 e.
4.10 a.
4.10 b.
4.10 c.
4.10 d.
4.11 a.
4.11 b.
4.11 c.
4.11 d.
Phi mean size Vs Standard deviation.
Phi mean size Vs Skewness.
Phi mean size Vs Kurtosis.
Standard deviation Vs Skewness.
Standard deviation Vs Kurtosis.
Frequency distribution Vs Grain-size parameters.
Phi mean size (M2) vs Muvattupuzha distance.
Standard deviation Vs Muvattupuzha distance.
Phi mean size Vs Standard deviation.
Phi mean size Vs Skewness.
Phi mean size Vs-kurtosis.
Standard deviation Vs Skewness.
Standard deviation Vs Kurtosis.
in the downstreamVariation of phi mean size
Periyar.
region of
Variation of Standard deviation in the downstream region
of Periyar.
Variation of Skewness in the downstream region of Peri
yar.
Variation of kurtosis ‘Hi the downstream region of Peri
yar.
Phi mean size Vs Standard deviation.
Phi mean size Vs Skewness.
Phi mean size Vs kurtosis.
Standard deviation Vs Skewness.
Fig. 4.11 e.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
4:12
4.13
4.18.
4.19.
Standard deviation Vs Kurtosis.
Typical CM diagram of River Sediments.
Sand-silt-clay’ contents of the Vembanad lake (Pre-mon
soon) sediments.
Sand-silt-clay contents of the Vembanad lake (post
monsoon) sediments.
Frequency distribution Vs Grain-size parameters (Pre-mon
soon).
Frequency distribution Vs. Grain-size parameters (Post
monsoon).
Phi mean size Vs Standard deviation.
Phi mean size Vs Skewness.
Phi mean size Vs Kurtosis.
Standard deviation Vs Skewness.
Skewness Vs Kurtosis.
Typical CM diagram of Vembanad lake sediments (pre
monsoon).
Typical CM diagram of Vembanad lake sedimets (post
monsoon).
Sand-silt-clay contents of Narakkal Mud bank and adjoin
ing shelf sediments.
Sand-silt-clay contents of Purakkad mud bank sediments.
Temporal variations of sand-silt-clay % in the Narakkal
mud bank region.
Frequency’ distribution (in %) Vs Grain-size parameters
of Narakkal Mud bank sediments.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
_Fi9
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
4.27.
-P-l>-D
-b-D43
.25.
.26.
.28.
.29.
.30.
.31.
.32.
.33.
.34.
.35.
.36.
.37.
.38.
.39.
.40.
.41.
.42.
.43.
.44.
Phi mean size Vs Standard deviation.
Phi mean size Vs Skewness.
Phi mean size Vs Kurtosis.
Standard deviation Vs Skewness.
Skewness Vs Kurtosis.
Phi mean size Vs standard deviation.
(Purakkad mud bank sediments).
Phi mean size Vs Skewness.
Phi mean size Vs Kurtosis.
Standard deviation Vs. Skewness.
Phi mean size Vs standard deviation of different environ
ments.
Phi mean size Vs Skewness of different environments.
Phi mean size \h5 standard deviation (Beach sands, pre
monsoon).
Phi mean size Vs standard deviation (beach sands, post
monsoon).
Phi mean size Vs Skewness (Beach sands, pre-monsoon).
Phi mean size Vs Skewness (Beach sands, post-monsoon).
Phi mean size Vs Kurtosis (Beach sands, pre-monsoon).
Phi mean size Vs Kurtosis (Beach sands, post-monsoon).
Standard deviation Vs Skewness (Beach sands, pre-monsoon).
Standard deviation Vs Skewness (Beach sands, post-mon
soon).
(Beach sands,Standard deviation ,Vs Kurtosis pre-monsoon).
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
.45.
.46.
.47.
.10.
Standard deviaticni Vs Kurtosis (Beach sands, post-mon
soon).
Skewness Vs Kurtosis (Beach sands, pre-monsoon).
Skewness Vs Kurtosis (Beach sands, post-monsoon).
Distribution of heavy minerals in Pamba ar sediments.
Distribution of heavy nnnerals in Manimala ar sediments.
Distribution of heavy nnnerals in Minachil ar sediments.
Distribution of heavy minerals in Muvattupuzha sediments.
Distribution of heavy minerals in Periyar sediments.
Average light minerals in river sediments.
Heavy mineral distribution in the innershelf sediments.
Heavy mineral distribution in the Vembanad lake sediments.
Clay mineral distribution in the different environments.
Temporal variation of clay minerals in the mud banksediments.
Clay percentage Vs organic matter.
Frequency distribution of chemical constituents inthe Vembanad lake sediments.
Frequency distribution of chemical constituents inthe mud bank sediments.
Total iron percentage Vs Phosphorus percentage.
Total iron percentage Vs Titanium percentage.
Total iron percentage Vs Manganese percentage.
Manganese percentage Vs Phosphorus percentage.
Manganese percentage Vs Titanium percentage.
Sodium prcentage Vs Potassium percentage.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
6.10.
6.11.
6.12.
6.13.‘
Plates
Silica percentage Vs Alumina percentage.
Dendrogram showing bulk sediment (Mud bank) Geochemistry.
Dendrogram showing Vembanad lake sediment geochemistry.
Dendrogram showing Mud
Electron micrographs.
bank sediment geochemistry.
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mm Om
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we33o.~3o.m
(9)!) SlS0.|.Uf‘.)!
ONE PERCENTILE IN MICRONS
PAMBA ARMU VATTUPUZHA
U MINACHILAR
10000
1000
‘I00
10 I1 15M = MEDIAN IN MICRONS
100 1000
FlG.4-I2 TYPICAL CM DIAGRAM OF RIVER SEDIMENTS
Azoomzoz-.nEn:
Bzmz_8m mv_<._ o<z<m2m> m:.: .._o Bzmhzoo ><d-:_m-oz<m om_.¢.oE
:_m - Ez<m oz<m ->:_m oz<m
3 0 X
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80
O) Q
U1 (D
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FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
C: 23
VEMBANAD
(0)
-—r—I——I—_I——l\)
\I o
O) o
0J4.>U|O O o
I\) G
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011PHI MEAN SIZE (M2)
(C)
0-14)-03-on 04 0'3 I-O
SKEWNESS (SKI)
LAKE (PRE-MONSOON)
90
O) C
U1 C)I
5 C)
OJ G
!\J G
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
3' 5
03 O
0'! o
(“"15CD CD
I
l\) (D
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
8
I
“I
(b)
I IO
1
STANDARD DEVIATION (CT: )
2 4 :>4"
‘T
(d)
I 4:<0-67 0-9
KURTOSIS (K G)1-11 1-5 30
FIG.4'I4 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION (IN °/o) VS GRAIN-SIZEPARAMETERS.
VEMBANAD LAKE (POST - MONSOON)r'- 100"~ 90"- E3 80S_. ((1) § 70- (b)50- E 60o.
UJ0 50- * 50§ 2%8 40- 8 40% LLJCL 30- E 30>% 20- 20*LU§ 10- 10U. 0 N O 1 J ;2 3 4 5 s 7 8 9 10 1 2 4 >4
PHI MEAN SIZE (M2) STANDARD DEVIATION (o'[)70- r‘60~ 60(C) g (d)‘<3 5o~ 55 50<[ Z*2 88 40- E 4033 0.0. 30- >_ 30>_. L)2’ 20» 5 20L” :32 88 10- Q: 10"Q: U...LL 0—:—4 E O - . 4-1-0-0.3 -0-1 0-1 0-3 I-O <0b7 O-9 I-II I-I5SKEWNESS (SKI) KURTOSIS (KG)
FIG4-I5 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION (IN °/o) Vs GRAIN-SIZEPARAMETERS
I
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m:m_z_Sm zoomzoE.mEn_ ..
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(9 >1) SISOLUHX
VEMBANAD LAKE
PRE -MONSOON SEDIMENTS
A POST-MONSOON SEDIMENTS
O
1.0..
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-1.0 1 L J J I I0 1 2 3 4 5STANDARD DEVIATION (cry)
F|G.4°|9 STANDARD DEVIATION (U1) VS SKEWNESS (SKI)
‘I-5'
OA lgcpoV A 3 O01’ °8§ °°o AA80 5—- ° Ag};:2 A A3 ‘*8¥ 0 1 1 I 1 1 J-10 -0-5 0 0'5 1'0
SKEWNESS (SKI)
F|G.‘4-ZOSKEWNESS (SK1) Vs KURTOSIS (KG)
‘I000
C : ONE PERCENTILE IN MICRONS
O
OO
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0
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0
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o 3b1 1 11 10 100 1000
0 M=MEDlAN IN MICRONSF|G.4‘2|CJ TYPICAL CM DIAGRAM OF VEMBANAD LAKE
SEDIMENTS (PRE-MONSOON)
1000
100*
C : ONE PERCENTILE IN MICRONS
o
11 10 100 1000M = MEDIAN IN MICRONS
FIG4-2|bTYP|CAL CM DIAGRAM OF VEMBANAD LAKE SEDIMENTS(POST- MONSOON)
Bzmz_8m fimxm.
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m_zmz_8m v_z<m ODE
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0.2 o .: o.o_ o.m Om 3 oo om o. q o.m
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(1.0) NOl1V|l\3Cl GHVONVLS
SKEWNESS (SKI)
NARAKKAL
D MUD BANK SEDIMENTS+ ADJOINING SHELF SEDIMENTS
0.60 1
+4'0.40 — ' ,-H P
+ 4'4. Dn0.20 - 8'
+ +4' {OP+ D D0.00 —- °* a.DD
% 0 Ban DC1 D9:9 E, m on-0.20 — 0°? °. an 5:00 9 E‘ Du D D
'30 u-0.40 - Dn
-0.60 —
_O_8O I I 1 I 1 I I I I 1 I J0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00
PHI MEAN SIZE (M2)
F|G.4-26 PHI MEAN SIZE (M2) Vs SKEWNESS (SKI)
KURTOSIS (Kc)
NARAKKAL
MUD BANK SEDIMENTS
ADJOINING SHELF SEDIMENTS
3-0 0
+
2-50 4
+" Q .O+ 2' 01-50 — D
UD1°00 - D Q, 900 U u
+1-D El}, D0+ + +9030 Unnmg 0
§ 0 4* on [J EngQ.5() _. * DL L I 1 L J I J 1 J 1 J
000 100 2-00 300 4-00 5-00 6-00 7-00 800 9-00 1001 1-00 12-00PHI MEAN SIZE (M2)
F|G.4-27 PHI MEAN SlZE(Mz) Vs KURTOSIS (KG )
SKEWNESS (8 K1)
NARAKKAL
MUD BANK SEDIMENTS
ADJOINING SHELF SEDIMENTS
06
0-4
0'2
00
12100::
J I 1 I1-5 2.0 2-5 3-0STANDARD DEVIATION (of)
FIG4-28 STANDARD DEVIATION (Eff) Vs SKEWNESS (SKI)
l I05 1'0 1
3-5_.0.80-0 4-0
KURTOSIS (Kc)
NARAKKAL
:1 MUD BANK semmems+ ADJOINING SHELF seouwems
3.0 O I"
4*
2.50 ‘I’
§2.00 — D ,+
0 D "’D1.50 - 0
CI
CI
— D 3. BO no 0 + DD +Bag DOD 9 UD D an n Unatnuna q: I: * + +D D D n D +0 D + Q’ 4' ‘V0.50 - D U +
0.00 ' I I I L I I I I I I I-0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
SKEWNESS (SKI)
F|G.4'29 SKEWNESS (SKI) VS KURTOSIS (KG)
SKEWNESS (SKI) STANDARD DEVIATION (U1)
PURAKKAD
0 MUD BANK SEDIMENT+ ADJOINING SHELF
SEDIMENTS
4 _ + ° 0. , + 3» °0‘? O 0:3 " + +0 3% 0* +++ % 0° 0°3.9g, 02 4 D * I I I 1 0 I4 5 7 8 9 I0 11 12
PHI MEAN SIZE (M2)
FIG.4-30 PHI MEAN SIZE (M2) Vs STANDARD DEVIATION (GT)0.8_
04 t I. + :4: * .++ +‘O — O o omfigfiv 0
° «#0 ., oo 0 88° 0 O 0’0'4 -— 0 ° °o
-0'8 I I I I L I I4 5 7 8 9 IO 11 12PHI MEAN SIZE (M2)
FIG.4’3I.PHI MEAN SIZE (M2) Vs SKEWNESS (SKI)
KURTOSIS (Kc 3
SKEWNESS (SKI)
2-0— +4,‘ + PURAKKAD
1_6_ + * * o MUD BANK SEDIMENTS+
+ ADJOINING SHELFSEDIMENTS
o1-2- ’ 8o
oo O 00° ° °oo 00 30'8 ‘ + +4, °°° %% ° 0+ ‘B O 0% 30% O O4
<10.‘ 1 L 1 1 I 1 I J4 5 5 7 8 9 10 H 12PH] MEAN SIZE (M2)
F|G.4°-32 PHI MEAN SIZE (M2) Vs KURTOSIS (KG)
0-8 1
++
0-4 - ,# + .* §+0 + +
0 ” 3% °.oo
og? O— <8° oooooo-0 4 O_ , 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1O_80 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3
STANDARD DEVIATION 103')
F|G.4°33 STANDARD DEVIATION (0?) Vs SKEWNESS (SK!)
O PAMBA SEDIMENTS
A VEMBANAD LAKE SEDIMENTS(POST MONSOON)
’‘ BEACH SEDIMENTS(POST MONSOON)
0 MUD BANK SEDIMENTS
-I
+ ADJOWING SHELF SEDIMENTS4-0F + 5++ "’ * * 4°” + A +:4 A A A-908 dad-5é3°0— A A4, AAAAAAO +° 0Z °§AfiAA * °B°° °:1 2-5 " 115541: A + 1%
AQ A AA 0 +1— O O A o O‘E: 0 ° "Q15 P ° °<:o 00 xx x< °° X xP— Xm — oo% oooxoo 89° X0° ° Xxo xO X
x §KXO-S — 10! Xx" xxx "_0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 L 1 1 I I I I-2 -1 o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 e 910111213
PHI MEAN SIZE (M2)
FIG4-34‘:PHI MEAN SIZE (M2) Vs STANDARD DEV|AT~lON (07 )
Em. mmwzmzmxm m> T2,: wN_m z<uz Him ,mm.¢.o_h_
E3 m~_m 23.2 Em
C N_. Z. 9 m m K m m e m N _. o _.I
_ _ _ T _ 4 _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _
o go 1
oo o < o
O O m 0
0 am. 1
DD UDU..mumuo< ... oo % o
O
n _%< < D x 0 x x x o o
+ D + + % w okxx x Q 0 L
+ + o + + x xxmwo o o oo
04 d <d OXCOC X X§XX3}fiXxO 00 O L
m 8 + < «<<<< <<<<< x xv o oo o
+ duq % x o
+&+ on 4 < x o oo o
+ < L
m»zms__omm .._._m:m oz_z_o3< .
mLzmz_omm xz<m D32 0
Eoomzozémon:
m»zmz_omm :u<wm x
. .zoomzoz-»mon:
mpzmzomm ux<._ o<z<mzm> a
mEm2_omm m< <m2<a o
o.T.3.0..8.0..(1)18) SS3NM3)1Sm~.o.om.o
STANDARD DEVIATION (Du)
BEACH SANDS (PRE-MONSOON)
u BACK SHORE
A BERM
o FORE SHORE
+ LOW WATER MARK
2-50 F‘2.00 I-50 —
o O 0 UI-O0 — ° 0o C9 D on
A 4.00%.‘ Abcpro
0.50% 0 $50 Doq-00+ 013m” 3
+ ARA+ A
000"
o-5o 1 . I I 1 I-2-O 0 2-0 40 6-0 80PHI MEAN SIZE (M2)
r=Ic3-4-36. PHI MEAN SIZE (Mz)\/s STANDARD DEVIATION (D1)
STANDARD DEVIATION (OW)
BEACH SANDS (F’OST- MONSOON)
:1 BACK SHORE
A BERM
O FORE SHORE
+ LOW WATER MARK
200 —
O
I-60 .A
O +
+I-20 — AO
A
+
3 ++ +0-30 _ +0 +q-+ A0 Uc1°Ac1€fi g A
A Q] o B UM 5 0 UA A.4O O L- 0 +00 0
0-00
—O4O I J 1 I 4-2- oo 0- 00 2-00 400 6OO 800PHI MEAN SIZE (M1)
FIGQ4-37. PHI MEAN S|ZE(N|z)Vs STANDARD DEV|AT|ON.(O‘I)
SKEWNESS (SKI)
BEACH SANDS( PRE — MONSOON)
E] BACK SHORE
A BERMFORE SHORE
4. LOW WATER MARK
O-BOT‘
++ A040- ° A +o + OA + moD 4' AAQDDAA 0°9 o :1ch 0 + o+00'' +-l9d:EA @059
+0 0 A AA
0 O: O-040- +A
-0804
._|.2Q I 1 1 L J-20 0 2-0 4-0 6-0PHI MEAN SIZE (Mz)
FIG/4'38 PHI MEAN SIZE (Mz)Vs SKEWNESS (SKI)
SKEWNESS (SKI)
BEACH SANDS (POST- MONSOON)
BACK SHORE
5 BERMo FORE SHORE+ LOW WATER MARK
l-OA
+Q.8_
0-6
0-40 A+ DA0 El
8. _ O002 A + ocb U30 0A CA '1"4:3-m°A+ 0+ + +00 O0'0" E’9%“+ :1 ++ AD D O
+OOA
-O'4r—
_.O.6 ' 1 I I I Q-20 0-0 2-0 4-0 so 3.0PHI MEAN SIZE (M2)
F|G.4-39 PHI MEAN SIZE (Mz)Vs SKEWNESS (SKI)
KURTOSIS (KG)
BEACH SANDS (PRE-MONSOON)
D BACKSHOREA BERMo FORESHORE+ LOW WATER MARK
2'00? 0 oA+ +I-60
A++ + Al'20" ‘(AA 00
0 U 0++ L? 03°C0 00 0° 0 Do 8 on
+11:
++A+8oBI-9:00O-80~ 0+ 0 O U+ +A + A 0*A
0
0-40-
0 1 1 1 1-2-O 2-0 4-0 6-0 8-0PHI MEAN SIZE (Mz)
F|G.4°4O PHI MEAN SIZE (MZ)Vs KURTOSIS (KG)
KURTOSIS (KG)
I-60
I-20
I-00
0-80
0-60
0-40
020_2.OQ
B EACH SANDS (POST—MONSOON)
D BACK SHOREA BERMo FORE SHORE+ Low WAIT!-ZR MARK
TF''''
0r- A+ 0
+A
— o A 6%80 O U ++ A AUOUA D
+ +D+o or- UEO[%QDoAA,_,_AA D A g.. AW 0 +_+
+D__ '0_ o
1 W I I 1 ~ 50-0.0 2-00 400 600 800PHI MEAN SIZE (M2)
F|G.4-4| PHI MEAN SIZE W12) Vs KURTOSIS (KG)
sI5EwNE’ss (sum
BEACH SANDS (PRE-MONSOON)
0 BACKSHOREBERM
0 FORE SHORE+ LOW WATER MARK
0.30..
I "' +0-40.. + +0 D0 +D +1300 D O +
n O :3 +O_O_ 0 U01’ +00 C1 +O O Q +
0 O+0-40" +
..0.80..
_|.2O I I I D I I 4-0-5 o 0-5 I-O |~5 20 2-5STANDARD DEVIATION ( 0'.)
F|G.4°4_2 STANDARD DEV|AT|ON(O'I)Vs SKEWNESS (SKI)
SKEWNESS (SKI)
BEACH SANDS (POST—MONSOON)
D BACK SHOREA BERMo FORE SHORE+ LOW WATER MARK
|°O0 F
A6-80. +0-60.. '*'0-40..
one +D D 50'20- °o 8°+0 13°05: ° 0 A
+ A°DE<i::4-. + +000- 309° * 1‘ A +A :1 o+00-O-20- A
-O'40~
-060 I J 1 1 I J-040 0°00 0-40 0-80 I-20 I-60 2°00STANDARD DEVIATION ( 0'. )
F|G.4~43 STANDARD DEVIATION 0': (Vs) SKEWNESS (SKI)
KURTOSIS (KG)
BEACH SANDS (PRE-MONSOON)
0 BACKSHOREA BERM0 FORESHORE+ LOW WATER MARK
1-60 Fo
AD -L"' AI-20 _ A0 031° 4. +°o‘%° + Apoo +AA 910:, 8O A AA o+++ + °O-80 '- 0 D A 4. ° +
++ Do
0°40 — 00
0-00 +
_0.40 4 1 1 1 L J-0-40 0-00 0-40 0.30 |.20 1.50 2.00
STANDARD DEVIATION (cmF|G.4-44 STANDARD DEVIATION (O'I)Vs KURTOSIS (KG)
KURTOSIS (K0)
BEACH SANDS (POST M ONSOON)
CI BACKSHORE
A BERMo FORESHORE4- LOW WATER MARK
2-00r
o
AI-60- +A
+A ++A|-20- ° 0°0 g+as o 9!! R +
‘B “*8 AOQDODA +1-aq° AU 0 + 4
AA 8§°°+*080- O +aUA AD + ++
A
0
0-40
0 I I 1 L 1— 0.50 0.50 I-O 1.5 2.0» 2.5STANDARD DEVIATION (O1)
F|G.4-45 STANDARD DEVIATION ((71) VS KURTOSlS (KG)
KURTOSIS (Ke)
I-60
I-40
I-20
I-00
0°80
060
0-40
0-20—|.5O
BEACH SANDS (PRE -MONSOON)
BACKSHOREBERMFORE SHORE
LOW WATE R MARK+090
1 1 1 1 J-l.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00SKEWNESS (sK.>
FIG. 4°46 SKEWNESS (SKI) Vs KURTOSIS (KG)
KURTOSIS (KG)
BEACH SANDS (POST-MONSOON)
BACK SHOREBERM
FORE SHORELOW WATER MARK-O-ODD
2~O0r
o oI-60 _ + 4‘A
+A + +I-20 - all °0 00+3 0 °
0 D 0 On A4-4: D00 “B0 0
+030” A U. ° A °0 80 — D o "’ U+ +At '*'A
A
D
0-40
0 I J 1 Q-|-20 -040 0 0-40 0-80SKEWNESS (SKI )
F|G.4-47 SKEWNESS SK: Vs KURTOSIS (KG)
3"||_LflZ:i
(IN 63 /1) SIZE GRADE)
IN PAMBA AR SEDIMENTS
(IN I25 /U SIZE GRADE)
FIG-5-I DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY MINERALS
3J.|ZV/NOW
3Cl|SdO|(J/3.L|‘:)nV
v:>Iw
LBNHVS
3.L|NVW|Tl|S
30N31eNaoH
Nooam
‘3N|'lVINHnO_L _ 3_L|_LViSN3/3N3HiStI3dAH3.L|aO'IH3 sanovdo3"l|.Lm:i 1
ELWVAN
31nounv1s' 3iINVA>I3.LlZ\TNOw 3Cl|SdO'|C|/I-JJ.|E)nV
3.L‘|.LVdV G znnma:-I0IsdoIcI/ausnv E VZDIW "Nooanz E EI.LIZVNOV\| L’
31|NVw| 'I‘I|S % 1:aN_z;Iv9 L_L3NHVE) Q 3.L|N\7lN|'l1|S Lvanw E NOOUIZ
3<JN31eNaoI—I .2: 3CIN3'I8Nz:|OH/3N3?4fi'Si§;':/“E 3.Ll1VJ.SN3/3N3HJ.StI3dAH' S3flOVdO S3flOVdO
$§?,'9§%3I9'° .<é9§é?§.?Ié°SWVHBNIW A/\‘\'/3H JO 3E)VJ.-N3C)U%3d S'IVH.3N|W A-/\V3H ‘:10 39VJ.N3C)H3d
30|SdO|Cl/3.L|9flV
VOIW
I-LLIZVNOW
3.L|NVWl"|'||S
_L3NHV9
NOOUIZ
ECINEHBNHOH3.L|.LVJ.SN3
/3N3H.l.SH3dAH
S3flC)VdO
50.O(D
I-LLIZV NO W
3G|SdO|Cl/3.L|9flV
NOOHIZ
3J.|NVW|'l'l|S
.L EINHV9
VOIW
BGNBWBNHOH3_L|J.V.LSN3
/3N3H.LS2:|3dAH
S3flOVdO
40. 30 20 IO.
66(OLDT0
<1‘
ddr0N Q 0
SWVHBNIW A/\V3H JO 39VJ.N3C)2-J3d
G.D4(I(D
IJJEU)
2
3 zmzv NOW3 vonw3013:1010/:-msnv
amwwrrns3aN31eNaoH
3_LliV_LSN3/3N3HJ.S'H3dAH
Nooaa
sanovdo
/\ <5 :3LU (.0C)<K(D
LIJ
'2’.(D
20ION
E
40. 30 20. IO.
(IN 63 /U SIZE GRADE)
F|G.5-2 DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY MINERAL-S IN MANIMALA AR SEDIMENTS
EIJJZVNOW
30|SdO|C] /3.L|!-DOV
VDIW
NOOHIZ
ll-INHVE)
3.L|NVINl'1'1|S [T3ON3'18NHOH
3.L|_LV_LSN3/3N3H.LS2:!3dAH
S3flDVdO
3.L|N\7A>| /
3.LlNVW|'1'l|S
.L3Nl:lV9
VUIIN
3ON3'18NHOH3_Ll.L\'/J.SN3
/3N3H.LSH3dAH
S3flOVdO
6 ' o' o' c‘: o‘OQ) |\ £0 I0 <I' 7”S"|VH3N||N A/\V3H JO 39V.LN332:l3d
o'N
0' 0(IN 250 /U SIZE GRADE) (IN I25 /u SIZE GRADE)
3G|SdO|C] /3.L|9flV
ELLIZVNOW
VOIW
_L3NHV93.L|J.V.LSN3
/3N3H.LSH3dAH
3_L|NVV\||"|‘1|S
3ClN3"|8NHOH‘
NOOHIZ
S3fiOVdO
c§o'o'<r rONso 39ViN3DH3d
I
260..
o‘ID
swaamnw AAVEIH
O
(IN 63 /U SIZE GRADE?
F|G°5-3 DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY MINERALS IN MINACHIL AR SED|MENT$
IN MUVATTUPUZHA SEDIMENTS.
(IN 63 /U SIZE GRADE)
auzvmow
awuna
vouw
3.LlHO'1H2) *3Cl|SdOIG/3.LI9nV L ALIJLBNHVO Eauwvwrrns 0
I3NODEIIZ (7)3_LI_LVJ.SN3 2GNBHLSHBCMH to :-zcnsdona/ausnv3CIN3'I8N8OH 9.‘ 31|J_n3
Zsanovdo : annvwanoi:-mzvwow
LBNHVS ‘3.L|NVWl'l‘I|S L
aunuswaNooauz /EIN3HJ.SE:I3cIAH3GISdOIC]/I-l.LI9nv ' 3gN3‘1aNaoH:-maowo ‘ Nooalz
awnvwanoi I S3fIOVdOL :3 T I I I I 1.~3;mvwrrns 2 O O O O O O OQ: co to v V0 (V1 ‘7°”’" 0 s1va3NIwAAv3H so 39v_LN:-Joaad
LBNBVO §(0
3.Ll.LV.LSN3/3N3H.LSU3d/KH QC
3c1N3'1eNaoH 3sanovdo :15
c$o'ooooo'o|\(QI.Oq'I0(\ISTVHBNIW A/\V3H :IO 39V.LN30tI3d
F|G'5-4 DISTRIBUTION-OF HEAVY MINERALS
3ClN3'l8N80l'-I
3J.OCl|d3
3.LlJ.VdV
3_LlZVNOW
3N|'lVWE:lflO.L
3.Ll"lO8flVJ.S
3Cl|SdO|Cl/3.Ll9nV
.L3N2:lVE)
3.L|NVW|'|"l|SVOIW '“NOOHIZ [3..|.|.LVJ.SN3
/ 3N 3HJ.SH 3dAH
S3nOVdO
Nooanz
30lSdOICl/3.L|9l"IV
Tums3.LLLV.LSN3‘/3N3HJ.S83d'AH
LBNHVS *VOIIN
:-umvwrrusEGNEWBNHOH
S3fiOVdO
fif % I I I r I rooooooodoan r~ co to <3- r0 cu 'S"1VEi3N|lN /K/\V3H :10 39\'/J.N33H3d
{JO<K(D
LIJ
'1‘U)
QIf)E LENHVSZ snuna3.Ll.LV.LSN3/3N3H_LSU3dAH
auzvmow *vouw
auuvwrrns [L3C]ISdO|Cl/ELLISDFW
Nooauz
3oN31aNaoH
S3fiOVdO
f‘ ' or 5 c5 c5 6 ofi c3 0L51 |\. (D In <1‘ '0 N "E,‘ swvaamw AAVBH :10 39V.LN33H3dL9
LUN<7;
Q0ION
E
(IN 63 /0 SIZE GRADE)
F|G.5-5 DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY MINERALS IN PERIYAR SEDIMENTS.
LL Lmm m
T . _ _ A
O 0 O O 0 0
m 8 6 /4 2
3452.: :5... Lo woqhzmuawa
<mz<m
<..<$__z<E
.__I U4 2:2
<INDn.D.:<>D2
m<>Ema
FIG. 5-6 AVERAGE LIGHT MINERALS IN RIVER SEDIMENTS
3'|l_1.flE:l
.L3N8V9
3.LINVA)*|
3_LIZVNOW
3.Ll_LOI8
NOOHIZ
3N3H_LSH3dM-I
3.L|NVW|'l"IIS
EIGN378 NHOH
S3fiOVdO
c5oT_o'(OI-Dd’T
OH)
ON E3 0
S"IV/BENIN A/\V3H .:lO 39V.LN3383d
(IN I20 /U SIZE GRADE)
FIG. 57 HEAVY MINERAL DISTRIBUTION
IN THE INNERSHELF
IN I25 /U SIZE GRADE
SEDIIVIENTS
mtz<>xm_._._mO.._IUm.__.Smm_._._N<ZO$_m_Z_:_<S_mDO._.
.Gzm<o Tm.:.S_m ff
zoo~:NmtE»mzm\mzm:»mmm_n_>:m_ozm._mzmo:mmaoqmomEz<s__._.__m
O O O O O
4 3 2 I
pzmomma ._<mmz_s_ >><m:
F|G.5-8 AVERAGE HEAVY MINERAL DISTRIBUTION IN THEVEMBANAD LAKE SEDIMENTS (IN I25 /U SIZE GRADE)
m:fi.§_zom_>zm :,_.uEm“E_o wI.— Z. zo_Sm_Em_o 252.: ><._u m.m.o_.._
zo_mzmn_m:m x z<m O32xz<m Q32 “E0 oassqum
xz<m 0323:35>E
..- O _.r_o..~«cm:0.,2.2-3E....8TE °/o NI (°/oN|).|.N3.l.NO3 3.|.INOTll80|N.|.NOW .|.N3.lNO3 31138819
EINIEIVW
ft
TVIHLSBHBSJ.
L:-2rom-3-8-2
°/o NI .lN3lNO3 3llN|'l0V)i .lN3.lNO3 3.ll'l'l|
\1 O
O’) C)
U1 O
(.0 CD
IQ O
PERCENTAGE OF CLAY MINERALS
_. L\
O O O
KAOLINITE
MONTMORILLONITE
I I I L 1 IMAY‘ ‘JUNE JULY AUG SEPT DEC
FIG. 5-IO TEMPORAL VARIATION OF CLAY MINERALSIN THE MUD BANK SEDIMENTS
mo$zmummn_ 5:42 u_z<omo m> moszwumma ><._u _.®.0E
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4
NF
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9:: o<z<mzm> 9: z_ m»zmB:mzou ._<o.zm:u mo zo_5m_Em_o >uzw:owEm.m.o_.._
mzzommqu 23.0440 .9 amC<: u_z<omo .3 U2_N .2 5<mOU Np $36.2 .5 mman_ou.o_ s5_zS:.m
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moflzwumma wmmzqozqz
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nonoNoweweo._.S.N...2.32m._.5239V.LN33H3d WHINV/ill
o MUD BANK SEDIMENTS
A VEMBANAD LAKE SEDIMENTS
Lcg 3.0 V<+2 ALUE "- °LLI0- :AA23 1.0 —m A0<+OCL 0 I A L 1 I J IO 1 2 3 4 5 6
SODIUM PERCENTAGE
FIG. 69 SODIUM PERCENTAGE Vs POTASSIUM PERCENTAGE
woSzwumm_n_ <2=>5._< m> moSzm_uEn_ <u_.__mo_.m.o_u_
woSz.u6mwn_ <u_.__m A
am am mm mm «m mm Nm .m om mq mu me mq mg qq mg Nq .q oq
_ 4 _ _ _ _ _ A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .2I 2
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92 mz_oum xzqm 032 o
-°l77 -046 -269 '49! °7l4 '93?Sand
Cu
Silt
CoCo
I.--288 --065 -I57 {$80 -603 -826CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
F|G_6...||.DENDROGRAM SHOWING BULK SEDIMENT
(MUD BANK) GEOCHEMISTRY
--I39 -O72 - 283 -493 704 -9l5
-°245 -°O34 -I77 -388 -599 -809CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
F|G-6..l2.DENDROGRAM SHOWING VEMBANAD LAKESEDIMENT GEOCHEMISTRY
"U
Cu
Co
Zn
"Mn
Mg
Fe
--I44 -070 -283 -497 -7lO -924
L 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 J 1 1--250 --O37 - I77 -390 -604 -817CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
FlG..6..|3. DENDROGRAM SHOWING MUD BANK
SEDIMENTS GEOCHEMISTRY