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List five details or examples for each topic you would use in answering the following prompt:. How successful were the programs of the New Deal in solving the problems of the Great Depression? Assess with respect to TWO of the following: Relief Recovery Reform. On the Home Front. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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List five details or examples for each topic you would use in answering the following prompt:How successful were the programs of the New Deal in solving the problems of the Great Depression? Assess with respect to TWO of the following:
▫Relief▫Recovery▫Reform
On the Home Front
Minorities in WarHome Front Contributions
What group do you think was excluded from this establishment?
Why?
Bracero Program•Severe labor shortages
in agriculture, and demand was rising.
•The Bracero Program: A diplomatic agreement for the importation of temporary contract laborers from Mexico to the United States.• ~4 million• US farmers became
dependent
•Made America’s farms the most productive in the world.
•Working conditions for migrant workers were harsh and often unsafe. Their wages were low, and they were often taken advantage of.
The Victory Suit•No vest•No cuffs•Short jacket•Narrow lapels
Zoot Suit Riots•Zoot suits, popular with
Latino youth, were seen as unpatriotic during a time when cloth was being rationed.
•The riots began in Los Angeles, amidst a period of rising tensions between white sailors and the Los Angeles' Mexican-American community.
How are these images different in theirdepiction of African Americans?
Executive Order 8802
• Executive Order 8802: Eliminated racial discrimination in hiring for the defense industries.
• Signed after A. Philip Randolph's March on Washington Movement, on June 25, 1941
• Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) - Required companies with government contracts not to discriminate on the basis of race or religion.
Second Great Migration
• Second Great Migration: Over 5 million African Americans left the South and moved to munitions centers, especially on the West Coast. ▫ Demographic/political
changes in losing and gaining states
▫ Became more unionized▫ Entered the middle class in
larger numbers ▫ Creation of black-owned
businesses▫ Developed original religions
and denominations, such as the Nation of Islam and the Pentecostal movement.
Double V Campaign
Double V Campaign: Victory over fascism abroad, and victory over discrimination at home.
Detroit Race Riot - 1943
Rioters overturn a car
Armed homeownerProtecting home
Japanese Internment
Japanese Internment
Why do you think onlyJapanese were interned?
Japanese Internment
• Executive Order 9066: Provided for the removal of enemy nationals from military areas, specifically removing those of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast.▫ ~110,000 Japanese
and Japanese-Americans
▫ 62% were American citizens
▫ Sent to “War Relocation Camps”
Japanese Internment•Camps built in remote, desolate areas
•Housing was built quickly, many times by internees themselves; based on military barracks
•Multiple families housed in one barrack
•Failure to pack appropriate clothing
•Armed guards were posted at the camps
Japanese Internment
Korematsu v. US
Facts of the Case: Fred Korematsu violated Executive Order 9066 by refusing to relocate.Question: Did the President and Congress go beyond their war powers by implementing exclusion and restricting the rights of Americans of Japanese descent?Decision: 6-3 votes for United States• Held that the need to protect
against espionage outweighed Korematsu's rights.
• “Clear and present danger”Result: (1988) President Reagan signs legislation that officially apologizes for internment, and pays $1.6 billion in reparations to Japanese Americans who had been interned.
Women on the Homefront
Eleanor Roosevelt
•First politically active First Lady with a personal social cause she advocated for•e.g. Laura Bush’s
fight for literacy, Michelle Obama’s advocacy of healthy living
•“My Day”•Weekly press
conferences for female reporters only
•Traveled extensively in support of her husband’s political programs
Eleanor Roosevelt•An advocate for many social causes, often irritating her husband▫Flying with the Tuskegee Airmen
▫Advocating for Japanese Americans in Hawaii
▫Invited Marian Anderson to sing at the Lincoln Memorial
Rosie the Riveter
•In 1944, unemployment hit an all time low of 1.2% (as opposed to 25% a decade earlier).
•Women began working in factories during the war, producing munitions and war supplies▫Rosie the Riveter
became a cultural icon▫Based on Rose Will
Monroe
Rosie the Riveter
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League(AAGPBL)
•Baseball was America’s past time, but the war would not stop young players from being drafted
•An all-female league was developed to continue the season
Home Front Support
WWII Propaganda• Office of War
Information: Coordinated the release of war news for domestic use, and, using posters and radio broadcasts, worked to promote patriotism, warn about foreign spies and recruit women into war work.
“V for Victory”
Rationing•Office of Price Administration (OPA): Government organization in charge of regulating prices and rationing of consumer goods during the war.• Blue chips: Processed foods• Red chips: Meats• Green chips: Other goods
•Some items—like new automobiles and appliances were no longer made.
•Ration stamps were valid only for a set period to prevent hoarding.
Cooking without Sugar!
Homemakers were faced with the challenge of feeding their families on greatly reduced
portions of food, resulting in some interesting recipes.
Scrap Drives and Victory Gardens• Victory Gardens: private or
public gardens in which food was grown to avoid purchasing foodstuffs that could be used in the war effort.▫Produced up to 40% of all
vegetable produce ▫Were planted anywhere
there was room• Scrap drives were organized
to recycle such products as rubber, tin, waste kitchen fats (a raw material for explosives), newspaper, lumber, steel, etc.
Necessity being the motherof invention, women beganfinding substitutes forrationed goods like cloth,nylon, leather, and rubber.
Blue Star BannersThe Blue Star Banner was created in World War I, but hit its height of popularity during WWII. The flag signifies with a blue star the number of family members currently serving in war. Gold stars represent those that have died in battle.
Blackout!•Mainly on East coast of
U.S.•Preventing city lights
from revealing Allied supply ships, making them easy targets for German U-boats.▫Heavy drapes▫Turn off lights▫Street lights and
headlights
The Movies Go To War
• The OWI and Hollywood made hundreds of war movies that reinforced patriotic ideals and reminded Americans who the heroes and who the villains were.▫ The OWI’s Bureau of Motion
Pictures had to approve every film before they could be exported.
▫ Studios encouraged their stars (such as Clark Gable and James Stewart) to enlist.
▫ Warner Bros. and Disney
The USO•The United Service Organization (USO): A private, nonprofit organization that provides morale and recreational services to members of the U.S. military.• Intends to boost morale
of soldiers• Most popular during
WWII•Camp Shows with the
biggest names in Hollywood• Bob Hope
Paying for WarProduction, Payment, and Propaganda
Income Taxes • Prior to World War II, few outside the federal government paid income tax
• “Victory Tax” (1942)▫ The government required
employers to withhold money from employees' paychecks.
▫ Congress enlarged the tax base by lowering the minimum income to pay taxes, and by reducing personal exemptions and deductions.
• By 1944, 90% of those employed were paying federal income taxes (compared to 10% in 1940)
Buying Bonds•War Bonds: Monetary
certificates issued by the government to finance military operations and other expenditures in times of war (AKA: IOU from the government)▫85 million bonds
purchased = $185 billion▫Paid ¾ of face value (e.g.
$18.35 = $25 in 10 years)▫Stamps also could be
purchased, starting at 10 cents each, to save toward the bond.
Paying for War•Bond rallies were held to increase bond sales▫Famous celebrities and Hollywood film stars
•Encouraged to put at least 10% of every paycheck into Bonds▫Most workers had an automatic payroll deduction.
▫“Minuteman Flag”
•Increased industrial output▫2x Germany, 5x Japan
▫Helped turn the tide in favor of an Allied victory.
•Early mobilization before the war
Economic Survival
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC): Made loans to companies to help them with the cost of converting to war production.
War Production Board (WPB): Set priorities and production goals and to control the distribution of raw materials and supplies.
Ford’s B-24 Bomber Plant
Unionization•Congress of Industrial
Organization (CIO - 1935): A federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions (“industrial unionism”)▫Open to African Americans▫“an injury to one is an
injury to all”•CIO and AFL grew
significantly during the war.▫Wartime no-strike pledge▫Government offered
arbitration for wages and new contract terms
