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Adapting Water and Other Infrastructure to Climate Change Challenges David Satterthwaite, IIED

Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

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Page 1: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

Adapting Water and Other Infrastructure to Climate Change Challenges

David Satterthwaite, IIED

Page 2: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

A billion urban dwellers

Invisible in official records 

Around one in seven of the world’s population  

Their agenda for water and infrastructure?

Page 3: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

What this presentation covers

The four urban water agendas• Water and sanitation• Bulk water supplies• Waste water management• Flood avoidance and protection

In the context of climate change

Page 4: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

For resilient infrastructure systems:

REDUCE RISK FROM EXISTING HAZARDSwithstand, adapt, quick and cheap recovery 

REDUCE RISK FOR PROJECTED/ANTICIPATED CHANGE IN HAZARDS AND EXPOSURE  local contexts, global systems

LARGER SYSTEM CHANGE (infrastructure systems tightly coupled) THAT ALSO REMOVES HAZARDS development, DRR, adaptation and mitigation

Page 5: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

What this presentation does not cover

Instead of adding to the 100s of presentations on resilience and water infrastructure

FOCUS ON• Why massive failure in infrastructure provision in low‐ and 

most middle‐income nationsWHEN• Acting on the four water  agendas is so much in the public 

good for everyone (industry, other businesses,  population, health care, regional economy……)

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7972

32 33

0

25

50

75

100

World Developingcountries'

Leastdevelopedcountries

Sub‐SaharanAfrica

% of urban population with drinking water sources piped on premises in 2015

What about Habitat I?

The MDGs?

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0 20 40 60 80 100

NigeriaMarshall Islands

Central African RepublicGuinea‐BissauSierra Leone

HaitiTogo

MadagascarDemocratic Republic of the Congo

MyanmarUganda

ChadMozambiqueBurkina Faso

CameroonRwanda

United Republic of TanzaniaAfghanistan

AngolaBangladesh

GhanaIndonesia

MalawiMongolia

BeninZambiaGuinea

MaliEritrea

MauritaniaNigerKenya

BurundiNepal

West Bank and Gaza

Data drawn from the tables at the back of WHO/UNICEF JMP 2015. 

% of urban population with water piped on premises, 2015

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0 20 40 60 80 100

West Bank and Gaza

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Nigeria

Zimbabwe

Dominican Republic

Namibia

Iraq

Albania

Haiti

Mongolia

Zambia

Kenya

Ghana

Madagascar

Papua New Guinea

Sierra Leone

Algeria

Montenegro

Central African Republic

Malawi

Jordan

Decline in % of urban population with water piped on premises 1990‐2015

Data drawn from the tables at the back of WHO/UNICEF JMP 2015. 

Page 9: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

Most urban centres in sub‐Saharan Africa and much of Asia with hardly any or no sewers or covered drains 

SANITATION AND DRAINS

Addis Ababa, Bamako, Benin, Brazzaville, Dar es Salaam, Douala, Freetown, Ibadan, Kaduna, Kinshasa, Kumasi, Lagos; Lubumbashi, Maiduguri, Mbuji‐Mayi, Port Harcourt, Yaounde, Zaria……….

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0 20 40 60 80 100

Lome

Freetown

Antananarivo

Kano

Kinshasa

Kampala

Ouagadougou

Porto Novo

Cotonou

Kigali

Niamey

Brazzaville

Lagos

Bamako

Ndjamena

Lilongwe

Kaduna

Lusaka

% of population with sewer connections to their home

For most countries, even lower levels of provision outside the larger cities

Page 11: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

Flooding and the city region

How many cities facing more serious floodsso many floods and their impacts unrecordedDesinventar: Impacts on infra/homes/livelihoods/assets/injuries

Much of the impact on those living in informal settlements‘good’ floodingrental markets (Dar and Dhaka)what households and communities do

Mostly not climate change (vast deficiencies in drainage and watershed management) but .....

Addressing river flooding usually needs good management in the region/upstream + cooperation with other jurisdictions

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Page 14: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •
Page 15: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

Water shortages

Water shortages even where provision is so inadequate

Dar es Salaam:  very large deficit in water availability – and most residents don’t have water piped to their home

Sao Paulo (wealthiest city in Latin America) and the water crisis

So many cities with unsustainable groundwater use and/or needing water drawn from far away

often with pumping+very high energy bills 

Page 16: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

Urbanization beyond government capacitiesFailures even in wealthy cities: Why? 

• Speed of change; difficult for government institutions to keep up

• Lack of attention  by national governments and international agencies to strengthening urban governments

• No effective measures to increase supply and reduce cost of housing plots – so informal settlements (and infrastructure deficits) grow

Page 17: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

• local democracy + civil society demands for accountability

• stronger local governments with investment capacity• organized urban poor groups• middle class and business accepting need for urban 

government acting in the public good • regional cooperation possible………..

Lack of pre‐conditions

WHAT DROVE CHANGE IN HIGH‐INCOME NATIONS – London, Manchester, New York….

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0,0

250,0

500,0

750,0

1000,0

Sub‐SaharanAfrica

North Africa Latin America& Caribbean

China India Rest of Asia

1950 2015

Urban populations (millions) for 1950 and 2015

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Page 22: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •
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Page 24: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

Urbanization and economicdevelopment

Changing pattern of large cities – a picture of where private capital investment is concentrating

Page 25: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

See this as spatial pattern of private investment

Places where private capital choose to invest

Again the speed of change in this

Page 26: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

Urbanization and economic development

• Urbanization strongly associated with economic growth

• All successful economies urbanized

• All high‐income and most upper‐middle income countries predominantly urbanized

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sss

Low- and middle-income nations; changes in the proportion of the workforce and the economy in industry and services and level of urbanization, 1960-2005

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Perc

ent

% GDP from industryand services% labour force inindustry and servicesLevel of urbanization

Page 28: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

Among the fastest growing cities (population, thousands)

Urban Agglomeration Country  1950 2015 2030

Shenzhen China 3 10 749 12 673

Dongguan China 92 7 435 8 701Abuja Nigeria 19 2 440 4 913

Malappuram India 25 2 216 3 600Zhuhai China 3 1 542 2 003Cixi China 3 1 303 1 829Suqian China 1 1 050 1 591Yiwu China 3 1 080 1 520Cancún Mexico 0 845 1 161

Heavy concentration of the world’s largest cities in the world’s largest economies

Page 29: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

Annual average increment in population 1970‐2015 (thous)Lagos 247Delhi 230Dhaka 217Kinshasa 187Karachi 183Beijing 163Shanghai 156Mumbai (Bombay) 150Al‐Qahirah (Cairo) 127Dar es Salaam 125Guangzhou 114Luanda 109Bangalore 104

Imagine you are head of infrastructure in these cities and this is the additional population needing infrastructure each year

Give up:Lagos:  5% water, 8% sewerKinshasa: less than 1% sewers

How complicated it is to provide and manage drainage

Drainage/flood protection requires control of land use changes

Page 30: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

Speed of change in many cities

Physical expansion (often into other jurisdictions)

Demands from influential businesses

Water consumption Waste water generation Volume and velocity of floods Loss of wetlands/water bodies Road vehicles……….

Page 31: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

How are cities viewed 

NEGATIVE POSITIVEParasites on the economyand on rural areas

Leading innovation, social justice and economic success

Centres that concentrate and generate air and water pollution

Centres with the healthiest populations and low levels of air pollution

Driving climate change Centres that reconciles high quality of life with low emissions

Difference between them ‐ effective local governance with strong democracy and the capacity to act in the (local and global) common good

Page 32: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

Disconnect between what drives urbanization and governance

Economic success does not automatically bring • healthy cities• sustainable cities• inclusive cities

Or cities where low income groups can find accommodation in formal housing

OR CITIES ABLE TO ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE

Page 33: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

CLIMATE CHANGE 2014: IMPACTS, ADAPTATION, AND VULNERABILITY

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CLIMATE CHANGE 2014: IMPACTS, ADAPTATION, AND VULNERABILITY

Human Settlements SectionChapter 8: Urban AreasChapter 9: Rural AreasChapter 10: Key Economic Sectors

and Services

http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/

Page 35: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

CLIMATE CHANGE 2014: IMPACTS, ADAPTATION, AND VULNERABILITY

What’s New?• Strong focus on urban areas

(& being allowed detailed coverage)• Scale of increase in literature

• Number of city case studies• Key roles of local authorities• Adaptation-development links

Page 36: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

Climate change adaptation, water and urban centres

• Altered precipitation and run off patterns• Often increasing flood water volumes and 

velocities• Sea level rise and storm surges• More extreme weather (storms; droughts, 

high temperatures)• Where water is constrained, competition 

between urban and rural use

Page 37: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

What provides an urban centre with capacity to adapt to climate change% population with risk‐reducing   infrastructure (paved roads, covered drains, piped water ….) & services (health care, emergency services, wastecollection, rule of law, DRR)  % population in legal housing (meeting health & safety regulations) on safe sitesLocal government investment capacityBuilt environment able to withstand extreme weatherInstitutions to make this happen(especially for low‐income groups)Government capacity to work & invest in/manage city region

Page 38: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

The spectrum of urban adaptive capacity

[Source: Developed from Table 8.2 in IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (2014), Working Group II.]

Page 39: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

24 hour a day drinkable water and sanitationHousing meeting health and safety standardsPaved roads and storm and surface drainsRegular solid waste collection & drainage maintenanceHealth care within walking distanceEmergency services (fire, flood, injury…..)Insurance for home and possessionsWarning of stormsPolitical system to complain to if needed

Climate change adaptation and resilience at 33 Gauden Road, London

Page 40: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

% population with risk‐reducing infrastructure & services 

0‐30% served

Most living in illegal, unsafe, unhealthy housing 

% in legal, safe, healthy housing 

Population One billion (most urban centres in low‐income & many in middle‐income nations)

Infrastructure deficit Enormous ‐Much of built up area lacking infrastructure

Local government investment capacity Very little or none

Disasters from extreme weather Very common

Examples Dar es Salaam, Kinshasa, Karonga

Implications for CC adaptation Difficult to see it happening

Capacity to manage city region Very limited

Urban centres with very little adaptive capacity  

Page 41: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

% population with risk‐reducing infrastructure & services 

30‐70% served; 

30‐70% living in illegal, unsafe, unhealthy housing 

% in legal, safe, healthy housing 

Population  1.5 billion 

Infrastructure deficit Very large 

Local govt. investment capacity Some

Disasters from extreme weather Common

Examples Nairobi, Mumbai ……

Implications for CC adaptation Difficult & difficult politically

Capacity to manage city region Difficult 

Urban centres with some ‘bounce‐back’/adaptive capacity

Page 42: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

% population with risk‐reducing infrastructure & services

70‐100% served; most of those inadequately served  in informal settlements 

% living in legal, safe, healthy housing 

Population 1 billion (all urban centres in high‐income and many in middle‐incomenations)

Infrastructure deficit None /very little

Local government investment capacity Good 

Disasters from extreme weather Uncommon

Examples Many cities in Latin America & Asia; all cities in high income nations

Implications for CC adaptation Adaptive capacity but has to be acted on

Capacity to manage city region Always difficult to get consensus

Urban centres with adequate ‘bounce‐back’ adaptive capacity, if acted on

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430 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

US Local governments (average)Porto Alegre (Brazil)

Belo Horizonte (Brazil)Sevilla (Spain)

Canoas (Brazil)Cascais (Portugal)

Ilo (Peru)Medellin (Colombia)

Guarulhos (Brazil)eThekwini (South Africa)

Windhoek (Namibia)Cape Town (South Africa)

Varzea Paulista (Brazil)Johannesburg (South Africa)

Walvis Bay (Namibia)Rosario (Argentina)San Antonio (Chile)

La Serena (Chile)Quillota (Chile)

Chengdu (China)Iztapalapa (Mexico)

Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)Maputo (Mozambique)

Kigali (Rwanda)Ampasy Nahampoana (Madagascar)

Dar es Salaam (Tanzania)Kampala (Uganda)

Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)Dakar (Senegal)

Saint-Louis (Senegal)Dondo (Mozambique)

Accra (Ghana)Rufisque Est (Senegal)

Bamako (Mali)

Municipal annual budget per inhabitant (US$)

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Innovative cities• Rosario• Durban• Iloilo, Manizales, Solo …..

Different starting points: Environment, disaster risk, development…

Common features• Competent local government• Investment capacity• Commitment to reach/work with low‐income groups• Understand importance of DRR and of socio‐

ecological systems• Most able to work in wider region

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Very little adaptive capacity

Some capacity; 

needs to be enhanced

Adaptive capacity if acted on

Moving to resilience

Transform‐ational

adaptation??

How well are urban centres worldwide doing in relation to adaptive capacity

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Key risks              Adaptation issues & prospects             Climate driversRisk & potential for adaptation

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KEY ISSUES 

How much adaptation can reduce risks

But only with mitigation

Strong adaptation ineffective at risk reduction  with 4 degree temperature rise 

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Poverty reduction & universal 

provision of infra+services

Climate change 

adaptation

Climate change 

mitigation

Disaster risk reduction

The urban agendas

Economic success

Making this work for the billion in informal settlements

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Poverty reduction & universal provision of infra+ services

Disaster risk reduction

The urban agendas

Large overlaps in addressing risks, especially in low‐ & lower‐middle income nations

Some overlaps in what provides resilience• For low‐income 

households• For cities

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Poverty reduction & universal provision of infra+services

Climate change adaptation

Disaster risk reduction

The urban agendas

Large overlaps especially in low‐ and lower‐middle income nations

ALL THREE CONCERNED WITH ADDRESSING LOCAL RISKS

Importance of local citizen/civil society pressure & organization

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Poverty reduction & universal provision of services

Climate change adaptation

Disaster risk reduction

The urban agendas

Climate change mitigation

Not much overlap with   climate change mitigation

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Climate change mitigation

Poverty reduction & universal provision of services

Climate change 

adaptation

Disaster risk reduction

• BUT in long‐term ‘dangerous’ climate change has profound influence on the other three

• Date when even strong adaptation cannot keep down risks without mitigation

• Transformative adaptation

The urban agendas

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• Need urban governments able to act and invest in (or manage the investment in) risk‐reducing infrastructure and services• Able to respond to and work with those poorly 

served or not served by water and waste‐water infrastructure

• Acccountable to their inhabitants • Learn from cities that have made progress• Structure climate finance & development finance to 

support this • Fit within urban government commitments to the SDGs 

and the Paris Agreement

In conclusion

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Page 55: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

Sustainable Development Goals • Good on climate change adaptation & mitigation• But most goals+targets+indicators suggested for 

development, DRR, adaptation and mitigation depend on local governments

Local governments need to take initiative• Make their SDG commitments & targets• Work with their low‐income population• Get full recognition from national governments • Urban governments the key players in 

implementing the SDGs and the Paris Agreement

Page 56: Lisbon 2016 Climate Change Adaptation NEWacc2016.daemon/files... · What this presentation covers The four urban water agendas • Water and sanitation • Bulk water supplies •

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NorwayItaly

LuxumbourgAustria

GermanyHungaryLithuaniaSlovakiaBulgariaGreeceCyprus

ArgentinaAlbania

MoldovaIndonesia

MaltaCosta RicaMongoliaParaguay

GuatemalaPakistan

BeninBurkina Faso

Togo

Expenditure per capita local government (US$)