35
Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Liquid Geography:The Geography of Vine and Wine

David R. Green

Page 2: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

Page 3: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

http://enobytes.com/2008/02/01/wine-regions-of-the-world/

Wine Regions of the World

Page 4: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics(NUTS)

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/nomenclatures/index.cfm?TargetUrl=LST_CLS_DLD&StrNom=NUTS_33&StrLanguageCode=EN

Page 5: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

http://www.wineinstitute.org/resources/external-links/statistical-and-economic-information

http://www.wine-economics.org/

Page 6: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

• Economic Geography!• Wine Production, Wine Consumption, and Wine

Trade (Export and Import)• Annual production of wine in the 1970s

exceeded 300m microlitres (see Table 3)• Achieved on cultivated area of 11m hectares

(27m acres)• Approximately 0.75% of total cultivated land in

the World• Year to year variation of figures......

Page 7: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

Page 8: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

• Many factors e.g. Changing weather conditions• France alone - even in a bad year - produces

more wine than all the vineyards of North & South America, South Africa and Australia combined

• France and Italy together produce 45% of the total

• Spain is third (20-40m hectolitres)• Argentina and Soviet Union - each around 30m

hectolitres• Table 4 (from de Blij) shows trends over 1967-

1978

Page 9: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

Page 10: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

Page 11: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

• In some countries land under viticulture is increasing

• Historical ups and downs - > declines (as previously discussed)

• From Table 4 also e.g. Australia’s production from a local point of view is high when consider the small domestic market and the distances to external markets

Page 12: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

• Wine production is of course dependent on the grapes - which in turn are dependent on the weather conditions

• Makes it hard to predict wine production each year

• Instead one can use the overall expansion of vineyards as a better indicator

• And in general - in the recent past - land under grapevines has continued to expand in many (although not all countries)

Page 13: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

• Spatial pattern of wine consumption has changed over time

• Traditionally the largest producers have been the largest per capita consumers

• But wine consumption per person has fluctuated even in traditional markets

• In some it has declined - in others it has risen• But not always easy to determine from the data

and should therefore be seen as an approximation of trends

Page 14: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

• Table 5 (from de Blij)• Data should be seen in the context of the ranking of

countries’ total populations• Continued rise in World consumption• (1) Population increase over the past two decades

compensates for a decline in per capita consumption• (2) Increasing consumption of wine in countries with

large or substantial populations e.g. USA, Soviet Union, West Germany, Spain and even Argentina

• In some countries wine consumption has been actively encouraged (versus ‘hard’ liquor)

• Helped e.g. in Soviet Union by increased production at home and links with other countries for import e.g. Argentina

Page 15: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

Page 16: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

• Other factors that reflect in wine consumption are:

– Price (e.g. in many countries wine is perceived to be a luxury item)

– Cultural preferences (e.g. Japan)– Public awareness (e.g. in USA)– In other countries e.g. Netherlands, Denmark,

Finland, Ireland, Belgium, Norway and Sweden a very large increase in wine consumption since the 1960s (after years of limited consumption)

Page 17: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

• A lot of wine is traded - local, national and also international markets

• International wine trade from year to year reflects:

– Demand for wine not locally produced– Demand for low-priced wines in some markets– Demand for high-priced wines in some markets– Demand for wines in countries that do not produce

wine (or in any quantity)– Year to year variations in harvest in different

viticultural regions

Page 18: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4• Table 6 (from de Blij)- shows imports and exports

• Notice that UK was not a wind producer at the time Table 6 was produced

• Imported most of its wines• Although wine consumption per capita is low the

comparatively low level of consumption creates a substantial demand in lieu of the market size

• Makes UK one of the largest wine importers (at this time 4th largest)

• Compare article from newspapers today• Good years in wine producing regions is reflected in the

‘flow of wine on the international markets’

Page 19: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

Page 20: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4• Major movements of wine tend to mask the

smaller ones• For example, Californian wines largely sold and

consumed locally - but this has changed• Wines from Chile and Argentina also finding new

markets• Many other countries have increased their

exports to international markets• In general, despite ups and downs, international

wine trade has generally increased significantly in past 20-30 years

Page 21: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

Page 22: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

World Wine Statistics 2010World Wine Statistics 2010

Page 23: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

World vineyard acreage in 2010

Global vineyard surface area shrunk in 2010 to 7.6 million hectares, losing around 10,000 ha. The “old world” is still very dominant although the “New World have increased in importance, gaining just over nine percentage points over the period.

Europe: 57%Asia: 22%Americas: 13%Africa: 5%Oceania: 2.7% (e.g. Australia, New Zealand etc..)

Page 24: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

The world wide vineyard acreage has been steadily declining since 2003 when it peaked at almost 7.9M ha. The big “losers” are the traditional big, old world wine countries: Spain, France, and Italy.

The 12 leading countries are:

Spain: 1082 MhaFrance: 825 khaItaly: 798 khaTurkey: 505 khaChina: 490 khaUSA: 404 khaIran: 300 khaPortugal: 243 khaArgentina: 228 khaRomania: 204 khaChile: 200 khaAustralia: 170 kha

Page 25: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

World wine production 2010

Just like vineyard acreage, world wine production shrunk in 2010. The total volume of wine produced in 2010 is estimated to be 263 million hectolitre down slightly from 270 Mhl in 2009.

Europe: 66%Amercias: 19%Asia: 5.5%Oceania: 5%Africa: 4%

The New World has gained 7% points on the old world over fifteen years. World wine production peaked in 2004 at just under 300 Mhl.

Page 26: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

The 12 leading wine producing countries in 2010 were:

Italy: 48.6 MhlFrance: 45.3 MhlSpain: 36.1 MhlUSA: 19.6 MhlArgentina: 16.3 MhlChina: 13 MhlAustralia: 11.2 MhlSouth Africa: 9.2 MhlChile: 8.8 MhlRussia: 8.2 MhlGermany: 7.2 MhlPortugal: 6.8 Mhl

Page 27: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

Global wine consumption 2010

In contrast to global vineyard area and wine production, that declined, global wine consumption saw a slight increase in 2010, inching marginally up to 238 million hectolitres. World consumption peaked in 2007 at around 250 Mhl, declined substantially in 2008 and 2009. But this decline was stopped in 2010 when the consumption essentially levelled out.

The Old World is by far the biggest consumer, accounting for 65% of the total, but its importance have declined (7 percentage points over 15 years):

Europe: 65%Americas: 22%Asia: 7.9%Africa: 2.9%Oceania: 2.7%

Page 28: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

There are dramatic differences in consumer patterns in different parts of the world:

The traditional big producers and consumers have declining consumption: France, Italy and Spain have seen the consumption drop radically.

The big growth markets are the USA, China, Australia, Russia and (curiously) the UK (in the longer term).

The US passed Italy in 2006 (both countries drank 27 Mhl that year) and looks likely to overtake France as the biggest consumer if the trends continue.

Page 29: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

Country wine consumption 2010

The top twelve countries:

France: 29.4 Mhl (trend: -)USA: 27.1 Mhl (+)Italy: 24.5 Mhl (-)Germany 20.2 Mhl (+)China: 14.3 Mhl (+)UK: 13.2 Mhl (=/+)Spain: 10.9 Mhl (-)Argentina: 10 Mhl (-)Russia: 9.7 Mhl (short term -, longer +)Australia: 5.3 Mhl (+)Portugal: 4.4 Mhl (-)Canada: 4.4 Mhl (+)

Page 30: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4World wine export numbers (international trade in wine) where there is a real boom.

Wine is more and more consumed outside the country of production. There are two big drivers behind this: the big producers are consuming less wine domestically and thus have to export more. Secondly, there is a host of “new” wine producing countries that are becoming important wine producers but that have relatively modest local demand. Looking back over the period 2002 to 2010:

Italy: has seen a steady growth, especially lately and is now the biggest exporter.Spain: has also seen a substantial increase in exports (>+50%) over the period and has become the second exporter.France: Used to be the biggest exporter but has seen a steady, but not dramatic, decline (-12% over the period) and has fallen to 3rd place. After these there is a big group of countries that have seen very impressive growth in wine exports:

Australia, Chile, USA, South Africa, Argentina, New Zealand and curiously even Germany.The big loser in relative terms, in market share, is France, although in absolute numbers it has not shrunk all that much.

Page 31: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

World wine exports 2010

The top twelve countries:

Italy: 20.6 Mhl (trend: +)Spain: 17.1 Mhl (+)France: 13.5 Mhl (-)Australia:7.8 Mhl (+)Chile: 7.3 Mhl (+)USA: 4.1 Mhl (+)South Africa: 3.9 Mhl (+)Germany: 3.8 Mhl (+)Argentina: 2.7 Mhl (+)Portugal: 2.6 Mhl (-)New Zealand: 1.4 Mhl (+)Moldavia (!): 1 Mhl (-)

Page 32: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

The top 14 countries:

Germany: 14.2 Mhl (trend ‘05-‘10: +)UK: 12.5 Mhl (+)USA: 9.3 Mhl (+)Russia: 5.5 Mhl (-)France: 4.5 Mhl (-)Canada: 3.5 Mhl (+)Netherlands: 3.3 Mhl (-)Belgium: 3 Mhl (+)China: 2.9 Mhl (+)Japan: 2 Mhl (+)Denmark: 2 Mhl (+)Switzerland: 1.9 Mhl (+)Italy: 1.7 Mhl (-)Portugal: 1.6 Mhl (+)

Page 33: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

Page 34: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4

Wine imports 2010

Since wine exports are booming so is wine import. Over the period 1995 to 2010 it has increased from 48 million hl to almost the double: 87 Mhl. The wine buyers have been even more dominantly Old World: today 70% of wine imports are to European countries (including intra-Europe), down though from 83% in 1995.

It is perhaps surprising to find Germany at the top of the list, but it has been there for quite some time.

The big gains have been in the USA, Canada, and China. China is still (in 2010) modest in size, only in 9th position, but in percentage terms the growth has been very high, from almost nothing in 2002.

If the trend continues (as many producers hope) it will rapidly climb up the chart.

Page 35: Liquid Geography: The Geography of Vine and Wine David R. Green

Lecture 4