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Liquid Crystals Liquid Crystals A Unique State of Matter A Unique State of Matter Prepared By: Joseph A. Castellano, Ph.D., RESEED Silicon Valley, 2008 Prepared By: Joseph A. Castellano, Ph.D., RESEED Silicon Valley, 2008

Liquid Crystals

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Liquid Crystals. A Unique State of Matter. Prepared By: Joseph A. Castellano, Ph.D., RESEED Silicon Valley, 2008. Solid or Crystal State. Liquid Crystal State. Liquid Crystal Ordering. Attractive Forces Hold Molecules in Line. Single Molecules. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Liquid Crystals

Liquid CrystalsLiquid CrystalsA Unique State of MatterA Unique State of Matter

Prepared By: Joseph A. Castellano, Ph.D., RESEED Silicon Valley, 2008Prepared By: Joseph A. Castellano, Ph.D., RESEED Silicon Valley, 2008

Page 2: Liquid Crystals

Solid or Crystal StateSolid or Crystal State

Page 3: Liquid Crystals

Liquid Crystal StateLiquid Crystal State

Page 4: Liquid Crystals

Liquid Crystal OrderingLiquid Crystal Ordering

SingleMolecules

Attractive Forces Hold Molecules in Line

Each line of molecules can slide past each other

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Normal Liquid StateNormal Liquid State

Page 6: Liquid Crystals

Solid Liquid Crystal Liquid

Heat Heat

Cool Cool

Changes from One State to AnotherChanges from One State to Another

A Completely Reversible Physical ChangeA Completely Reversible Physical Change

Page 7: Liquid Crystals

Liquid Crystal MoleculeLiquid Crystal Molecule

Licristal K-18 made by E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany

Page 8: Liquid Crystals

Liquid Crystals under a MicroscopeLiquid Crystals under a Microscope

Scanning Tunneling MicroscopeScanning Tunneling Microscopephoto of a liquid crystal mixturephoto of a liquid crystal mixture

100 x 100 Angstrom Units100 x 100 Angstrom Units

Molecular model of the mixtureMolecular model of the mixture

Source: Frommer, J., Liquid Crystals Today, 3 (2) 1993;Photos taken at IBM Almaden Research Center

Page 9: Liquid Crystals

Observing the Liquid Crystal StateObserving the Liquid Crystal State

Heat Heat

CoolCool

Solid(Crystals)

LiquidCrystal

(Opaque)

ClearLiquid

A Completely Reversible Physical ChangeA Completely Reversible Physical Change

Page 10: Liquid Crystals

Phase Change DiagramPhase Change DiagramFor K-18 Liquid CrystalFor K-18 Liquid Crystal

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Drop of Liquid Crystal on GlassDrop of Liquid Crystal on Glass

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Thin Layer of Liquid Crystal inThin Layer of Liquid Crystal in““Nematic” (Thread-like) PhaseNematic” (Thread-like) Phase

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Motion of Liquid Crystals inMotion of Liquid Crystals inElectric FieldsElectric Fields

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Liquid Crystals UsesLiquid Crystals Uses

• Displays for Electronic ProductsDisplays for Electronic Products- ComputersComputers- TelevisionTelevision- Cell PhonesCell Phones- iPODsiPODs- Clocks and watchesClocks and watches- Instrument gaugesInstrument gauges- Thermometers Thermometers

• Temperature SensorsTemperature Sensors• Biological ResearchBiological Research• Chemical Structure AnalysisChemical Structure Analysis

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Liquid Crystals Displays (LCDs)Liquid Crystals Displays (LCDs)

• Why Liquid Crystals?Why Liquid Crystals?- Very Low Power ConsumptionVery Low Power Consumption- Low Voltage OperationLow Voltage Operation- Very Thin DisplayVery Thin Display- Compatible with Digital ElectronicsCompatible with Digital Electronics- Can be made in many different sizesCan be made in many different sizes

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First Liquid Crystal DisplayFirst Liquid Crystal Display

1967 – RCA Laboratories1967 – RCA Laboratories

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First Watches to use LCDsFirst Watches to use LCDs

19701970 19721972

Page 18: Liquid Crystals

First LCD Computer DisplaysFirst LCD Computer Displays

8 x 3-inch8 x 3-inchScreensScreens

19831983

Page 19: Liquid Crystals

First LCD Color TelevisionFirst LCD Color Television

2-inch diagonal screen -19832-inch diagonal screen -1983

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Simple Version of Liquid CrystalSimple Version of Liquid CrystalTV Display AssemblyTV Display Assembly

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Cross-section of One Picture ElementCross-section of One Picture ElementIn Color Liquid Crystal TV DisplayIn Color Liquid Crystal TV Display

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Increasing Screen Size of LCD TelevisionsIncreasing Screen Size of LCD Televisions

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Increasing Screen Size of LCD TelevisionsIncreasing Screen Size of LCD Televisions

45-inch screen45-inch screenSharp - 2000Sharp - 2000

52-inch screen52-inch screenLG.Philips - 2003LG.Philips - 2003

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Increasing Screen Size of LCD TelevisionsIncreasing Screen Size of LCD Televisions

82-inch screen82-inch screenSamsung – 2005Samsung – 2005

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Increasing Screen Size of LCD TelevisionsIncreasing Screen Size of LCD Televisions

100-inch screen100-inch screenLG.Philips – 2006LG.Philips – 2006