LipidsCommonly known as:

Fats Oils Waxes

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1. Organic CompoundMade up of carbonFeels waxy or oily to the touch

2. Function of a lipid:

a. Stores energy ~ long termb. Main component of our cell

membranes c. Insulates our body

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d. Protects our major organs

e. Transports certain types of vitamins and hormones around our

body.

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Lipids are made up of:C , H and O

Same set of elements found in carbs……unused carbs get stored as body fat.

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Like carbohydrates and proteins, lipids are made up of repeating units. The repeating units in lipids are called:

-Triglycerides “3”

1 lipid is made up of: 1 glycerol molecule 3 fatty acid molecules

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Many bonds need to be broken-need to add:

water and enzymes “lipase”H2O

Lipds are then broken down by the process “Hydrolysis”

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Lipids contain more energy per gram than any other food source…very calorie loaded

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Types of lipids:

1. FATSa. Are solid at room temperature

b. Found in animal products

Lard

Butter

MeatEgg yolks

Milk

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c. Known as “saturated” fats-unhealthy because they contain:

-heart unhealthy“cholesterol”

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2. OILS

a. Normally liquid at room temperature

b. Found in plant products

Margarine

Vegetable Oils

Nuts

Olives

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c. Known as “unsaturated” fats/lipids

-contains same amount of calories as saturated but are more healthier for you because they do not contain cholesterol.

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3. Waxes

a. Found in plants and animalsb. Form of protection

-covers all major organsc. Waterproof structures

Cuticle on leavesEarwax

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4. Phospholipids

a. Used to create our cell membranes.

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5. Steroids

a. 1000 units are formed naturally each day by our bodies. Should have no more than 1300 units per day.

b. The rest of the steroids comes from the food we eat……which contain cholesterol

(type of steroid).

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Normal level of cholesterol:-produced by all animals, including humans. -is needed for many bodily functions and serves to

insulate nerve fibers, maintain cell walls and produce vitamin D, various hormones and digestive juices.

-Cholesterol is produced by the liver.

LDL’s: Low Density Lipoproteins Bad cholesterol Clogs our arteries

HDL’s: High Density Lipoproteins Good cholesterol Moves cholesterol back to

liver for removal from body.

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c. Steroids also include digestive bile and sex hormones.

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Two test for the presence of lipids:

1. Brown Bag Test

-leaves a translucent spot-light passes through it

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Yummy!!!!!!!

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2. Solubility Test

-lipids are soluble in lighter fluid BUT

insoluble in water.

Why?Remember: Likes dissolve likes

-lipids are nonpolar so they do not dissolve in polar water but do dissolve in nonpolar lighter fluid

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Major problem with lipids:In order for lipids to be transported to our cells they must be able to dissolve in the water of our blood. But lipids are insoluble in water

Solution?????????

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Emulsification:-lipids must be emulsified by digestive bile salts.

-made by liver-stored in gall bladder-slowly released into

small intestines.

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When a lipid is emulsifiedIt is totally surrounded bythe bile salt. The bile saltis soluble in the waterof blood so thelipid gets carriedaway.

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Nucleic Acids-4th Organic Compound

-made up of carbon H, O, N and Phosphorus

-There are only two type:-DNA-RNA

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Function of nucleic acids:

-To store and transmit our genetic code.

Nucleic Acids are made up of many repeating units or monomers known as nucleotides.

To Be Continued in a later chapter….