lipids biological moelecues

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Lipid MoleculesPhospholipidsSteroids LipidsPolymers > Lipids

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www.boundless.com/chemistry?campaign_content=book_187_section_168&campaign_term=Chemistry&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boundlessFats provide energy, insulation, and storage of fatty acids for many organisms.Fats may be saturated (having single bonds) or unsaturated (having double bonds).Unsaturated fats may be cis (hydrogens in same plane) or trans (hydrogens in two different planes).Olive oil, a monounsaturated fat, has a single double bond whereas canola oil, a polyunsaturated fat, has more than one double bond.Omega-3 fatty acid and omega-6 fatty acid are essential for human biological processes, but they must be ingested in the diet because they cannot be synthesized.Lipid Molecules

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Polymers > Lipids

Phospholipids consist of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group that is modified by an alcohol.The phosphate group is the negatively-charged polar head, which is hydrophilic.The fatty acid chains are the uncharged, nonpolar tails, which are hydrophobic.Since the tails are hydrophobic, they face the inside, away from the water and meet in the inner region of the membrane.Since the heads are hydrophilic, they face outward and are attracted to the intracellular and extracellular fluid.If phospholipids are placed in water, they form into micelles, which are lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in aqueous solutions.Phospholipids

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Polymers > Lipids

Steroids are lipids because they are hydrophobic and insoluble in water, but they do not resemble lipids since they have a structure composed of four fused rings.Cholesterol is the most common steroid and is the precursor to vitamin D, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, and bile salts.Cholesterol is a component of the phospholipid bilayer and plays a role in the structure and function of membranes.Steroids are found in the brain and alter electrical activity in the brain.Because they can tone down receptors that communicate messages from neurotransmitters, steroids are often used in anesthetic medicines.Steroids

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Polymers > Lipids

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comAppendixKey termsamphipathic Describing a molecule, such as a detergent, which has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups.carboxyl A univalent functional group consisting of a carbonyl and a hydroxyl functional group (-CO.OH); characteristic of carboxylic acids.ester Compound most often formed by the condensation of an alcohol and an acid, by removing water. It contains the functional group carbon-oxygen double bond joined via carbon to another oxygen atom.hormone any substance produced by one tissue and conveyed by the bloodstream to another to affect physiological activityhydrogenation The chemical reaction of hydrogen with another substance, especially with an unsaturated organic compound, and usually under the influence of temperature, pressure and catalysts.micelle Lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in aqueous solutions.neurotransmitter any substance, such as acetylcholine or dopamine, responsible for sending nerve signals across a synapse between two neuronsosmoregulation the homeostatic regulation of osmotic pressure in the body in order to maintain a constant water content

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comPolymersPhospholipid MoleculeA phospholipid is a molecule with two fatty acids and a modified phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone. The phosphate may be modified by the addition of charged or polar chemical groups. Two chemical groups that may modify the phosphate, choline and serine, are shown here. Both choline and serine attach to the phosphate group at the position labeled R via the hydroxyl group indicated in green.

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Phospholipid BilayerThe phospholipid bilayer consists of two adjacent sheets of phospholipids, arranged tail to tail. The hydrophobic tails associate with one another, forming the interior of the membrane. The polar heads contact the fluid inside and outside of the cell.

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Steroid StructuresSteroids, such as cholesterol and cortisol, are composed of four fused hydrocarbon rings.

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Omega Fatty AcidsAlpha-linolenic acid is an example of an omega-3 fatty acid. It has three cis double bonds and, as a result, a curved shape. For clarity, the carbons are not shown. Each singly bonded carbon has two hydrogens associated with it, also not shown.


TriacylglycerolsTriacylglycerol is formed by the joining of three fatty acids to a glycerol backbone in a dehydration reaction. Three molecules of water are released in the process.


Fatty AcidsSaturated fatty acids have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds only. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds. Each double bond may be in a cis or trans configuration. In the cis configuration, both hydrogens are on the same side of the hydrocarbon chain. In the trans configuration, the hydrogens are on opposite sides. A cis double bond causes a kink in the chain.


MicellesAn example of micelles in water.

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikibooks. "Structural Biochemistry/Lipids/Micelles." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Lipids/Micelles View on Boundless.comPolymers

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comPolymersWhich of the following answers describes a function of fats?A) all of these answersB) provide energy via trans conformationC) store fatty acidsD) store non-soluble vitamins

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PolymersWhich of the following answers describes a function of fats?A) all of these answersB) provide energy via trans conformationC) store fatty acidsD) store non-soluble vitamins

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comPolymersWhat is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids?A) Saturated fatty acids exist in either cis or trans configuration.B) Saturated fatty acids have double bonds and unsaturated fatty acids have single bonds.C) Unsaturated fatty acids have more hydrogen atoms.D) Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds and saturated fatty acids have single bonds.


PolymersWhat is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids?A) Saturated fatty acids exist in either cis or trans configuration.B) Saturated fatty acids have double bonds and unsaturated fatty acids have single bonds.C) Unsaturated fatty acids have more hydrogen atoms.D) Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds and saturated fatty acids have single bonds.

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comPolymersWhich of the following best describes the phospholipid bilayer?A) The hydrophobic tails give it a rigid structure to keep it locked in place.B) The hydrophillic heads are attracted to the intracellular and extracellular fluid of the cell.C) The hydrophilic heads meet in the inner region of the membrane.D) The hydrophobic tails are positive, and the hydrophilic heads are negative.


PolymersWhich of the following best describes the phospholipid bilayer?A) The hydrophobic tails give it a rigid structure to keep it locked in place.B) The hydrophillic heads are attracted to the intracellular and extracellular fluid of the cell.C) The hydrophilic heads meet in the inner region of the membrane.D) The hydrophobic tails are positive, and the hydrophilic heads are negative.

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comPolymersWhich of the following is a function of steroids?A) synthesis of neurotransmittersB) all of these answersC) heart functionD) reproduction


PolymersWhich of the following is a function of steroids?A) synthesis of neurotransmittersB) all of these answersC) heart functionD) reproductionAttributionConnexions. "Lipids." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44401/latest/?collection=col11448/latestWiktionary. "carboxyl." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carboxylWiktionary. "ester." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/esterWiktionary. "hydrogenation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hydrogenationWikibooks. "Structural Biochemistry/Lipids/Micelles." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Lipids/MicellesConnexions. "Lipids." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44401/latest/?collection=col11448/latestConnexions. "The Cell Membrane." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m46021/latest/Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/micelleWiktionary. "amphipathic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amphipathicConnexions. "Hormones." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m46667/latest/Connexions. "Lipids." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44401/latest/?collection=col11448/latestWikibooks. "Metabolomics/Metabolites/Lipids/Steroids." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Metabolomics/Metabolites/Lipids/SteroidsWiktionary. "neurotransmitter." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neurotransmitterWiktionary. "osmoregulation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/osmoregulationWiktionary. "hormone." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hormone

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