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Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, Second Edition
Chapter 3Linux Installation and Usage
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 2
Objectives
• Install Red Hat Fedora Linux using good practices
• Outline the structure of the Linux interface
• Enter basic shell commands and find command documentation
• Properly shut down the Linux operating system
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 3
Installing Linux: Installation Methods
• FTP server• HTTP Web server• NFS server• SMB server• Virtual Network Computing (VNC) server• Packages on hard disk
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 4
Performing the Installation: Starting the Installation
• Boot from first Red Hat Fedora Linux CD-ROM
• Largest problem is initiating a graphical installation– Disable framebuffer
• Framebuffer: Abstract representation of video adapter card hardware – Instead of direct communication with video adapter
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 5
Performing the Installation: Starting the Installation (continued)
Figure 3-1: Beginning a Red Hat installation
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 6
Performing the Installation: Starting the Installation (continued)
• Press F2 at Welcome screen to get installation options
• Check media for errors prior to installation– Optional, but recommended
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 7
Performing the Installation: Starting the Installation (continued)
Figure 3-2: Viewing installation options
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 8
Choosing the Language, Keyboard, Mouse, and Monitor
• Keyboard model and layout automatically detected
• Check “Emulate 3 Button” if mouse does not have third button
• Most monitors automatically detected– If not, try to locate on list of monitor models or use
generic model with correct horizontal and vertical sync
• Incorrect monitor settings can damage monitor
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 9
Choosing the Language, Keyboard, Mouse, and Monitor (continued)
Figure 3-4: Selecting an installation language
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 10
Choosing the Language, Keyboard, Mouse, and Monitor (continued)
Figure 3-5: Verifying keyboard configuration
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 11
Choosing the Language, Keyboard, Mouse, and Monitor (continued)
Figure 3-6: Selecting a mouse type
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 12
Choosing the Language, Keyboard, Mouse, and Monitor (continued)
Figure 3-7: Verifying monitor configuration
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 13
Specifying the Installation Type
• Personal Desktop– GUI environment and common applications
• Workstation– Same as Personal Desktop plus administrative and
network tools
• Server– Several server services
• Custom
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 14
Specifying the Installation Type (continued)
Figure 3-8: Choosing an installation type
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 15
Hard Disk Partitioning
• Filesystems can be accessed if attached (mounted) to a directory
• Minimum of two partitions– Partition for root directory– Partition for virtual memory (swap memory)
• Area on hard disk used to store information normally residing in physical memory (RAM)
• Automatic or manual partitioning
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 16
Hard Disk Partitioning (continued)
Table 3-1: Common Linux filesystems and sizes
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 17
Hard Disk Partitioning (continued)
Figure 3-9: Choosing a disk partitioning method
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 18
Hard Disk Partitioning (continued)
• Different types of filesystems– Ext2: Used on most Linux computers– Ext3: Performs journaling– Vfat: Compatible with Windows’ FAT filesystem– REISER: Performs journaling
• Journaling: Keeps track of the information written to the hard drive
• Disk Druid: Graphical partitioning program
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 19
Hard Disk Partitioning (continued)
Figure 3-10: The Disk Druid partitioning utility
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 20
Hard Disk Partitioning (continued)
Figure 3-11: Creating a new partition
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 21
Configuring the Boot Loader
• Boot loader: Program started by BIOS ROM – Loads kernel into memory – Can also boot other existing OSs
• GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB): Boot loader configured during Fedora Linux installation
• Dual booting: Choose OS to boot at startup
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 22
Configuring the Boot Loader (continued)
Figure 3-12: Configuring a boot loader
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 23
Configuring the Boot Loader (continued)
• Boot loader usually resides on the MBR or on first sector of / or /boot partition
• Kernel parameters: Information passed to Linux kernel via the boot loader
• Large Block Addressing 32-bit (LBA32): Enables Large Block Addressing in boot loader– For large hard disks not fully supported by the BIOS
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 24
Configuring the Boot Loader (continued)
Figure 3-13: Configuring advanced boot loader options
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 25
Configuring the Network and Firewall
Figure 3-14: Specifying a network configuration
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 26
Configuring the Network and Firewall (continued)
• Will NIC be activated at boot time?
• Manual IP configuration– Set IP address, Netmask, host name, gateway,
primary domain name space (DNS)
• Automatic IP configuration via DHCP
• Firewall prevents traffic from entering computer– Customize which traffic is allowed through
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 27
Configuring the Network and Firewall (continued)
Figure 3-15: Configuring a firewall
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 28
Choosing a System Language and Time Zone
Figure 3-16: Selecting additional language support
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 29
Choosing a System Language and Time Zone (continued)
Figure 3-17: Choosing a time zone
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 30
Creating the Root User
• Authentication: Users log in via valid user name and password
• Configure two user accounts– Administrator account (root)
• Full rights to system
– Regular user account
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 31
Creating the Root User (continued)
Figure 3-18: Setting a root password
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 32
Selecting Packages
Figure 3-19: Selecting packages
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 33
Installing Packages
Figure 3-19: Package Installation
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 34
Completing the Firstboot Wizard
• Complete the installation– License agreement– Graphics settings– User accounts and authentication– Install additional software
• Log in with user account for daily tasks
• Shadow password: stored in separate DB from user accounts
• MD5: password encryption method
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 35
Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued)
Figure 3-22: Setting the date and time
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 36
Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued)
Figure 3-23: Configuring screen resolution and color depth
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 37
Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued)
Figure 3-24: Creating a regular user account
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 38
Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued)
Figure 3-25: Configuring user information
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 39
Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued)
Figure 3-26: Configuring authentication
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 40
Basic Linux Language: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel
• Terminal: Channel allowing users to log on to the kernel locally or across a network
• Shell: Transfers user input to kernel
• BASH Shell (Bourne Again Shell): Default Linux shell– Command line shell
• Linux allows multiple terminals, each with its own shell
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 41
Basic Linux Language: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (continued)
Figure 3-27: Shells, terminals, and the kernel
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 42
Basic Linux Language: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (continued)
• Graphical Interface– Start GUI environment on top of BASH shell o– Or, switch to a graphical terminal
• e.g., GNOME Display Manager (gdm)
• From the local server, use key combinations to change to separate terminal
• Command-line terminal may be accessed from GUI environment
• Command prompt:– Root user: #– Regular user: $
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 43
Basic Linux Language: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (continued)
Table 3-2: Common Linux terminals
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 44
Basic Linux Language: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (continued)
Figure 3-29: Accessing a command-line terminal in a GUI environment
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 45
Basic Shell Commands
• Commands: Indicate name of program to execute
– Case sensitive• Options: Specific letters starting with “-” appearing
after command name – Alter way command works
• Arguments: Specify a command’s working parameters
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 46
Basic Shell Commands (continued)
Table 3-3: Some Common Linux commands
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 47
Shell Metacharacters
• Metacharacters: Characters with a special meaning– e.g., $
• Refers to a variable
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 48
Shell Metacharacters (continued)
Table 3-4: Common BASH Shell metacharacters
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 49
Getting Command Help
• Linux distributions contain many commands• Manual pages: Most common form of documentation for
Linux commands– “man” pages
– At command prompt, type “man” followed by a command name
– Contain different sections
• Info pages: Set of local, easy-to-read command syntax documentation– At command prompt, type “info” followed by a command
name
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 50
Getting Command Help (continued)
Table 3-5: Manual page section numbers
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 51
Shutting Down the Linux System
Table 3-6: Commands to halt and reboot the Linux operating system
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 52
Summary
• Most software information can be specified at installation– Network configuration and package selection should
be carefully planned before installation
• CD-ROM–based installation– Easiest– Most common– Rarely requires installation boot disk
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 53
Summary (continued)
• Installation prompts for language, boot loader, hard disk partitions, network configuration, firewall configuration, time zone, user accounts, authentication, and package selection
• Users must log in to a terminal and receive a shell before they are able to interact with the Linux system and kernel
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e 54
Summary (continued)
• From any type of terminal you can enter commands, options, and arguments at a shell prompt to perform system tasks, obtain command help, or shut down the Linux system
• The shell is case sensitive and understands a variety of special characters called shell metacharacters, which should be protected if their special meaning is not required