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Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, Second Edition Chapter 3 Linux Installation and Usage

Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, Second Edition Chapter 3 Linux Installation and Usage

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Page 1: Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, Second Edition Chapter 3 Linux Installation and Usage

Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, Second Edition

Chapter 3Linux Installation and Usage

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Objectives

• Install Red Hat Fedora Linux using good practices

• Outline the structure of the Linux interface

• Enter basic shell commands and find command documentation

• Properly shut down the Linux operating system

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Installing Linux: Installation Methods

• FTP server• HTTP Web server• NFS server• SMB server• Virtual Network Computing (VNC) server• Packages on hard disk

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Performing the Installation: Starting the Installation

• Boot from first Red Hat Fedora Linux CD-ROM

• Largest problem is initiating a graphical installation– Disable framebuffer

• Framebuffer: Abstract representation of video adapter card hardware – Instead of direct communication with video adapter

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Performing the Installation: Starting the Installation (continued)

Figure 3-1: Beginning a Red Hat installation

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Performing the Installation: Starting the Installation (continued)

• Press F2 at Welcome screen to get installation options

• Check media for errors prior to installation– Optional, but recommended

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Performing the Installation: Starting the Installation (continued)

Figure 3-2: Viewing installation options

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Choosing the Language, Keyboard, Mouse, and Monitor

• Keyboard model and layout automatically detected

• Check “Emulate 3 Button” if mouse does not have third button

• Most monitors automatically detected– If not, try to locate on list of monitor models or use

generic model with correct horizontal and vertical sync

• Incorrect monitor settings can damage monitor

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Choosing the Language, Keyboard, Mouse, and Monitor (continued)

Figure 3-4: Selecting an installation language

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Choosing the Language, Keyboard, Mouse, and Monitor (continued)

Figure 3-5: Verifying keyboard configuration

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Choosing the Language, Keyboard, Mouse, and Monitor (continued)

Figure 3-6: Selecting a mouse type

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Choosing the Language, Keyboard, Mouse, and Monitor (continued)

Figure 3-7: Verifying monitor configuration

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Specifying the Installation Type

• Personal Desktop– GUI environment and common applications

• Workstation– Same as Personal Desktop plus administrative and

network tools

• Server– Several server services

• Custom

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Specifying the Installation Type (continued)

Figure 3-8: Choosing an installation type

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Hard Disk Partitioning

• Filesystems can be accessed if attached (mounted) to a directory

• Minimum of two partitions– Partition for root directory– Partition for virtual memory (swap memory)

• Area on hard disk used to store information normally residing in physical memory (RAM)

• Automatic or manual partitioning

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Hard Disk Partitioning (continued)

Table 3-1: Common Linux filesystems and sizes

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Hard Disk Partitioning (continued)

Figure 3-9: Choosing a disk partitioning method

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Hard Disk Partitioning (continued)

• Different types of filesystems– Ext2: Used on most Linux computers– Ext3: Performs journaling– Vfat: Compatible with Windows’ FAT filesystem– REISER: Performs journaling

• Journaling: Keeps track of the information written to the hard drive

• Disk Druid: Graphical partitioning program

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Hard Disk Partitioning (continued)

Figure 3-10: The Disk Druid partitioning utility

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Hard Disk Partitioning (continued)

Figure 3-11: Creating a new partition

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Configuring the Boot Loader

• Boot loader: Program started by BIOS ROM – Loads kernel into memory – Can also boot other existing OSs

• GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB): Boot loader configured during Fedora Linux installation

• Dual booting: Choose OS to boot at startup

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Configuring the Boot Loader (continued)

Figure 3-12: Configuring a boot loader

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Configuring the Boot Loader (continued)

• Boot loader usually resides on the MBR or on first sector of / or /boot partition

• Kernel parameters: Information passed to Linux kernel via the boot loader

• Large Block Addressing 32-bit (LBA32): Enables Large Block Addressing in boot loader– For large hard disks not fully supported by the BIOS

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Configuring the Boot Loader (continued)

Figure 3-13: Configuring advanced boot loader options

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Configuring the Network and Firewall

Figure 3-14: Specifying a network configuration

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Configuring the Network and Firewall (continued)

• Will NIC be activated at boot time?

• Manual IP configuration– Set IP address, Netmask, host name, gateway,

primary domain name space (DNS)

• Automatic IP configuration via DHCP

• Firewall prevents traffic from entering computer– Customize which traffic is allowed through

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Configuring the Network and Firewall (continued)

Figure 3-15: Configuring a firewall

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Choosing a System Language and Time Zone

Figure 3-16: Selecting additional language support

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Choosing a System Language and Time Zone (continued)

Figure 3-17: Choosing a time zone

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Creating the Root User

• Authentication: Users log in via valid user name and password

• Configure two user accounts– Administrator account (root)

• Full rights to system

– Regular user account

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Creating the Root User (continued)

Figure 3-18: Setting a root password

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Selecting Packages

Figure 3-19: Selecting packages

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Installing Packages

Figure 3-19: Package Installation

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Completing the Firstboot Wizard

• Complete the installation– License agreement– Graphics settings– User accounts and authentication– Install additional software

• Log in with user account for daily tasks

• Shadow password: stored in separate DB from user accounts

• MD5: password encryption method

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Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued)

Figure 3-22: Setting the date and time

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Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued)

Figure 3-23: Configuring screen resolution and color depth

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Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued)

Figure 3-24: Creating a regular user account

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Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued)

Figure 3-25: Configuring user information

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Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued)

Figure 3-26: Configuring authentication

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Basic Linux Language: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel

• Terminal: Channel allowing users to log on to the kernel locally or across a network

• Shell: Transfers user input to kernel

• BASH Shell (Bourne Again Shell): Default Linux shell– Command line shell

• Linux allows multiple terminals, each with its own shell

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Basic Linux Language: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (continued)

Figure 3-27: Shells, terminals, and the kernel

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Basic Linux Language: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (continued)

• Graphical Interface– Start GUI environment on top of BASH shell o– Or, switch to a graphical terminal

• e.g., GNOME Display Manager (gdm)

• From the local server, use key combinations to change to separate terminal

• Command-line terminal may be accessed from GUI environment

• Command prompt:– Root user: #– Regular user: $

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Basic Linux Language: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (continued)

Table 3-2: Common Linux terminals

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Basic Linux Language: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (continued)

Figure 3-29: Accessing a command-line terminal in a GUI environment

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Basic Shell Commands

• Commands: Indicate name of program to execute

– Case sensitive• Options: Specific letters starting with “-” appearing

after command name – Alter way command works

• Arguments: Specify a command’s working parameters

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Basic Shell Commands (continued)

Table 3-3: Some Common Linux commands

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Shell Metacharacters

• Metacharacters: Characters with a special meaning– e.g., $

• Refers to a variable

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Shell Metacharacters (continued)

Table 3-4: Common BASH Shell metacharacters

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Getting Command Help

• Linux distributions contain many commands• Manual pages: Most common form of documentation for

Linux commands– “man” pages

– At command prompt, type “man” followed by a command name

– Contain different sections

• Info pages: Set of local, easy-to-read command syntax documentation– At command prompt, type “info” followed by a command

name

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Getting Command Help (continued)

Table 3-5: Manual page section numbers

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Shutting Down the Linux System

Table 3-6: Commands to halt and reboot the Linux operating system

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Summary

• Most software information can be specified at installation– Network configuration and package selection should

be carefully planned before installation

• CD-ROM–based installation– Easiest– Most common– Rarely requires installation boot disk

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Summary (continued)

• Installation prompts for language, boot loader, hard disk partitions, network configuration, firewall configuration, time zone, user accounts, authentication, and package selection

• Users must log in to a terminal and receive a shell before they are able to interact with the Linux system and kernel

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Summary (continued)

• From any type of terminal you can enter commands, options, and arguments at a shell prompt to perform system tasks, obtain command help, or shut down the Linux system

• The shell is case sensitive and understands a variety of special characters called shell metacharacters, which should be protected if their special meaning is not required