Linking Ozone Layer Linking Ozone Layer Protection, Climate Change Protection, Climate Change

and Energy Efficiencyand Energy Efficiency

Caribbean Ozone Officers Caribbean Ozone Officers MeetingMeeting

Antigua and BarbudaAntigua and Barbuda1 – 4 March 20111 – 4 March 2011

Carlos FullerCarlos Fuller

Deputy DirectorDeputy Director

The Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre

• Endorsed by the CARICOM Heads of Government in July 2002

• An intergovernmental specialized agency of CARICOM with an independent management that is guided by

The CARICOM Council of Trade and Economic Development (COTED) on policy matters.

A board of directors with responsibility for strategic planning.

A technical secretariat headed by an Executive Director with responsibility for tactical planning.

• The Centre is mandated to coordinate the regional response to climate change and its efforts to manage and adapt to its projected impacts.

• The Centre possesses full juridical personality.

• Financially independent

Operational sinceOperational since January 2004January 2004

Located in Located in Belmopan, BelizeBelmopan, Belize

Members● Antigua and Barbuda

● Bahamas

● Barbados

● Belize

● Dominica

● Grenada

● Guyana

● Haiti

● Jamaica

● Suriname

● Saint Lucia

● St. Kitts and Nevis

● St. Vincent & the Grenadines

● Trinidad and Tobago

Functional Organogram

INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATING INSTITUTIONS

OTHER CARICOM SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONS

UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES

CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSTITUTE

CARIBBEAN DISASTER EMERGENCY RESPONSE AGENCY

CARIBBEAN AGRICULTURALRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE

CARIBBEAN INSTITUTE OFMETEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY

TECHNICAL SECRETARIAT

The Centre coordinates the regionalresponse to climate change and is thekey node on climate change issues andthe Caribbean's efforts to manage and

adapt to climate change

CUBA INSTITUTE OF METEOROLOGY

JAPAN INSTITUTE OF METEOROLOGY

POTSDAM INSTITUTEFOR CLIMATE IMPACT STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OFLOUISVILLE

FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

UK MET SERVICEHADLEY CENTRE

UN INSTITUTE FORTRAINING & RESEARCH

UNIVERSITY OF BELIZE

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC)

● Ultimate Objective: “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system…within a timeframe sufficient to allow eco-systems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.”

UNFCCC – Developed Countries

● Commitment - To return individually or jointly to their 1990 levels of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) by 2000

● In fact, their emissions have risen● Developing countries have no such

commitment

Kyoto Protocol

● Parties included in Annex I (developed countries) shall reduce their overall emissions of GHGs by at least 5% below their 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012

● Came into effect on 16 February 2005 when 50 Parties representing 55% of global GHG emissions ratified US withdrew

Greenhouse Gases (GHG)

● Carbon dioxide (CO2)

● Methane (CH4)

● Nitrous oxide (N2O)● Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)● Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)● Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

Sectors/Source Categories

● Energy● Forestry● Industrial Processes● Agriculture● Waste● Solvent and other product use

Flexibility Mechanisms

● Joint Implementation (Article 4)● Emissions Trading (Article 6)● Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (Article

12)

Purpose of the CDM (Article 12.2)

● To assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development and achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention

● To assist developed countries in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments

However…

● Jamaica only CARICOM country hosting a CDM project Wind energy

● Emissions from CARICOM Members very low: 62,896,000 metric tons of CO2 equivalent in 2007 Caribbean: 0.29% of global emissions Trinidad & Tobago: 0.13% of global emissions Dominica: <0.01% of global emissions

Estimate of GHG Emissions in the Caribbean in 2007

Global Ranking Country CO2 Emissions

(thousands of metric tons)

Global Percentage (%)

69 Trinidad and Tobago 37,037 0.13

86 Jamaica 13,964 0.05

135 Suriname 2,439 0.01

138 Haiti 2,398 0.01

143 Bahamas 2,149 0.01

151 Guyana 1,507 0.01

154 Barbados 1,346 <0.01

177 Antigua and Barbuda 436 <0.01

178 Belize 425 <0.01

182 Saint Lucia 381 <0.01

186 St. Kitts and Nevis 249 <0.01

187 Grenada 242 <0.01

190 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 202 <0.01

200 Dominica 121 <0.01

CDM DNA Capacity Building Project

● Pilot component● Belize, Cuba and Trinidad &Tobago executed

nationally

● Regional component Training workshops Develop 3 CDM Programme of Activities (PoA) project

concepts PINs and PDDs Raise awareness of CDM

PoAs

● Low emissions● Small countries● Small populations● Small economies● Low levels of industrialization● Result: SMALL PROJECTS ● ANSWER: Bundling projects: Programmatic

CDM

Opportunities

● Rural Electrification● Demand side Management: Conversion of

incandescent light bulbs to compact fluorescent● Municipal electrification by solar power● Tourism sector● Sanitary landfills● Afforestation and reforestation

Kyoto Protocol● First Commitment Period: 2008- 2012● Art. 3.9: CMP shall initiate consideration of commitments for

subsequent periods at least 7 years before the end of the first commitment period

● 2005: CMP established the AWG-KP to define “subsequent commitment period(s), targets, …)

● Negotiations commenced … New commitment period(s) New gases? New sectors?

● International aviation and marine transport New Parties?

● What to do about the USA?● No agreement yet…

Future?

● EU will purchase credits from any projects initiated prior to 31 December 2012

● Japan will purchase credits post 2012● EU will purchase credits from LDCs post 2012

for European Trading Scheme (ETS)● Voluntary markets will continue● Mechanisms in Kyoto Protocol incorporated in

any new instrument

RESPONSES

● MITIGATION - taking measures to reduce GHG emissions into the

atmosphere. Present conc. Of GHG at about 387 ppm – need to get global emissions down to about 350ppm to avoid “runaway CC”

● Adaptation – taking measures to lessen the impacts of CC on e.g.

agriculture, infrastructure, buildings, health, water.● Montreal Protocol to phase out ODS

OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES

● ChloroFlouroCarbons –CFCs● HydroChloroFlouroCarbons –HCFCs● Methyl Chloroform● Halons – Bromine,Flourine, Carbon● Methyl Bromide● Carbon Tetrachloride

HydroFlouroCarbons(HFCs) & PerFlouroCarbons(PFCs) thought to be good replacements for ODS but are effective GHGs

Montreal Protocol & Climate Change

● Since 1990 Carbon mitigation benefits of the Ozone Treaty equivalent of 135 billion tons carbon dioxide – effect delay of global warming of 7-12 yrs. (2007)

● UNEP Executive Director – re phasing out of HFCs – action to freeze and then reduce this group of gases could buy the world the equivalent of a decades worth of carbon dioxide emissions

● HCFC phase out has potential to produce significant climate benefits at low cost.

Caribbean Regional Climate Change Policy

● Climate Change and the Caribbean: A Regional Framework for Achieving Development Resilient to Climate Change (2009-2015)

● Approved by CARICOM Heads of Government in May 2009

● 4 strategic elements● National consultations for regional action plan

underway

The Framework

● Strategic Element 1: Mainstream climate change adaptation strategies into the sustainable development agendas Goal 6: Reduce the region’s carbon footprint through

the promotion of energy efficiency measures.● Caribbean uses 200% more energy per unit of GDP

compared to best practices● Opportunities in lighting, cooling, transportation and

industrial production

The Framework

● Strategic Element 2: Promote actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through fossil fuel reduction and conservation and switching to renewable and cleaner energy sources Goal 1: Promote the use of renewable energy resources

Goal 2: Support the assessment of wind potential to supply electricity

Goal 3: Support the development of innovative financing mechanisms for the deployment of solar water heaters

Goal 4: Assess the feasibility of converting waste to energy

Goal 5: Assess the economic viability of environmental impact of shore-based Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plants

The Framework

● Strategic Element 4: Promote actions to derive social, economic and environmental benefits from the prudent management of standing forests Goal 1: Promote the adoption of best practices for

sustainable forest management Goal 2: Engage in negotiations with international

partners to mobilize resources for the protection of standing forests

Goal 3: Undertake research aimed at improving current methodologies for estimating carbon sequestration rates in tropical forests

GREEN BUILDINGS

● Design for Efficient lighting

● Compact fluorescent bulbs generate less heat Efficient cooling

● reflective roofs● ventilation

● Materials use Reusable Renewable (wood) Recyclabe

GREEN BUILDINGS● Design for maximum ventilation – high ceilings,

open verandahs ,shading etc. Unfortunately security considerations have had significant impact on modern designs – “Barricade mentality”

● Solar water heating, solar cooling.● Photovoltaic technology● Water conservation devices –waterless

composting toilets● Recycling grey water● Energy conservation (demand & supply side

management)

ENERGY ● Supply side management

Renewables – wind, solar, geothermal, hydro, cogeneration (Bagasse), landfill gas

Increased efficiency in generating plant – decrease transmission costs

Policy framework to facilitate private generation● Demand side management

● Energy efficient appliances● Energy saving bulbs● Energy saving devices e.g hotel rooms● Behavioral changes – efficiency measures

Planning Measures

● Assignments of new setback limits and enforce● Shoreline vegetation –mangrove restoration,

conservation of wetlands● Elevation of building ● Prohibit building in hazard zones● Slope stabilisation● Green transport

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IS NOT ONLY AN

ENVIRONMENTAL NECESSITY IT MAKES

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SENSE

CARBON NEUTRAL TOURISM PROJECT IN THE

CARIBBEAN● Funding by the Inter-American Development

Bank● Pilots in Bahamas, Belize, Guyana, and

Trinidad and Tobago● Adapt ISO methodology to the Caribbean● Train national auditors in use of new

methodology● Ultimate objective: Branding Caribbean

Tourism as Green Destination

Cancun Agreements

● No decision yet on the Kyoto Protocol● Ad Hoc Working Group on Long Term

Commitments (AWG-LCA) All countries undertake mitigation actions (Funding &

technology to be provided) Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) to

achieve deviation below BAU by 2020 US$30 billion: 2010-2012 for adaptation and mitigation US$100 billion: by 2020 for mitigation Support to be provided for REDD+

Contact Information

● Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC), Lawrence Nicholas Building, PO Box 563, Ring Road, Belmopan, Belize

● www.caribbeanclimate.bz● cfuller@caribbeanclimate.bz● cfuller@btl.net