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8/3/2019 Linking Development and Poverty Alleviation in India
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8/3/2019 Linking Development and Poverty Alleviation in India
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8/3/2019 Linking Development and Poverty Alleviation in India
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lmc jflbkslwklm lfwkezbszwj vlu ew`vcjc `zs .<;669<5>+- Snku lflkm kmeksju
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lb`mfukcj vksn v`wujmkmf sjwou s` qzwuzj snj koq`ws/uzguskszskmf uswlsjf{ km
ksu olszwj qnluj- Lbu`" lmc o`us koq`wslms" lu Nlwwkuu lwfzju" snj
kmczuswklbkylsk`m cwkxj nlc l mjfbkfkgbj koqles `m snj joqb`{ojms ukszlsk`m9
snj lmmzlb fw`vsn wlsj `h hles`w{ joqb`{ojms e`zbc `mb{ izus lgu`wg snj
mlszwlb fw`vsn `h snj joqb`{jc blg`zw h`wej .<;>;96:/68+-
O{ olkm e`mejwm ku njwj snls snj f`xjwmojms" `zs `h snj mjejuuks{ h`w
olkmslkmkmf u`oj lcnjwjmej s` snj Flmcnklm kcj`b`f{ nlbh/njlwsjcb{
lc`qsjc kcjlu hw`o Flmcnk gzs `mb{ qlkc bkq/ujwxkej s` snjo- L hjv lwjlu
vjwj djqs wjujwxjc h`w snj uolbb/uelbj ujes`w vnjwjlu o`us `h snj `snjw
qw`czesk`m lwjlu vjwj f`kmf s` gj blwfj/uelbj- Km snku vl{" uolbb/uelbj
kmczuswkju vjwj" lee`wckmf s` Qlq`bl js lb-" kmuzblsjc hw`o snj olkmuswjlo `h
snj kmczuswklbkylsk`m qw`ejuu- M` ujwk`zu jhh`ws s` koqw`xj snj jhhkekjme{ `h
wzwlb zmksu vlu olcj .<;>19<653+- Cjxjb`qojms `h xkbblfj kmczuswkju vlu
olkmb{ lssjoqsjc snw`zfn hkuelb lmc `snjw m`m/je`m`oke ojluzwju `h
hkmlmeklb g`busjwkmf- Snjuj qw`sjeskxj ojluzwju wjolkmjc- Lu Gnlbbl js lb-
.<;;39<8+ `gijes" Kmckl ku dm`vm s` gj `mj `h snj wlwj e`zmswkju km snj Snkwc
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ojluzwju nlxj gjjm km `qjwlsk`m h`w mjlwb{ h`ws{ {jlwu m`v-
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lxlkblgkbks{ `h kmqzsu lmc snj lgujmej `h qw`qjw olwdjskmf enlmmjbu" xkbblfj
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Uolbb/uelbj j|zlbu blg`zw/kmsjmukxj0
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vksn`zs l e`me`okslms ujwk`zu jhh`ws `h ksu kmsjfwlsk`m kms` snj vkcjw
je`m`o{ nlu qw`czejc l qjezbklw ukszlsk`m- Dlun{lq .<;>>+ ckxkcju snku
ujes`w kms` snj xkbblfj lmc uolbb/uelbj jmsjwqwkuju ujes`w lmc snj o`cjwmuolbb/uelbj jmsjwqwkuju ujes`w- Snj blssjw ku snj lko `h snku ujesk`m- Snj
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o`cjwm ujes`w" u` nj lwfzju nlu c`mj lolykmfb{ vjbb lmc nlu elwxjc `zs l
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snj ckuqjwulb `h kmczuswkju e`zbc gj lenkjxjc `w lqqw`lenjc g{ lwwlmfkmf snj
uelbju `h qw`sjesk`m wlsnjw snlm qw`czes en`keju ku wjuq`mukgbj h`w l ukszlsk`m
km vnken uolbb/uelbj kmczuswkju lwj `mb{ jhhkekjms km fjmjwlb ls snj e`us `h
xjw{ b`v vlfju .<;>>9863+- Lmlb`fkelbb{" Ujsn eblkou snls snj hzmclojmslb
vjldmjuu `h uolbb/uelbj qw`czesk`m usjou hw`o ksu uolbb ukyj vnken qwjxjmsu
ks hw`o gjmjhkskmf hzbb{ hw`o je`m`okju `h uelbj vnken elm `mb{ gj
e`oqjmulsjc g{ xjw{ b`v vlfju .Ujsn" <;;:9O/<55+-
Snku ukszlsk`m nlu gjjm hzwsnjw koo`gkbkyjc g{ ujok/hjzclb v`wdkmf
e`mcksk`mu vnken nlxj bjhs bkssbj glwflkmkmf q`vjw s` snj v`wdjwu- Snjwj ku l
uswkdkmf bled `h xjwskelb o`gkbks{ `h v`wdjwu uzeejjckmf km fjsskmf gjssjw qlkc
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cjsjwokmjc g{ hlokb{ gledfw`zmc lmc kmhbzjmej" lmc snj w`bj `h v`wd
j~qjwkjmej km snj kmh`wolb ujes`w ku mjfbkfkgbj .Dlun{lq" <;>>986:+-
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snj b`elb je`m`o{- Lu Cjulk e`mebzcju" snj qbjsn`wl `h qwkxkbjfju fkxjm s`
uolbb kmczusw{ nlu gjjm `h bkssbj e`muj|zjmej- F`xjwmojms q`bke{ km snku lwjl
nlu `mb{ ewjlsjc hlx`zwjc enkbcwjm .Cjulk" <;;19<<:;+-
Zmcjw snj Mjv Je`m`oke Q`bke{ kmsw`czejc ukmej Izb{ <;;< vnken ku
e`ookssjc s` uswzeszwlb lcizusojms q`bkekju" snj e`oqlwlskxj lcxlmslfj `h
snjuj „uvjlsun`q olmzhles`wkju‛ nlu gjjm ezwslkbjc- Vnjsnjw snku o`xj
vnken zmc`zgsjcb{ vkbb lhhjes snj e`oqjskskxjmjuu `h snku ujes`w vkbb v`wujm
snj joqb`{ojms ukszlsk`m `xjw skoj vkbb nlxj s` gj ujjm lu snj `qq`wszmks{
e`usu `h qw`sjesk`m nlxj gjjm uzguslmsklb-
Xkwsz`zu `w xkek`zu ekwebj9 snj cjglsj lg`zs xkbblfj kmczuswkju
E`mukcjwkmf snj blwfj ue`qj h`w joqb`{ojms ewjlsk`m snj xkbblfj lmcuolbb/uelbj jmsjwqwkuju `hhjw" snjkw e`us/jhhjeskxjmjuu wjolkmu ckhhkezbs-
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Ojbb`w‛u .<;68+ o`cjb `h cjejmswlbkyjc qw`czesk`m fkxju lm lee`zms `h snj
kuuzj- Nku lwfzojms wzmu lu h`bb`vu- Kmewjlujc cjolmc g{ blwfj ezbskxls`wu
h`w m`m/lfwkezbszwlb e`oo`ckskju fjmjwlsjc g{ fw`vkmf lfwkezbszwlb
qw`czesk`m glujc `m e`us/cjewjlukmf sjenm`b`f{ vkbb uskozblsj snj b`elb
e`muzojw f``cu kmczusw{ / vnken ku fjmjwlbb{ blg`zw/kmsjmukxj / lmc njmej
fjmjwlsju kmewjlujc joqb`{ojms- Snku lflkm vkbb qw`xkcj snj cjolmc h`w
hzwsnjw kmewjluju km h``c qw`czesk`m fkxjm snj kme`oj jbluskeks{ `h h``c h`w
snj b`vjw/kme`oj ebluuju .km Nlwwkuu lmc Nlwwkuu" <;>39>5/>3+- Snj xkwsz`zu
ekwebj `h ozszlb uzuslkmjc fw`vsn leszlbb{ uslmcu `m gluke je`m`oke fw`vsn
snj`w{- N`vjxjw" snj uswzeszwj `h cjolmc `h snj ezbskxls`wu vn` uslws snj
e{ebj un`zbc m`s sjmc s`vlwcu nkfn/kme`oj zwglm e`muzoqsk`m qlssjwmu
vnken ku jksnjw snj eluj kh snj wzwlb kme`oj ckuswkgzsk`m ku usw`mfb{ udjvjc
s`vlwcu snj wken `w kh o`cjwmkylsk`m lmc vjusjwmkylsk`m sjmcjmekju i`km
jblg`wlsjc e`oojweklbkylsk`m uswlsjfkju `h zwglm lmc koq`wsjc e`oo`ckskju-
Gjwfjw js lb- wjhjw s` lm „zwglmkylsk`m `h e`muek`zumjuu‛ vnken nlu gjjm
gw`zfns lg`zs juqjeklbb{ snw`zfn o`cjwm ojckl- snku qw`ejuu vnken gjflm
vksn snj uqwjlc `h bksjwle{ qzunjc `zsvlwcu hw`o snj eks{ kms` snj wjo`sjus
wzwlb nkmsjwblmcu .<;6598:+- Zmh`wszmlsjb{" lu joqkwkelb uszckju wjxjlb" l
e`ogkmlsk`m `h snjuj ekwezouslmeju ku fjmjwlbb{ snj eluj- Km l uszc{ `h
„fjmjwlskxj‛ `w „qlwlukske‛ zwglmkuo km l U`zsn Kmcklm olwdjs s`vm" Nlwwkuu
lmc Nlwwkuu lwfzj snls snj xkwsz`zu ekwebj nlu m`s olsjwklbkyjc- Kmusjlc `h
hjjckmf snjkw uzwqbzu gled kms` snj wzwlb je`m`o{" snj hlwojwu uqjmc `w
kmxjus ks `m zwglm/olcj f``cu- Snj juujmej `h snku ku Dlzsud{‛u xkjv `m
„J~qb`kslsk`m `h snj e`zmsw{ g{ snj s`vm‛9
Lu xkbblfjwu gje`oj o`wj lmc o`wj cjqjmcjms `m elun" lmc lu wzwlb
o`mj{bjmcjwu le|zkwj zwglm kmsjwjusu lmc e`oqjsj vksn zwglm
bjmcjwu" l qw`ejuu sldju qblej km vnken uqjmckmf snls zujc s` usl{ km
snj wzwlb ekwezks .---+ o`xju kms` snj zwglm ekwezks kmusjlc .Nlwwkuu lmc
Nlwwkuu" <;>39>:" |z`skmf km Bkqs`m" <;669<<6+-
Snku unkhs km snj ekwezblsk`m `h uzwqbzu xlbzj snls e`oju lg`zs vksn snj
cjxjb`qojms `h elqkslbkuo .Nlwwkuu lmc Nlwwkuu" <;>39>:" eh- lbu` Eloju"
<;;8l+ e`oju fjmjwlbb{ eb`ujw s` okww`w snj wjlbks{ snlm l o`cjb l bl Ojbb`w-Ks ku lbu` Qlq`bl js lb vn` uslsj9
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Nkfnjw bjxjbu `h lfwkezbszwlb cjxjb`qojms vkbb bjlc s` snj fw`vsn `h
kmczuswkju4 gzs snj qlssjwm `h mjv cjolmc ol{ m`s gj hlx`zwlgbj s`
snj swlcksk`mlb ujes`w- Km snku e`msj~s" snj swlcksk`mlb wzwlb kmczuswkju
elm uskbb n`bc `zs lu l uzgukcklw{ leskxks{" olkmb{ `h snj uolbb blmc/
n`bcjwu lmc blmcbjuu q`qzblsk`m s` uzqqbjojms snjkw kme`oj hw`o
lfwkezbszwlb v`wd4 gzs ol{ kmewjlukmfb{ gje`oj bjuu lmc bjuu lcj|zlsj
lu snj u`bj u`zwej `h bkxjbkn``c h`w snj olwdjs `h snjkw qw`czesu ol{
m`s j~qlmc .<;>19<656+-
Snj{ lwfzj lmc u` c`ju Dlun{lq" snls snjwj ku u`oj jxkcjmej snls
kmczuswkju m`s zukmf b`elb olsjwklb lmc m`s qw`czekmf h`w snj b`elb olwdjs
uzen lu uzgukcklwkju `h blwfj hkwou lwj c`kmf ozen gjssjw snlm snj `mju
glujc `m snjuj bkmdlfju-
Ks ku Wlsn vn` sjbbu zu snls
Snj xkbblfj q`ssjw ku l usjlckb{ xlmkunkmf swkgj4 u`oj ol{ gj hkmlbb{ bjhs
gjelzuj snj Nkmcz hzmjwlb wksju wj|zkwj lm jlwsnjm q`s, U{msnjskeu"
kw`m" jmlojb" lbzokmkzo q`su lmc qlmu nlxj sldjm `xjw- .---+ Snj
e`qqjw" gwluu lmc gjbb/ojslb uoksnu lwj lbo`us f`mj4 xkbblfju vn`uj
j~kusjmej {`z e`zbc njlw hw`o okbju lvl{ lwj s`cl{ ukbjms .Wlsn"
<;;19<<::+-
@mb{ Clmsvlbl .<;;19<<3;+ hkmcu snls cjuqksj l fw`vkmf „zwglm gklu‛ km wzwlb
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f``cu ku |zksj usw`mf- Ulmcjujwl lwfzju snls snj olwdjs h`w qw`czesu hw`o
snj swlcksk`mlb uolbb/uelbj ujes`w e`zbc gj swzb{ blwfj v`zbc snjwj m`s gj
u`oj `cc qw`gbjou uzen lu enlmfj `h slusj lmc snj qwjxlbjmej `h qw`czesu
`h q``w |zlbks{ lmc vnken lwj m`s xjw{ czwlgbj .Ulmcjujwl" <;;19<<87+-
O`us lzsn`wu lfwjj snls l q`bke{ vnken lkou ls sjenm`b`fkelb
zqfwlclsk`m `h uolbb/uelbj kmczuswkju vksn koqw`xjojmsu km snjkw
`wflmkylsk`m lmc olwdjskmf ujs/zq ku elbbjc h`w .Clmsvlbl" <;;19<<3;"
Qlq`bl js lb" <;>19<63:+-
U` jksnjw wzwlb swlcksk`mlb kmczuswkju lwj wjhzwgkunjc lmc l swlcj/`hh
vksn u`oj b`uuju km joqb`{ojms ku sldjm kms` lee`zms s` oldj snjo o`wj
e`us/jhhjeskxj `w snj olwdjs `h snjuj kmczuswkju ku kmsjfwlsjc kms` snj zwglmje`m`oke ekwezks vnken fjmjwlbb{ nlu l e`us lcxlmslfj snw`zfn j~sjwmlb
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<1
je`m`okju lmc je`m`okju `h uelbj- Ks ol{ gj snj hjlw `h l „hkfns lflkmus
vkmcokbbu‛ `h hzwsnjw uzgukckykmf lm jxjm zqfwlcjc swlcksk`mlb kmczuswklb
ujes`w ls kmsjwojcklsj sjenm`b`f{ bjxjb nlxkmf ckhhkezbskju km e`oqjskmf
lflkmus snj blwfj/uelbj ujes`w vnken nlu olcj snj Je`m`oke Lcxku`w{
E`zmekb wje`oojmc snls
snj swlcksk`mlb kmczuswklb ujes`w glujc `m nkfn blg`zw kmsjmuks{ un`zbc
qw`czej e`oo`ckskju snls ulskuh{ snj mjjcu `h nkfnjw kme`oj fw`zqu
lmc j~q`wsu vnkbj u`oj juujmsklb vlfj f``cu vnken lwj wj|zkwjc km
blwfj x`bzoju lmc ls lhh`wclgbj qwkeju e`zbc gj qw`czejc km snj
ojckzoblwfj/uelbj kmczuswkju .km Clmsvlbl" <;;19<<3>+-
U`oj mjv je`m`okelb uswlsjfkju lwj ejwslkmb{ `h fwjls xlbzj h`w e`qkmf vksn
Kmckl‛u qbkfns km snj e`okmf cjelcju- Vksn ksu q`qzblsk`m gjkmf j~qjesjc s`
j~ejjc `mj gkbbk`m km `mb{ hkxj {jlwu skoj lmc lm joqb`{ojms fw`vsn wlsj
`mb{ nlbh snj FCQ fw`vsn wlsj" snj kmczuswklb ujes`w nlu s` gj e`zmsjc `m-
Gzs bjs zu m`v szwm gled s`vlwcu snj qwkolw{ ujes`w-
KK K- Snj lwcz`zu lqqw`len9 blmc wjh`wo
Snj kuuzj `h blmc wjh`wo nlu gjjm qjwqjszlb km Kmckl ukmej
kmcjqjmcjmej- Ls skoju bjuu" ls `snjw skoju o`wj qw`m`zmejc" ks nlu
wjolkmjc `m snj q`bkskelb lfjmcl- Snku ujesk`m fkxju lm lee`zms `h snku
skojbjuu lqqw`len s` q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m9 s` unlwj snj lxlkblgbj ezbskxlgbj
blmc km uzen l olmmjw snls snj blwfjus q`uukgbj mzogjw `h qj`qbj elm oldj
l bkxjbkn``c `zs `h ks- Njwj l e`mswlckesk`m lwkuju9 snku lqqw`len c`ju m`s
mjejuulwkb{ wjuq`mc s` snj blwfjus q`uukgbj lo`zms `h h``c vnken elm gj
qw`czejc- Snj je`m`oke cjglsj n`v blmc wjckuswkgzsk`m ojluzwju lhhjes
qw`czesk`m nlu gjjm l e`muslms e`oqlmk`m `h snj q`bkskelb kuuzj- Vnjsnjw
fw`vsn lmc j|zks{ elm ojwfj n`vjxjw cjqjmcu `m l ujwkju `h ezbszwlb" u`ek`/
je`m`oke lmc q`bkskelb hles`wu vnken qwjujs snj uslfj-
Blmc wjh`wo km Kmckl elm gj fjmjwlbb{ wjczejc s` snwjj s{qju `h
q`bkekju9 ejkbkmf/ezo/wjckuswkgzsk`m q`bke{" sjmlme{ wjh`wo lmc snj lbkjmlsk`m
`h uslsj/`vmjc e`oo`m qw`qjws{- N`v snjuj ckuskmes q`bkekju nlxjkmsjwokmfbjc `xjw snj un`ws skoj/uqlm `h kmcjqjmcjms Kmckl vkbb gj j~lokmjc
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km snj mj~s ujesk`m- Snj uzg/uj|zjms ujesk`m vkbb j~lokmj snj ukszlsk`m km
Vjus Gjmflb vnjwj koqbjojmslsk`m `h blmc wjh`wo ojluzwju nlxj w`zujc l
bkxjb{ cjglsj `m ksu lcj|zle{-
Snj blmc wjh`wo kuuzj9 vlxjwkmf" {js jxjw gzwmkmf
Snj snwzus h`w blmc wjh`wo lhsjw kmcjqjmcjmej vlu zmlmko`zu- Ks
q`kmsjc ls snj lg`bksk`m `h snj e`b`mklb ylokmclwk u{usjo vnken nlc wjuzbsjc
km l ebluu `h qlwlukske lgujmsjj blmcb`wcu- Sn`uj nlc zmh`wszmlsjb{ gjssjc `m
snj e`mskmzjc j~kusjmej `h l Gwkskun Kmckl oldkmf snjkw q`bkskelb usldj gje`oj
kms`bjwlgbj- Gzs kmusjlc `h xjmszwkmf l mjv uslws" snj wjuzbskmf xlezzo vlu
hkbbjc g{ snj j~/sjmlmsu „vn` vjwj m`s mjejuulwkb{ snj q``wjus lmc snj o`us
cjqwkxjc cjmkyjmu `h wzwlb u`ekjs{‛ .Olnjunvlwk" <;;:9<65/63+-
Snj{ ebkogjc zq snj u`eklb blccjw g{ qzwenlukmf lccksk`mlb blmc lmc
gjeloj snj mjv okccbj lmc zqqjw qjlulmsw{- Sn`uj vn` vjwj ls snj
qjwkqnjw{ vjwj" n`vjxjw" glwjb{ lhhjesjc g{ snjuj enlmfju km blmc
olmlfjojms .Olnjunvlwk" <;;:9<63+-
Lm j~qjesjc sjmlme{ wjh`wo ckwjesjc ls qw`sjeskmf skbbjwu lmc unlwj/ew`qqjwu
snjm swkffjwjc lm `qq`uksj u`eklb qw`ejuu" mlojb{ snj jxkesk`m `h blwfj
mzogjwu `h sjmlmsu- Gje`okmf lm~k`zu lg`zs b`ukmf `zs snjkw blmc" snj
blmc`vmjwu wjuzojc ezbskxlsk`m qjwokssjc s` c` u` zq s` l ejwslkm ejkbkmf
bkoks" `w ls bjlus qwjsjmcjc s` c` u`- Lbu` snj ezus`olw{ vl{ `h wjfzblskmf
sjmlme{ wjblsk`munkqu `mb{ g{ v`wc `h o`zsn e`mswkgzsjc s` snj qblmmjc
wjh`wo szwmkmf `zs lu l hlwej-
@mb{ snj blmc `h blwfj blmc`vmjwu lg`xj snj / xlfzjb{ cjhkmjc / ejkbkmf
bkoks vlu lxlkblgbj h`w ckuswkgzsk`m lo`mf snj sjmlmsu- Snj uzwqbzu blmc
hkmlbb{ ckuswkgzsjc lo`zmsjc s` wkckezb`zub{ bkssbj lu j~ejqsk`mu vjwj olcj
lmc snj blmc`vmjwu `hsjm olmlfjc s` jxlcj snj blv g{ j~swl/bjflb swkedu-
Snj logkxlbjmej `h q`bkskeu lmc gzwjlzewle{ ckc ksu unlwj- Lee`wckmf s` X-O-
Wl`"
l f``c `hhkejw ku `mj vn` lee`oqbkunju „s`djm‛ koqbjojmslsk`m" h`w
j~loqbj" e`bbjes`wu vn` v`zbc lbb`s blmc s` snj wzwlb q``w gzs vkbb
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<7
lx`kc kmsjwxjmsk`m vnjm lbb`ssjc blmc ku sldjm gled hw`o snj wzwlb q``w
g{ h`wej `w bjflb nlwluuojms .<;;79L/:<+-
Glmc{`qlcn{l{ .<;>>9L/>3+ lwfzju snls lm{snkmf gjsvjjm > lmc ; okbbk`m
njeslwju e`zbc gj wjckuswkgzsjc kh snj blmc ejkbkmf blvu e`zbc gj qw`qjwb{
koqbjojmsjc-
Lu l dkmc `h e`mu`blsk`m" snj q``w s`fjsnjw vksn snj m`m/q``w qlwejbbjc
`zs snj e`oo`m blmcu- Snku n`vjxjw hzwsnjw vjldjmjc snj q`uksk`m h̀ snj
q``w lu l vn`bj vn` nlc gjjm wjbklms `m e`oo`m qw`qjws{ wju`zweju h`w
uzuslkmkmf snjkw bkxjbkn``cu .eh- Eloju" <;;8g+-
Vksn l ukszlsk`m `h xkwszlb koo`gkbks{ km wjflwc `h blmc wjh`wo lmc snj
e`me`okslms fwlczlb q`bkskelb unkhs `h q`vjw hw`o snj ojsw`q`bku s`vlwcu snj
uslsju lmc l uswjmfsnjmkmf `h snj wzwlb jbksju s`vlwcu snj jmc `h snj <;:1u"
snj kuuzj `h blmc wjh`wo vlu o`wj `w bjuu unjbxjc- Snj h`ezu `h q`xjws{
lbbjxklsk`m o`xjc s`vlwcu qlwskekqlskmf km snj fw`vsn qw`ejuu- Snj „Fwjjm
Wjx`bzsk`m‛ n`vjxjw ckc m`s n`bc ksu qw`okuj lu j|zks{ vlu e`mejwmjc-
Kmusjlc `h okskflskmf snj flq gjsvjjm wken lmc q``w" ks vkcjmjc ks" lmc m`s
h`w snj u`bj wjlu`m `h snj q``w‛u uelwej `vmjwunkq `h blmc lmc snj wjuzbskmf
bled `h je`m`okju `h uelbj-
Snj uje`mc vlxj `h blmc wjh`wo bjfkublsk`m jmsjwjc snj q`bkskelb
lfjmcl czwkmf snj jlwb{ <;61u h`bb`vkmf Owu Kmckwl Flmcnk‛u cwlolske
jbjesk`m xkes`w{ `m l wlckelb lmsk/q`xjws{ skedjs .E`qjusldj" <;;797<;+- Snj
wjlqqjlwlmej `h uswzeszwlb wjh`wou lu l q`sjmsklb h`w uzuslkmkmf snj
bkxjbkn``cu `h snj q``w ol{ n`vjxjw `mb{ gj b``djc zq`m lu lm jojwfjme{
olm`jzxwj s` ezwg snj qw`uqjes `h hzwsnjw u`eklb zmwjus- Lee`wckmf s`
Olnjunvlwk .<;;:+" lfwlwklm zmwjus gjeloj l ukfmkhkelms hjlszwj `h Kmcklm
bkhj km snj okc/uk~skju- Snku zmwjus vlu zmj|zkx`elbb{ l e`muj|zjmej `h snj
qwjxlbjms blmc sjmzwj u{usjo9
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lfwkezbszwkusu s` u`oj j~sjms g{ wjslkmkmf snjo lu unlwjew`qqjwu `w
qw`xkckmf snjo vksn ukokblw `qq`wszmkskju s` jmlgbj snjo s` jdj `zs l
bkxkmf- Gzs snj „Fwjjm Wjx`bzsk`m‛ o`mjskyjc snjkw snkmdkmf" blmc vlu
uzccjmb{ ckue`xjwjc s` gj xlbzlgbj .<;;:9<></3+-Cjulk .<;>6+ km l qw`x`elskxj lwskebj eblkou snls
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<5
Snj uswzffbju `h snj q``w gjeloj vkcjuqwjlc lmc s``d olm{ h`wou-
Snj jxjw/lbjws f`xjwmojms ls snj ejmswj hlmlskelbb{ e`mejwmjc vksn
olkmslkmkmf „blv lmc `wcjw‛ h`w snj uo``sn hzmesk`mkmf `h snj qw`/
qw`qwkjslw{ qw`hks/`wkjmsjc je`m`o{ gjflm s` lmlb{uj snj mlszwj lmc
elzuju `h lfwlwklm ckue`msjms" T`zs `h vnken_ sv` q`bkekju jx`bxjc"
T`mj_ uzqqwjuukmf snj luujwsk`mu `h snj q``w" Tlmc lm`snjw_ luuzlfkmf
„l uolbb‛ ujesk`m `h snj q``w ujbjeskxjb{ en`ujm lmc snw`vkmf l hjv
ewzogu `h wjbkjh s` snjo .km Glmc{`qlcn{l{" <;>>9L/66+-
Snj ewzogu `h wjbkjh Cjulk ku wjhjwwkmf s` njwj lwj m`slgb{ ujbh lmc vlfj
joqb`{ojms qw`fwlooju vnken snj ejmswj gjflm s` kmsw`czej ls snls skoj-
N`vjxjw snj `zse`oj `h snj uswzeszwlb wjh`wou K lo e`mejwmjc njwj vksn
elm lu vjbb gj hkbjc vksn`zs njukslsk`m zmcjw snku sjwo- Lu E`qjusldj lwfzju"
Snj mjv o`ojmszo T`h blmc wjh`wou_ jolmlskmf hw`o snj ejmswj
lqqjlwjc uzguslmsklbb{ mjzswlbkyjc g{ snj uslsju- Snj hkmlb bjfkublsk`m
vlu j~qjesjc s` oldj lxlkblgbj 3 okbbk`m lewju" gzs g{ <;6: snj uslsju
nlc le|zkwjc `mb{ 87"111 lewju- .---+ Fkxjm snj `xjwlbb hlkbzwj `h snj
uje`mc vlxj `h blmc/wjh`wo bjfkublsk`m ks ku m`s uzwqwkukmf snls snj
q`bke{ wjejkxjc xkwszlbb{ m` ojmsk`m km snj Uk~sn Qblm .<;;797<;+-
Ks ku bksjwlbb{ snj hlksn km snj mjv kmsw`czejc q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m
qw`fwlooju h`ezukmf `m snj q``w vnken bjlxju snj blmc wjh`wo kuuzj |zks
snj uejmj lmjv- @mb{ g{ snj jmc `h snj <;>1u" uswzeszwlb wjh`wou km Kmcklm
u`ekjs{ vjwj e`okmf gled s` snj h`wj- Snj snkwc vlxj `h blmc wjh`wo kmsjwjus
nlu" lee`wckmf s` X-O- Wl`" sv` u`zweju- Hkwus" u` nj lwfzju" bkmdkmf fw`vsn
lmc j|zks{ nlu szwmjc `zs s` gj lm kbbzuk`m lhsjw sv` cjelcju `h „Fwjjm
Wjx`bzsk`m‛ lmc uje`mc"
snj blus sv` cjelcju nlxj vksmjuujc e`mukcjwlgbj j~qjwkojmslsk`m
vksn snj uswlsjf{ `h „ckwjes lssled‛ `m q`xjws{ e`mukuskmf `h Okmkozo
Mjjcu" Joqb`{ojms Fjmjwlsk`m lmc KWC Qw`fwlooju- .---+ N`vjxjw"
snj `zse`oj `h .---+ Tsnku_ uswlsjf{ nlu gjjm hlw s`` o`cjus lu lm
lqqw`len h`w q`xjws{ jwlckelsk`m- .---+ Snjwj ku m`v fw`vkmf lvlwjmjuu
lo`mf u`eklb uekjmskusu snls lssjoqsu s` kmsjfwlsj fw`vsn vksn q`xjws{
jwlckelsk`m wjolkmjc blwfjb{ kmjhhkekjms `vkmf s` snj lgujmej `h
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<3
lcj|zlsj uswzeszwlb wjh`wou lmc koqw`xjc leejuu h`w snj wzwlb q``w s`
lfwkezbszwlb lmc e`oo`m blmcu .<;;79L/:1+-
Qlwsnlulwlsn{ lccu l snkwc elzuj h`w snj wjxkxlb `h kmsjwjus9
Lee`wckmf s` u`oj uen`blwu" snj zwfjme{ `h koqbjojmslsk`m nlu gjjm
jmnlmejc gjelzuj `h snj wj/jojwfjmej `h l ebluu `h wjmskjwu lo`mf
snj blwfj blmcn`bcjwu km u`oj qlwsu `h snj e`zmsw{- Snku km l vl{ ku l
wjxjwulb `h vnls nlqqjmjc czwkmf snj qnluj `h snj „Fwjjm Wjx`bzsk`m‛-
.---+ Km snj qwjujms ekwezouslmeju" snj lhhbzjms blmcb`wcu hkmc ks o`wj
qw`hkslgbj s` kmxjus km m`m/lfwkezbszwlb `eezqlsk`mu lmc luuzoj snj
w`bj `h wjms ujjdkmf lgujmsjj blmcb`wcu wlsnjw snlm snls `h elqkslbkus
hlwojwu .km X{lu" <;;:97:8:+-
Lbu` I-O- Wl` .<;;:9<6:1+ m`sju snls olm{ uslsju lwj km snj qw`ejuu `h
wjxjwukmf blmc ejkbkmf blvu s` qlxj snj vl{ h`w snj cjxjb`qojms `h e`wq`wlsj
hlwou lmc qblmslsk`mu-
Snku sldju zu gled s` l ukszlsk`m ukokblw s` snls `mj km snj <;:1u- N`v
snku mjv cjxjb`qojms okfns lhhjes snj qw`uqjes `h l o`wj uzeejuuhzb
uswzeszwlb wjh`wo km {jlwu s` e`oj vkbb gj lmlb{yjc km Ujesk`m X- Bjs zu m`v
szwm s`vlwcu Vjus Gjmflb-
Blmc Wjh`wo km Vjus Gjmflb9 Snj bkoksjc lqqw`len
Vjus Gjmflb" l q`xjws{/uswkedjm uslsj km jlusjwm Kmckl g{qluujc g{ snj
„Fwjjm Wjx`bzsk`m‛ nlu qzwuzjc l ckuskmes w`zsj s`vlwcu wzwlb cjxjb`qojms
ukmej snj <;61u9 ks nlu olcj blmc wjh`wo l olkm h`ezu `h ksu q`bkekju-
@xjw snj blus cjelcj l qjwejqskgbj kmewjluj km lfwkezbszwlb qw`czesk`m
lmc l e`me`okslms cjewjluj km q`xjws{ nlxj gjjm luu`eklsjc vksn snjuj
wjh`wou- U` snj `hhkeklb f`xjwmojms uslskuskeu uzffjus snls" czwkmf snj
<;>1u" h``c fwlkm qw`czesk`m kmewjlujc ls lm lmmzlb wlsj `h lw`zmc 8-:
qjwejms" ckuskmesb{ uzqjwk`w s` snj lbb/Kmcklm hkfzwju .Bkjsjm" <;;89<<8+- Snj
qw`q`wsk`m `h snj q`qzblsk`m gjb`v snj q`xjws{ bkmj nlu unwzmd hlus" hw`o
:7-: qjwejms km <;6> s` 76-8 qjwejms km <;>>- Km sjwou `q nzolm
cjxjb`qojms kmckels`wu" Vjus Gjmflb nlu gjjm v`wdkmf ksu vl{ s`vlwcu snjs`q q`uksk`m" izus gjnkmc snj j~joqblw{ uslsj `h Djwlbl .Bkjsjm" <;;89<<6+-
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L e`wwjblsk`m n`vjxjw gjsvjjm blmc wjh`wou lmc snjuj koqw`xjojmsu
nlu gjjm kmsjmujb{ cjm`zmejc `m sv` lee`zmsu9 hkwus" ks nlu gjjm eblkojc
snls ku glujc `m lm zmewkskelb leejqslmej `h uslskuskeu lmc q`bkskelb q`uksk`mu
.Olbbked" <;;7+ lmc uje`mc" snls m`s blmc wjh`wo gzs ojwjb{ ewzeklb kmqzsu
nlxj lesjc lu l dked/uslws ojenlmkuo s` snjuj koqw`xjojmsu .Nlwwkuu"
<;;5+-
E`oqlwjc s` lm{ `snjw uslsj" snj wjblskxj lo`zms `h blmc cjeblwjc
uzwqbzu nlu gjjm nkfnjus km Vjus Gjmflb- Snj vl{ snku nlu gjjm lenkjxjc
n`vjxjw nlu gjjm snj h`ezu `h ewkskekuo- Glwzln .<;;19<7;+ lwfzju snls snj
e`oozmkus/bjc f`xjwmojms o`gkbkyjc snj fwkjxlmeju lo`mf snj xkbblfjwu
lflkmus snj „gkf lmc nlsjc blmcb`wcu‛ lhsjw ks wjlbkyjc snls ckwjes lesk`m e`zbc
gj uskwwjc zq lflkmus xjw{ hjv blmc`vmjwu-
Snj uzgckxkuk`m `h ujkyjc blmc s` lu olm{ blmcbjuu lu q`uukgbj e`zbc
m`s ewjlsj xklgbj hlwou vnken v`zbc jmlgbj n`ojusjlckmf n`zujn`bcu s`
jlwm l okmkozo kme`oj- Lg`zs nlbh lm lewj `mb{ vlu lbb`elsjc s` jlen
n`zujn`bc- @gxk`zub{ kmuzhhkekjms s` oldj l bkxkmf" uzen skm{ qb`su lwj
m`mjsnjbjuu `h jmczwkmf koq`wslmej" g`sn km enjedkmf okfwlsk`m lmc km
qw`xkckmf l ujezwj bkxkmf uqlej .Bkjsjm" <;;89<<5+- Lee`wckmf s` Clufzqsl" ks
vlu mjxjw snj `gijeskxj s` ewjlsj ujbh/uzhhkekjms lfwkezbszwkusu9
Snj `gijeskxj vlu olkmb{ u`eklb/qu{en`b`fkelb km mlszwj" snls ku s` ezwg
blmc o`m`q`b{ lmc oldj snj q``w lfwkezbszwkus hjjb snls snj uslsj ku
gjnkmc nko .<;;:978;8+-
Vnjsnjw snku `gijeskxj n`vjxjw nlu gjjm lenkjxjc elm gj |zjusk`mjc-
Lee`wckmf s` l eluj uszc{" Glwzln lwfzju snls olm{ wjolkmjc vn` ckc m`s
fjs lm{ blmc-
Sn`uj vn` `gslkmjc blmc gjeloj EQO TE`oozmkus Qlws{ .Olw~kus+_
h`bb`vjwu" lmc u`oj wjejkxjc blmc gjelzuj `h snjkw lbbjfjc b`{lbs{" snj
wjus" wjujmskmf zmj|zlb swjlsojms g{ snj elcwju gjeloj n`uskbj s` snj
qlws{ .Glwzln" <;;19<57" |z`skmf Okssjw" <;6:9553+-
Lhsjw Snj Bjhs Hw`ms s``d `xjw q`vjw lflkm km <;66" snj f`xjwmojms
wjhwlkmjc hw`o sldkmf hzwsnjw lesk`m `h ujkykmf uzwqbzu blmc- Lee`wckmf s`
Glwzln" snj qlws{ e`mebzcjc snls snj jmc `h wjckuswkgzsk`m nlc gjjm wjlenjclmc snls snj q`bkskelb e`usu `h qzunkmf l wjckuswkgzskxj lfjmcl lm{ hzwsnjw
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<8
vjwj nkfn- Snj lzsn`w j~qblkmu snku elqkszblsk`m lu lm lclqslsk`m `h q`bke{ s`
lm jmxkw`mojms `h wju`zwej uelweks{ lmc l b`v bjxjb `h blmc e`mejmswlsk`m
wlsnjw snlm s` snj q`vjw `h snj c`okmlms ebluuju .Glwzln" <;;19<7<" <53+-
Snku bkmj `h sn`zfns nlu gjjm xjnjojmsb{ e`msjusjc lu vj vkbb ujj-
Snj h`ezu `h blmc wjh`wo m`v unkhsjc s`vlwcu snj qw`sjesk`m `h
unlwjew`qqkmf wkfnsu km `wcjw s` jolmekqlsj sjmlmsu hw`o b`elb u`ek`/
je`m`oke qwjuuzwju km ujezwkmf snjkw uslszu- Cjuqksj lm koqwjuukxj
wjfkuswlsk`m eloqlkfm n`vjxjw" Olbbked .<;;7+" vn` elm `mb{ v`mcjw n`v
ozen `h snj oluukxj Snkwc V`wbc cjxjb`qojms bksjwlszwj wjqwjujmsu b`elb
wjlbks{" lwfzju snls
Km sw{kmf s` wjfkusjw lu olm{ unlwjew`qqjwu lu |zkedb{ lu q`uukgbj"
sn`uj vksn snj o`us Bjhs Hw`ms q`bkskelb jxkcjmej vjwj wjfkusjwjc" `hsjm
ls snj j~qjmuj `h bjfkskolsj unlwjew`qqjwu vn` b`us snjkw sjmlme{ wkfns
qjwolmjmsb{ ukmej m` lqqjlbu vjwj s` gj e`mukcjwjc- .---+ @qjwlsk`m
Glwfl vlu jmcjc m`s g{ l bled `h cjujwxkmf glwflclwu
Tunlwjew`qqjwu_" gzs gjelzuj snj Bjhs Hw`ms‛u kmhbzjmsklb unlwjew`qqjw
uzqq`wsjwu vjwj lbwjlc{ wje`wcjc lmc hzwsnjw v`wd v`zbc snwjlsjm
sn`uj uzqq`wsjwu lbwjlc{ km q`uujuuk`m `h blmc .---+ Snj E`oozmkusu"
vn` km snj jlwb{ {jlwu `h kmcjqjmcjmej lqqjlwjc ewjckgbj enlbbjmfjwu
`h snj u{usjo" nlxj gjjm slojc" ckxkcjc lmc e``qsjc-
Nj gbloju cjjq ezbszwlb wjlu`mu lu snj e`wj qw`gbjo vnjm nj uslsju snls
„jxjm sn`uj vn` qw`hjuu s` gj ujezblw lmc vn` wjijes snj elusj u{usjo lwj
kogzjc vksn xlbzju `h uslszu snls lwj cjjqb{ kogjccjc km Kmcklm ezbszwj‛
.Olbbked" <;;79631/636+-
Jenjxjwwk/Fjms" vn` lwfzju snls ukmej snj wlqkc j~qlmuk`m `h snj EQO qlws{
ojogjwunkq nlu gje`oj l xlbzlgbj e`oo`cks{ vnken nlu ojlms lm kmhbz~ `h
kmckxkczlbu vn` ol{ gj o`wj lsswlesjc s` snj q`vjw lmc `qq`wszmkskju snls
lee`oqlm{ qlws{ ojogjwunkq wlsnjw snlm snj kcj`b`fkelb e`ooksojmsu
qw`hjuujc g{ snj qlws{" qbjlcu h`w q`bkskelb e`oqjsksk`m jmlgbkmf s` ezwg
q`bkskelb qlsw`mlfj .<;;79<3<5/<3+-
Sldkmf lee`zms `h snj hlkbkmfu `h snj Bjhs Hw`ms f`xjwmojms" Nlwwkuu
cjm`zmeju snj koq`wslmej `h snj f`xjwmojms‛u ebluukelb qwj`eezqlsk`m vksnlfwlwklm wjh`wo lmc j~qblkmu snj j~qlmuk`m `h lfwkezbszwlb qw`czesk`m lg`xj
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lbb g{ koqw`xjc sjenm`b`f{" olkmb{ kwwkflsk`m .Bkjsjm" <;;89<77 `m Nlwwkuu"
<;;59<736+- Bkjsjm wjhzsju snku kmsjwqwjslsk`m lmc lhsjw e`oqlwkmf snj
jhhkekjme{ `h wjejms kmxjusojmsu km kwwkflsk`m sjenm`b`f{ `h jlusjwm uslsju" nj
e`mebzcju snls snj gjssjw wjuzbsu km Vjus Gjmflb ol{ gj h`zmc g`sn km sjwou
`h snj q`bkskelb je`m`o{ `h e`wwzqsk`m lmc km sjwou `h lm lqqw`qwklsj
sjenm`b`f{-
Blmc wjh`wo" km snj kmebzukxj" e`oqwjnjmukxj ujmuj Tkmebzckmf ewzeklb
m`m/blmc kmqzsu_ nlu gjjm ls snj w``s `h snj Vjus Gjmflb uejmlwk`- Ks
nlu kmebzcjc l okmkolb wjuswzeszwkmf `h lfwlwklm luujsu lmc snj
wjblsk`mu `h qw`czesk`m" l sjenm`b`fkelbb{ lqqw`qwklsj zqfwlckmf `h snj
h`weju `h qw`czesk`m" kmebzckmf kwwkflsk`m" lmc l q`bkskelb wjlbkfmojms
vnken nlu fkxjm uolbb qjlulmsu o`wj hwjjc`o `h `qjwlsk`m lmc ckwjes
leejuu s` snj sjenm`b`fkelb kmqzsu- Snjwj ku uzhhkekjms jxkcjmej snls snj
lqqw`len nlu v`wdjc .Bkjsjm" <;;89<76+-
Ks ujjou snls km Vjus Gjmflb lm koqw`xjc qw`xkuk`m `h ewjcks" ujjcu"
hjwskbkyjw lmc lg`xj lbb kwwkflsk`m sjenm`b`f{ nlc s` usjq kms` snj gwjlen `h l
cjhkekjms blmc wjh`wo-
Snku ku glwjb{ uzwqwkukmf- Lu @uolmk `gijesu" snj o`us ckhhkezbs q`bkekju
s` koqbjojms lwj sn`uj snls sw{ s` qw`xkcj ujezwks{ snw`zfn e`msw`b `xjw
blmc- Snku e`zbc nlwcb{ gj `snjwvkuj km l q`bkskelb u{usjo vnken ku glujc `m
snj qwkole{ `h qwkxlsj `vmjwunkq wkfnsu .<;;<9536/3>+- Snku ku lbb snj o`wj
swzj km snj e`msj~s `h U`zsn Lukl" vnjwj blmc ku uelwej lmc `vmjwunkq ku m`s
nkfnb{ e`mejmswlsjc .Glwzln" <;;19<7<+- Ks ku Vjus Gjmflb‛u Okmkusjw `h Blmc
Wjh`wou vn` ul{u9
Vj c` m`s nlxj lm{ kbbzuk`m snls l e`oqwjnjmukxj lfwlwklm wjx`bzsk`m
.---+ elm gj j~jezsjc zmcjw snj qwjujms e`muskszsk`m `h snj e`zmsw{-
.---+ G{ koq`ukmf ejkbkmfu" snj u{usjo elm `mb{ gj djqs vksnkm g`zmcu"
ks elmm`s gj lg`bkunjc .Bkjsjm" <;;89<7<" |z`skmf G- En`vcnzw{"
<;>6" qjwu- e`oo-+-
Ks okfns gj v`wsn ckuezuukmf n`v lm{ qw`fwjuu km snj lfwlwklm
|zjusk`m okfns gj luujuujc- Un`zbc vj vjbe`oj lm{ un`ws usjq lnjlc `w
un`zbc vj q`kms ls snj zbskolsj f`lb km l wjlbo q`uukgb{ gj{`mc wjlen0 Vnlselm vj j~qjes s` nlqqjm0 Snj Vjus Gjmflb f`xjwmojms km lm{ eluj nlu
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en`ujm snj qwlfolske vl{- Kmusjlc `h ujjdkmf s` jmh`wej l hzbb/hbjcfjc
qw`fwlooj `h blmc wjh`wo ls vnlsjxjw e`usu" ks nlu hlx`zwjc kmsjfwlskmf l
bkoksjc blmc wjh`wo vksn l uzqqb{ `h ewzeklb kmqzsu s` oldj snj qwjxlbjms skm{
qb`su xklgbj- Ks nlu lbu` olcj snj xkbblfj qlmenl{lsu .e`zmekbu+ o`wj
lzs`m`o`zu s` lbb`v o`wj qzgbke qlwskekqlsk`m gjkmf „e`mejwmjc lg`zs snj
njlwsu lmc snj okmcu `h snj qj`qbj‛ .Bkjsjm" <;;89<7<" |z`skmf En`vcnzw{"
<;>6+- Cjx`bzsk`m `h f`xjwmlmej s` xkbblfj qlmenl{lsu ejwslkmb{ ku l swked{
uzgijes lmc elmm`s gj ckuezuujc ls snku q`kms" snj e`mukcjwlsk`m n`vjxjw
vnjsnjw Vjus Gjmflb‛u q`bke{ nlu gjjm q`qzbkus km wjflwc `h q`xjws{
lbbjxklsk`m elm ejwslkmb{ gj lglsjc km wjflwc `h ksu qw`fwjuu km bkmdkmf fw`vsn
lmc j|zks{ s` l ejwslkm cjfwjj-
K vkbb m`v szwm s`vlwcu q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m qw`fwlooju h`ezukmf `m
snj mjjcu `h snj q``w lmc ks vkbb gj ujjm snls mjksnjw qw`fwlooj / ujbh m`w
vlfj joqb`{ojms uenjoj / nlu uzguslmsklb ue`qj h`w uzeejuu kh snjwj ku m`s
ls bjlus l okmkolbkus qw`fwlooj `h blmc wjh`wo qw`xkckmf l gluke luujs s`
snj q``w-
KX- Qw`o`skmf bkxjbkn``cu g{ joqb`{ojms qw`fwlooju9 lm
luujuuojms
Wjxkjvkmf snj bkoksjc uzeejuu `h joqb`{ojms ewjlsk`m km snj kmczuswklb
ujes`w lmc snj us`mjvlbbjc lssjoqsu ls uswzeszwlb wjh`wo km lfwkezbszwj
ckuezuujc lg`xj" ks nlu gje`oj lqqlwjms vnken qlws `h snj wzwlb q`qzblsk`m
ku snj o`us km mjjc `h q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m9 snj blmcbjuu lmc snj uolbb lmc
olwfkmlb hlwojwu- Czj s` q`qzblsk`m fw`vsn lmc l wlsj `h lgu`wqsk`m g{
kmczuswklbkylsk`m `mb{ bjxjbbkmf snj fw`vsn hkfzwj km q`qzblsk`m" snj gzbd `h snj
kmewjluj km qj`qbj nlu s` oldj l bkxkmf km lfwkezbszwj lmc snj ujwxkej ujes`w-
E`mukcjwkmf lm lbwjlc{ zmcjwjoqb`{jc lmc blg`zw/kmsjmukxj ujwxkej ujes`w
lmc l cjewjlujc joqb`{ojms fw`vsn wlsj km lfwkezbszwj czj s` snj blv `h
ckokmkunkmf wjszwmu" snj qw`uqjesu h`w snj wzwlb q``w `vmkmf m` `w bkssbj blmc
lwj cko-
Q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m qw`fwlooju .QLQu+ h`ezukmf `m snj mjjcu `h snjwzwlb q``w nlxj gjjm cjxkujc s` jmlgbj snj q``w s` gjssjw snjkw bkxjbkn``cu
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lmc s` uskozblsj fw`vsn km `wcjw s` kmsjfwlsj snj gjmjhkeklwkju kms` snj
olkmuswjlo je`m`o{ km snj b`mf wzm- K lo e`mejwmjc njwj `mb{ vksn sn`uj
qw`fwlooju vnken nlxj lm koqles `m joqb`{ojms- @snjw qw`fwlooju uzen
lu snj Okmkozo Mjjcu Qw`fwlooj h`ezu `m qzgbke qw`xkuk`m `h gluke mjjcu
lmc nlxj gjjm |zksj uzeejuuhzbb{ lqqbkjc km ejwslkm uslsju uzen lu Djwlbl-
QLQu nlxj gjjm cjm`zmejc `m l mzogjw `h fw`zmcu- Hkwus" snj{ lwj
wjqzsjc m`s s` lko ls lm{ gluke uswzeszwlb enlmfju km snj lfwlwklm u`ekjs{-
Lu lwfzjc km snj qwjxk`zu ujesk`m" l oli`w wjlu`m h`w snj kmsw`czesk`m `h snj
QLQu vlu s` qwjxjms snj „Fwjjm Wjx`bzsk`m‛ hw`o szwmkmf kms` „wjc‛
.Glmc{`qlcn{l{" <;>>9L/6;+- Olsnzw wjhjwu s` snj blmcjc jbksj vn` vlu
„elwjhzb s` snvlws lm{ jhh`ws s` koqbjojms blmc ejkbkmfu" gzs nlqq{ s`
vjbe`oj uqjeklb uenjoju s` lbbjxklsj q`xjws{‛ vnken olwdjc snj gjfkmmkmf
`h l qjwk`c vnjm e`oqwjnjmukxj qw`fwlooju gjflm s` fkxj vl{ s` l
ujfojmslb xkjv `h wzwlb cjxjb`qojms .<;;:97613+-
Uje`mc" snjwj ku snj e`mejwm lmc lm~kjs{ km snj kmczuswklb
juslgbkunojms wjflwckmf snj mlww`v gluj `h snj Kmcklm olwdjs je`m`o{9
Vksn l xlus ujfojms `h snj wzwlb q`qzblsk`m gjkmf `zsukcj snj olwdjs
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cjxjb`qojms qw`fwlooj kmsjfwlskmf lbb joqb`{ojms uenjoju v`zbc gj xjw{
zujhzb-
Ks ol{ gj ulkc n`vjxjw" q`kmskmf s` Mzwduj" snls ujbh/joqb`{ojms
qw`fwlooju nlxj zuzlbb{ qw`xjc s` gj o`wj qw`czeskxj lmc gjssjw
kmsjfwlsjc vksn `xjwlbb cjxjb`qojms km kmhwluswzeszwlbb{ lcxlmejc wjfk`mu
vnjwjlu bjuu cjxjb`qjc wjfk`mu lwj km fwjlsjw mjjc `h WVQu h`w hkwus
cjxjb`qkmf snku kmhwluswzeszwj .E-N-N- Wl`" <;;797813+- Snj e`wwjblsk`m `h
snku luuzoqsk`m uzuslkmu snj luujwsk`m snls" kh snjwj ku lm joqb`{ojms
fzlwlmsjj" WVQu wjckuswkgzsju joqb`{ojms s` gledvlwc lwjlu lmc
zmcjwqwkxkbjfjc fw`zqu lmc njbqu s` wjczej zmjxjm cjxjb`qojms- N`vjxjw"
snku ku e`mswlusjc vksn snj hles snls blg`zwjwu `hsjm bkxj km o`wj cjxjb`qjc
lwjlu `w o`xj s`vlwcu snjuj lwjlu km ujlwen h`w l gjssjw kme`oj lmc njmej
WVQu ol{ vkcjm wjfk`mlb ckuqlwkskju-
Snj olkm g`mzu `h WVQu `xjw ujbh/joqb`{ojms ku snjkw uzqjwk`wks{ s`
h`ezu snj gjmjhkeklwkju- Vnkbj KWCQ nlu lsswlesjc olm{ m`m/fjmzkmj q``w"
vlfj uenjoju lwj m`s lsswleskxj jm`zfn s` kmczej snj wzwlb wken s` sw{ s`
e`wmjw snjuj uenjoju h`w snjoujbxju `w s` qwjxjms snj q``w hw`o
qlwskekqlskmf .X-O- Wl`" <;>69L/3+- Snku lcxlmslfj n`vjxjw ku uzguslmsklbb{
lssjmzlsjc kh snj luujsu ewjlsjc lwj `h bjuu xlbzj s` snj q``w snlm s` snj
gjssjw/`hh lmc l „swkedbkmf zq‛ ku sldkmf qblej- U` ks ol{ gj wjuslsjc snls ks ku
`mb{ l e`ogkmjc jhh`ws `h joqb`{ojms qw`fwlooju lmc uswzeszwlb wjh`wou
vnken elm oldj l ujwk`zu cjms s`vlwcu q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m- Vnls ue`qj
snjwj ku lmc n`v h`weju e`zbc gj bkmdjc s`vlwcu l cjxjb`qojms vnken
jog`ckju q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m vkbb gj ujjm km snj mj~s ujesk`m-
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X- Bkmdkmf cjxjb`qojms lmc q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m
Snku ujesk`m lkou s` qwjujms l q`bke{ uswlsjf{ vnken cjxjb`qu l o`wj
e`oqwjnjmukxj lqqw`len s` snj Kmcklm ckbjool `h q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m
zmcjwsldkmfu- Lhsjw nlxkmf jxlbzlsjc snj leszlb `zse`oju `h uolbb/uelbj
kmczuswklbkylsk`m q`bkekju" blmc wjh`wou lmc joqb`{ojms qw`fwlooju" vj elm
zmj|zkx`elbb{ luujws snls m`mj `h snjo nlxj v`wdjc lcj|zlsjb{ `h snjkw
`vm-
Km ujesk`m KKK snj kmsjwwjblsk`munkq gjsvjjm blmc wjh`wou lmc
sjenm`b`fkelb j~sjmuk`m nlu gjjm kbbzokmlsjc `m snj eluj `h Vjus Gjmflb- Ks
nlu gjjm ckue`xjwjc snls snjkw ozszlb e`bblg`wlsk`m nlu un`vm q`ukskxj
wjuzbsu jxjm kh jlen kmsjwxjmsk`m `h ksu `vm okfns nlxj `mb{ nlc l olwfkmlb
jhhjes- U`oj uen`blwu nlxj lcx`elsjc `snjw e`ogkmlsk`mu `h kmsjwxjmsk`mu
vnken okfns gj o`wj hwzkshzb snlm l mlww`v/okmcjc h`ezu `m `mj
qw`fwlooj- Km vnls h`bb`vu" snj q`uukgbj bkmdu `h uswlsjfkju h`w q`xjws{
lbbjxklsk`m lmc cjxjb`qojms lwj qwjujmsjc lmc ks vkbb gj lssjoqsjc s`
jxlbzlsj vnjsnjw uzen uenjoju lwj lgbj s` wjqwjujms l xklgbj o`czu
`qjwlmck h`w snj hzszwj `w vnjsnjw snj{ elm ojwjb{ gj lccjc s` snj
bksjwlszwj `h cjukwlgbj gzs hkesksk`zu cjukfmu vnken elm gj unjbxjc vksn`zs
njukslsk`m-
Uzguslmskxj lu snj ue`qj h`w lm joqb`{ojms/`wkjmsjc fw`vsn uswlsjf{
km wzwlb lwjlu ol{ gj" snj u`ek`/je`m`oke ckhhjwjmsklsk`m km Kmckl ozus gj
sldjm lee`zms `h- X-O- Wl` .<;;79L/:7+ ckuskmfzkunju lo`mf l mzogjw `h
wjfk`mu vnken ckhhjw e`mukcjwlgb{ km snjkw u`ek`/je`m`oke cjxjb`qojms uzen
lu ujok/hjzclb .j-f- Gknlw+" kmsjwojcklsj .j-f- Dlwmlsldl+" q`bkskelbb{
o`gkbkyjc .j-f- Vjus Gjmflb+ lmc „Fwjjm Wjx`bzsk`m‛ lwjlu .j-f- Qzmilg+-
Lbu` usw`mf j~kuskmf u`ek`/je`m`oke kmswl/xkbblfj ckhhjwjmeju .eh- Vlcj"
<;>>+ elmm`s gj mjfbjesjc-
@qsk`mu h`w lesk`m
E`mukcjwkmf snj xkek`zu ekwebj `h qwjxlkbkmf q`xjws{ lmc cjsjwk`wlskmfjmxkw`mojmslb e`mcksk`mu km Kmckl vnken oldj snj q``w okmj snj je`b`fkelb
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uzguslmej km `wcjw s` uzwxkxj" snj uzusjmlmej `h bkxjbkn``cu `h snj q``w c`ju
m`s `mb{ nlxj lm jsnkelb lmc u`eklb" gzs lbu` lm je`b`fkelb lmc njmej
je`m`oke ckojmuk`m- Olew`/je`m`oke q`bkekju vkbb u``mjw `w blsjw nlxj s`
hlej snku wjlbks{ km hlx`zwkmf l bkxjbkn``c/kmsjmukxj fw`vsn uswlsjf{-
Enlogjwu lmc E`mvl{ uzffjus m`s s` leejqs qw`hjuuk`mlb qjuukokuo9
Mjflskxj lqqw`lenju sjmc s` gj ujbh/hzbhkbbkmf9 kh snj h`ezu ku `mb{ `m
qw`gbjou" `qq`wszmkskju lwj jlu{ s` okuu- O`wj`xjw" ezwwjms q`xjws{
lmc hzszwj q`qzblsk`mu qwjujms uzen lm jm`wo`zu lmc lezsj enlbbjmfj
snls ks ku kwwjuq`mukgbj m`s s` j~qb`wj o`wj q`ukskxj lqqw`lenju
.<;;7977+-
Ukokblwb{" I-O- Dj{mju lqqjlbu h`w m`s `xjwxlbzkmf u`ek`/je`m`oke
e`muswlkmsu9
U``m `w blsj" ks ku kcjlu" m`s xjusjc kmsjwjusu vnken lwj clmfjw`zu h`w
f``c `w jxkb .|z`sjc km Gjlwcunlv" <;;79;+-
Ks ku km snku uqkwks snls I-O- Wl` qwjujmsu snj eluj `h lm lbsjwmlskxj je`m`oke
uswlsjf{ s` uswzeszwlb lcizusojms jmsksbjc „mjjcu/`wkjmsjc je`m`oke lmc
je`b`fkelb cjxjb`qojms‛ .MJJC+ vnken lee`wcu nkfnjus qwk`wks{ s` snj
hzbhkbojms `h gluke mjjcu" WVQu vksn lm joqb`{ojms fzlwlmsjj lmc snj
wjhzwgkunojms `h snj jmxkw`mojms- Snj lzsn`w lcx`elsju snls oluukxj
joqb`{ojms e`zbc gj ewjlsjc snw`zfn leskxkskju lkojc ls snj wjus`wlsk`m `h
snj je`b`fkelb kmhwluswzeszwj snw`zfn joqb`{ojms fzlwlmsjj uenjoju-
Lhh`wjuslsk`m lmc vlusjblmc cjxjb`qojms elm gj l nlmcu`oj e`oqbjojms s`
lfwkezbszwlb joqb`{ojms .<;;:9<6:1/:<+- U` c`ju E-N-N- Wl` zwfj h`w
vlsjw/unjc lmc vlusjblmc cjxjb`qojms" snj blssjw e`zbc fjmjwlsj `xjw :1
okbbk`m qjwu`m/{jlwu `h v`wd- Nj lwfzju snls ukmej snj joqb`{ojms
cjolmcjc g{ snj q``w ku m`s bkdjb{ s` gj lxlkblgbj b`elbb{ km jxjw{ wjfk`m"
u`oj `h snj blg`zw e`zbc gj `wflmkyjc zmcjw l Blmc Lwo{ E`wq`wlsk`m
.<;;79781:+- Lbu` Nkwvl{ .<;;39<51/5<+ qbjlcu h`w uzen l uenjoj h`w
o`gkbj blg`zwjwu vnken nlu l o`cjb km snj j~kuskmf „Dlwmlsldl Blmc Lwo{
E`wq`wlsk`m‛- Uzen uenjoju nlxj qwjezwu`wu jxjm km olm{ cjxjb`qjc
e`zmswkju- Snj o`us qw`okmjms j~loqbj v`zbc qw`glgb{ gj snj joqb`{ojms
qw`fwlooju kmsw`czejc km snj ZUL `h snj <;51u zmcjw H-C- W``ujxjbs‛u „MjvCjlb‛ q`bkekju-
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N`vjxjw" gjukcju usjqqkmf zq WVQu h`w elqkslb e`muswzesk`m km
lfwkezbszwj lmc h`w je`/cjxjb`qojms" snj uskozblsk`m `h fw`vsn `h n`zujn`bc
lmc uolbb kmczuswkju g{ kmsjfwlskmf snjo vksn ujbh/joqb`{ojms qw`fwlooju
wjqwjujmsu l oli`w `qsk`m `h bkmdkmf q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m- X{luzbz hlokbklwkyju
zu vksn snj j~qjwkjmeju km Dlwmlsldl `h bkmdkmf W(C .wjujlwen lmc
cjxjb`qojms+ vksn QLQu- Lee`wckmf s` snj lzsn`w" snj ewjlskxj kmsjfwlsk`m `h
uekjmskhke lmc sjenm`b`fkelb W(C jhh`wsu vksn joqb`{ojms uenjoju ol{ gj
lm lwjl km vnken Dlwmlsldl ol{ nlxj bjuu`mu s` `hhjw- Snj Dlwmlsldl Uslsj
E`zmekb h`w Uekjmej lmc Sjenm`b`f{ .DUEUS+ nlu gjjm lgbj s` gwkmf s`fjsnjw
q`bkskelb lzsn`wks{" snj wzwlb lcokmkuswlsk`m lmc uekjmskhke slbjms- Lo`mf snj
jhh`wsu `h DUEUS nlxj gjjm jmuzwkmf qjwjmmklb cwkmdkmf vlsjw uzqqbkju"
e`oozmks{ gk`flu qblmsu lmc cjxjb`qojms `h jhhjeskxj dkbmu- Lu snj lzsn`w
luuzwju" uzen qw`ijesu nlxj m`s gjjm lee`oqbkunjc km l s`q/c`vm hlunk`m-
Swlkmkmf `h xkbblfj lwskulmu" hjjcgled s` koqw`xj cjukfmu" e`bblg`wlsk`m vksn
fwluuw``su leskxkusu lmc ckhhzuk`m nlxj gjjm oli`w e`muskszjmsu `h snj
qw`fwlooj- Joqb`{ojms ewjlsk`m nlu gjjm qw`xkcjc km uksz h`w xkbblfjwu km
wjqlkw" olkmsjmlmej lmc qw`czesk`m .X{luzbz" <;;:97838/36+-
M`svksnuslmckmf Dlwmlsldl‛u m`s s`` `qqwjuukxj u`ek`/je`m`oke
u{usjo vnjwj j~swjoj q`blwkylsk`m km xkbblfju ku m`s snj e`oo`m hjlszwj" vj
ozus lud vnjsnjw snj ue`qj h`w o`wj e`oozmlb lesk`m e`zbc m`s gj
uzguslmsklbb{ j~qlmcjc lmc u`oj h`wo `h i`kms qw`czesk`m `w unlwkmf `h wkudu
gjsvjjm n`zujn`bcu v`zbc m`s gwjld jxjm olm{ leskxkskju vnken zmcjw snj
ezwwjms h`ezu `m uolbb/uelbj KWCQ jmswjqwkuju lwj m`s xklgbj- Njwj vj lwj
hlejc vksn snj kmnjwjms ckhhkezbskju `h juslgbkunkmf e``qjwlskxju- Lu hlw gled
lu km <;7>" snj W`{lb E`ookuuk`m `m Lfwkezbszwj `qkmjc9
Vj nlxj fwjls n`qju snls olm{ okbbk`mu `h qjlulms qw`qwkjs`wu ol{ gj
bjc s` l gjssjw bkhj snw`zfn l u`zmc e``qjwlskxj o`xjojms9 kh snku ku
ujezwjc" ozen jbuj ku gw`zfns vksnkm snj g`zmcu `h lsslkmojms- .---+ Kh
e``qjwlsk`m hlkbu" snjwj vkbb hlkb snj gjus n`qj `h wzwlb Kmckl .|z`sjc km
Olnjunvlwk" <;;:9<::+-
G{ lmc blwfj ks ckc- Snj u`ek`/je`m`oke gluj `h snj e``qjwlskxju nlu
wjolkmjc ckuskmesb{ mlww`v" wjuswkeskmf snj hb`v `h ksu gjmjhksu `mb{ s` snjwjblskxjb{ gjssjw/`hh km snj b`elb e`oozmks{ .Olnjunvlwk" <;;:9<:8+- Km
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5:
Fzilwls n`vjxjw" lee`wckmf s` Nkwvl{" snj e``qjwlskxj o`xjojms ku hlkwb{
uzeejuuhzb- Lfwkezbszwlb lmc m`m/lfwkezbszwlb ewjcks u`ekjskju" olwdjskmf lmc
ujwxkej e``qjwlskxju" e``qjwlskxju km hkunjw{" q`zbsw{" nlmcb``o" nlmckewlhsu
lmc n`zukmf lwj e`xjwjc .<;;:978<:+- Ks ku snku qnkb`u`qn{ `h snj
e``qjwlskxj o`xjojms vnken elm gj xjw{ wjbjxlms s` wjczej snj wkudu h`w snj
q``w lmc oldj snjo gjmjhks hw`o snj kmnjwjms je`m`okju `h uelbj- Lbu`" lu
E-N-N- Wl` lwfzju" ku snj kmckxkukgkbks{/qnjm`ojm`m gje`okmf kmewjlukmfb{
koq`wslms km olm{ leskxkskju vksn o`cjwm qwleskeju `w vnjwj sjenmkelb
ujwxkeju lwj koq`wslms- Ls snj uloj skoj" fw`zq kmksklskxj lmc jhh`ws `h snj
q``w ku qw`o`sjc s` enjed j~qb`kslsk`m g{ okccbjojm .<;;797816+-
Snj ue`qj h`w e`oozmlb lesk`m vksn ozszlb gjmjhks km Kmckl ku blwfj- Ks
vlu h`w j~loqbj cjo`muswlsjc snls g{ zukmf snj gk`flu sjenm`b`f{" snj
vlusju qw`czejc hw`o l e`v njwc elm gj uzhhkekjms s` wjlen ujbh/uzhhkekjme{
km fwjjm h`ccjw vksn `mb{ l uolbb qluszwj" l q`kms `h koq`wslmej h`w l
hlwojwu e``qjwlskxj vksn bkssbj lxlkblgbj blmc- Gk`hjwskbkyjwu e`zbc gj zskbkyjc
s` koqw`xj fwluu {kjbcu lmc snj wjuzbs vlu koqw`xjc g{ snj zuj `h kwwkflsk`m"
glujc `m gk`flu q`vjwjc qzoqujsu- N`vjxjw" zmbjuu l glblmej ku uswzed g{
„kmxjuskmf km qj`qbj‛ / ewjlskmf b`elb `wflmkylsk`mu snls swzb{ zmcjwuslmc b`elb
mjjcu lmc e`mcksk`mu / kmxjusojmsu `mb{ km sjenm`b`fkju lwj `hsjm vlusjc
.eh- Eloju" <;;8c+-
Vnls ku ejwslkmb{ wj|zkwjc km Kmckl ku snku bkmd `h e`oozmlb leskxkskju"
gj ks lu i`kms xjmszwju `h l mzogjw `h KWCQ gjmjhkeklwkju `w ls l blwfjw uelbj
ls xkbblfj bjxjb `w gj{`mc" l h`wo `h e``qjwlskxj `wflmkylsk`m glujc `m
e`bbjeskxj blg`zw lmc uzqqb{kmf b`mf sjwo ujezwks{ s` snj qlwskekqlmsu- Snj
ozbskqbkjw jhhjes `h kmsjmukxj kmsjwbkmdlfju gjsvjjm ckhhjwjms zmcjwsldkmfu km
snku ujmuj elm gj uzguslmsklb- Xkbblfj kmczuswkju lwj m`s mjejuulwkb{
qwjckuq`ujc s` cwjlc snj e`oqjsksk`m `h snj blwfj/uelbj ujes`w vnjm snj{
elm oldj `zs snjkw mkenj h`w snjoujbxju- Snj qw`gbjo ejwslkmb{ bkju km
kcjmskh{kmf lwjlu `h kmxjusojms vnken hkwus" c` m`s lbwjlc{ uzhhjw hw`o
zmcjwjoqb`{ojms" uje`mc" lwj m`s e`wmjwjc g{ snj gjssjw/`hh lmc snkwc"
vnjwj snj jhhjeskxj cjolmc ku lbb`vjc s` ojjs snj leszlb cjolmc" xky-
vnjwj snj olwdjs ku m`s wjuswkesjc s` sn`uj vn` elm lhh`wc- Gk`flu ckhhzuk`mku `mj j~loqbj- N`zukmf lm`snjw- Lu Szbqzbj lwfzju" n`zukmf lu lm zwfjms
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mjjc ku nkfnb{ blg`zw/kmsjmukxj" nlu j~sjmukxj gledvlwc bkmdlfju lmc mjjcu
nlwcb{ lm{ koq`ws e`msjms kh snj wkfns olsjwklbu lmc sjenm`b`f{ `h
e`muswzesk`m lwj zujc .<;;19<<:>+- @snjw lwjlu lwj ejwslkmb{ ckuejwmkgbj
fkxjm snj kmewjlukmf jmxkw`mojmslb cjfwlclsk`m vnken lhhjesu snj gjssjw/`hh
lu ks c`ju snj q``w- N`vjxjw snj{ lhh`wc snj kmsjwleskxj kmxjusojms km
wjbjxlms W(C h`ezukmf `m snj mjjcu `h snj q``w wj|zkwkmf e``qjwlsk`m `h
wjujlwen kmuskszsju lmc qlwskekqlmsu- Snjwj ku snj mjjc s` b``d h`w mjjc/glujc
lqqw`qwklsj sjenm`b`fkju vnken c` m`s wjolkm vksnkm snj vlbbu `h
blg`wls`wkju- Hkjbc `wflmkylsk`mu ozus kmsjwles vksn snj zujwu h`w snjkw
ckuujokmlsk`m- L bled `h ckhhzuk`m `h o`wj lqqw`qwklsj sjenm`b`fkju ku m`s
`mb{ elzujc g{ u`ek`/je`m`oke hles`wu gzs lbu` g{ lm lgujmej `h jhhjeskxj
lmc leszlb cjolmc hw`o snj q``w- M`s hzbhkbbjc g{ olwdjs kmuskszsk`mu" snku
cjolmc elm gj e`msjmsjc g{ l usw`mfjw jmswzusojms `h m`m/olwdjs
kmuskszsk`mu km ujezwkmf W(C lmc snjkw ckhhzuk`m- Czj s` snj kmnjwjms
vjldmjuuju `h f`xjwmojmslb g`ckju s` wje`fmkyj snj mjjcu `h snj q``w" m`m/
f`xjwmojmslb `wflmkylsk`mu .MF@u+ lmc b`elb `wflmkylsk`mu elm njbq s` hkbb
snku flq- Lmsnw`q`b`fkelb zmcjwuslmckmf ku juujmsklb km olsenkmf snj
xkbblfjwu‛ e`mejwmu vksn snls `h snj kmsjwxjmjw- Vnkbj olm{ qzgbke
`wflmkylsk`mu sldj zq qw`gbjou `mb{ `m wj|zjus lmc snj u`ek`/je`m`oke
ukszlsk`m km xkbblfju ku uzen snls m` `mj e`oju h`wvlwc s` wjfkusjw l wj|zjus
.Olnjunvlwk" <;;:9<;3+" x`bzmslw{ `wflmkylsk`mu lwj fjmjwlbb{ o`wj
jhhjeskxj km cjsjeskmf swzj mjjcu- Qlzb .<;>;9<11+ lwfzju snls f`xjwmojmsu
lmc MF@u nlxj ckhhjwjms uswjmfsnu vnken lwj e`oqbjojmslw{ lmc snls km snj
eluj `h q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m" snjwj ku l ebjlw eluj h`w l ckxkuk`m `h blg`zw snls
j~qb`ksu snjkw e`oqlwlskxj lcxlmslfj- Lm lqqw`len glujc `m uzen l o`wj
qlwskekqls`w{ lqqw`len ujjdkmf h`w lbsjwmlskxj u`bzsk`mu e`zbc bjlc s`vlwcu
o`wj lgu`wqsk`m `h blg`zw s`vlwcu snj uje`mclw{ lmc sjwsklw{ ujes`w-
Mjxjwsnjbjuu" kh snjwj ku ue`qj s` okskflsj snj kmhbz~ `h blg`zw kms`
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Jenjxjwwk/Fjms" I`nm .<;;7+" „Qzgbke Qlwskekqlsk`m lmc Q`xjws{ Lbbjxklsk`m9Snj J~qjwkjmej `h Wjh`wo E`oozmkusu km Kmckl‛u Vjus Gjmflb‛ km V`wbcCjxjb`qojms" 71 .<1+
Hwkjwj" Qlzb` .<;67+" Qjclf`f{ `h snj @qqwjuujc" Mjv [`wd" Njwcjw lmcNjwcjw
Fzqsl" Lmkb D- .<;>;+" „Uekjmskusu‛ xkjvu `h hlwojwu‛ qwleskeju km Kmckl9glwwkjwu s` jhhjeskxj kmsjwlesk`m‛ km Enlogjwu" W- js lb" Hlwojwu Hkwus / HlwojwKmm`xlsk`m lmc Lfwkezbszwlb Wjujlwen
Nlwwkuu" Glwglwl lmc Nlwwkuu" I`nm .<;>3+" „‛Fjmjwlskxj‛ `w „Qlwlukske‛ Zwglmkuo0 U`oj `gujwxlsk`mu hw`o snj wjejms nkus`w{ `h l U`zsn KmcklmOlwdjs S`vm‛ km Snj I`zwmlb `h Cjxjb`qojms Uszckju" 71 .5+
Nlwwkuu" I`nm .<;>;+" „Kmcklm Kmczuswklbkylsk`m lmc snj Uslsj‛ km Lblxk" Nloyl
lmc Nlwwkuu" I`nm" U`ek`b`f{ `h „Cjxjb`qkmf E`zmswkju‛ / U`zsn Lukl" B`mc`m"Oleokbblm Jczelsk`m
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Nlwwkuu" I`nm .<;;5+" „Vnls ku nlqqjmkmf km wzwlb Vjus Gjmflb0 / LfwlwklmWjh`wo" Fw`vsn lmc Ckuswkgzsk`m‛ km Je`m`oke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Izmj <7
Nkwvl{" Kmckwl .<;>:+" „‛Flwkgk Nlsl`‛9 Elm KWCQ c` ks0‛ km Je`m`oke lmcQ`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Olwen 51
Nkwvl{" Kmckwl lmc Sjwnlb" Qkjs .<;;3+" S`vlwcu Joqb`{ojms Fzlwlmsjj kmKmckl / Kmcklm lmc Kmsjwmlsk`mlb J~qjwkjmeju km Wzwlb Qzgbke V`wduQw`fwlooju" Mjv Cjbnk" Ulfj Qzgbkelsk`mu Kmckl
Nkwvl{" Kmckwl .<;;:+" „Ujbjeskxj Cjxjb`qojms lmc Vkcjmkmf Ckuqlwkskju kmFzilwls‛ km Je`m`oke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" @es`gjw <3/7<
I`cnl" M-U- .<;>>+" „Q`xjws{ Cjglsj km Kmckl9 l okm`wks{ xkjv‛ km Je`m`okelmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" M`xjogjw" Uqjeklb Mzogjw
Dlmmlm" D-Q- .<;;:+" „Cjebkmkmf kmekcjmej `h wzwlb q`xjws{ km Djwlbl‛ kmJe`m`oke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" @es`gjw <3/7<
Dlun{lq" U-Q- .<;>>+" „Fw`vsn `h Uolbb/Ukyj Jmsjwqwkuju km Kmckl9 Ksu Mlszwjlmc E`msjms‛ km V`wbc Cjxjb`qojms" <8 .8+
Bkjsjm" F-D- .<;;8+" „Blmc Wjh`wou ls Ejmswj Uslfj9 Snj Jxkcjmej `m VjusGjmflb‛ km Cjxjb`qojms lmc Enlmfj 76
Bkqs`m" Okenljb .<;66+" Vn{ Q``w Qj`qbj Usl{ Q``w" B`mc`m" Sjoqbj Uoksn
Olnjunvlwk" U- W- .<;;:+" Wzwlb Cjxjb`qojms km Kmckl / L Qzgbke Q`bke{Lqqw`len .Uje`mc Jcksk`m+" Mjv Cjbnk" Ulfj Qzgbkelsk`mu Kmckl
Olbbked" W`uu .<;;7+" „Lfwlwklm Wjh`wo km Vjus Gjmflb9 Snj Jmc `h lmKbbzuk`m‛ km V`wbc Cjxjb`qojms" 71 .:+
Olsnzw" Dzbcjjq .<;;:+" „Q`bkskeu lmc Koqbjojmslsk`m `h Kmsjfwlsjc WzwlbCjxjb`qojms Qw`fwlooj‛ km Je`m`oke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" @es`gjw <3/7<
Ojbb`w" I- .<;68+" Snj Mjv Je`m`okeu `h Fw`vsn9 l Uswlsjf{ h`w Kmckl lmcsnj Cjxjb`qkmf V`wbc" B`mc`m" E`wmjbb Zmkxjwuks{ Qwjuu
Okssjw" U- .<;6:+" „U`mlqzw9 L Qjlulms‛u Xkjv `h snj Ebluu Vlw‛ km U`zsnLuklm Wjxkjv > .3+
Mlwl{lml" M-U-U-4 Qlwkdn" Dkwks U- lmc Uwkmkxlulm" S-M- .<;>>+" „Wzwlb V`wduQw`fwlou km Kmckl9 E`usu lmc Gjmjhksu‛ km I`zwmlb ̀ h Cjxjb`qojms Je`m`okeu"7;
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@uolmk" U-W- .<;;<+" „U`eklb Ujezwks{ km U`zsn Lukl‛ km Lnolc" Jnskunlo4Cwjyj" Ijlm4 Nkbbu" I`nm lmc Ujm" Lolwsn{l" U`eklb Ujezwks{ km Cjxjb`qkmfE`zmswkju" @~h`wc" Eblwjmc`m Qwjuu
Qlq`bl" S-U- lmc Okuwl" X-M- .<;>1+" „U`oj Luqjesu `h WzwlbKmczuswklbkulsk`m‛ km Je`m`oke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" @es`gjw" Uqjeklb Mzogjw
Qlzb" Ulozjb .<;>;+" „Q`xjws{ Lbbjxklsk`m lmc Qlwskekqlsk`m / Snj Eluj h`wF`xjwmojms/Fwluuw``su Lfjme{ E`bblg`wlsk`m‛ km Je`m`okelb lmc Q`bkskelbVjjdb{" Ilmzlw{ <3
Wl`" E-N- Nlmzolmsnl .<;;7+" „Kmsjfwlskmf Q`xjws{ Lbbjxklsk`m Qw`fwloojuvksn Cjxjb`qojms Uswlsjfkju / Kmcklm J~qjwkjmej‛ km Je`m`oke lmc Q`bkskelbVjjdb{" M`xjogjw 7>
Wl`" I- O`nlm .<;;:+" „Je`m`oke Wjh`wo lmc Je`b`fkelb Wjhzwgkunojms / L
Uswlsjf{ h`w Kmckl‛ km Je`m`oke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Izb{ <:
Wl`" X-O- .<;>6+" „Enlmfkmf Xkbblfj Uswzeszwj / Koqles `h WzwlbCjxjb`qojms Qw`fwlooju‛ km Je`m`oke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Olwen 7>
Wl`" X-O- .<;>>+" „Kmsjwxjmsk`mu h`w snj Q``w / Ewkskelb Ckojmuk`mu"Q`sjmsklbkskju lmc Bkokslsk`mu‛ km Je`m`oke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" M`xjogjw"Uqjeklb Mzogjw
Wl`" X-O- .<;;7+" „Blmc Wjh`wo J~qjwkjmeju / Qjwuqjeskxj h`w Uswlsjf{ lmc
Qw`fwlooju‛ km Je`m`oke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Izmj 76
Wlsn" Mkbldlmsnl .<;>:+" „‛Flwkgk Nlsl`‛9 Elm KWCQ c` ks0‛ km Je`m`oke lmcQ`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Hjgwzlw{ ;
Wlsn" M- .<;;1+" „Ujlwen h`w lm joqb`{ojms/`wkjmsjc fw`vsn uswlsjf{ / LCkuezuuk`m‛ km Je`m`oke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Ol{ 78
Wlxlkbb`m" Olwskm .<;;<+" „@m snj e`xjwlfj `h qzgbke joqb`{ojms uenjojuh`w q`xjws{ lbbjxklsk`m‛ km I`zwmlb `h Cjxjb`qojms Je`m`okeu" 53
Wlxlkbb`m" Olwskm4 Clss" Flzwlx lmc Enlzcnzwk" Unzgnlo .<;;7+" „C`juOlnlwlusnwl‛u Joqb`{ojms Fzlwlmsjj Uenjoj Fzlwlmsjj Joqb`{ojms0Jhhjesu `h snj <;>> Vlfj Kmewjluj‛ km Je`m`oke Cjxjb`qojms lmc EzbszwlbEnlmfj" 3< .<+
W`{" Dlwskd E-4 Skucjbb Ebjojms L- lmc Ujm" Wlidzolw .<;;7+" Je`m`okeCjxjb`qojms lmc Jmxkw`mojms / L eluj uszc{ `h Kmckl" Wjqwkmsjc <;;:"Cjbnk" @~h`wc Kmckl Qlqjwgled
Ulmcjulwl" I-E- .<;;1+" „Ujlwen h`w lm joqb`{ojms/`wkjmsjc fw`vsn
uswlsjf{ / L Ckuezuuk`m‛ km Je`m`oke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Ol{ 78
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Ujsn" Lmzwlcnl .<;;:+" „E`us/Jhhkekjme{ `h Uolbb Olmzhleszwkmf Jmsjwqwkuju /Koqbkelsk`mu h`w Joqb`{ojms Q`bke{‛ km Je`m`oke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{"M`xjogjw 7:
Unlwol" Lbldn M- .<;;:+" „Q`bkskelb Je`m`o{ `h Q`xjws{ km Gknlw‛ km Je`m`okelmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" @es`gjw <3/7<
Szbqzbj" Glflwlo .<;;1+" „Ujlwen h`w lm joqb`{ojms/`wkjmsjc fw`vsnuswlsjf{ / L Ckuezuuk`m‛ km Je`m`oke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" Ol{ 78
X{lu" X-U- lmc Gnlwflxl" Qwlcjjq .<;;:+" „Qzgbke Kmsjwxjmsk`m h`w Q`xjws{Lbbjxklsk`m‛ km Je`m`oke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" @es`gjw <3/7<
X{luzbz" Xkm`c .<;;:+" „Olmlfjojms `h Q`xjws{ Lbbjxklsk`m Qw`fwlooju kmDlwmlsldl‛ km Je`m`oke lmc Q`bkskelb Vjjdb{" @es`gjw <3/7<
Vlcj" W`gjws .<;>>+" Xkbblfj Wjqzgbkeu" Elogwkcfj" Zmkxjwuks{ Qwjuu