LINKING ADAPTATION TO DEVELOPMENT

2

AB O UT TH E GLO BA LEN V I RO N M E N T FAC I L I T Y

The Global Environment Facility (GEF), estab-lished in 1991, funds projects and programsin developing countries that protect theglobal environment. The GEF unites 177member governments—in partnership withinternational institutions, civil society, andthe private sector—to address global envi-ronmental issues while supporting nationalsustainable development initiatives.

The GEF is the largest financier of projects toprotect and improve the global environment.To date, the GEF has allocated $6.2 billion,supplemented by more than $20 billion incofinancing, for more than 1,800 projects inmore than 155 developing countries and transition economies. Through its SmallGrants Programme (SGP), GEF has also mademore than 7,000 small grants, up to $50,000

each, directly to non-governmental and community-based organizations.The GEF serves as the, or a, financialmechanism for the global environmentalagreements, including the U.N. FrameworkConvention on Climate Change.

At the heart of the GEF’s work are its three Implementing Agencies—the U.N.Development Programme (UNDP), the U.N.Environment Programme (UNEP), and TheWorld Bank—which share the credit for theGEF’s measurable on-the-ground achievements.Seven Executing Agencies also contribute tothe GEF’s impact: African Development Bank(AfDB), Asian Development Bank (ADB),European Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment (EBRD), Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO),Inter-American Development Bank (IDB),International Fund for AgriculturalDevelopment (IFAD), and the United NationsIndustrial Development Organization (UNIDO).

“Communities around the

globe must now take action

against the ravages they face

because of climate change.

It is the GEF's urgent task

to empower them to find

effective ways to adapt.”

MO N I Q U E BA R B UTCEO A N D CH A I R P E R S O N, GEF

TH E CH A N G I N G CL I M ATE A N DSU STA I N A B L E DEV E LO PM E N T

Vulnerable countries, communities, andecosystems are already feeling the effects ofclimate change, as sea levels and temperaturerise, rainfall patterns change, and extremeweather events, such as droughts, floods,storms, and other natural disasters, occurmore frequently and intensively. These eventsnot only adversely affect core development

needs, such as access to drinking water, foodsecurity, irrigation, and health, but also entireecosystems on which all life forms depend—and they exact the heaviest toll on poor people. Because of this, many developingcountries have given adaptation action ahigh, even urgent, priority.

As a financing mechanism for the UnitedNations Framework Convention on ClimateChange, the Global Environment Facility

(GEF) is committed to helping countries deal with the multifaceted challenges posedby climate change. In fulfilling its mandate,GEF pursues a two-pronged approach: ithelps developing countries launch projectsthat mitigate the effects of climate changeby reducing emissions of greenhouse gases;and it helps countries adapt to climatechange by undertaking activities thatminimize its adverse effects.

1

Climate change: an integrated framework

Climate changeTemperature rise

Sea level risePrecipitation changeDroughts and floods

Impacts on human and natural systems

Food and water resourcesEcosystem and biodiversity

Human settlementsHuman health

Emissions and concentrations

Greenhouse gasesAerosols

Socioeconomicdevelopment paths

Economic growthTechnologyPopulationGovernance

ADAPTATION

MITIGATION

AD

APT

ATIO

N

AD

APTATIO

N

Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (www.ipcc.ch/present/graphics.htm)

Farmers in drought-prone Sudan preparing irrigation channel

AN EVO LV I N G STR ATE GY TO H E L PVU L N E R A B L E CO U N TR I E S ADA PT TOCL I M ATE CH A N G E

Following Convention guidance, GEF’s assistancefor adaptation initially supported studies andassessments, because of the need for more scientific and practical information.

Over the last few years, the GEF’s mandateunder the Convention has changed dramatically,the result of widely documented scientific evidence on the adverse impacts of climatechange. Moreover, developing countries areincreasingly asking for support for urgentadaptation measures and adequate financialresources. The GEF has responded promptly to these changes.

Today, the GEF focuses on adaptation measures and concrete projects. Its work onadaptation includes managing two newfunds—the Least Developed Countries Fundand the Special Climate Change Fund—thatlink adaptation to development, and prioritizeareas of intervention that are new to the GEF.These funds complement the GEF’s work onadaptation under its Trust Fund.

Whether through the GEF Trust Fund or thenew funds, the GEF’s approach to adaptationoffers the following:

Flexible procedures and governance. With itsnew funds, the GEF has introduced severalinnovative features that emphasize flexibleprocedures, significantly departing from existing operational criteria of the GEF TrustFund. Both the incremental cost approach and the requirement of global environmentalbenefits are absent from these funds. TheGEF uses a simplified approach to accessresources, including the use of a proportionalratio as a sliding scale for cofinancing. TheResource Allocation Framework is not appliedto these funds. In terms of governance,programs and projects will be considered inmeetings of the new funds’ Council.

Focus on development. Climate changeaffects all sectors of development, includingagriculture, health, water, and infrastructure,and, therefore, adaptation measures must befully integrated into development projectsand programs. For this, a wide range ofexpertise is needed. The GEF network, whichincludes its three Implementing Agencies,

2

A family harvesting sweet potatoes, which are part of a cropdiversification program in Zambezi Valley, Mozambique

seven Executing Agencies, and the Scientificand Technical Advisory Panel, combines skillsavailable by engaging all relevant develop-ment institutions.

Protection of ecosystems. Adaptation mustalso confront the full range of related impactson natural systems, from land degradation towatershed management and biodiversity conservation. The GEF draws on its 15 years ofgood practices and capacity to help identifyrealistic adaptation solutions and build onexisting coping capacity.

Stakeholder participation and coordination.To effectively support countries in their adaptation work, coordination among allstakeholders—from government bodies tolocal communities—is imperative. In addition,the GEF has undertaken coordination withbilateral and multilateral agencies, as reflectedin a growing adaptation portfolio withnumerous partners who bring their experi-ence to the table.

C0st-effectiveness. A successful adaptationprogram must streamline costs, thereby, put-ting funding directly to work on the ground.

Drawing on its historic base as a network, theGEF program has built-in capacity to managecost-effectively adaptation projects:

n The World Bank is available as trustee oftwo new adaptation-related funds. Thetrustee costs are minimal given that sys-tems for managing funds are in place forthe GEF Trust Fund.

n The architecture for working with multipleagencies already exists.

Framed by these unique features, the GEFadaptation program follows several basicsteps: first, gathering information through asound scientific methodology andrecognizing good practices and indigenousknowledge; second, evaluating existingpolicies and identifying those that increasecountries’ vulnerability (maladaptation);third, implementing projects that buildadaptive capacity and integrate adaptationmeasures into development.

3

GEF works on the ground to help developing countries reduce their vulnerability and increasetheir capacity to adaptto the adverse impacts ofclimate change.

Stakeholders discussing a GEF adaptation project

ADA PTATI O N O N TH E GRO U N D

Countries must move from climate-vulnerableto climate-resilient development, which ensuresfood security, access to water for drinking andirrigation, control of diseases spreading, suchas malaria and dengue fever, and disaster prevention, despite a changing climate.

To help increase the resilience of human and natural systems, GEF-supported projectsinitially learn from and build on current goodpractices to cope with existing stresses andclimate variability, and then implementadditional measures that take into accountlonger-term climate change.

The transition from climate-vulnerable to climate-resilient development will nothappen automatically and there will beassociated costs. Coping with the adverseimpacts of climate change imposes anadditional cost on vulnerable countries intheir effort to achieve their developmentgoals. Therefore, the GEF adopted aninnovative approach to financing projectimplementation through the additional costprinciple, applied under the Least DevelopedCountries Fund and Special Climate ChangeFund, which distinguishes those projectsfrom the standard GEF practice defined byincremental costs.

GEF’S OP E R ATI O N A L AP P ROAC HTO ADA PTATI O N

The GEF adaptation program encompasses apilot under the GEF Trust Fund and two newfunds: Least Developed Countries Fund andSpecial Climate Change Fund. These funds aremanaged separately from the GEF Trust Fundwith their own operational rules and proce-dures. The top priority for both funds is adaptation to climate change.

The Least Developed Countries Fund andSpecial Climate Change Fund operatethrough the core sectors that link adapta-tion and development, while the GEF TrustFund supports adaptation projects thatincrease the resilience of ecosystems whereclimate change threatens biodiversity andother global commons, or is the cause ofland degradation.

Least Developed Countries Fund The Least Developed Countries (LDCs) areamong the most vulnerable and least able toadapt to the ravages of climate change. TheLeast Developed Countries Fund was estab-lished under the Climate Change Conventionto help these countries achieve climate-

Low-lying Pacific islands arevulnerable to sea level rises

resilient development by increasing their adap-tive capacity and reducing their vulnerability.

To achieve this objective, countries firstprepare National Adaptation Plans of Action,which identify activities whose further delaycould increase vulnerability, or lead toincreased costs at a later stage. To date, theGEF has financed the preparation of 44National Adaptation Plans of Action and twoglobal support projects—a total cost of about$12 million. Once the official report is finalizedand made public, LDCs can develop and sub-mit project proposals to the Least DevelopedCountries Fund for the implementation phase.

Since many countries have completed or are nearing completion of their NationalAdaptation Plans of Action, some priority sectors have been identified: water resources,food security and agriculture, health, disasterpreparedness and prevention, infrastructure,and community-based adaptation.

The National Adaptation Plans of Actionimplementation phase includes the design,development, and implementation of projectson the ground, to meet the adaptation needsidentified in its preparation phase.

Throughout this phase, projects will be monitored to measure progress, and at projectcompletion, a terminal evaluation will assessthe effectiveness of the adaptation measuresimplemented.

The Least Developed Countries Fund, whichis administratively separate from the GEFTrust Fund, responds to the unique circum-stances of the LDCs and specific Conferenceof Parties guidance. It is composed of inno-vative elements—

n An overall approach emphasizing the linkbetween adaptation and development

n The concept of additional cost for adaptation

n A sliding scale as a tool to simplify projectsubmissions and costs calculations

n Existing development funds as basis for cofinancing

n Option for full-cost funding for projectsn No requirements for showing global

environmental benefitsn Expedited project cycle that includes

mid-sized project ceiling up to $2 million,submission and approval on a rolling basis,and no objection-based approval.

5

Implementing First NationalAdaptation Plan of Action in Bhutan

Of the natural hazards to which Bhutan isprone, none is more significant than thatof climate change’s effects on glaciers, in particular glacial lake outburst floods. Whenthese floods occur, lives are lost, houses andother infrastructure are washed away, and agriculture and pasture land are damaged.

A GEF-supported project aims to enhanceadaptive capacity to climate change-induceddisaster impacts in Bhutan, particularlyvulnerable areas to glacial lake outburstfloods: Punakha-Wangdi and ChamkarValleys. The project, which United NationsDevelopment Programme (UNDP) isimplementing, will strengthen the country’scapacity for disaster risk management andprevention, implement the artificial loweringof Thortormi Lake waters, and install an earlywarning system for the Punakha-Wangdivalley—all with the purpose of preventingloss of life, homes, and basic resources.

To date, the GEF has mobilized about $115 million for the Least Developed CountriesFund. The most recent pledging meetingoccurred in Copenhagen, Denmark, in April2006. Additional pledges were made duringthe GEF Council meeting in June and at theGEF Assembly in Cape Town, in August 2006.Pledges have been made by Denmark, Finland,France, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand,Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,and the United Kingdom.

Special Climate Change Fund Established in response to guidance receivedfrom the Climate Convention in 2001, theSpecial Climate Change Fund is designed tofinance activities related to climate changethat are complementary to those funded byGEF, in the following areas: adaptation to climate change; technology transfer; energy,transport, industry, agriculture, forestry andwaste management; and economic diversifi-cation. Among these categories, adaptationhas the top priority.

The Special Climate Change Fund adaptationprogram focuses on the following area: waterresources, agriculture, health, infrastructure,integrated coastal zone management, and

fragile ecosystems, including mountainecosystems. Priority is also to be given tocapacity building for preventive measures,planning, preparedness, and management ofdisasters relating to climate change, includingcontingency planning for droughts and floodsin areas prone to extreme weather events.

In 2005, the Special Climate Change Fundopened its first pipeline for submissions. Aswith the Least Developed Countries Fund,under the Special Climate Change Fund devel-oping countries access financial resources toimplement concrete adaptation measures toreduce vulnerability to climate change.

The Special Climate Change Fund has severalinnovative features:

n The overall approach that links adaptationto development

n The concept of additional costs to determinethe level of funding

n A sliding scale as an optional simplifiedapproach to calculating additional costs

n Project cycle: The Special Climate ChangeFund is currently using the same projectcycle as the GEF Trust Fund, except that allpipeline project reviews will be undertaken

on a rolling basis. Lessons learned fromthe Least Developed Countries Fund inexpediting the project cycle maybe consid-ered for application to the Special ClimateChange Fund in the future.

To date, about $50 million has been pledged for the Special Climate Change Fund. Of thisamount, nearly $34 million has already been pro-grammed. Additional contributions are expect-ed through subsequent pledging meetings.

Since its opening in 2005, the Special ClimateChange Fund pipeline rapidly exhausted theresources available. As the Fund offers theopportunity to implement adaptation on theground, substantial additional demand forresources is anticipated.

Adaptation Action in Key DevelopmentSectors under the Special ClimateChange Fund

Disaster Risk Management and Prevention.GEF-supported projects in the Disaster RiskManagement and Prevention area aim tointegrate climate change risks into disasterand development programs. Current disasterprograms of development agencies have a

6

better record at reconstructing damagedinfrastructure than in reducing vulnerabili-ties and addressing their root causes. Thissector program seeks to anticipate naturaland climate-induced disaster risks, andenhance disaster prevention and resilience.The GEF has started an innovative partner-ship with the International Red Cross, withthe assistance of UNDP, to develop a projectin Thailand where disaster risk will be builtinto development planning.

Health. The GEF-supported project—Piloting Climate Change Adaptation toProtect Human Health—aims to implementa range of strategies, polices, and measuresthat will decrease health vulnerability tocurrent climate variability and future climatechange in seven countries having differentkinds of vulnerable ecosystems: Barbadosand Fiji (low-lying developing); Uzbekistanand Jordan (desert/desert-fringe); andBhutan, Kenya, and China (highlandpopulations). Implemented in collaborationwith the World Health Organization andUNDP, the project will begin by assessinghealth vulnerabilities for each country,analyzing successes and failures of pasthealth interventions under current climate,

and then selecting and implementing locallyappropriate measures.

Infrastructure. The GEF is supporting twoadaptation interventions on infrastructure in two small island states in the Pacific:Micronesia and Rarotonga. Both projects,implemented by UNDP, build on what wouldbe done for development purposes in theabsence of climate change (building a roadand a harbor breakwater, respectively). Theroad needed climate proofing intervention to cope with sea-level rise and increased precipitation, and the harbor needed to be

The GEF focuses on adaptation measures and concrete projects.

National consultations in Gilbert and Line Islands

7

8

KI R I BATI ADA PTATI O N PRO G R A M

“The sun is coming closer to my island” wasone of the remarks of island representativesat the National Consultations of the KiribatiAdaptation Program, a long-term effort toassist the Central Pacific island nation ofKiribati in managing climate change. Thisprogram was initiated by the World Bank following the 2000 Regional Economic ReportCities, Seas and Storms, which showed thatwithout adaptation, Kiribati could face annual losses on the order of 37 percent ofGDP because of climate change.

Kiribati, one of the most isolated, leastdeveloped countries in the world, consists of33 low-lying atoll islands spread over a vastarea ocean in the central and western Pacific.With most of its land less than three metersabove sea level, it is highly vulnerable to climate change and sea level rise. The pooratoll soil offers little potential for agriculturaldevelopment, but the immense area of oceanencompasses some of the richest fishinggrounds in the world, providing Kiribati with its most important source of revenue.

Through a participatory process, a GEF projectseeks to provide the vulnerable communitiesof Kiribati with the information and themeans to enhance their adaptive capacity.The project will support the government inenhancing its capacity to plan and implementadaptation measures to the climate-relatedissues facing the country, which will alsoreduce the detrimental impacts of climatechange on the fragile atoll ecosystems.

Possible global benefits from the projectinclude improved management, conservation,restoration and sustainable use of biodiversity,such as improved protection and managementof mangroves and coral reefs, which harbor avariety of fish.

Apart from reduced vulnerability to climatechange, climate variability, and sea level rise,national benefits would come from stabilizingecosystems and improving productive capacityof mangroves and coral reefs that affect theavailability of fish catch, thereby reducingeconomic vulnerability of those dependenton these activities and contributing to poverty reduction.

Expected project outcomes include strongergovernment capacity to deal with the conse-quences of the increasing climate risks, byfully integrating adaptation into economicplanning and by enhancing legislation andregulations; and conservation and sustainableuse of aquatic biodiversity through greaterinvolvement of civil society and communitiesin the planning and management of theaquatic resources.

Kiribati: A dying pandanus forest resulting from saltwater intrusion

redesigned in view of enhanced extreme climate events, sea level change, and intensityand frequency of cyclones.

Tourism. Working with the United NationsEnvironment Programme (UNEP) and UNDP,the GEF is implementing several projects insmall island states (starting in Fiji andMaldives) where tourism is the main sourceof income. The projects include measuresencompassing ecosystem adaptation throughnatural resources management and man-groves restoration, as well as building codes in new hotels and resorts.

Water. In Ecuador, a GEF-supported project,which UNDP is implementing, aims to reducethe country’s vulnerability to climate changethrough water resource management. Theproject aims to strengthen the policy environ-ment and governance structure for effectivewater management through the integrationof water-related risk management practicesto withstand the effects of climate change.

Adaptation Pilot in the GEF Trust FundAs required by the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change in 2001, theGEF established pilot projects to show how

adaptation planning and assessment can bepractically translated into projects that pro-vide real benefits, and integrated into nationalpolicy and sustainable development planning.

As a result, the Strategic Priority Piloting anOperational Approach to Adaptation (SPA) was established with an initial contribution of $50 million, and was designed to supportdemonstration projects that address adapta-tion and generate global benefits in the GEFfocal areas: biodiversity, climate change,international waters, and land degradation.

In biodiversity, the highest priority is givento coral reefs and forest ecosystems as wellas highly vulnerable protected areas as identified in the scientific literature. The GEF works to combine adaptation and bio-diversity concerns, as seen in the KiribatiAdaptation Project (see box on page 8).

The land, population, and biodiversity ofKiribati, a small Pacific island state, are someof the most vulnerable in the world. A GEFproject is exploring how to integrate cost-effective adaptation measures into economicplanning and ecosystem management. Someglobal benefits of the project are conservation,

restoration, and sustainable use of biodiversity,such as management and protection of mangroves and coral reefs, which harbor avariety of fish.

Combining climate change mitigation andadaptation in one project is possible whenthe climate change affects water resources ina country where the energy supply is mostlyhydroelectric. Adaptation measures in thewater sector will reduce the risk that thecountry will need to switch to fossil fuels forenergy supply.

In Colombia, the water resources of LasHermosas Massif in the central range of theAndes are experiencing severe impacts of climate change, because of glacier retreat.The GEF’s Integrated National AdaptationProject is investigating the use of adaptationmeasures to maintain the environmentalservices of that mountainous ecosystem, andin particular its ability to regulate water forhydropower generation.

In land degradation, priority is given to integration of climate change risks into sustainable land management planning inAfrica, the region most vulnerable to climate

9

change, and other countries in states of emer-gency. In Mozambique, a GEF-supported project(which the World Bank is implementing) isintegrating climate into sustainable land man-agement to reduce the impacts of extremeevents on populations and ecosystems. In post-tsunami Sri Lanka, a GEF-supported project(which IFAD is implementing) is helpingtsunami-affected ecosystems to be rehabilitat-ed to provide full ecosystem services, includingadaptation against extreme climatic events.

The area of international waters emphasizesintegrated coastal zone management, such aswetland restoration.

LO O K I N G AH EA D

Given its history, structure, mandate, and governance, the GEF is uniquely positioned to support adaptation. The GEF combines the requisite financial competence, broadmandate on environment and development,flexible structure, and range of institutionalpartners essential to define, implement, andevaluate adaptation projects. Moreover, theGEF, which neither implements nor executesprojects, is a neutral entity. As vulnerable

countries tackle the complex needs for adaptation to climate change, the GEF is on the ground and ready to help.

Looking toward the future, there are manyavenues for the GEF to explore regardingadaptation activities.

GEF Trust Fund. There is a growing demand for adaptation components of projects thatemphasize sustainable land management.The World Bank umbrella project TerraAfricaalready includes a significant adaptationcomponent. In biodiversity, lead conservationgroups have proposed a partnership with theGEF to support adaptation of ecosystems atrisk. Opportunities to design and implementlong-term, sustainable projects inclusive of anadaptation component at the water basinlevel are under consideration in the interna-tional waters area.

Enhanced Development Focus. The LeastDeveloped Countries Fund and Special ClimateChange Fund will focus on adaptation anddevelopment interventions at the sectoral level.Among all sectors, agriculture is the one thatencompasses the highest level of knowledgeon vulnerability and adaptation. The GEF

expects that the largest number of projectproposals under the Special Climate ChangeFund will be in agriculture, which many believehas the potential for the highest impacts.

Private Sector and Insurance. The GEF isexploring the opportunities to work with theprivate sector on adaptation. One immediateopportunity is to test the agriculture insuranceindex developed by the World Bank and dis-cuss possible cooperation with re-insurancecompanies interested in building codes andpartnering with governments—a discussionstarted between the World Bank, a Swiss re-insurance company, and the governmentof Ethiopia, with GEF participation.

Stronger Partnerships. Because of the linkbetween adaptation and development, theGEF is exploring innovative partnerships withorganizations that historically have notworked with the GEF, such as the Red Crossand the World Health Organization.

It is also essential to maintain ongoing part-nership with developments agencies: includingbilateral agencies, which are fine-tuning theiradaptation strategies to be consistent withthe GEF and vice-versa; and multilateral

10

11

ADAPTATION MEASURES IN THE ANDES

Glacial retreat in the Andes is happening atan alarming rate. At lower mountain altitudes,climate change is leading to deterioration ofwatersheds and water recharge capacities,increased likelihood of flash fires, and bioticchanges in ecosystem thresholds and compo-sition. Furthermore, the combined impacts ofglobal warming, El Niño Southern Oscillation,and extreme weather events on mountainhydrology are diminishing the water flowused by populations downstream and arelikely to have devastating impacts on high-land and associated downstream ecosystems,altering the ecology and livelihoods of millions of people.

A GEF-supported project, which the WorldBank is implementing in Bolivia, Peru, andVenezuela, supports regional efforts toimplement adaptation measures in theAndean highlands and related river basins,addressing climate effects on people’s livesand countries’ economies. Priority interven-

tions will focus on vulnerable highland andcoastal glacial-dependent watersheds, andregions of mutual interest to participatingmember countries.

The project will support assessing future climate scenario impacts on key ecosystems,and selecting ongoing or planned govern-ments programs highly vulnerable to theimpacts of climate change. It will build

analytical capacity for policy and project eval-uation that can be expanded subsequently to include other sectors. Likely areas forimmediate intervention are watersheds, andconsequent impacts on hazards to life andproperty, watershed ecology and desertifica-tion, water availability for hydropower,human consumption, and productive use—for example, irrigation, agricultural productivity, fishery, and food security.

Glacier in the Peruvian Andes in 1980 and from the same position in 2002. Cordillera Blanca, Peru

agencies, especially the InternationalDevelopment Association, which financesdevelopment of highly vulnerable countries.Finally, the G8 Investment Framework of theWorld Bank includes adaptation as its thirdpillar and recognizes the GEF’s significant role,emphasizing that more resources are neededfor adaptation.

The Adaptation Fund. The management ofthe Adaptation Fund is under discussionwithin the context of the Climate Conventionand the Kyoto Protocol. The GEF submission tothe Convention Secretariat documented itsavailability, capacity, and necessary flexibilityto manage the Adaptation Fund.

12

Because of the frequency of extreme events in Zambezi Valley, Mozambique,farmers often have to deal with cycles of floods and droughts

Photo CreditsFront cover: Tui de Roy, Minden Picturespage 1: Ed Kashipage 2: ECM Fernandes, ARD World Bankpage 3: Maarten van Aalstpage 4: Maarten van Aalstpage 7: Maarten van Aalstpage 8: Maarten van Aalstpage 11: Bryan and Mark Lynas, Still Picturespage 12:ECM Fernandes, ARD World Bank

Writer: Bonizella BiaginiEditor: Carollyne HutterDesign: Patricia Hord.Graphik DesignPrinting: Jarboe Printing

Copyright October 2006Global Environment Facility1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433

The text of this publication may be reproduced inwhole or in part and in any form for educational ornonprofit uses, without special permission, providedacknowledgment of the source is made. The GEFSecretariat would appreciate receiving a copy ofany publication that uses this book for its source.Copies may be sent to the GEF Secretariat in care of the address above.

No use of this publication may be made for resaleor other commercial purposes without prior writtenconsent of the GEF Secretariat. All images remainthe sole property of their source and may not beused for any purpose without written permissionfrom the source.

For more information, contact:

Global Environment Facility1818 H Street NWWashington, DC 20433 USATel: 202-473-0508Fax: 202-522-3240Email: GEF@GEFweb.org

Printed on environmentally friendly paper

www.theGEF.org