Copyright: Alok K Tiwari Public Public 04/19/2023 03:00:09

Version : 7

19-Apr-20232 Freq. Desig. Linkend A : Low BAN-1 Linkend B : High LK1

Mandatory dd mm ss 1 dd mm ss 1

26 42 4.9 N 26 44 32.1 N80 48 5 E 80 51 48.1 E

Decimal: 26.7014 80.8014 0.0012 Decimal: 26.7423 80.8634

Hop Length : 7.647060872 km Azimuth : A B 53.53 B A 233.53 Deg.

Frequency Band 2

Operating Frequency Sub-Band B 15 GHz MULTIPATH2 14.753 GHz

Hop length 7.65 Km 16.00 11.00 m

Polarization 2 Vertical 1 C/I Objective (dB) 23 XPD (dB) 30

Antenna Dia in mtr @ End A 1.8 3-Jan-00 1 50 XPIF (dB) 0

Antenna Dia in mtr @ End B 1.2 3 Average 0.25 Average 1

1 SIEMENS SRAL XD Low Altitudes, 0-400m, Hills Others GLOBE

Tx Power 18 dBm 2 Lattitude: 53 °S >= Lat <= 53 °N Geoclimatic Factor K 7.8963249E-05Radio Threshold -82 dBm 3

FkTB -97 dB 1 0.650293%

PDH Radio Category Config: 1+0 Fading Activity Factor, (Neta) 0.00014482057

13 N 1 0.00000002%

Feeder Losses 0 0.00004036%

Temperature 40 0.00000033%Water Vap. Density 20 g/m3

Pressure 1000 mb Min Sig Width(Ghz) 0.031 Min Sig Depth(dB) 10.7Non-Min Sig Width(Ghz) 0.031 Non-Min Sig Depth(dB) 10.6

FREE SPACE LOSS 0.00909638617303471

133.5008356 dB 0.000040714% 99.999959286% 0.003567

Link Availability : 99.999999661% Vigants & Barnett

Rx LEVEL Link Outage : 0.00003 Hours/Year Method

Antenna GainRx Level : -27.2738 dBm 27.2738

Flat Fade Margin : 54.7262 dBm Ant Gain @ End A 46 46.45 dBiAnt Gain @ End B 42.6 42.93 dBi

Radio selection Successful !WARNING !!

Antenna Beamwidth 0.78 1.17 deg.

Tx-Power has been set within Range!Antenna selection OK

Atmospheric AbsorptionFRESNEL RADIUS

0.373014196595353 dBFrequency 14.753 GHz

0.5 Km

7.15 Km Unavailability Due to RainHop Length(d) 7.65 Km

Rain Rate (0.01% of time) 95 mm/h

1st. Fresnel Radius 3.08 m 0.0335

1.128

5.7006 dB/km

THRESHOLD DEGRADATION Effective Hop Length 4.0078 km

Total Noise Power = -114 dBm/MHz + 10*LOG(noise BW)+10*LOG(NF) Reqrd FM against Rain 22.8469 dB

-98 dBm

0.000667848%

2.53901891 dB 0.0170874044817068 %

-7 dB

Designed by:Alok Kumar TiwariEmail: aktiwari@hotmail.comTo Play with Lattitude

Results Longitude

Operating Frequency

Ant. Hts.@ Linkend A, and B

PL Value

Radio Type Terrain:

Fading Occurance Factor, Po

Rain Region Prob. Of Flat Fade exceeded in W.M., Pns

dB Outage due to Clear-Air X-Poln. For Co-Chan. System,Pxp

oC Prob. Of Selective Fade exceeded in W.M., Ps

Eqpt. Signature Factor, sf

Loss free space Total Outage due to Multipath Fading, Ptot :

Atmos. Absorption, Aa

d1

d2

k factor

a- factor

Specific Attn.,gr

Threshold= C/N + NF+ BW +kT [ All in dB,i.e., 10*LOG value]

Icumulative

Unavail. Due to Rain, Pr :

THDeg Outage due to Precipitation Effect,PXPR

INTMargin

18 GHz15 GHz7 GHz

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Antenna Height Estimation

Site AMSLA 10 mB 10 m

Hop Length 7.65 km

1.333333333 1

0.86 m

Want to Fix the Antenna Ht ! N 2Antenna Height @ Linkend A 20Antenna Height @ Linkend B 20

Extra Attenuation Due to Obstruction: 1 Y

14 MtrClearance to Direct Path: 8.05 Mtr 0.0643

Rx-Level -27.3381

Height @ A 16 m Terrain Details

Height @ B 11 m Particulars AMSL AGL Obstruction 15

BAN-1 0 10 0 0 10

17.452263

10 0 6.5 7.452263X1 2 2 2 5.47412155 9.474121545 4 2 7.978141X2 4 4 3 6.22230997 13.22230997 7 4 4.229953X3 6 6 4 5.12380758 15.12380758 10 6 2.328455X4 6.5 8 5 4.45226302 17.45226302 13 6.5 0X5 7 5 5 3.47360885 13.47360885 10 7 3.978654

LK1 7.65 10 0 0 10 10 7.65 7.452263

Path Profile: Freq 15

Site A : BAN-1 Site B : LK1 Link Ends Hop LengtAMSL Ant Hts Ant Hts AMSL Max F1 Ref+26° 42' 4.9" 26° 44' 32.1" 0 7.65 10 16 26 0 26 2180° 48' 5" 80° 51' 48.1" 3.825 7.65 10 23.5 6.17733559 29.677 0

7.65 7.65 10 11 21 0 21 0Pol Freq 3.825 17.323Vertical F2 0 26

Kfactor

Max Earth Bulge,heb

1st Fresnel Clearance: Attenuation (dB)

Distance from A

Obstacle Height

Fresnel radii

Back to Sheet: Calculations

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

PATH - PROFILE

Freznel Zone Actual Terrain Terrain Approximated Over Obstacles

Hop Length ( Km )

AM

SL

( m

)

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Back-to-Back coupled Passive ReceiverRx Level at Active Sites :

Frequency of Operation 7.00 GHz

Tx Power 28.00 dBm

Tx Antenna Dia, m 2.40 42.33 Rx Antenna Dia, m 2.40 42.33

Feeder Loss 0.00 dB

Branching Losses 0.00 dB 9.00 Km

Other Losses ( Attenuation, ThDeg) 0.00 dB 13.00 KmAttenuation due to Atmos. Gases 0.00 dB

Free Space Loss- Path1: Lfs1 128.44 dB

Free Space Loss- Path2: Lfs2 131.63 dB 2.40 42.33

2.40 42.33

Rx Signal Level -64.76 dBm 2.00 dB

Gain: G1, G2

Hop Length: Reppassive to Site A:Path1

Hop Length: Reppassive to Site B:Path2

Gain: Gr1, Gr2

Repeater Ant1 Dia, m

Repeater Ant2 Dia, m

Coupling Loss Between Antennas, Lc

Site ASite B

G1

G2Gr1

Gr2Lfs1

Lfs2

Lc

Reppassive

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Antenna Dia Antenna Gain K-values0.3 34 H Y 1 1/30.6 38.7 V N 1.001.2 44.9 2/31.8 48 1/32.43.0

Link AvailabilityClimate Factor Cf

1 Average 0.252 Dry 0.13 Humid 0.5

Terrain Factor Tf1 Average 12 Mountainous 0.253 Smooth 4

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Antenna Dai Antenna Gain Antenna Dai Antenna Gain Frequency:0.3 31.9 1.2 36.4 1 F10.6 36.6 15 GHz 1.8 40.5 7 GHz 2 F21.2 42.6 2.4 42.5 3 F31.8 46 3.0 44.5 4 F4

5 F56 F6

Back to Sheet: Calculations

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Center Frequency Lo Hi Center Frequency Lo Hi Center Frequency Lo18.6175 18.1125 19.1225 14.725 14.515 14.935 7.533 7.456

18.645 18.14 19.15 14.753 14.543 14.963 7.561 7.48418.6725 18.1675 19.1775 14.781 14.571 14.991 7.589 7.512

18.7 18.195 19.205 14.809 14.599 15.019 7.617 7.5418.7275 18.2225 19.2325 14.837 14.627 15.047 0 0

18.755 18.25 19.26 14.865 14.655 15.075 0 018 GHz 15 GHz 7 Ghz

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Hi 1 187.610 2 157.638 3 77.6667.694

00

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Frequency Kh Kv Alpha_H Alpha_V1 0.0000387 0.0000352 0.9116 0.8802 INTERPOLATION

2 0.000154 0.000138 0.9632 0.9234 18 Ghz

4 0.00065 0.000591 1.121 1.075 15 Ghz

6 0.00175 0.00155 1.308 1.265 20 Ghz7 0.00301 0.00265 1.132 1.3128 0.00454 0.00395 1.327 1.31 Alpha_h 0.057776

10 0.0101 0.00887 1.276 1.264 Alpha_v 0.05300512 0.0188 0.0168 1.217 1.2

15 0.0367 0.0335 1.154 1.128 1.119143

18 0.0577762095 0.0530054 1.11914317 1.0880730835 1.08807320 0.0751 0.0691 1.099 1.06525 0.1244 0.113 1.061 1.0330 0.1871 0.1674 1.02 0.999735 0.2629 0.2334 0.9789 0.963340 0.3495 0.3098 0.9391 0.928745 0.4424 0.3932 0.9032 0.896550 0.5362 0.4793 0.8725 0.868360 0.7069 0.6419 0.8621 0.824370 0.8514 0.7836 0.793 0.792580 0.9753 0.9063 0.7687 0.769390 1.064 0.9992 0.7529 0.7537

100 1.12 1.06 0.743 0.744120 1.18 1.13 0.731 0.732150 1.31 1.27 0.71 0.711200 1.45 1.42 0.689 0.69300 1.36 1.35 0.688 0.689400 1.32 1.31 0.683 0.684

fx

f1f2

Kh

Kv

Back to Sheet: Calculations

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1 0.3 0.1 0.03 0.01 0.003 0.001A 0.12 0.8 2 5 8 14 22B 0.5 2 3 6 12 21 32C 0.7 2.8 5 9 15 26 42D 2.1 4.5 8 13 19 29 42E 0.6 2.4 6 12 22 41 70F 1.7 4.5 8 15 28 54 78G 3 7 12 20 30 45 65H 2 4 10 18 32 55 83J 8 13 20 28 35 45 55K 1.5 4.2 12 23 42 70 100L 2 7 15 33 60 105 150M 4 11 22 40 63 95 120

N 5 15 35 65 95 140 180P 12 34 65 105 145 200 250Q 24 49 72 96 115 142 170

%age of Time Rain Region

Back to Sheet: Calculations

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SIEMENS - SRAL XDFrequency Duplex Frq. Min. Phase Non-Min. Phase

Sig. Width.( Ghz) Notch Depth, Bn(dB) Sig. Width.( Ghz)13 154 0.026 13.1 0.02615 420 0.03 10.8 0.0318 1010 0.031 10.7 0.031

NEC Neoi-15GFrequency Duplex Frq. Min. Phase Non-Min. Phase

Sig. Width.( Ghz) Notch Depth, Bn(dB) Sig. Width.( Ghz)15 420 0.026 17 0.026

NEC Neoi-7G7 154 0.026 17 0.026

CERAGON:FibeAir 312815 420 0.026 17 0.026

RADIO TYPE Radio Name THRESHOLD @^ -6 FkTB Max Tx-Poer1 SIEMENS SRAL XD -82 -97 182 NEC Neoi - 15G -68 -97 213 NEC Neoi - 7G -68 -97 254 NERA INTERLINK -69 -97 28

Back to Sheet: Calculation

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N.A.Non-Min. Phase Tx-Power Out of Range !

Notch Depth, Bn(dB) Freq Out of Range !13.1 Radio selection Successful !10.7 Radio dos'nt support this FREQ !10.6 FREQ selection Successful !

Tx-Power has been set within Range!Antenna size not available in this band

Non-Min. Phase Antenna selection OKNotch Depth, Bn(dB)

17

17

17

C/I @ 10^-6 BER Category23 PDH26 SDH28 SDH26 SDH

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OUTAGE DUE TO PRECIPITATION EFFECTS FOR CO_CHANNEL SYSTEMS

Coefficient, U 50.06641 dB

Coefficient, V 21.34505

22.84686 dB

18.53708 dB

Parameter ,m 19.30658

Parameter, n -1.767324

ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION

YpY0Yw

GEOCLIMATIC FACTOR CALCULATION

Terrain Lattitude1 Low Altitudes, 0-400m, Plains 0 53 °S >= Lat <= 53 °N2 Low Altitudes, 0-400m, Hills 3.5 53 °N or °S < Lat > 60 °N or °S3 Medium Altitudes, 400-700m, Plains 2.5 Lat >= 60 °N or °S4 Medium Altitudes, 400-700m, Hills 65 High Altitudes,>700m, Plains 5.56 High Altitudes,>700m, Hills 87 High Altitudes,>700m, Mountains 10.5

Calculated Value 3.5

Path Attenuation,A0.01

Equivalent Path Attn.,Ap

C0 (dB)

BACK to "Calculation"

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OUTAGE DUE TO PRECIPITATION EFFECTS FOR CO_CHANNEL SYSTEMS

0.9871670.005885 dB/Km0.042875 dB/Km

Globe0 Europe & Africa 3

-26.29864 North and South America -37 Others 0

0 0

CLat (dB) CLong (dB)

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Wireless Supporting Information

signal due to spreading of the electromagnetic wave.Free space loss is given as:

propagation, including:• Absorption due to gasses or water vapor;• Attenuation due to mist, fog, or rainfall.Many gasses and pollutants have absorption lines in the millimeter bands but, due to their low densities, their effectis negligible in microwave and millimeter wave frequencies below 30 GHz. Water vapor, though, has an absorptionline at 22.235 GHz and can effect microwave frequencies above 10 GHz. The amount of water vapor in theatmosphere at sea level can vary from 0.001 grams per cubic meter in a cold, dry climate to as much as 30 grams percubic meter in hot, humid climates. In addition, the effects of precipitation can be significant at microwavefrequencies above 10 GHz. The attenuation due to rainfall is dependent on the size and distribution of the waterdroplets. Because snowfall rates are generally less than rainfall rates, propagation is less effected by snowfall. Forboth snow and fog, the attenuation loss is a function of temperature and can vary by a factor of 3 between 0°C and40°C .Total transmission loss for a microwave/millimeter link is given by Freeman as:

and rainfall.

loss (dB) and any additional loss (water vapor, mist, fog, rainfall, and Fresnel reflection loss).

most common type of fading is that due to multipath transmission. Combinations of irregularities and fluctuations inatmospheric temperature, humidity, and pressure cause more than one and often many propagation paths to existbetween the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna. As the atmospheric conditions vary, the routes anddistances of paths also vary, causing signals of differing phases and amplitudes to arrive at the receiving antenna atthe same instant. Multipath, or interference, fading is characterized by rapid fluctuations of received carrier power.

still maintaining acceptable circuit quality .

the receiving antenna. But additional path loss may also exist from multi-path reflections (sometimes called Fresnelreflective loss) due to reflective surfaces such as water near the direct wave, and intervening obstacles such asbuildings, mountain peaks, etc., in the Fresnel zone.

Free-space Loss. The Friis free-space propagation equation is commonly used to determine the attenuation of a

Attenuation (dB) = 92.467 + 20 log10(fGHz) + 20 log10(Dkm); or,

Attenuation (dB) = 96.6 + 20 log10(fGHz) + 20 log10(Dmi)

Where: fGHz = frequency in GHz, and

Dkm = distance between antennas (link) in kilometers; or,

Dmi = distance between antennas (link) in miles.

Frequencies above 10 GHz. For frequencies above 10 GHz there are several additional issues that effect

Attenuation (dB) = 96.6 + 20 log10(fGHz) + 20 log10(Dmi) + excess attenuation (dB) due to water vapor, mist, fog,

Where: fGHz = frequency in GHz, and

Dmi = distance between antennas (link) in miles.

Total Path Loss. The total path loss (dB) is the gain of both antennas (dB) added together, minus the free space

Fading. Fades, or variations with time, in path loss are encountered during abnormal propagation conditions. The

Fade Margin. Fade margin is the depth of fade, expressed in dB, that a microwave receiver can tolerate while

Fresnel Loss. The primary component to path loss is the free-space signal loss from the transmitting antenna to

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zone is an elliptically shaped conical zone of power that propagates from the transmitting antenna to the receivingantenna due to cancellation of some part of the wavefront by other parts that travel different distances. If the totalpath distance between the transmitting antenna, mountain peak, and receiving antenna is one wavelength greater thanthe direct distance between antennas, then the clearance is said to be two Fresnel zones.

paths, which are one-half wavelength (1/2 λ) of the frequency transmitted longer than the direct line-of-sight pathbetween antennas. If the total path distance is one wavelength (1λ) longer than the direct path, then the outerboundary is said to be two Fresnel zones. There are an infinite number of Fresnel zones located coaxially around thecenter of the direct wave path. Odd number Fresnel zones reinforce the direct wave path and even order numberFresnel zones cancel the direct wave path.

from any obstruction from all sides (top, bottom, left and right of the first Fresnel zone).

refract or bend electromagnetic waves either up, away from, or down toward the earth's surface. This bending canchange frequently, hour to hour, day to night, season to season, and weather pattern to weather pattern. Refractivityis usually greatest close to the earth's surface and becomes smaller the higher above the surface you go. Tocompensate for this effect, a refractivity gradient, or 'K' factor, is used when designing point-to-point communicationlinks. The 'K' factor is the ratio of the effective Earth radius to the actual Earth radius. A 'K' factor of 1 indicates nobending of the signal; a 'K' factor of less than one means the electromagnetic wave is bent up, away from the surface.A 'K' factor greater than one indicates a slight bending downward, towards the earth. The 'K' factor value commonlyused for microwave links is 1.333 (4/3) for normal atmospheric conditions, which means that the radio horizon isfurther away than the visual horizon.

surface illuminated by a feed horn mounted at the focus of the reflector, the antenna gain is given as [6]:

Where: dBi = decibels over an isotropic radiator

manufacturers may be able to improve on this number, therefore, the gain given by a manufacturer for a specificantenna should be used, when available, otherwise the above formula will suffice.The general formula for computing the gain of any antenna is given as: 4πA / λ2where A = effective area of antenna ( efiiciency of 55% for a parabolic dish reflector antenna)λ = wave lengthArea and Wavelength must be in same unit (feet, meters, etc.)

power levels that are 3 dB down from the peak power of the center of the main beam. Antenna gain and beamwidthare interrelated quantities and are inversely proportional; thus the higher the gain an antenna has, the smaller the

Fresnel Zone. Fresnel (frä nel'), named after Jean Augustin Fresnel, 1788-1827, French physicist. The Fresnel

The first Fresnel zone: R = 72.1√ ((d1mi)(d2mi) / (Dt)(f))

Fresnel boundaries. The outer boundary of the first Fresnel zone is defined as the additional path length of all

Clearance. For reliability, point-to point links are designed to have at least 0.6 of the first Fresnel zone clearance

Refraction. The earth's curvature, as well as atmospheric conditions (temperature, pressure, and water vapor), can

Earth's curvature at obstruction: h = ((d1mi)(d2mi) / (1.5)(K)) ft

Antenna Gain. For a paraboloid reflector microwave antenna (greater than 960 MHz) consisting of a dishshaped

Antenna Gain (dBi) = 20 log10(Dft) + 20 log10(fGHz) + 7.5; or,

Antenna Gain (dBi) = 20 log10(Dm) + 20 log10(fGHz) + 17.82

Dft = Antenna dish diameter in feet; or,

Dm = Antenna dish diameter in meters, and

fGHz = Frequency in GHz.Note: The above formula is based on the efficiency of a paraboloid antenna being on the order 55%. Some

Beamwidth. Antenna beamwidth refers to the width of the main radiated beam (main lobe) between two equal

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beamwidth[3]. Therefore, increased care must be taken when aligning high gain antennas to insure that the antenna isaccurately aligned on the center of the main beam…which could be only a few degrees wide. For example; a 6-footparabolic dish antenna at 6 GHz has an antenna gain of 38.63 dB and a beamwidth of only 1.91°.Beam Width is given as:

power of an antenna. These three radiation fields are known as:

for which the reactive field dominates over the radiative fields.

the far-field regions and is the region in which the radiation fields dominate and where the angular fielddistribution depends on distance from the antenna (see earlier definition of Fresnel Zone).

radiation pattern is independent of distance.

wave. For linear polarization (horizontal or vertical), the vector remains in one plane as the wave propagates throughspace. To eliminate polarization mismatch loss, the receiving antenna must have the same polarization orientation asthe transmitting antenna (Note: If the waveguide connection at the antenna is vertically oriented, the antenna issaid to have horizontal polarization, and vice-versa).

(70 * λcm ÷ 100) ÷ (antenna øft * 0.3048), or

(70 * λcm ÷ 100) ÷ antenna ømeters

where λcm = wave length in centimeters

Radiation Fields. There are three traditional radiation fields (regions) in free space as a result of the radiated

1. The near-field, also called the reactive near-field region, is that region that is closest to the antenna and

2. The, Fresnel zone, also called the radiating near-field, is that region between the reactive near-field and

3. The far-field, or Rayleigh distance (historically called the Fraunhofer region), is that region where the

Polarization. The polarization of an antenna refers to the orientation of the electric field vector in the radiated

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How To Use : The Guidelines...

Here is the description for using the utility:

Please be careful while making any change to Sheet "Calculations" for it contains the most important formulae.

Important: If the file name is changed from the supplied "Link Planning Tool.xls," some of the macros will not function properly. It would be better to save the completed workbook under a new name, then start on new systems with the original file.

  1. We mainly enter the parameter value into the sheet      "Calculations".        a. Entries shown in YELLOW cells are mandatory.        b. Entries shown in GREY cells are to play with in order to            get the desired result wrt Standard Link Design Criteria.        c. Entries shown in LIGHT BROWN are ONE-TIME entries like           temperature, pressure etc.

The "Calculation" sheet looks up for the required data : a. For Antennae (of 18 GHz band) from the sheet: "DB_Ant1 (18GHz). Note that only FOUR sizes are permissible to provide into this sheet. b. For Antennae (of 15 GHz band) and Frequency of Operation from the sheet:"DB_Ant2 (15GHz). Note that only FOUR antennae sizes EIGHT Frequencies in TWO separate bands can be used. c. For Radio Specific Data form the sheet: DB_RadioEqpt. Here THREE different type of Radios can be used.

2. The Sheet "Antenna Heights" is to calculate the antennae heights based on LOS survey feedback data.

3. The Sheet "Report" is just the compilation of information used in link implementation.

This is to bring to your kind notice that formulae used into this workbook are as per ITU-T.As I'm using the Tool like Nokia's NETACT PLANNER and CTE's PATHLOSS, I've observed the similar results at least for Link Design parameters.

NEW (v7): Link Planning Tool

New version includes: 1. Back-to-back coupled Passive Repeater calculations.2. To make this spreadsheet more useful I have made this spreadsheet more user friendly by putting some "buttons" so that one can select the values by using these buttons without typing or looking for the other sheets.3. Provision to view/analyse the link graphically ( Addition of : Path Profile) over a approximated Terrain.4. A "Technical Information" page has been added in order to have easy understanding of the principles involved in a Microwave Link Designing. Also, more automated buttons have been added.5. Now you can select any one of the THREE frequency bands, namely 15 GHz, 18 GHz and 7 GHz. Each band is provided with 6 frequency spots. The same provision is there for Radio selection too.6. Added the provision to use this utility globally and it can be done just by selecting the appropriate part of the globe. Additionally, the facility to explore different type of geographic clutter has also been introduced.

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Passwords can be furnished on request.

Alok K TiwariHead - Network PlanningIdea Cellular Ltd - Delhi (INDIA)

Mobile # +91 9990009370

NEW (v7): Link Planning Tool

New version includes: 1. Back-to-back coupled Passive Repeater calculations.2. To make this spreadsheet more useful I have made this spreadsheet more user friendly by putting some "buttons" so that one can select the values by using these buttons without typing or looking for the other sheets.3. Provision to view/analyse the link graphically ( Addition of : Path Profile) over a approximated Terrain.4. A "Technical Information" page has been added in order to have easy understanding of the principles involved in a Microwave Link Designing. Also, more automated buttons have been added.5. Now you can select any one of the THREE frequency bands, namely 15 GHz, 18 GHz and 7 GHz. Each band is provided with 6 frequency spots. The same provision is there for Radio selection too.6. Added the provision to use this utility globally and it can be done just by selecting the appropriate part of the globe. Additionally, the facility to explore different type of geographic clutter has also been introduced.

aktiwari@hotmail.com

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