Linguistic Issues in the Inner Circle

- AustraliaJinSun RyooBoseul LeeSaeLon Lee

Content

•Linguistic Issue in Australia

▫Past

▫Present

▫Future

Content

•Linguistic Issue in Australia

▫Past

▫Present

▫Future

Past

Languages of Australia

•English•Indigenous languages

▫Australian Aborignal languages▫Tasmanina languages▫Torres Strait languages

•Pidgins and creoles▫Kriol, Torres Strait creoles

•Other minority languages▫Chinese, Italian, Vietnamese, Greek etc

Australian English

• G’day = Australian greeting

• Goodonya = “Good on you”, used to congratulate someone

• She’ll be right, mate. = Used to reassure someone

• Bloody = Adjective used before almost anything and

everything

• Arvo = Afternoon

Similar to British English. But, much

more nassal and less clipped than the BE

accent

Migration of Australia

Original Inhabitants

Colonization and Settlement by Britain

Gold Rush Era

White Australia Policy

Original Inhabitants

• Indigenous Australians = Aborigines

☞ first human inhabitants of the Australian continent and

nearby

☞ includes both Torres Strait Islanders and the Aboriginal

people

☞ arrived between 40,000 and 70,000 years ago

Torres Strait Isalnd

Aboriginal Languages

☞ Pama-Nyungan group / non-Pama-Nyungan group

☞ Grammars may differ, but still show many similarities

(phonetic)☞ assumes that it have evolved from a single ancestor language

and belong to the same linguistic family

• 1788, establishment of the penal colony

• Followed by voluntary immigrants

• Irish immigrants

• Forced Aborigines off their lands

Colonization and Settlement

by Britain

Language - English☞ Strong cockney(slang used by the Londoners) - the vowel system☞ Irish English - pronunciation and non-standard plural(ex. youse)

• 1851, The discovery of gold

• 2% of the population of Britain and Ireland

emigrated

• Continental Europeans, North Americans,

Chinese

Gold Rush Era: arrival of other Europeans and

Chinese

Language

☞ European English + American English

+ English as a second

language

• ‘Gold era’ and ‘Growth of sugar industry’

• 1901, Immigration policy, White Australia Policy

☞ excluding all non-white people & promoting European

immigration

• Dictation test in a European language

• Target – Chinese, Pacific Islanders and Japanese

White Australia Policy

Language☞ could have less variety of languages in the continent

White Australia

Policy

Present

Aspects

Classification of Australian English

Major Languages vs. Minor Languages

Between Englishes

Classification of AuE

Cultivated Australian English

General Australian English

Broad Australian English

General Australian English

Hugh Jackman

Classification of AuE

Cultivated Australian English

Nicole Kidman Geoffrey Rush

2

Major Languages vs. Minor Languages

234

31

No mother tongue speaker

EXTINCT

Living Languages

267 Languages in Australia

Indigenous Languages

SourceSource: Australian Government, http://www.environment.gov.au/index.html

Creole and Aboriginal languages:

• Kriol = Spoken by about 30.000 people

• Torres Strait Language= Spoken by approximately 25.000 people

• Aboriginal English = Spoken in remote areas

Western Australia and Northern Territory

Major Languages vs. Minor Languages

•Surrounded by metropolitan language (English)

•Considered as worthless object associated with “shame” and “embarrassment”

•Dismissed as “Bad English”

Major Languages vs. Minor Languages

“Aboriginal cultural heritage is about language, stories and traditions as well as land and objects.”

–Gavin Jennings, Minister for Aboriginal Affairs-

• The Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation (1993), addressed the key issues for Reconciliation includes a section on Indigenous languages, titled 'Keeping it alive‘

• The Department of Employment, Education and Training (1995) produced a booklet that was provided to schools around the country specifically to raise awareness of the nature of Australian Indigenous languages.

• The Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (1991), Recommendation 55 of which deals with the importance of Indigenous languages.

Major Languages vs. Minor Languages

Between Englishes

- Diverged from “British English” - The “Americanization"- Formal style of AusE comes closer - Availability and importation of

mass to BrE than AmE media content written in US

English; books and magazines,

television programs, computer software

Between Englishes

Between Englishes

• Australians have their own styles and characters in using the language, vocabulary, pronunciation and accent.

• They have their own special words and phrases called

“strinestrine”

• The Australians words = Either made up by themselves or borrowed

from Aborigine words or from slang used by early settlers

Between Englishes

United States of America United States of America

The United States (US) is Australia’s ninth largest

source market, with approximately 12,045 full-fee paying students studying in

Australia in 2006.

Between Englishes

United KingdomUnited KingdomThe United Kingdom is one of Australia’s major

competitors in international education as well as Australia’s

second largesteducation market in

Europe.

Between Englishes

International Student Enrolments International Student Enrolments in Higher Education in in Higher Education in 2006 2006

During 2006, higher education enrolments in Australia grew

by 5.2%.

Future

FutureFuture

•Immigration

•IELTS

•Education

•Result

1)1)Australian Migration Australian Migration ActAct

Migration Act 1958

• first established in 1985

• changing → Australian economics, the rest of the world’s economics, and its society.

• The policy → to allow immigrants

“ Only those who become accustom to Australian custom, value and language will be allowed to become citizens in Australia. ”

※ When obtaining the citizenship:

→ ① extended the waiting period 2 to 4 years, pass hard ② English Test, and History Test.

2)2)IELTSIELTS

•International English Language Testing System (IELTS)

• A test of English language proficiency

•M anaged by University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations,

British Council and IDP Education Australia

•Choose either the Academic Module or the General Training Module

•IELTS is accepted by most Australian, British, Canadian,

Irish, New Zealand and South African academic institutions

• A requirement for migration to Australia and Canada.

IELTS characteristicsIELTS characteristics

• A variety of accents and writing styles - in order to minimise linguistic bias

• IELTS : more authoritative than TOEFL by some people and organizations (e

specially the ones outside the United States)

Although the TOEFL incorporates British and Australian listening exercises

• IELTS tests the ability to speak, read, listen and write in English

• Two test formats can be chosen from - Academic and General Training

• Band scores are used for each language sub-skill

(Speaking, Listening, Reading and Writing)

• The Band Scale ranges from 1 ("Non User") to 9 ("Expert User“)

3) 3) EducationEducation

•TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication)

- measures the ability of non-native English-speaking examinees to use English

※Renewal The Listening Section → hires not only North American English speakers but also British, Australian and New Zealand English speakers. (The ratio is 25% each for American, Canadian, British and Aussie-Kiwi pronunciation. )

• Students Abroad

International Student Enrolments in Australia 1994 – 2006

• Students Abroad

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

Sydney Brisbane Adelaide

Students Abroad

6,600

3,3003,000

700 600

Total 14,000

(Resource: 2004 년도 주한호주대사관 교육부 통계 )

Result Result Since language is one of the ways we find reality, all these activities determine for us much of the shape of existence. The Macquarie Dictionary must tell us what words mean now, whether we like it or not.  And a dictionary of Australian English must tell us what words mean now, in Australia. A dictionary’s job is to record that series of choices so that, if we use a dictionary, we can understand ourselves, and each other, and some of what it means to be Australian.

Prof. Donald Horne

References

• Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

• High Beam Encyclopedia - http://www.encyclopedia.com

• Answers.com - http://www.anwers.com

• Google – http://www.google.com

• Yahoo – http://www.yahoo.com

• Naver – http://www.naver.com

• Australian Government - Australian Education International

http://aei.dest.gov.au/AEI/default.htm

References

• ABC radio - http://www.abc.net.au/streaming

• Ezinarticles - http://ezinearticles.com

• The Black Commentator – http://www.blackcommentator.com

• Humanities and social studies Academic group – White Australia

Policyhttp://www.hsse.nie.edu.sg/staff/blackburn/

WhiteAustraliapolicy.htm