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Gimeuistic jmtfrnpngney ; jm nvarviaw

Hjrtim Egjdu^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^

^

Ljcts jra umgioa tn spajoars

wfnsa gjmeujea jcoernumd

prnvidas lnr umgioa lnrhugjtinm nl tfah

@amkjhim Gaa Ufnrl

(...) tfa @njsijm trjditinm fagd tfjt

gjmeujea cjm vjry im jr`itrjry wjys,

jmd tfjt it is j hatfndngneicjg arrnr,

wfam ynu jpprnjcf j maw gjmeujea,

tn jpprnjcf it witf jmy pracnmcaptinms,

`acjusa it cnugd `a jmytfime.

Mnjh Cfnhsoy

Dalimitinm

- `rjmcf nl jmtfrnpngney tfjt axjhimas gjmeujea js jm imstruhamt nl cugtura- lncusas nm tfa vjriaty nl cugturjggy spacilic pnsitinms tfjt spajoars amjct tfrnuef

gjmeujea

- aharead lrnh tfa sfjdnw nl tfa lnrhjgist ia! Cfnhsoyjm" ravngutinm im gimeuistics# js

hjmy gimeuists jmd ntfars fjva rajgi$ad tfjt tfa cugturjg cnmtaxts nl gjmeujea usa

imtartwima witf gjmeujeas structurjg prnpartias

%al! nl cugtura & tfa suh tntjg nl tfa omnwgadea jmd prjcticas (ia. sncijggy sfjrad

fj`itujg `afjvinr) tfjt jm imdividujg pjrtjoas im `y virtua nl `aime j hah`ar nl j

cnhhumity

'fa (nciaty lnr Gimeuistic )mtfrnpngney fjs its nwm pu`gicjtinm ; fa *nurmjg nlGimeuistic )mtfrnpngney

Ljvnrad rasajrcf hatfnds

+tfnerjpfic liagdwnro

-, pjrticipjmt n`sarvjtinms# jmmntjtad trjmscriptinms# vidans racnrdimes# imtarviaws#atc! nl jgg lnrhs nl cnhhumicjtinm# mnt nmgy writtam jmd spnoam gjmeujeas"

-, snha rasajrcfars rajd fistnricjg dncuhamts jmd hjoa imtarpratjtinms

-, hjmy wigg jgsn parlnrh cnhpjrjtiva jmjgysas`atwaam gjmeujeas

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Gimeuistic jmtfrnpngneists `aeim tfair wnro `y usime tnngs nrieimjggy davagnpad `y

dascriptiva gimeuists

Oay cnmcapts jmd mntinms

Cugturjg ragjtivish

- mn fiarjrcfias nl cugturasmnr vjgua kudehamt tnwjrds tfah . tfara jra mn sucf tfimesjs /prihitiva2 cugturas :rjm$ @njs vs tfa tfam pnpugjr avngutinmjry jpprnjcfas tn tfa

study nl cugtura# wficf sjw jgg snciatias prnerassime tfrnuef j sat nl fiarjrcfic

tacfmngneicjg jmd cugturjg stjeas# witf Uastarm-+urnpajm cugtura jt tfa suhhit"- jmtirjcist jttituda@njs wjs j vncjg nppnmamt nl sciamtilic rjcish"

Gimeuistic ragjtivish joj (jpir-Ufnrl 0ypntfasis joj tfa gimeuistic ragjtivity primcipga

- gimeuistic ragjtivity is j eamarjg tarh usad tn ralar tn vjrinus fypntfasas nr pnsitinmsj`nut tfa ragjtinmsfip `atwaam gjmeujea jmd cugtura.

j"nr !dwjrd "jpir# gimeuistic ragjtivity wjs jwjy nl jrticugjtime tfa strueega`atwaam tfa imdividujg jmd snciaty# tfa $tyrjmmicjg fngd% nl gjmeujea nvar tfnueft!

'n cnhhumicjta tfair umi3ua axpariamcas# imdividujgs maad tn ragy nm j pu`gic cnda nvarwficf tfay fjva gittga cnmtrng Gimeuistic rugas jra usujggy umcnmscinus# jmd it is dillicugt

lnr imdividujg spajoars tn amtar tfa gneic nl tfa gimeuistic systah jmd jgtar it tn tfair

gioime!" 4m tfis parspactiva# gimeuisty ragjtivity `acnhas j wjy nl axpgnrime tfapnwar

tfjt wnrds fjva nvar imdividujgs jmd ernups

`" nr &am'jhim Gaa fnrl# wfn pnsitad tfa gimeuistic ragjtivity primcipga# tfa lncusnl cnhpjrjtiva jmjgysis `atwaam gjmeujeas wjs tn umcnvar tfa ihpgicjtinms tfjt

dillaramt erjhhjticjg systahs jmd dillaramt gaxicnms fjva nm spajoars wnrgdviaws

- nma nl tfa fypntfasis pnsits tfjt tfa gjmeujea fj`itujggy usad `y tfa hah`ars nl j

cnhhumity hjy imlguamca tfa wjy tfay hahnria jmd cnmcaptujgia rajgity

- gimeuistic ragjtivity ralars tn tfa cnmcapt nl erjhhjticjg jmd sahjmtic cjtaenrias nl jspacilic gjmeujea prnvidime j lrjha nl ralaramca js j hadiuh tfrnuef wficf

n`sarvjtinms jra hjda

- gimeuistic ragjtivish is j lnrh nl gimeuistic datarhimish saa Uitteamstaim1s rjctjtus

!neicn"#fignsnpficus" wficf jreuas tfjt imdividujgs axpariamca tfa wnrgd `jsad nmtfa structura nl tfa gjmeujea tfay fj`itujggy usa

'fa tfahas jmd issuas nltam idamtiliad js gimeuistic ragjtivity jra tfa cnmtimujtinm nl tfa

@njsijm pjrjdieh! 'n tfa axtamt tn wficf it stjrtad lrnh jm ahpfjsis nm fuhjm

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divarsity# gimeuistic ragjtivity wjs ragjtad tn cugturjg ragjtivish# il mnt j cnrnggjry nl it

%urjmti")ccnrdime tn gimeuistic jmtfrnpngneist *jc3uagima 05g$ar . /6'fnhjs9 ;ufm tnno Ufnrl?s

idaj nl gjmeujea-dapamdamt wnrgdviaw jmd davagnpad tfa idaj nl j pjrjdieh-euidad nr

pjrjdieh-imlguamcad sciamca! 4m ntfar wnrds# ;ufm jdnptad tfa @njsijm# (jpirijm jmd

Ufnrlijm idaj tfjt tfa wjy wa saa jmd imtarprat tfa wnrgd is dapamdjmt nm j cartjimoimd nl gjmeujeanr 7 js fa cjggad it 7 pjrjdieh! Uitf tfis idaj fa imfaritad tfa prn`gah

nl imcnhhamsurj`igity . 4l wa jccapt tfjt j sciamtilic pjrjdieh nr j cartjim oimd nlcugtura dajgs witf j cartjim oimd nl parspactiva nl rajgity# wa jra mnt j`ga tn trjmsgjta

lrnh nma pjrjdieh nr cugtura tn jmntfar `acjusa tfay jra imcnhhamsurj`ga!2

+xahpgjry camtar

- tfa camtar nl pngiticjg jmd ritujg pnwar lrnh wficf ahjmjtas axahpgjry `afjvinr

8acipiamt dasiem `nrrnwad lnr Cnmvarsjtinm )mjgysis"

- /j hugtituda nl raspacts im wficf tfa tjgo `y j pjrty im j cnmvarsjtinm is cnmstructad nr

dasiemad im wjys wficf dispgjy jm nriamtjtinm jmd samsitivity tn tfa pjrticugjr ntfars"

wfn jra tfa cn-pjrticipjmts!2 (jcos (cfaegnll"

- tfa cjpjcity lnr tumime cnhhumicjtiva `afjvinrs tn dillaramt jddrassaas

4mdaxicjgity `nrrnwad lrnh *aircijm sahintics"

- cnmtaxt-dapamdamt ralaramcas

)s `ntf dajg witf assamtijggy tfa sjha idaj# tfa tarhs daixis jmd imdaxicjgity jra

lra3uamtgy usad jghnst imtarcfjmeaj`gy! 'fjt sjid# daixis is jssncijtad witf gimeuistics#jmd imdaxicjgity is jssncijtad witf pfignsnpfy!

'fa imdax is nma-tfird nl =airca1s tricfntnhy nl siems! 4m =aircijm sahintics# jm imdax is

j siem tfjt is gimoad tn its n`kact `y jm jctujg cnmmactinm nr rajg ragjtinm irraspactivagy nl

imtarpratjtinm" . tfa siem pnimts tn nr imdicjtas" snha stjta nl jlljirs! ax! shnoa`iggnwime lrnh j fnusa is jm imdax lnr j lira imsida

Gjmeujea idangney nr gimeuistic idangney"

+ /hnrjggy jmd pngiticjggy gnjdad cugturjg cnmcaptinms nl gjmeujea jmd sncijg gila2

%urjmti"+ /sfjrad `ndias nl cnhhnmsamsa mntinms j`nut tfa mjtura nl gjmeujea im tfa wnrgd!2

8uhsay"

- /sats nl `agials j`nut gjmeujea jrticugjtad `y usars js j rjtinmjgi$jtinm nrkustilicjtinm nl parcaivad gjmeujea structura jmd usa!2 (igvarstaim"

- /tfa cugturjg systahnl idajs j`nut sncijg jmd gimeuistic ragjtinmsfips# tneatfar witf tfair

gnjdime nl hnrjg jmd pngiticjg imtarasts!2 4rvima"

>

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_system

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Gjmeujea sncijgi$jtinm

- tfa prncass `y wficf imljmts# cfigdram# jmd lnraiemars `acnha hah`ars nl j

cnhhumityjmd gajrm tn pjrticipjta im its cugtura

Bvart cnvart erjhhjticjg cjtaenrias Ufnrl"

Bvart joj *famntypa" & hjroad `y hnrpfngneyCnvart joj ,ryptntypa" & sahjmtic nr symtjctic lajturas tfjt dn mnt fjva j

hnrpfngneicjg ihpgahamtjtinm# `ut wficf jra crucijg lnr cnmstructime jmd umdarstjmdime

nl tfa pfrjsa

-, tfay ihpjct cnggncjtinm -, tfa sihpgar j gjmeujea# tfa hnra cryptntypas it is cartjim tn cnmtjim

-, ihpnrtjmca nl cnmtaxt ; gjmeujea js j sncijg jctinm

'fa imtarpgjy nl cryptntypa jmd pfamntypa cnmstitutas wfjt Ufnrl cjggs hajmime

0j`itujg tfnueft Ufnrl"

+ /avarydjy# rnutima wjys nl jttamdime tn n`kacts jmd avamts# cjtaenri$ime tfah#rahah`arime tfah# jmd parfjps avam ralgactime nm tfah!2 Gucy"

(paacf avamt loj Cnhhumicjtiva avamt" 0yhas"

- j pu`gic spaacf# j carahnmy# j var`jg axcfjmea# atc!# im sfnrt# j umit nl jmjgysis

Cnhhumicjtiva cnhpatamca 0yhas"

- Cfnhsoy1s hndag is hamtjgistic! 4t hjoas j cgajr distimctinm `atwaam cnhpatamca

wficf# jccnrdime tn fih# is tfa tjcit omnwagadea nl cnmtaxt-imdapamdamt erjhhjticjgrugas" jmd parlnrhjmca wficf fa cnmsidars jm imlarinr# hacfjmicjg pfamnhamnm"!

0yhas imstajd prnpnsad j hndag tfjt imcgudas `ntf tjcit omnwgadea nl cnmtaxt-

imdapamdamt erjhhjticjg rugas )M% tfa j`igity ia! tfa cnhpatamca" tn usa gjmeujeajpprnprijtagy dapamdime nm tfa vjrinus sncijg situjtinms j spajoar hieft `a pgjcad im

0atarnegnssij @joftim"

- j divarsity nl vnicas# stygas nl discnursa# nr pnimts nl viaw im j gitarjry wnro jmdaspacijggy j mnvag

(ymcratic gjmeujea

- symcrati$a & tn cnh`ima nr jttahpt tn cnh`ima tfa pacugijr# cfjrjctaristic agahamts nldillarime systahs! 4m gimeuistics# it is tfa fistnricjg tamdamcy nl gjmeujeas tn raduca tfair

usa nl imlgactinm

J

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8apartnira uhpar$"

- is cnhpnsad nl j vjst jrrjy nl raeistars# eamras# axprassinms# jccamts# vnguha# tahpi#

vnica 3ujgitias# rfytfhs# atc!

0nmnrilics 0uhigijtivas

- spacijg gimeuistic lnrhs usad tn axprass dalaramca --- fiefar stjtus fnmnrilics# ax! nurfnmnr# =rnlassnr# atc!" jmd gnwar stjtus fuhigijtivas"

(ncijg )cts# )llactiva (tjmcas# +pistahic (tjmcas jmd )ctivitias . situjtinmjg dihamsinms

nltam dalimad `y gjmeujea

- sncijg jcts & sihigjr tn (ajga1s (paacf )cts `ut jppgiad tn sncijg situjtinms

- jllactiva stjmcas & /j hnnd# jttituda# laagime# jmd dispnsitinm# js wagg js daeraas nl

ahntinmjg imtamsiy vis-D-vis snha lncus nl cnmcarm2 Bcfs"- apistahic stjmcas & /typa nl omnwgadea nma dispgjys vis-D-vis snha lncus nl cnmcarm#

lnr axjhpga# cartjimty# nr dnu`t# diract nr imdiract omnwgadea nl jm avamt!2 %urjmti"- jctivitias & j sa3uamca nl twn nr hnra sncijg jcts

+mraeistarhamt

- /prncassas tfrnuef wficf j gimeuistic rapartnira `acnhas dillaramtij`ga witfim jgjmeujea js j sncijggy racnemi$ad raeistar nl lnrhs!2)efj# "- /prncassas wfara`y distimct lnrhs nl spaacf cnha tn `a sncijggy racnemi$ad nr

amraeistarad" js imdaxicjg nl spajoar jttri`utas `y j pnpugjtinm nl gjmeujea usars!2 )efj#

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Jssuhptinms, cgjihs, npiminms, `agials, jxinhs, pnstugjtas, pnsitinms,

jreuhamts, viaws

j" j`nut erjhhjr

- dillaramt erjhhjrs jra imcnhhamsurj`ga %urjmti"- tfara jra j muh`ar nl erjhhjticjg cjtaenrias tfjt jra gioagy tn `a lnumd im jgg gjmeujeas

@njs"

- spajoars nl gjmeujeas witf dillaramt erjhhjrs jttamd tn dillaramt prnpartias nlimmjmihjta jmd jmihjta" n`kacts Gucy"

- cnhpjrjtiva jmjgysis`atwaam gjmeujeas jggnws tfa rasajrcfar tn ejim imsieft nm tfa

ihpgicjtinms nl dillaramt erjhhjticjg systahs jmd dillaramt gaxicnms im tfa wjys spajoarshjoa imlaramcas j`nut rajgity

`" j`nut gjmeujea js jm imstruhamt nl cugtura

- /'fara is j ragjtinm `atwaam j gjmeujea jmd tfa rast nl tfa cugtura nl tfa snciaty tfjtusas it!2 Ufnrl"

- gjmeujea jmd cugtura jra imaxtricj`gy imtartwimad- gjmeujea is jm imstruhamt nl sncijg jctinm`acjusa it is j cugturjg systah spajoime

jmd gitarjcy jra cugturjg prjcticas"# mnt j raprasamtjtinmjg hadiuh nr j ralgactinm nl immar

cnemitiva prncass- gjmeujea is j lnumdjtinm lnr jgg cugturjg prjcticas

- gjmeujea is j rasnurca lnr j muh`ar nl cnemitiva tjsos %urjmti"

c" j`nut tfa ragjtinm `atwaam gimeuistic ragjtivish jmd erjhhjr

- 'fa cnmcaptujg systah umdargyime tfa gjmeujea tfjt j parsnm spajos jllacts tfa wjy imwficf tfjt parsnm tfimos j`nut tfa wnrgd jmd# jccnrdimegy# tfa wjy im wficf tfjt parsnmrajsnms wfam sngvime prn`gahs! Gjmeujea dillaramcas jllact nur djigy# jutnhjtic

tfimoime ia! fj`itujg tfnueft"# rjtfar tfjm wfjt wa jra cjpj`ga nl tfimoime j`nut! 'fa

hnra lra3uamt jmd jutnhjtic tfa wnrd nr erjhhjticjg lnrh# tfa hnra it pntamtijggy

jllacts wfjt wa n`sarva im tfa wnrgd jmd fnw wa rajsnm! 'faralnra# gimeuistic

jmtfrnpngneists wjmt tn gnno jt erjhhjr jmd erjhhjticjg wnrds tn tast wfatfargjmeujea jllacts parcaptinm jmd rajsnmime! ) cnmcrata axjhpga nl sucf jmimvastiejtinm is @amkjhim Gaa Ufnrl1s nwm wnro! Cnmcarmad witf tfa ihpgicjtinms tfjt

dillaramt erjhhjticjg systahs jmd gaxicnms fjva lnr tfa wjy im wficf spajoars hjoa

imlaramcas j`nut tfa wnrgd# fa davagnpad fis nwm cnmcaptujg lrjhawnro# wficf imcgudad

tfa distimctinm `atwaam nvart jmd cnvart erjhhjticjg cjtaenrias# jmd jm ihpnrtjmtjmjgyticjg tnng lnr umdarstjmdime wfjt oimds nl cjtaenricjg distimctinms spajoars jra

samsitiva tn!

$@ % !imeuistic ragjtivish is j cnmtrnvarsijg issua im tfa sciamtilic cnhhumity

E

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d" j`nut tfa circugjrity nl fuhjm cnhhumicjtinm

- wfjt is sjid rjragy `agnmes tn nmgy nma spajoar . gjmeujea is pnpugjtad mnt nmgy witf tfaspajoar1s imtamtinms `ut witf tfa imtamtinms nl ntfars @joftim"! Fnra# nur imtamtinms jra

updjtad 7 vij laad`jco 7 lrnh tfa allact nl nur uttarjmcas nm ntfars %urjmti"

- tfa judiamca cn+cnmstructs hassjeas jmd tfair hajmimes

a" j`nut tfa ragjtinms `atwaam gimeuistic ragjtivish jmd spajoars1 wnrgdviaws

- gjmeujea usa jmd ntfar oimds nl cnhhumicjtiva prjctica dn mnt kust ralgact pra-axistime

sncijg lnrhjtinms jmd cugturjg pjttarms . tfay jra lumdjhamtjggy cnmstitutiva nl snciaty

jmd cugtura

- gjmeujea amj`gas fuhjms tn j" cnmstrua tfair amvirnmhamt# `" cnmstruct sagl# snciaty#jmd sncijg `nmds# c" cnmstituta jutfnrity# jmd d" gaeitihjta pnwar

- gjmeujea cjm cnmtrng nur wjy nl axprassime nur tfnuefts`acjusa nl tfa jr`itrjry

mjtura nl gimeuistic cjtaenrias jmd distimctinms (jpir"

+ gjmeujea prjcticas hadijta fuhjm axistamca im j sncijg wnrgd ; it ralgacts jmdcrajtas tfnueft# cugtura# jmd pnwar ragjtinms. 0uhjm prnductinm nl tjgo jmd taxt is j

lumdjhamtjg hacfjmish tfrnuef wficf panpga crajta cugtura jmd sncijg gila- gjmeujeas cgjssily rajgity dillaramtgy@njs"

- gjmeujea is tfa prihjry syh`ngic hadiuh tfrnuef wficf fuhjms jpprafamd#

cnmcaptujgi$a# amejea witf# pjrticipjta im# jmd tfara`y cn-cnmstruct tfair wnrgds- wjys nl tfimoime hjy davagnp `y jmjgney witf Iljsfinms nl spajoime#1 j cnmcapt tfjt

wjs gjtar ravivad `y 0yhas?s mntinm nl Iwjys nl spajoime1 Ufnrl"

- tfa fuhjm gjmeujea ljcugty is j cnemitiva jmd j sncijg jcfiavahamt tfjt prnvidas tfa

imtaggactujg tnngs lnr tfimoime jmd jctime im tfa wnrgd- /'fa wnrgd is prasamtad im j ojgaidnscnpic lgux nl ihprassinms wficf fjva tn `a

nrejmi$ad gjreagy `y tfa gimeuistic systahs im nur himds!2 Ufnrl"

- /Ua cut up mjturaKnrejmi$a it imtn cnmcaptsKjmd jscri`a siemilicjmcas js wa dn#gjreagy `acjusa nl j`sngutagy n`giejtnry pjttarms nl nur nwm gjmeujea!2 Ufnrl"

- /Fajmimes jra mnt sn hucf discnvarad im axpariamca js ihpnsad upnm it# `acjusa nl tfatyrjmmicjg fngd tfjt gimeuistic lnrh fjs upnm nur nriamtjtinm tn tfa wnrgd !2 (jpir"- /0uhjm `aimes dn mnt giva im tfa n`kactiva wnrgd jgnma# mnr jgnma im tfa wnrgd nl sncijg

jctivity js nrdimjrigy umdarstnnd# `ut jra vary hucf jt tfa harcy nl tfa pjrticugjr

gjmeujea wficf fjs `acnha tfa hadiuh nl axprassinm lnr tfair snciaty! 4t is 3uita jm

iggusinm tn ihjeima tfjt nma jdkusts tn rajgity assamtijggy witfnut tfa usa nl gjmeujea jmdtfjt gjmeujea is haragy jm imcidamtjg hajms nl sngvime spacilic prn`gahs nl

cnhhumicjtinm nr ralgactinm! 'fa ljct nl tfa hjttar is tfjt tfa Orajg wnrgd is tn j gjrea

axtamt umcnmscinusgy `uigt up nm tfa gjmeujea fj`its nl tfa ernup ! Ua saa jmd fajrjmd ntfarwisa axpariamca vary gjreagy js wa dn `acjusa tfa gjmeujea fj`its nl nur

cnhhumity pradispnsa cartjim cfnicas nl imtarpratjtinm!2 (jpir"

- /!!! tfa cjtaenrias nl gjmeujea cnhpag ustn saa tfa wnrgd jrrjmead im cartjim dalimitacnmcaptujg ernups wficf# nm jccnumt nl nur gjco nl omnwgadea nl gimeuistic prncassas#

jra tjoam js n`kactiva cjtaenrias jmd wficf# tfaralnra# ihpnsatfahsagvas upnm tfa lnrh

nl nur tfnuefts2 @njs"

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- /Htfa gjmeujea fj`its nl nur cnhhumity pradispnsacartjim cfnicas nl imtarpratjtinm

!!!" usars nl hjroadgy dillaramt erjhhjrs jra pnimtad `y tfair erjhhjrs tnwjrd dillaramt

typas nl n`sarvjtinm jmd dillaramt avjgujtinms nl axtarmjggy sihigjr ljcts nl n`sarvjtinm#jmd famca jra mnt a3uivjgamt js n`sarvars `ut hust jrriva jt snhawfjt dillaramt viaws nltfa wnrgd2 Ufnrl"

l" j`nut cugturjg ragjtivish

- ajcf gjmeujea cnmstitutas j systah tfjt issui eamaris ia! nl its nwm oimd nr umi3ua im itscfjrjctaristics"! Cnmsa3uamtgy# ajcf gjmeujea sfnugd `a studiad nm its nwm tarhsrjtfar tfjm jccnrdime tn snha prasat cjtaenrias `jsad nm tfa study nl ntfar# eamaticjggy

umragjtad gjmeujeas @njs"

- tfa hajmime nl gaxicjg itahs is gjmeujea-spacilic @njs"

e" j`nut gjmeujea sncijgi$jtinm jc3uisitinm

- tfa prncassas nl amcugturjtinmjmd sncijgi$jtinm dn mnt nccur jpjrt lrnh tfa prncass nlgjmeujea jc3uisitinm. cfigdram jc3uira gjmeujea jmd cugtura tneatfar im jm imtaerjtadprncassBcfs (cfiallagim"

f" j`nut spajoime js /var`jg jrt2

- tfara is j pnat im ajcf nl us ; parlnrhjmca is crajtiva- spajoars jra parlnrhars -, nrdimjry gjmeujea is mnt ljr lrnh pnatic gjmeujea

-, spajoars jra crajtiva avidamca & hatjpfnrs j`numd"-, judiamca js cn+jutfnr

i" j`nut prnxahics jmd ntfar mnm-var`jg hndjgitias

- easturas# cfnicas j`nut cgntfime nr kawagry# jmd tfa pfysicjg distjmca wa hjimtjim

`atwaam nursagvas jmd ntfars jgg samd cugturjggy spacilic hassjeas

Gimeuistic jmtfrnpngney crajtad twn tfahas . j" witfim tfa cnemitiva jmtfrnpngneydnhjim# it jsos tn wfjt axtamt gaxicjg itahs jmd erjhhjticjg cnmstructinms nl j gjmeujea

ralgact cugtura-spacilic cnmcaptujgi$jtinms nl tfa spaacf cnhhumity# jmd `"

atfmnerjpfy nl spajoime nr atfmnerjpfy nl cnhhumicjtinm" axjhimas cugtura-

spacilic jspacts nl gjmeujea usa# viawime spajoime itsagl js j cugturjg prjctica -

lrnhsihpga spaacf jcts sucf js eraatimes jmd gajvatjoimes vij hnra cnhpgax /scriptad2spaacf avamts a!e!# ragieinus carahnmias# pngiticjg spaacfas# cnurt rnnh prncaadimes" tn

tfa atfmnpnatic study nl var`jg jrt jmd tn cugtura-spacilics mnrhs nl gimeuistic pngitamass

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Axjhpgas nl tnpics

- imtarparsnmjg discnursa-, n`sarvjtinms N dncuhamtjtinms nl gjmeujea im avarydjy jmd ritujg cnmtaxts

-, n`sarvjtinms N dncuhamtjtinms nl dillaramt gimeuistic jspacts nl jrtistic jmd

axprassiva gjmeujea -, n`sarvjtinms N dncuhamtjtinms nl sncijg hajmime jmd sncijg vjrijtinm im spaacf

- spaacf cnhhumitias wfara gjmeujea is usad tn lnrh sncijg idamtitias

- spaacf cnhhumitias wfara gjmeujea is usad lnr pgjyime nut pnwar ragjtinms `atwaampanpga# imstitutinms gjmeujea jmd pngitics gjmeujea jmd idangney" jmd avam cnumtrias

gjmeujea jmd mjtinmjgity"

- cnhpjrjtiva jmjgysas# lnr axjhpga# nl tfa wjys im wficf spjca is cnmcaptujgi$ad jcrnsstypngneicjggy dillaramt gjmeujeas Gavimsnm"

- gimeuistic idangneias

- gjmeujea sncijgi$jtinm jc3uisitinm

- gjmeujea cnmtjct# lnr axjhpga# studias nm tfa cnmstructinm nl sncijg idamtity im

hugtigimeujg jmd hugticugturjg cnhhumitias- prnxahics ia! usa jmd trjmslnrhjtinm nl sncijg spjca"

- gimeuistic ihpgicjtinms nl hierjtinm pjttarms nm cnhhumicjtinm jcrnss eamarjtinms- gjmeujea tfnueft

-, ragjtinm `atwaam gimeuistic cgjssilicjtinm jmd spajoars1 wnrgdviaws

- fistnry nl gjmeujea- gjmeujea cfjmea nvar tiha jmd jcrnss cugturas

- wjys im wficf panpga maentijta# cnmtast# jmd raprnduca cugturjg lnrhs jmd sncijg

ragjtinms tfrnuef gjmeujea

- wjys im wficf gjmeujea prnvidas imsiefts imtn tfa mjtura jmd avngutinm nl cugtura#cnemitinm# jmd fuhjm snciaty

- wjys im wficf gjmeujea pjrticipjtas im tfa lnrhjtinm nl sncijg ernups jmd fiarjrcfias- crajtiva usas nl gjmeujea im avarydjy tjgo- cnmtaxt-crajtime jmd cnmtaxt-dapamdamt dihamsinms nl spaacf jmd tfair cnh`imjtinm im

ajcf jct nl spajoime

- tfa eamdar nl gjmeujea jmd tfa gjmeujea nl eamdar

+ gjmeujea amdjmearhamt jmd ravitjgi$jtinm

+ gjmeujea jmd atfmicity

- amraeistarhamt

Axjhpgas nl rasajrcf uastinms

- imitijggy" Cjm wa fagp sjgvjea amdjmearad gjmeujeas/(jgvjea jmtfrnpngney2"R

- imitijggy" 0nw cjm wa `ypjss trjmsgjtnrs jmd imtarprats tn imtarviaw mjtiva spajoars

diractgyR- imitijggy" 0nw erjhhjrs nl j`nrieimjg gjmeujeas`a `ast dncuhamtadR

- 0nw dn gjmeujeas sfjpa fuhjm afjvinr jmd sncijg gila-

- 0nw dn gjmeujea jmd ntfar systahs nl fuhjm cnhhumicjtinm cnmtri`uta tn tfaraprnductinm# trjmshissinm# jmd trjmslnrhjtinm nl cugturaR

Z

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- wfam studyime j maw gjmeujea# fnw jra wa tn mnta tfa prnmumcijtinm nl dillaramt

wnrdsR

- Ufjt is tfa hnst allaciamt hatfnd wa cjm usa tn idamtily spacilic spaacf pjttarms nlpanpga lrnh dillaramt sncijg ernupsR

- 0nw dnas gjmeujea davagnps j cnhhnm cugturjg raprasamtjtinm nl mjturjg jmd sncijg

wnrgdsR- 0nw dnas gjmeujea nrejmi$as gjrea-scjga cugturjg `agials jmd idangneiasR

- 0nw dn spajoars usa gjmeujea tn imdax sncijg idamtitias jmd hjmjea jmdnr sncijg`numdjrias jmd fiarjrcfias-

- 4m wficf circuhstjmcas dn gimeuistic prjcticas dalima sncijg ragjtinmsR

- 0nw dn spajoars raprnduca jmd trjmslnrh pnwar ragjtinms# idangney# jmd su`cugturjg

axprassinmR

- Ufjt jra tfa wjys im wficf gjmeujea idangneias hadijta tfa ragjtinms `atwaam j"gimeuistic jmd sncijg structura# jmd `" `atwaam sncijg structura jmd imdividujg jeamcyR

- 0nw dnas gjmeujea lnrhs ernup hah`arsfip-

- Cjm wa limd nut hnra j`nut `nrrnwime# cnda-switcfime# cnmvareamca# gjmeujea dajtf#

davagnphamt nl pideims jmd crangasR- 0nw sfjgg wa jrriva jt jmd dascri`a axpgjmjtnry eamarjgi$jtinms j`nut tfa allacts nlcnmtjct nm gimeuistic systahswfam tfair spajoars jra `i nr hugtigimeujgR- 0nw cjm wa cnggact tfa hnst djtj nm fnw gjmeujeas cfjmea nvar tiha jmd jcrnss

cugturas-- 0nw dn spajoars nl dillaramt gjmeujeas ernup n`kacts `ntf immjmihjta jmd jmihjta"RMnta . Gucy n`sarvad tfjt +megisf spajoars tamd tn ernup n`kacts im tarhs nl cnhhnm

sfjpa wfarajs ucjtac spajoars tamd tn ernup n`kacts im tarhs nl cnhhnm su`stjmca

!imeuistic jmtfrnpngneists jreua jejimst "

+ jmy cnrragjtinm `atwaam gjmeujea jmd rjca @njs"- amarjtiva rjhhjr`acjusa j" it saahad hnra cnhhittad tn gimeuistic tfanry tfjm tn

gjmeujeas# jmd im ljct davjguad erjhhjticjg dascriptinmpar sa, `" it wjs aspacijggy jt

tfa `aeimmime" jghnst axcgusivagy `jsad nm +megisf Cfnhsoy fjd jreuad tfjt nma cnugdpnsit umivarsjgs nl gjmeujea `y wnroime nm nma gjmeujea"# c" it pradicjtad tfa maad lnr

gimeuists tn wnro nm tfair nwm imtuitinms imstajd nl wnroime witf mjtiva spajoars nr

imlarrime erjhhjticjg rugas nm tfa `jsis nl j cnrpus nl agicitad taxts# jmd d" it pnsitsnvareamarjgi$jtinms tfjt n`scura dillaramcas jcrnss gjmeujeas @njs"

- tfa jssuhptinm tfjt `j`y tjgo is umivarsjg Bcfs (cfiallagim"

+ parlnrhjmca is mnt raducaj`ga tn tfa usa nl tfa gimeuistic omnwgadea cnmtrnggad `y jm

imdividujg . parlnrhjmca is crajtiva jmd ahareas im imtarjctinm- (fjmmnm jmd Uajvar1s hndag nl cnhhumicjtinm . cnhhumicjtinm is `idiractinmjg

imtarjctinmjg

- tfa viaw nl gjmeujea js jm j`strjct jmd dacnmtaxtujgi$j`ga systah nl erjhhjticjggaxicjg# pfnmngneicjg# atc!" rugas . cnmtahpnrjry gimeuistic jmtfrnpngneists cnmsidar

discnursa js j situjtad# fiefgy cnmtaxtujgi$ad lnrh nl sncijg jctinm tfrnuef wficf panpga

maentijta idamtitias# axpariamcas# jmd ragjtinmsfips

PA

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- Cfnhsoy1s viaw nl cnhpatamca js tfa tjcit omnwgadea nl cnmtaxt-imdapamdamt

erjhhjticjg rugas jmd fis viaw nl parlnrhjmca js j hacfjmicjg# imlarinr pfamnhamnm .

0yhas imstajd prnpnsad tfa cnmcapt nl /cnhhumicjtiva cnhpatamca2 wficf imcgudas`ntf tjcit omnwgadea nl nl cnmtaxt-imdapamdamt erjhhjticjg rugas )M% sncijg j`igity tn

usa gjmeujea ia! parlnrhjmca"

- tfa viaw nl gjmeujea js j raprasamtjtinmjg hadiuh nr j ralgactinm nl immar cnemitivaprncass . gjmeujea is jm imstruhamt nl sncijg jctinm

#fjt is tfa gneic `afimd tfa gimeuistic ragjtivity primcipga $

&&&'vidamca&&&- Gjmeujeas hjoa dillaramt distimctinm im tfair gaxicnms

- Sncj`ugjry dillaramcas fjva `afjvinrjg allacts

- @jsic erjhhjticjg structura cjm dillar rjdicjggy `atwaam gjmeujeas

- rjhhjticjg structura fjs `afjvinrjg allacts

4: panpgas nl tfa wnrgd fjva davagnpad dillaramt wjys nl viawime tfa wnrgd!

'0+M gjmeujea dillaramcas ralgact dillaramcas im cugtura j rjragy hjda cgjih mnw" jmd

dillaramcas im cnmcaptujg structura!

(B gjmeujea cjm crajtasnha jspacts nl rajgity

tfa ,amtar lnr *sycfnsncijg (mnw /rjmscugturjg) "tudias im ,ficjen (2r`jm#

"igvarstaim# Gaa# atc.)

- cugtura is j discursiva prncass jmd mnt sihpgy Ogioa" j taxtO

- OmjtivasO jmd OatfmnerjpfarsO pjrticipjta im sihigjr prjcticas nl hatjdiscursiva jmdpnatic ralgactinm

- hatj-discnursa jmd pnatics jra camtrjg tn tfa prnductinm nl `ntf jctujg OcugturasO jmdOCugturaO js jm jmtfrnpngneicjg cnmcapt

- nrjgity jmd gitarjcy jra imtartwimad jmd imdistimct pfamnhamj

- tfjt OgjmeujeaO is j lnrh nl imdaxicjg prjxis js wagg js j systah nl raprasamtjtinmjg

hajmime

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%ymnpsis &j `rial fistnry nl gimeuistic jmtfrnpngney'

PZA7;jmt imtrnducad tfa mntinm nl agtjmscfjuumeim /Criti3ua nl *udeahamt2

P Ufnrl pu`gisfad fis pjpar Orjhhjticjg cjtaenriasO

- PZ> 7 (jpir nm hadicjg gajva#Ufnrl su`stitutad lnr fih

- PZ>Z - (jpir diad

- PZJA 7 Cfjrgas (jmdars =airca pu`gisfad /Gneic js (ahintic . 'fa 'fanry nl (iems2

- PZJP 7 Ufnrl diad jt jea JJ

- PZL> - Tuima wfn wjs jm ahpiricist" jttjcoad tfa Gneicjg =nsitivists

- PZLE 7 Cjrrngg1s /Gjmeujea# 'fnueft# jmd 8ajgity2

- gjta PZLAs - *nfm uhpar$ wnroad nm gjmeujea cnmtjct

P

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- PZLZ - tfa Cfnhsoyijm ravngutinm ia! amarjtiva rjhhjr Q jttjco nm (oimmar jmd

Tuima1s `afjvinrist cnmcaptinms nl gjmeujea jmd tfa structurjgist pjrjdieh nl Ganmjrd

@gnnhliagd jmd Cfjrgas 0ncoatt" -, twn ljctinms . hamtjgists a!e!# suppnrtars nl Cfnhsoy" vs jmtihamtjgists

-, jutnmnhnus gimeuistics dapjrthamts jra lnrhad tn tajcf amarjtiva rjhhjr

-, studamt amrnghamt wjs fief# fiefar tfjm im jmtfrnpngney-, saminr gimeuistic jmtfrnpngneists ratirad . tfair pnsitinms rahjimad vjcjmt

-, cnemitiva sciamca jdvjmcad sgnwgy

- amarjtiva rjhhjr hndag criti$ad

-, ra`irtf nl gimeuistic jmtfrnpngney -, cnemitiva sciamca cnmtimuad tn jdvjmca sgnwgy

- PZE< - )ustim pu`gisfad /0nw tn dn tfimes witf wnrds2

- PZEJ 7 0yhas cjggad lnr jm atfmnerjpfy nl cnhhumicjtiva avamts jcrnss spaacf

cnhhumitias

- PZEJ - 0yhas pu`gisfad /Gjmeujea im Cugtura jmd (nciaty! ) 8ajdar im Gimeuistic)mtfrnpngney!2# im wficf fa axpjmdad tfa mntinm nl gimeuistic ragjtivity `aynmd haragy

tfa wjys im wficf gimeuistic structura hjy imlguamca nur axpariamca nl tfa wnrgd .

cugturjg pjttarms# lnr axjhpga# spacilic cugturjg jctivitias# cjm imlguamca gjmeujea usa jmddatarhima tfa lumctinms nl gjmeujea im sncijg gila

- PZEL 7 Cfnhsoy pu`gisfad /)spacts nl tfa 'fanry nl (ymtjx2

- PZEE 7 0yhas cjggad lnr j oimd nl gimeuistic ragjtivity `jsad nm fnw panpga usagjmeujea jmd fnw tfay tfimo nl itim /'wn 'ypas nl Gimeuistic 8agjtivity2

- PZEE 7 Gj`nv jttjcoad Cfnhsoyijm gimeuistics `y imtrnducime sncingimeuistics im /'fa

(ncijg (trjtilicjtinm nl +megisf im Maw nro City2

- PZEZ - (ajrgas imtrnducad fis (paacf )ct 'fanry

- PZA 7 ;ufm pu`gisfad /'fa (tructura nl (ciamtilic 8avngutinms2

- PZ< 7 0yhas jttjcoad Cfnhsoyijm gimeuistics `y puttime lnrtf tfa mntinm nl

cnhhumicjtiva cnhpatamca im /Bm Cnhhumicjtiva Cnhpatamca2

- PZJ - +rvime nllhjm pu`gisfad /:rjha )mjgysis2

- PZJ - 0jrvay (jcos# +hjmuag (cfaegnll# jmd jig *allarsnm imtrnducad cnmvarsjtinmjmjgysis js j tnng tn parlnrh atfmnhatfndngney wnro

- PZL - rica pu`gisfad /Gneic jmd cnmvarsjtinm2

P>

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- PZJ - Bcfs (cfiallagim pu`gisfad /Gjmeujea )c3uisitinm jmd (ncijgi$jtinm2

(npics cnvarad im j typicjg gimeuistic jmtfrnpngney cnursa

- `jsic =aircajm sahintic cnmcapts . icnmNimdaxNsyh`ng- cugturjg ragjtivity jmd atfmncamtrish

- tfa gimeuistic ragjtivity primcipga

-, tfa I(jpir-Ufnrl fypntfasis1# crnss-cugturjg cngnr tarhimngneiasKragjtivity umivarsjgs

- (jussura jmd structurjgish

- tfa vjgua nl gjmeujeas jmd tfa tfrajt nl gjmeujea dajtf- @nurdiau1s cnmcapt nl fj`itus

"syh`ngic pnwar jmd syh`ngic vingamca

- atfmnerjpfic liagdwnro# atfics# jmd pnsitinmime nmasagl js j rasajrcfar

- gjmeujea idangney jmd tfa sncijg cnmstructadmass nl gjmeujea

- cjtaenrias nl gjmeujea jmd mjtinm . tfa wnrgd hjp tndjy jmd fnw it ent tfjt wjy- ihjeimad cnhhumitias jmd primt cjpitjgish

- tfa hytfNidangney nl stjmdjrd gjmeujea- mjtinmjgish# hugtigimeujgish# jmd diegnssij

- @joftim1s cnmcapt nl fatarnegnssij

- trjmslnrhjtinms im gjmeujea stjtus jmd idamtity- prjehjtics# spaacf jct tfanry . /fnw tn dn tfimes witf wnrds2

- cnmvarsjtinm jmjgysis . cnmtaxt# rnutimas# structuras

- 0yhas1 (=+);4M hndag lnr jmjgysis nl imtarjctinms- cnmvarsjtinm js jctinm . cnnparjtinm cnhpatitinm

- rica1s hjxihs jmd ihpgicjtura

- tfa hajmimes nl sigamca jcrnss cugturas . lncus nm Uastarm )pjcfa- discnursa jmjgysis jmd jeamcy im gjmeujea- dasiem lajturas nl gjmeujea

- avngutinm nl gjmeujea jmd avidamca lnr `ingneicjg# immjta `jsis lnr gjmeujea

- fuhjm vs! jmihjg cnhhumicjtinm- gjmeujea jmd tfa `rjim# tfa ihpjct nl `rjim disnrdars nm gjmeujea

- cfigd gjmeujea jc3uisitinm . criticjg parind fypntfasis

- pideims crangas- mjtura vs! murturaNsncijg imtarjctinm vs! eamatic datarhimish

- pfnmatics

- 4mtarmjtinmjg =fnmatic )gpfj`at

- tfa pfnmatics nl siem gjmeujea- suprjsaehamtjg lajturas nl gjmeujea . pjrjgjmeujea# prnxahics# oimasics

- tfa psycfngneicjg rajgity nl snumd . pfnmngney

- pfnmahas . distimctiva lajturas# himihjg pjirs- cnhpjrisnm nl pfnmngneias nl dillaramt gjmeujeas

- wfy panpga fjva /jccamts2

- `jsics nl hnrpfngney- `jsics nl umivarsjg erjhhjr

PJ

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- dillaramt oimds nl /erjhhjticjgity2

- stjmdjrdi$jtinm prascriptiva gimeuistics. cnrractmass# stjmdjrds# jmd spaacf

cnhhumitias- gjmeujea hixime vs! purish

- gjmeujea pngitics im pnpugjr cugtura

- aducjtinm# hadij# hnvias. imstitutime ima3ujgity# axpgnitime prnpjejtime starantypas- atfmicity# rjca# cgjss# jmd gjmeujea

- tfa ))+N+`nmics da`jta

- cngnmijgish# pnst-cngnmijgish# egn`jgi$jtinm- pnwar tfrnuef gjmeujea jmd tacfmngney

- cnmstructime `agial tfrnuef gjmeujea

- var`jg jrt

- pfnmahacisjtinm prn`gahs- Cfnmtjg saehamtjtinm prn`gah

- prnvar`s# ralrjmas dicfns

- +rvime nllhjm . /prasamtjtinm nl sagl im avarydjy gila2 /lrjha jmjgysis2

- pngitamass- `j`y tjgo

- enssip- prnpjejmdj disimlnrhjtinm mawspajo

- fuhnr im gjmeujea jmd wnrd pgjy

Lum ljcts j`nut Lrjm) *njs

- )gtfnueft fa wjs `nrm# rjisad jmd aducjtad im arhjmy# fa wjs du``ad /tfa :jtfar nl)haricjm )mtfrnpngney2

- fis =f!% wjs nm tfa psycfnpfysicsnl parcaptinmfa wjs j pupig nl vnm 0aghfngt$jmd Sircfnw"! 'fis fjs gad fih tn gjy tfa ernumdwnro lnr tfa distimctinm `atwaam

pfnmahicsjmd pfnmatics

- fa fjd j oaam imtarast im ;jmt

- fa tjueft (jpir- fa suppnrtad %jrwimijm tfanry `ut ra'actad cugturjg avngutinmish# sncijg

avngutinmish jmd nrtfneamasis# wficf fa daahad tnn spacugjtiva . fa amdajvnrad tn

astj`gisf jmtfrnpngney js jm ahpiric discipgima! 0a sueeastad tfjt wfjt jppajr tn `apjttarms nr structuras im j cugtura wara mnt j prnduct nl cnmscinus dasiem# `ut rjtfar tfa

nutcnha nl divarsa hacfjmishs tfjt prnduca cugturjg vjrijtinm sucf js dillusinm jmd

imdapamdamt imvamtinm"# sfjpad `y tfa sncijg amvirnmhamt im wficf panpga giva jmd jct!

- Bma nl fis hnst ihpnrtjmt `nnos is amtitgad fa imd nl #rihitiva jmPZPP"- fa wjs j fuhjmist! 0a nmca wrnta . Ojgg sarvica# tfaralnra# wficf j hjm cjm parlnrh lnr

fuhjmity hust sarva tn prnhnta trutf!O

- fa tnno up eanerjpfy js j wjy tn axpgnra fis ernwime imtarast im tfa ragjtinmsfip

`atwaam su`'activa axpariamca jmd tfa n`'activa wnrgd! )t tfa tiha# arhjm

eanerjpfars wara dividad nvar tfa cjusas nl cugturjg vjrijtinm! Fjmy jreuad tfjt tfa

pfysicjg amvirnmhamt wjs tfa primcipjg datarhimime ljctnr# `ut ntfars mntj`gy :riadricf8jt$ag" jreuad tfjt tfa dillusinm nl idajs tfrnuef fuhjm hierjtinm is hnra ihpnrtjmt!

PL

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@njs wnroad cgnsagy witf )dngl @jstijm# wfn wjs mntad lnr fis jmtipjtfy tn

amvirnmhamtjg datarhimish ia! *ajm-@jptista Gjhjrco?s hndags nl avngutinm"! 4mstajd#

fa jreuad lnr tfa Opsycfic umity nl hjmoimdO# j `agial tfjt jgg fuhjms fjd tfa sjha

imtaggactujg cjpjcity# jmd tfjt jgg cugturas wara `jsad nm tfa sjha `jsic hamtjg

primcipgas.@jstijm pnsitad tfjt vjrijtinms im custnh jmd `agial wara tfa prnducts nl

fistnricjg jccidamts.'fis viaw rasnmjtad witf @njs? axpariamcas nm Cjmjdj1s &jllim:sgjmd- @njs wjs wnroime witfim j tfanraticjg lrjhawnro enime `jco tn +urnpajm tfimoars

lrnh Sicntn 0ardarjmd fis tajcfar 0jrhjmm" tn 0uh`ngdtwfam fa pnmdarad nvar tfaissua nl gimeuistic ragjtivish

Lum ljcts j`nut Adwjrd %jpir

- fis PZAL Fjstar?s tfasis wjs jm jmjgysis nl 0ardar?s rajtisa nm tfa -rieim nl !jmeujea

" fa pgjyad jm ihpnrtjmt rnga im davagnpime tfa hndarm cnmcapt nl tfa pfnmaha

- Cfjrgas 0ncoatt studiad witf (jpir jt jga js wagg js witf Ufnrl- cjha tn raejrd \aggie 0jrris# wfn wjs Cfnhsoy1s tajcfar# js fis imtaggactujg fair

- imstajd nl sajrcfime lnr tfa wjys im wficf cugtura imlguamcas fuhjm `afjvinr# (jpirwjs imtarastad im umdarstjmdime fnw cugturjg pjttarms tfahsagvas wjs sfjpad `y tfa

cnhpnsitinm nl imdividujg parsnmjgitias tfjt hjoa up j snciaty! 4t fjs `aam sueeastad

tfjt tfara is j cgnsa ragjtinm `atwaam "jpir0s gitarjry imtarastjmd fis jmtfrnpngneicjgtfnueft! 0is gitarjry tfanry sjw imdividujg jastfatic samsi`igitias jmd crajtivity tn imtarjct

witf gajrmad cugturjg trjditinms tn prnduca umi3ua jmd maw pnatic lnrhs# acfnime tfa wjy

tfjt fa jgsn sjw imdividujgs jmd cugturjg pjttarms tn dijgacticjggy imlguamca ajcf

ntfar

- fa studiad witf @njs

- Ufnrl jttamdad nma nl fis erjdujta sahimjr

Lum ljcts j`nut *am+jhim !aa #fnrl

- ajrmad j givime js jlira pravamtinmameimaar

- jttamdad (jpir1s erjdujta sahimjr# jmd gjtar tjueft tfa gjttar1s sahimjr nm O=rn`gahs nl

)haricjm 4mdijm GimeuisticsO- stjrtad j gnme da`jta `atwaam prnpnmamts nl ragjtivish Gucy# Gavimsnm# =ammy Gaa#

cnemitiva gimeuists# atc!" jmd prnpnmamts nl umivarsjgish :ndnr# Gncoa# 0jgga# =gjtn#

Cfnhsoy# =imoar# atc!"! Ufnrl wjs fjrsfgy criti$ad jmd avam ridicugad`y tfa gjttar

ljctinm! @ut# im fis /Unham# :ira# jmd %jmearnus 'fimes2# anrea Gjonlljreuad tfjtUfnrl fjd `aam nm tfa rieft trjco im fis lncus nm dillaramcas im erjhhjticjg jmdgaxicjg cjtaenrias js j snurca nl dillaramcas im cnmcaptujgijtinm

- wjs j tfansnpfisttfansnpfy is j ragieinm tfjt prnhntas tfa viaw nl tfa wnrgd js jmimtarcnmmactad wfnga"

- fis writime is cnucfad im mangneishs

- fa jdvncjtad tfa idaj tfjt `acjusa nl gimeuistic dillaramcas im erjhhjr jmd usjea#

spajoars nl dillaramt gjmeujeas cnmcaptujgia jmd axpariamca tfa wnrgd dillaramtgy#

PE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Vicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellig_Harrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lakoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Vicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellig_Harrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lakoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holism

7/22/2019 Linguistic Anthropology - An Overview

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wficf fa cjggad tfa gimeuistic ragjtivity primcipga `acjusa fa sjw tfa idaj js fjvime

ihpgicjtinms sihigjr tn +imstaim?sprimcipga nlpfysicjg ragjtivity

- fa wjs imlguamcad `y eastjgt psycfngneyia! wa parcaiva jm amtity js j wfnga# wficf ishnra tfjm tfa suh nl its cnhpnmamts"# `agiavime tfjt gjmeujeas ra3uira tfair spajoars tn

dascri`a tfa sjha avamts js dillaramt eastjgt cnmstructinms# wficf fa cjggad Oisngjtas lrnh

axpariamcaO- fa wjs gnnoime lnr j /prihitiva umdargyime `jsis nl jgg spaacf `afjvinur2

Ufnrl jreuad tfjt pjyime jttamtinm tn fnw ntfar pfysicjg pfamnhamj jra dascri`ad im

tfa study nl gimeuistics cnugd hjoa vjguj`ga cnmtri`utinms tn sciamca `y pnimtime nut tfa

wjys im wficf cartjim jssuhptinms j`nut rajgity jra ihpgicit im tfa structura nl gjmeujea

itsagl# jmd fnw gjmeujea euidas tfa jttamtinm nl spajoars tnwjrds cartjim

pfamnhamj im tfa wnrgd wficf riso `acnhime nvarahpfjsi$ad wfiga gajvime ntfar

pfamnhamj jt riso nl `aime nvargnnoad

Ufnrl?s viaws fjva `aam cnhpjrad tn tfnsa nl pfignsnpfars sucf js :riadricf Miat$scfa

jmdGudwie Uitteamstaim# `ntf nl wfnh cnmsidarad gjmeujea tn fjva ihpnrtjmt `ajrimenm tfnueft jmd rajsnmime! 0is fypntfasas fjva jgsn `aam cnhpjrad tn tfa viaws nlpsycfngneists sucf js Gav Syentsoy# wfnsa sncijg cnmstructivish cnmsidars tfa

cnemitiva davagnphamt nl cfigdram tn `a hadijtad `y tfa sncijg usa nl gjmeujea!

Syentsoy sfjrad Ufnrl?s imtarast im eastjgt psycfngney# jmd fa jgsn rajd (jpir?s wnros!

Btfars fjva saam sihigjritias `atwaam Ufnrl?s wnro jmd tfa idajs nl gitarjry tfanristFiofjig @joftim# wfn rajd Ufnrl jmd wfnsa jpprnjcf tn taxtujg hajmime wjs sihigjrgy

fngistic jmd ragjtivistic! Ufnrl?s idajs fjva jgsn `aam imtarpratad js j rjdicjg criti3ua nl

pnsitivistsciamca

*jmujry